The Great Tragedies1

作家及作品1.the first epic in the English history：the song of Beowulf2.Romance传奇：Arthur and his Knights of the Round TableKing Arthur and his Knights of the Round TableSir Gawain and the Green Knight3. Popular Ballads民谣：The Robin Hood Ballad4. Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里·乔索：The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇The Book of the Duchess悼公爵夫人Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集5.Thomas More托马斯莫尔：Utopia乌托邦book onebook two6.William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚：the great comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth Night第十二夜The great tragedies：Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello奥塞罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Henry VI; Part II; III; I 亨利六世上、中、下Richard III 里查德三世The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧错中错Titus Andronicus 克斯泰特斯·安庄尼The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍妇The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士Love’s Labor’s Lost 爱的徒劳空爱一场Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Richard II 里查德二世King John 约翰王Much Ado about Nothing无事生非Henry IV; Part I; Henry IV; Part II 亨利四世Henry V 亨利五世The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流女人Julius Caesar凯撒大帝As You Like It如愿皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜Troilus and Cressida 特洛埃勒斯与克莱西达All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属Measure for Measure 恶有恶报一报还一报Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉Coriolanus 科利奥兰纳斯Timon of Athens 雅典的泰蒙Pericles波里克利斯Cymbeline辛柏林The Winter’s Tales冬天的故事The Tempest暴风雨Henry VIII亨利八世7.Francis Bacon：the first English essayistOf truth 论真理Of studies 论学习Love;truth ;friendship ;parents ;children ;beauty ;studies ;riches ;youth ;age ;garden ;death and others8.John Donne：the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetryFlea 跳骚Others：George HerbertAndrew MarvellHenry Vaughan9.John Milton：Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson AgonistesLycidas10.John Bunyan约翰·班扬：Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner罪人受恩记功德无量Pilgrim’s Pr ogress 天路历程The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 恶人先生的生平和死亡贝德曼先生的一生The Holy War 神圣战争11.Daniel Defoe：father of English novelRobinson CrusoeThe shortest way with the dissentersCaptain SingletonColonel JacqueMoll Flanders12.Jonathan Swift： A Tale of a Tub 一个木桶的故事乔纳森·斯威夫特Battle of Books 书的战争书战Predictions for the Year 1708 对1708的预言Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff 比克斯塔夫先生第一个预言的应验Gulliver’s Travels格林佛游记The Drapier’s Letters 一个麻布商的书信A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议13.Joseph Addison：writer and a great stylist.约瑟夫·艾迪生 A Letter from Italy 意大利来鸿“The Campaign”“出征”; best-known poem in heroic coupletRosamond 罗沙蒙The Spectator 旁观者; a daily paperCato 卡托 a tragedyAddison and Steele : epistolary novel书信体小说14. Henry Fielding ：Joseph Andrews约瑟夫˙安德鲁斯的经历comic epic poem in prose散文体滑稽史诗亨利·菲尔丁Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人乔纳森˙魏尔德Tom Jones 汤姆˙琼斯Amelia 阿米丽亚Plays ：The Welsh Opera 威尔斯歌剧Don Quixote in England 唐·吉诃德在英国Pasqin 巴斯昆The Historical Register for the Year 1736 一七三六年历史记事15. Alexander Pope: classical poet in the period of English Enlightenment亚历山大·薄伯Pastorals 田园组诗Essay on Criticism 论批评a didactic poem in heroic coupletsThe Rape of the Lock 夺发记masterpieceTranslations; in heroic couplet：The Iliad of Homer荷马的伊里亚特The Odyssey of Homer 河马的奥德赛The Works of Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集The Dunciad “愚人志” a satirical poem.Moral Essays “道德论” a philosophic poem.An Essay on Men “人论” a philosophic poem16. Samuel Johnson：London伦敦塞缪尔·约翰逊The Vanity of Human Wishes 人类欲望之虚幻Life of Richard Savage 理查德·沙维之传Rasselas 阿比西尼王子·拉赛拉斯Two periodicals: The Rambler 漫游者The Idler闲散者The two most important literary works：The Preface of Shakespeare莎士比亚戏剧集序言Lives of Poets 诗人传A Dictionary of English Language 英语辞典17.James Boswell：Life of Johnson a classic of English biography18.Thomas Grey：model of sentimentalistElegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌Others：Thomas Parnell ：Night-Piece on Death 夜吟死亡Robert Blair : The Grave 坟墓Edward Yong ：Night Thoughts 夜思19. Oliver Goldsmith：Periodical: The Bee哥尔德·斯密斯Poems: The Traveler 旅游人The Deserted Village 荒村Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师Comedies: The Good-Natured Man 好心人She Stoops to Conquer 屈身求爱Collection of essays: The Citizen of the World 世界公民20. William Blake : Songs of Innocence 天真之歌威廉·布莱克Songs of Experience 经验之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱的婚姻The Tiger21. Robert Burn s: A Red; Red; RedAuld Lang Syne 往昔的时光To a Mouse22. Richard Brinsley Sheridan：The Rivals 情敌The School for Scandal 造谣学校23. William Wordsworth：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner “古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”华兹华斯The Prelude 序曲Lyrical BalladsLines Written in Early SpringTo the CucooI Wandered Lonely as a CloudMy Heart Leaps UpIntimations of ImmortalityLines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey 丁登寺The solitary reaperComposed Upon Westminster Bridge24.Samuel Taylor Coleridge：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏; 老水手之行Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗Christabel 克里斯特贝尔Biographia Literaria 文学传记 a literary criticismChristabel25. Robert Southey：Joan of Arc 1793 圣女贞德Wat Tyler 1794瓦特·泰勒The Inchcape Rock因尺角之石The Battle of Blenheim 布莱尼姆之战My Days among the Dead are Passed我与死者作伴的日子已结束Life of Nelson纳尔逊传Thalaba the Destroyer 撒拉巴1801Madoc 麦道克1805The Curse of Kehama 克哈马的诅咒1810Roderick; the Last of the Goths 罗德里最后的高斯人181426.George Gordon Byron：She Walks in BeautyWhen We Two PartedDon JuanThe Vision of JudgmentChild Har old’ Pilgrimage27.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂Queen MabThe Revolt of IslamPrometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗旺斯The Masque of Anarchy 暴政的假面舞会A Defence of PoetryOzymandias奥西曼提斯T a Skylark 致云雀Adonais 阿多尼斯28.John Keats：Long poems: Endymion 恩底弥翁his first long poemIsabella 伊莎贝拉The Eve of St. Agnes 圣·爱格尼斯节前夕Lamia 莱米亚Hyperion 赫坡里昂Short poems : On a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂the best knownOde on Indolence 懒惰颂Ode on a Grecian UrnOn the Grasshopper and the Cricket 蛐蛐与蟋蟀Bright Star 闪亮的星星When I have Fear 当我害怕的时候29．Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel 最末一个行吟诗人Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 苏格兰边区歌谣集Marmion 玛密恩The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人Scott’s Historical Novels: Waverley 威弗利first historical novel.Guy Mannering 盖曼纳合not very goodOld Morality 清教徒Rob Roy 罗布·罗伊the best of the groupThe Heart of Midlothian 弥德洛西恩的心English History: Ivanhoe 艾凡赫Norman Conquest the best of the groupKenilworth 肯纳尔沃思堡during the Tudor dynastyThe Fortunes of Nigel 尼格尔的家产Stuart ruleWoodstock 皇家猎宫The English RevolutionPeveril of the Peak 贝弗利尔·皮克the Restoration European Countries: Quentin Durward 昆丁·达沃德best-known novel on Frenchhistory.Talisman 惊军英雄记Count Robert of Paris 巴黎的罗伯特伯爵St. Ronan’s Wells 圣·罗南之泉the only one; dealingwith his contemporary life 当代生活小说.30. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionSense and Sensibility31. Charles Dicken s: Sketches by Boz 特写集the first bookThe Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传Oliver Twist 奥克佛·特维斯特雾都孤儿Nichols Nickleby 尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店Barnaby Rudge 巴纳比·拉奇The first novel of social historyAmerican Notes 美国札记Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁·朱述尔维特The Chimes 教堂钟声A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌以圣诞为题材具有浓郁宗教色彩The Cricket on the Hearth 灶上蟋蟀Dombey and Son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫·科波菲尔his best bookBleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时世Little Dorrit 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Great Expectations 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们的共同朋友the worse book;Edwin Drood unfinished 艾德温·德鲁德之迷32. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fai 名利场rThe Newcomes 纽克姆一家The History of Pendennis 彭登尼斯The Book of Snobs 势力人集The History of Henry Esmond 亨利·埃斯蒙德的历史The Virginians 弗吉尼亚人33. George Eliot：Novels: Adam Bede 亚当·比德The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨房Silas Marner 织工马南Middlemarch 米德尔马契Description of rural life; moral problems; psychological studies of charactersFelix Holt the Radical 费立可斯·霍尔特Daniel Deronda 丹尼尔·德龙达Romola 罗慕拉Scenes of Clerical Life 教区生活场景Translation: The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本质Editor : The Westminster Review威斯敏斯特评论34. Charlotte Bronte: The Professor 教授Jane Eyre 简爱Shirley 舍丽Villette 维莱特35．Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄36. Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey 安格斯格雷The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall37.Alfred Tennyson：Poems by Two Brothers 两兄弟诗集Poems; Chiefly Lyrical 抒情诗集Poems two volumes 诗集The Princess 公主Maud 毛黛The Idylls of the King 国王叙事集In Memoriam 悼念Short Poems：Break; Break; Break 拍吧;拍吧;拍吧”Crossing the Bar 穿过沙洲38. Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book 指环和书dramatic monologuesDramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧故事及抒情诗Men and Women 男男女女Dramatic Personae 登场人物Poems: Pippa Passes 皮帕走过了Bells and Pomegranates 铃铛和石榴树Home-Thoughts; from Abroad 异域乡思Meeting at Night 深夜幽会Parting at Morning 清晨离别The Pied Piper of Hamelin39. Elizabeth Barrett: The Battle of Marathon 马拉顿之战The Cry of the Children 孩子们的哭声Sonnets from the Portuguese 葡萄牙十四行诗Poems before Congress 在大会之前写成的诗Casa Guidi Windows 圭迪的窗子Aurora Leigh 奥罗拉·利40. Thomas Hard y: Novel: Far From the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣The Woodlanders 林地居民The Return of the Native 还乡The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长Tess of the D‘Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure无名的裘德Under the Greenwood Tree 绿荫下Poem:The Dynasts; written between 列王41. David Herbert Lawrence: Rainbow 虹Lady Chatterley Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人The White Peacock 白孔雀Women in Love 恋爱中的女人Sons and Lovers 儿子和情人Oedipus Complex 恋母情结The STREAM CONSCIOUSNESS42. Virginia Woolf: Jacob′Room 雅各布的房间Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去Orlando 奥兰多The Waves 海浪43.James Joyce: Dubliners 都柏林人first workA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 年轻艺术家的肖像first novelUlysses 尤莉西斯Finnegans Wake 芬尼根的守灵夜43. William Butler Yeats: Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭When You are Old 当你老了44. George Bernard Shaw: Widower Houses 鳏夫的房子Mrs. Warren′s Profession 华伦夫人的职业The Devil′s Disciple 魔鬼的门徒Man and Superman 人和超人Major Barbara 芭芭拉上校Heartbreak House 伤心之家Saint Joan 少女贞德The Apple Cart 苹果车45. Oscar Wilde: Salome 莎美乐tragedyThe Importance of Being Earnest 认真的重要性A Woman of No Importance 无足轻重的女人An Ideal Husband 理想丈夫Lady Windermere′s Fan 温德美尔的扇子The Picture of Dorian Gray 道林格雷的肖像。

Unit 1 巩固提升练习二(Project)一、句型转换(每空一词)1.He had a reputation for his contributions to the charity.He his contributions to the charity.2.His poem published in 1794 was intended to be a song.His poem published in 1794 was be a song.3.The famous poem, A Red, Red Rose written by Robert Burns, is full of symbols. The famous poem, A Red, Red Rose written by Robert Burns, issymbols.4.Many people think that classics are old and boring and have nothing to do with life today.and , classics have nothing to do with life today.5.Family cars carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles (SUV), cost less.Family cars carry as many as seven passengers and cost lessmost sport utility vehicles (SUV).二、单项选择6.All their attempts to rescue the child from the burning building were , and he died soon.A.in placeB. in returnC. in vainD. in turn7.With more people keeping pets, a growing number of conflicts petshave been taken to court in Shanghai.A.concerned; theB. concerning; theC. concerned; /D. concerning; /8.He got up late and hurried to his office, the breakfast prepared by his wife, Lisa .A.left; untouchedB. to leave; untouchingC. leaving; untouchedD. having left; untouching9.—Are you still mad at her?—Not really, but I cant that her remarks hurt me.A.denyB. boycottC. rejectD. resist10.Every time I take part in a friends big party, I always go to talk to those who just sit alone so that they dont feel .A. let outB. wiped outC. made outD. left out三、完形填空Jay Wilson was my English teacher at Lake Forest High School. It was him 11 realized my potential in writing, and his 12 made me a writer eventually.He was kind to me, but I had no 13 that he took particular notice of me. There were other 14 kids in the class, and soon I fell back into my usual 15 and thought that I was just a little over average in most things. Near the end of the term, we began to read the play—Macbeth. Believe me, this is not an easyplay for high school students to understand, 16 I spent a lot of time reading it. After working till the night before it was due, I wrote a paper about the 17 — the first paper I typed on a typewriter—and turned it 18 the next day.I got a good 19 on it, and below the grade Mr Wilson wrote, “Sure20 you become a writer.” That was it. Those six words were written in his clear and neat handwriting. It was the first time he or anyone had 21 in any way that writing was a 22 option for me. Wed never had any writers in our family line, and we didnt know any writers personally, even 23 , so writing for a living didnt seem something 24 to me. But then, just like that, Jay Wilson tapped my hidden 25 and let me see a wider world.Over the next 10 years, I often 26 about Mr Wilsons six words.Whenever I felt discouraged, it was those six words that came back to me and gave me 27 . When a few instructors in college gently and not-so-gently tried to tell me I had no talent, I held Mr Wilsons 28 before me to protect myself. I didnt 29 what anyone else thought. Mr Wilson, head of the whole Englishdepartment at Lake Forest High, 30 I could be a writer. So I put my head down and struggled forward.11.A. when B. who C. how D. where12.A. knowledge B. confidence C. influence D. assignment13.A. intention B. concern C. doubt D. sense14.A. older B. smarter C. richer D. luckier15.A. locationB. position C. motivation D. qualification16.A. so B. but C. or D. for17.A. work B. termC. class D. play18.A. on B. off C. in D. up19.A. grade B. praise C. idea D. start20.A. wonder B. hope C. make D. help21.A. arranged B. persuaded C. announced D. indicated22.A. career B. study C. hobby D. method23.A. distantly B. frequently C. actually D. obviously24.A. necessary B. precious C. different D. available25.A. talent B. memory C. secret D. opinion26.A. worried B. thought C. heard D. wrote27.A. impression B. improvement C. imagination D. strength28.A. actions B. wisdom C. words D. duty29.A. care B. predict C. ignore D. learn30.A. proved B. said C. promised D. answered四、阅读理解AGet your paper fish and get ready to stick it on someones back—its almost April Fools Day.Paper fish? Stick it where? While its not the way we celebrate April 1, putting a paper fish on someones back is a tradition for teens in France. France is where April Fools Day began hundreds of years ago.In the 1500s, the King of France decided to change the official calendar. When the change was made, New Years Day was moved from April to January 1. Since word travelled slowly, not everyone knew about the change. People in the know had fun playing tricks on those who didnt know the new year had begun four months earlier.April 1 is still reserved for practical jokes. The day is all about tricking friends or family, and making them look stupid.Do you want to pull a few tricks of your own? Remember, April Fools Day is about pulling a prank that will make the other person laugh too. If you are not sure whats fool-proof (稳妥的) and whats foolish, here are some ideas to help you.Fool-proof pranks◆I f it looks like rain on April 1, give someone a paper storm. Put confetti (彩纸屑) inside their umbrella, and when they open it up, theyll be hit with a shower of paper.◆K now someone who likes to eat apples? Take their apple when theyre n o t around and cut out a little hole. Stick a candy worm inside and wait for them to scream. When they realise its just candy, theyll have a laugh and a tasty treat.Foolish shocks◆S ome people like your grandparents, may not know much about April Fools Day. Avoid pulling big pranks on them. They may not understand and you could hurt their feelings.◆C rank calls (骚扰电话) may seem funny, but they can really make people angry. And with digital displays, its not difficult to see who is calling.31.What does “practical jokes” mean in Paragraph 4?A.Tricks that are easy to do.B.Tricks played on somebody for amusement.C.Tricks played on friends.D.Tricks that havent been done before.32.Whats the most probable fool-proof prank if youd like to pull on your friendon April Fools Day?A.Write to tell him that he will be asked to the teachers office.B.Suddenly hit your friend on the back.C.Tell him that his mother is ill and in hospital.D.To give your friend a one-hundred note as a birthday present.33.What is the best title for the passage?A. Dont be a fool on April 1B. History of April Fools DayC. Tricks make people laughD. No laughing makes you stupidBMost of us have heard of Shakespeare and probably know something of his plays. However, not everybody knows much about the life of this world-famous man, except perhaps that he was born in the market town of Stratford-upon-Avon and that he married a woman called Anne Hathaway. We know nothing of his school life.Nothing certain is known of what he did between the time he left school and his leaving home for London. It is said that he was beaten and even put in prison for stealing rabbits and deer from a neighbouring landowner, and because of this he was forced to leave his native place.Whatever caused him to leave his home town, the world can be thankful about it. When he arrived in London, he set his foot on the road to fame. It is said that he was without money or friends there at first, but that he made a little money by taking care of the horses of the gentlemen who attended the plays at the theatre. In time, he came to know the actors in the theatre, and they found him clever. Finally he was invited to join their company. By 1592, he had become one of the three members of a famous company.From what we know of his later life, it is clear that Shakespeares connection with the theatre had made him a wealthy man since he wrote the plays, which attracted a good many people. Towards the end of the 16th century he bought a large property in Stratford. No less than eleven of his plays were produced after he went back there. These include the great tragedies Othello, Macbeth and King Lear.Shakespeare died in 1616. Some years earlier he chose a gravestone. He wrote on the stone that if anyone might remove his body from his grave, he would bring bad luck on him.It seems strange that he should have had this fear. He might have known how deeply he was respected for the genius he showed in his plays and poems.34.Shakespeare was forced to run away from .A. LondonB. OxfordC. Stratfold-upon-AvonD. the church in his home town35.In London he .A. sold the stolen rabbits and deerB. looked after horsesC. was put into prisonD. set up a company of his own36.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A.Shakespeare was a play writer.B.Shakespeare wrote not only plays but also poems.C.Shakespeare wrote as many as eleven plays in his life.D.In the late 1590s Shakespeare bought a large property for himself.37.What can we infer from the last two paragraphs?A.Somebody had removed his body out of his tomb.B.The words have been removed from his gravestone.C.His body is still there but his gravestone has been removed away.D.Nobody removed his body out of his tomb.CIt had been some time since Jack had seen the old man. College, career, and life itself got in the way. In fact, Jack moved clear across the country in pursuit of his dreams. There, in the rush of his busy life, Jack had little time to think about the past and often no time to spend with his wife and son. He was working on his future, and nothing could stop him.Over the phone, his mother told him, “Mr Belser died last night. The funeral is Wednesday.” Memories flashed through his mind like an old newsreel as he sat quietly remembering his childhood days.“Jack, did you hear me?”“Oh, sorry, Mom. Yes, I heard you. Its been so long since I thought of him.Im sorry, but I honestly thought he died years ago,” Jack said.“Well, he didnt forget you. Every time I saw him hed ask how you were doing. Hed reminisce (回忆) about the many days you spent over ‘his side of the fence’ as he put it,” Mom told him.“I loved that old house he lived in,” Jack said.“You know, Jack, after your father died, Mr Belser stepped in to make sure you had a mans influence in your life,” she said.“Hes the one who taught me carpentry. I wouldnt be in this business if it werent for him. He spent a lot of time teaching me things that he thought wereimportant...Mom, Ill be there for the funeral,” Jack said.Busy as he was, he kept his word. Jack caught the next flight to his hometown. Mr Belsers funeral was small and uneventful. He had no children of his own, and most of his relatives had passed away.The night before he had to return home, Jack and his Mom stopped by to see the old house next door one more time, which was exactly as he remembered.Every step held memories. Every picture, every piece of furniture...Jack stopped suddenly.“Whats wrong, Jack?” his Mom asked.“The box is gone,” he said.“What box?” Mom asked.“There was a small gold box that he kept locked on top of his desk. I must have asked him a thousand times what was inside. All hed ever tell me was ‘the thing I value most’”, Jack said.It was gone. Everything about the house was exactly how Jack remembered it, except for the box. He figured someone from the Belser family had taken it.“Now, Ill never know what was so valuable to him,” Jack said sadly.Returning to his office the next day, he found a package on his desk. Thereturn address caught his attention.“Mr Harold Belser” it read.Jack tore open the package. There inside was the gold box and an envelope. Jacks hands shook as he read the note inside.“Upon my death, please forward this box and its contents to Jack Bennett. Its the thing I valued most in my life.” A small key was ta ped to the letter. His heart racing, and tears filling his eyes, Jack carefully unlocked the box. There inside he found a beautiful gold pocket watch. Running his fingers slowly over the fine cover, he opened it.Inside he found these words carved: “Jack, thanks for your time! Harold Belser.”“Oh, my God! This is the thing he valued most...”Jack held the watch for a few minutes, then called his assistant and cleared his appointments for the next two days. “Why?” his assistant asked.“I need some time to spend with my son,” he said.38.Why did Jack think Mr Belser died years ago?A.College and career prevented him from remembering Mr Bleser.B.Jack was too busy with his business and family to think about Mr Belser.C.Jack was too busy realizing his dreams to think about Mr Belser.D.His present busy life washed away his childhood memories.39.Jacks mother told him on the phone about Mr Belser EXCEPT that .A.Mr Belser often asked how Jack was doingB.Mr Belsers funeral would take place on WednesdayC.Mr Belser had asked for Jacks mail addressD.Mr Belser had pleasant memories of their time together40.Why did Jack say he needed some time to spend with his son?A.He was very tired of his work and wanted to have a good rest.B.He had promised to spare more time to stay with his son.C.He had missed his son and his family for days.D.He came to realize the importance of the time with his family.41.Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?A. The good old timesB. What he valued mostC. An old gold watchD. The lost childhood days五、七选五根据短文内容,从短文后的7 个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

1. Chaucer(1340-1400): The founder of English Poetry, and the founder of English realism, and buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’Corner”. He was against Catholicism. Language: Middle English.代表作: The Canterbury Tales(1387-1400),其中有故事：Wife of Bath，owner of a cloth factory, lighthearted, merry, somewhat vulgar, and exceedingly talkative。

Married five times and expected to one or two more.2. Thomas More(1478-1535)代表作：Utopia, an ideal communist society, meaning “no place”. 全文分两部分，第一部分：a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes, the greed and luxury among the rich, and an eagerness for war on the part of the rulers.第二部分：we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.3. Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)代表作：Tamburlaine(1587)-------帖木儿大帝The Jew of Malta(1592)----马耳他岛的犹太人Doctor Faustus(1588)-------浮士德重点介绍：The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, the hero is a young and brilliant scholar. Feature: an insatiable thirst for knowledge.影响力：1.show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie;2.the theme of his plays is the praise of individuality, the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe, and soaring aspiration after power and knowledge and beauty in their ideal forms. Marlowe：It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.4.Shakespeare: he was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon. And he died on April 23, 1616, buried in Stratford Church.一. The great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night剧情介绍：it is a beautiful fairy-tale combined with the story of the struggle for happiness of two pairs of lovers: Hermia and Lysander, Helena and Demetrius. 特色：the most lyrical of all his plays, in which elements of Greek mythology and fancifully combined with those of British folklore.2. 威尼斯商人It is a “grave comedy”. It takes its plot from an Italian story. 人物：Bassanio borrowed money from Shylock, and Antonio is Bassanio’s friend. Portia is one of Shakespeare’s ideal women---beautiful, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency.3.As You Like It.人物：Frederick, Rosalind, Celia, Orlando, Oliver。

1.Geoffrey Chaucer (the founder of English poetry)Geoffrey Chaucer was an English author, poet, and philosopher. He is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular Middle English, rather than French or Latin.Chaucer literary Career1. The French period (1360s~1372) Under the influence of French poetryWorks: The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰的故事》2. Italian period (1372~1385) Under the influence of Italian RenaissanceWorks: The House of Fame《声誉之堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》3. English period (1385~1400) Free from any foreign influenceWorks：The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集Representative ProjectsTroylus and Criseyde (c. 1383) is a poem re-tells in Middle English the tragic story of the lovers Troilus and Criseyde set against a backdrop of war in the Siege of Troy. It was composed using rime royale and probably completed during the mid 1380's.Influence: The poem had an important legacy for later writers. Many Chaucer scholars regard it as the poet's finest work. As a finished long it is certainly more self-contained than the better known but ultimately uncompleted Canterbury Tales.The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400) is a collection of stories written in Middle English at the end of the 14th century. The tales (mostly in verse诗, although some are in prose散文) are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwarkto the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.Influence: The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece代表作and one of the monumental works重要作品in English literature. He uses the tales and the descriptions of the characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. Structurally, the collection bears the influence of The Decameron十日谈.ContributionHe introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza押韵的小节of various types，especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (“heroic couplet”英雄双韵体) to English poetry. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English), thus establishing English as the literary language.He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.2. Shakespeare流派：The English Renaissance, realism, humanism.His main works:The greatest comedies: <A midsummer night’s dream> <The merchant of Venice> <As you like it> <Twelfth night>The great tragedies: <Hamlet> <Othello> <King Lear> <Macbeth>The histories: <King John> <Richard II> <Henry IV> <Henry V> <Richard III>Poems: <Venus and Adonis> <The rape of Lucrece> <Shakespeare’s Sonnets> <A lover’s complaint> <Funeral elegy by W.S.>主要作品的内容：<Hamlet>The play, set in the Kingdom of Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamletexacts revenge on his uncle Claudius for murdering the old King Hamlet, Claudius's own brother and Prince Hamlet's father, and then succeeding to the throne and marrying Gertrude, the King Hamlet's widow and mother of Prince Hamlet. The play vividly charts the course of real and feigned madness—from overwhelming grief to seething rage—and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption. Hamlet is without question the most famous play in the English language, is a milestone in Shakespeare's dramatic development; the playwright achieved artistic maturity in this work through his brilliant depiction of the hero's struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the need to avenge his father's murder.<A midsummer night’s dream>It portrays the events surrounding the marriage of the Duke of Athens, Theseus, and the Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta. These include the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of amateur actors, who are manipulated by the fairies who inhabit the forest in which most of the play is set. The play is one of Shakespeare's most popular works for the stage and is widely performed across the world.<King Lear>King Lear is a tragedy considered to be one of his greatest works, in which the title character descends into madness from the consequences of foolishly disposing of his estate between two of his three daughters based on their flattery. The play is based on the legend of Leir of Britain, a mythological pre-Roman Celtic king. It has been widely adapted for stage and screen, with the role of Lear played by many of the world's most accomplished actors.Features(contributions) of Shakespeare’s drama:1. Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.2. Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.3. Shakespeare’s long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic artthus acquired make him a master –hand for play- writing.4. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the Song, the sonnet, the couplet, and thedramatic blank verse.5. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.文学地位：Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individually, several of them are among the world's finest written works; taken collectively, they establish Shakespeare as the foremost literary talent of his own Elizabethan Age and, even more impressively, as a genius whose creative achievement has never been surpassed in any age.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over. Shakespeare's work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. In particular, he expanded the dramatic potential of characterisation, plot, language, and genre. Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, and Charles Dickens. In Shakespeare's day, English grammar, spelling and pronunciation were less standardized than they are now, and his use of language helpedshape modern English.The popularity of Shakespeare is a worldwide phenomenon. His name has been known to China for more than a hundred years, and many of his plays have been widely read among Chinese people.3. John Milton流派:ClassicalismHis main works:1st period:The poems: <L’allegro> <II Pensieroso><Comus>, a masque<Lycidas>, a pastoral elegy2nd period:<Aeropagitica>, a pamphlet against censorship3rd period:<Paradise lost> <Paradise regained> <Samson agonistes>主要作品内容：<Paradise lost>It’s Milton’s masterpiece. The epic poem consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter). Based on the Old Testament, it tells the story of Satan’s revolt against God, the temptation of Adam and Eve, and their expulsion from Paradise. The themes of <Paradise lost>:Main theme →the story of man’s fallSecondary themes:Pride →it leads to Satan’s downfallEnvy →coming from Satan’s prideRevenge → it makes Satan tempt Adam and EveInfidelity → Adam betrays God by siding with EveDisobedience → Adam and Eve disobey GodRepentance → Adam and Eve repentRedemption → Man is granted eternal salvation thanks to the sacrifice of the Son of God<Samson Agonistes>It’s a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies. It deals with the story of Samson from the “Book of Judges” in the Old Testament. Samson is Milton. Samson’s miserable blind servitude among his enemies, his agonizing longing for sight and freedom, and the last terrible triumph all strongly suggests Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.文学地位：Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics and who is both a great poet and important prose writer. Milton is the greatest English poet after Shakespeare, was the one great literary figure who want tried seriously to combine Renaissance and Reformation.ton was political in both his life and his art.ton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have been regardedas two patterns of English verse.ton is a master of the blank verse. He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.ton is a great stylist. His style is never exactly natural. It’s art attained by definite andconscientious rhetorical devices.ton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.4. Bunyan流派:The English Bourgeois revolution and restorationMain works:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>内容：The Pilgrim’s progress is a religious allegory(寓言). It tells of the spiritual pilgrim age of Christian, who flies from the city of Destruction, meets with the perils and temptations of the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, and Doubting Castle, faces and overcomes the demon Appollyon, and finally comes to the Delectale Mountains and the Celestial City. Though it’s an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons. One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair and the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful are described. Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government.<The Pilgrim’s Progress>地位：The allegory of this book has antecedents in a large number of Christian devotional works that speak of the soul's path to Heaven, from the Lyke-Wake Dirge forward. Bunyan's allegory stands out above his predecessors because of his simple and effective, prose style, steeped in Biblical texts and cadences.其他影响：Bunyan’s prose is admirable. It’s popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. Spencer’s allegory in The Faerie Queene appears ornate when compared with Bunyan.6.SwiftKnown for being a master of two styles of satire: the Horatian贺瑞斯式and Juvenalian 尤利西斯式styles. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose and a master satiristWorks: a tale of club and the battle of the books, which were published in 1704 and made him well-known as a satirist.Bickerstaff almanac (1708)Features: simple, clear, vigorous language, precise prose, powerful satireGulliver’s travels4 parts. The book presents itself as a simple traveller's narrative with the disingenuous title Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, its authorship assigned only to "Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, then a captain of several ships". The text is presented as a first-person narrative by the supposed author, and the name "Gulliver" appears nowhere in the book other than the title page. The unabridged publications of the text begin with a fictional letter entitled "The Publisher to the Reader" and "A letter from Captain Gulliver to his cousin Sympson" which present the fact that the original account has been edited and publishedwithout the permission of Lemuel Gulliver. The book proper then is divided into four parts, which are as follows.A Tale of a Tub(1704) The Battle of the Books Bickerstaff AlmanacPamphlets on Ireland.Swift is one of the masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous.DafoeDefoe was an English writer, journalist, and pamphleteer, who gained fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, as he helped to popularise the form in Britain and is among the founders of the English novel. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than 500 books, pamphlets and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural).Robinson Crusoe 《鲁宾逊漂流记》Robinson Crusoe is one of the world’s most popular adventure novels. The story, based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone in the uninhabited island Juan Fernandez for 5 years, is a work of sheer imagination.The story is about Robinson’s adventure on a deserted island.The Main Character：In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a native and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The story is told in the first person singular as if it was told by some sailor-adventurer himself. In this novel, Defoe created the image of a true empire-builder, a colonizer and a foreign trader, who has determination to preserve himself and improve his livelihood by struggling against nature.The significance of the novel：The supreme quality in Robinson Crusoe is its sense of reality, its lifelikeness. Defoe takes pains to convince his readers that what he is writing about is “real life”. The book expresses the epic theme of the power of the average man to preserve life and to organize economy in the face of the most unpromising environment.7. Henry FieldingNovelist, father of English novels, The Theatrical Licensing Act was passed in 1737 and ended his career as a dramatistHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones, showing the whole of the life of 18thcentury England as he saw it;Tom JonesCharacters:Tom: an abandoned baby adopted by Mr. Allworthy, who grows up to be a cheerful, open-hearted and handsome young manBlifil : the son of Mr. Allworthy’s sister, who is also brought up by Mr. Allworhty and grows up to be sly and faithlessSophia: the daughter of neighbor Squire Western, who is loved both by Tom and BlifilFielding as the Founder of the English Realistic Novel and set up the theory of realism in literary creation.His style: easy, unlabored轻易完成的, familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous and in logic and musical rhythm. His command of language was remarkable.All in all, he was, has been and still will be t he “father of English novel”. But his sympathy for the poor, and his contempt for the parasites靠他人为生的人, the exploiters and the oppressors aroused the anger of ruling classes.8. Samuel Johnsonthe great charm of literature：lexicographer词典编纂者，poet，criticWorks:13.Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)Samuel Johnson was a lexicographer, critic and poet. Became “the great cham of literature” and the literary men in London centered around him. “the greatest English man of letter” and “a great composer of dictionary”Works:1.Two satires in heroic couplets in imitation of Juvenal the Roman poet:London (1738)The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749)2.Life of Richard Savage (1744)3. Irene (1749), a tragedy4.Rasselas (1759)5. two periodicals: The Ramber (1750-52) and The Idler (1758-60)6.the most two important literary works:The Preface and comments of individual plays in his edition of Shakespeare (1765)Lives of Poets (1779-81)Johnson’s “Dictionary”Published in 1755;1.Marked an epoch in the study of the English study;2.Marked the end of the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support;3.Had a far-reaching effect on Modern English and has been described as “ a great work of scholarship”.“A letter to Lord Chesterfield”was the writer’s declaration of independence, signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.The Dictionary of the English Language《英语词典》marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of nobleman for support.London and The Vanity 自负of Human Wishes9. William Wordsworth (1770—1850)The representative poet of the early romanticism.As a child he cherished a love of nature (he learned more eagerly from flowers and hills and stars than from his books) , which he later expressed in his poetry1798Wordsworth and Coleridge(they became friends in 1797 and then lived together) jointly published the Lyrical Ballads抒情诗集。

作家及作品1.the first epic in the English history：the song of Beowulf2.Romance(传奇)：Arthur and his Knights of the Round TableKing Arthur and his Knights of the Round TableSir Gawain and the Green Knight3. Popular Ballads(民谣)：The Robin Hood Ballad4. Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔索)：The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇The Book of the Duchess悼公爵夫人Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集5.Thomas More(托马斯•莫尔)：Utopia乌托邦book onebook two6.William Shakespeare（威廉.莎士比亚）：the great comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth Night第十二夜The great tragedies：Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello奥塞罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Henry VI, Part II, III, I 亨利六世上、中、下Richard III 里查德三世The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧错中错Titus Andronicus 克斯泰特斯·安庄尼The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍妇The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士Love’s Labor’s Lost 爱的徒劳空爱一场Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Richard II 里查德二世King John 约翰王Much Ado about Nothing无事生非Henry IV, Part I; Henry IV, Part II 亨利四世Henry V 亨利五世The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流女人Julius Caesar《凯撒大帝》As You Like It《如愿》《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》Troilus and Cressida 《特洛埃勒斯与克莱西达》All’s Well That Ends Well 《终成眷属》Measure for Measure 《恶有恶报》《一报还一报》Antony and Cleopatra 《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》Coriolanus 《科利奥兰纳斯》Timon of Athens 《雅典的泰蒙Pericles《波里克利斯》Cymbeline《辛柏林》The Winter’s Tales《冬天的故事》The Tempest《暴风雨》Henry VIII《亨利八世》7.Francis Bacon：the first English essayistOf truth 论真理Of studies 论学习Love, truth ,friendship ,parents ,children ,beauty ,studies ,riches ,youth ,age ,garden ,death and others 8.John Donne：the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetryFlea 跳骚Others：George HerbertAndrew MarvellHenry Vaughan9.John Milton：Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson AgonistesLycidas10.John Bunyan(约翰·班扬)：Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner罪人受恩记功德无量Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 恶人先生的生平和死亡贝德曼先生的一生The Holy War 神圣战争11.Daniel Defoe：father of English novelRobinson CrusoeThe shortest way with the dissentersCaptain SingletonColonel JacqueMoll Flanders12.Jonathan Swift： A Tale of a Tub 一个木桶的故事乔纳森·斯威夫特Battle of Books 书的战争书战Predictions for the Year 1708 对1708的预言Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff 比克斯塔夫先生第一个预言的应验Gulliver’s Travels格林佛游记The Drapier’s Letters 一个麻布商的书信A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议13.Joseph Addison：writer and a great stylist.约瑟夫·艾迪生 A Letter from Italy 意大利来鸿“The Campaign”“出征”, best-known poem in heroic coupletRosamond 罗沙蒙The Spectator 旁观者, a daily paperCato 卡托 a tragedyAddison and Steele : epistolary novel(书信体小说)14. Henry Fielding ：Joseph Andrews约瑟夫˙安德鲁斯的经历comic epic poem in prose散文体滑稽史诗亨利·菲尔丁Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人乔纳森˙魏尔德Tom Jones 汤姆˙琼斯Amelia 阿米丽亚Plays ：The Welsh Opera 威尔斯歌剧Don Quixote in England 唐·吉诃德在英国Pasqin 巴斯昆The Historical Register for the Year 1736 一七三六年历史记事15. Alexander Pope: classical poet in the period of English Enlightenment亚历山大·薄伯Pastorals 田园组诗Essay on Criticism 论批评a didactic poem in heroic coupletsThe Rape of the Lock 夺发记masterpieceTranslations, in heroic couplet：The Iliad of Homer《荷马的伊里亚特》The Odyssey of Homer 《河马的奥德赛》The Works of Shakespeare 《莎士比亚全集》The Dunciad “愚人志” a satirical poem.Moral Essays “道德论” a philosophic poem.An Essay on Men “人论” a philosophic poem16. Samuel Johnson：London《伦敦》塞缪尔·约翰逊The Vanity of Human Wishes 人类欲望之虚幻Life of Richard Savage 理查德·沙维之传Rasselas 阿比西尼王子·拉赛拉斯Two periodicals: The Rambler 《漫游者》The Idler《闲散者》The two most important literary works：The Preface of Shakespeare《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》Lives of Poets 《诗人传》A Dictionary of English Language 《英语辞典》17.James Boswell：Life of Johnson a classic of English biography18.Thomas Grey：model of sentimentalistElegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌Others：Thomas Parnell ：Night-Piece on Death 夜吟死亡Robert Blair : The Grave 坟墓Edward Yong ：Night Thoughts 夜思19. Oliver Goldsmith：Periodical: The Bee哥尔德·斯密斯Poems: The Traveler 旅游人The Deserted Village 荒村Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师Comedies: The Good-Natured Man 好心人She Stoops to Conquer 屈身求爱Collection of essays: The Citizen of the World 世界公民20. William Blake : Songs of Innocence 天真之歌威廉·布莱克Songs of Experience 经验之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱的婚姻The Tiger21. Robert Burn s: A Red, Red, RedAuld Lang Syne 往昔的时光To a Mouse22. Richard Brinsley Sheridan：The Rivals 情敌The School for Scandal 造谣学校23. William Wordsworth：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner “古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”华兹华斯The Prelude 序曲Lyrical BalladsLines Written in Early SpringTo the CucooI Wandered Lonely as a CloudMy Heart Leaps UpIntimations of ImmortalityLines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey 丁登寺The solitary reaperComposed Upon Westminster Bridge24.Samuel Taylor Coleridge：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏; 老水手之行Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》Christabel 《克里斯特贝尔》Biographia Literaria 《文学传记》 a literary criticismChristabel25. Robert Southey：Joan of Arc 1793 《圣女贞德》Wat Tyler 1794《瓦特·泰勒》The Inchcape Rock《因尺角之石》The Battle of Blenheim 《布莱尼姆之战》My Days among the Dead are Passed《我与死者作伴的日子已结束》Life of Nelson《纳尔逊传》Thalaba the Destroyer 《撒拉巴》1801Madoc 《麦道克》1805The Curse of Kehama 《克哈马的诅咒》1810Roderick, the Last of the Goths 《罗德里最后的高斯人》1814 26.George Gordon Byron：She Walks in BeautyWhen We Two PartedDon JuanThe Vision of JudgmentChild Harold’ Pilgrimage27.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂Queen MabThe Revolt of IslamPrometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗旺斯The Masque of Anarchy 暴政的假面舞会A Defence of PoetryOzymandias奥西曼提斯T a Skylark 致云雀Adonais 阿多尼斯28.John Keats：Long poems: Endymion 恩底弥翁his first long poemIsabella 伊莎贝拉The Eve of St. Agnes 圣·爱格尼斯节前夕Lamia 莱米亚Hyperion 赫坡里昂Short poems : On a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂the best knownOde on Indolence 懒惰颂Ode on a Grecian UrnOn the Grasshopper and the Cricket 蛐蛐与蟋蟀Bright Star 闪亮的星星When I have Fear 当我害怕的时候29．Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel 最末一个行吟诗人Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 苏格兰边区歌谣集Marmion 玛密恩The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人Scott’s Historical Novels: Waverley 威弗利first historical novel.Guy Mannering 盖曼纳合not very goodOld Morality 清教徒Rob Roy 罗布·罗伊the best of the groupThe Heart of Midlothian 弥德洛西恩的心English History: Ivanhoe 艾凡赫Norman Conquest the best of the groupKenilworth 肯纳尔沃思堡during the Tudor dynastyThe Fortunes of Nigel 尼格尔的家产Stuart ruleWoodstock 皇家猎宫The English RevolutionPeveril of the Peak 贝弗利尔·皮克the Restoration European Countries: Quentin Durward 昆丁·达沃德best-known novel on Frenchhistory.Talisman 惊军英雄记Count Robert of Paris 巴黎的罗伯特伯爵St. Ronan’s Wells 圣·罗南之泉the only one, dealingwith his contemporary life (当代生活小说).30. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionSense and Sensibility31. Charles Dicken s: Sketches by Boz 特写集the first bookThe Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传Oliver Twist 奥克佛·特维斯特雾都孤儿Nichols Nickleby 尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店Barnaby Rudge 巴纳比·拉奇The first novel of social historyAmerican Notes 美国札记Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁·朱述尔维特The Chimes 教堂钟声A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌以圣诞为题材具有浓郁宗教色彩The Cricket on the Hearth 灶上蟋蟀Dombey and Son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫·科波菲尔his best bookBleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时世Little Dorrit 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Great Expectations 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们的共同朋友the worse book;Edwin Drood (unfinished) 艾德温·德鲁德之迷32. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fai 名利场rThe Newcomes 纽克姆一家The History of Pendennis 彭登尼斯The Book of Snobs 势力人集The History of Henry Esmond 亨利·埃斯蒙德的历史The Virginians 弗吉尼亚人33. George Eliot：Novels: Adam Bede 亚当·比德The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨房Silas Marner 织工马南Middlemarch 米德尔马契Description of rural life; moral problems; psychological studies of charactersFelix Holt the Radical 费立可斯·霍尔特Daniel Deronda 丹尼尔·德龙达Romola 罗慕拉Scenes of Clerical Life 教区生活场景Translation: The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本质Editor : The Westminster Review威斯敏斯特评论34. Charlotte Bronte: The Professor 教授Jane Eyre 简爱Shirley 舍丽Villette 维莱特35．Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄36. Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey 安格斯格雷The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall37.Alfred Tennyson：Poems by Two Brothers 两兄弟诗集Poems, Chiefly Lyrical 抒情诗集Poems (two volumes) 诗集The Princess 公主Maud 毛黛The Idylls of the King 国王叙事集In Memoriam 悼念Short Poems：Break, Break, Break 拍吧，拍吧，拍吧”Crossing the Bar 穿过沙洲38. Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book 指环和书dramatic monologuesDramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧故事及抒情诗Men and Women 男男女女Dramatic Personae 登场人物Poems: Pippa Passes 皮帕走过了Bells and Pomegranates 铃铛和石榴树Home-Thoughts, from Abroad 异域乡思Meeting at Night 深夜幽会Parting at Morning 清晨离别The Pied Piper of Hamelin39. Elizabeth Barrett: The Battle of Marathon 马拉顿之战The Cry of the Children 孩子们的哭声Sonnets from the Portuguese 葡萄牙十四行诗Poems before Congress 在大会之前写成的诗Casa Guidi Windows 圭迪的窗子Aurora Leigh 奥罗拉·利40. Thomas Hard y: Novel: Far From the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣The Woodlanders 林地居民The Return of the Native 还乡The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长Tess of the D‘Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure无名的裘德Under the Greenwood Tree 绿荫下Poem:The Dynasts, written between 列王41. David Herbert Lawrence: Rainbow 虹Lady Chatterley Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人The White Peacock 白孔雀Women in Love 恋爱中的女人Sons and Lovers 儿子和情人Oedipus Complex 恋母情结The STREAM CONSCIOUSNESS42. Virginia Woolf: Jacob′Room 雅各布的房间Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去Orlando 奥兰多The Waves 海浪43.James Joyce: Dubliners 都柏林人first workA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 年轻艺术家的肖像first novelUlysses 尤莉西斯Finnegans Wake 芬尼根的守灵夜43. William Butler Yeats: Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭When You are Old 当你老了44. George Bernard Shaw: Widower Houses 鳏夫的房子Mrs. Warren′s Profession 华伦夫人的职业The Devil′s Disciple 魔鬼的门徒Man and Superman 人和超人Major Barbara 芭芭拉上校Heartbreak House 伤心之家Saint Joan 少女贞德The Apple Cart 苹果车45. Oscar Wilde: Salome 莎美乐tragedyThe Importance of Being Earnest 认真的重要性A Woman of No Importance 无足轻重的女人An Ideal Husband 理想丈夫Lady Windermere′s Fan 温德美尔的扇子The Picture of Dorian Gray 道林格雷的肖像。

莎士比亚名词解释莎士比亚名词解释莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）是英国文艺复兴时期最著名的文学家之一，被誉为“戏剧之王”。

他的作品深受后世影响，被广泛研究，因此有许多莎士比亚特有的名词需要解释。

以下是对一些关键名词的解释。

1.喜剧（Comedy）：莎士比亚的戏剧作品分为喜剧和悲剧两大类。

喜剧以幽默、荒诞、错综的情节为特征，大多数以结尾的婚姻、复仇或让人和解的情节结尾。

2.悲剧（Tragedy）：悲剧是莎士比亚最为著名的戏剧类型之一，通常以主人公的崩溃和灾难结尾。

悲剧中常涉及复仇、秘密、欺诈等主题。

3.历史剧（Historical play）：莎士比亚创作了许多关于英国历史的戏剧，这些戏剧被称为历史剧。

它们通常描绘了英国不同历史时期的君主和政治家的事迹。

4.抒情诗（Sonnets）：莎士比亚的一部分作品是抒情诗，共计154首。

抒情诗以14行为一个基本单位，按特定的韵律排列。

5.四大喜剧（The Four Great Comedies）：指莎士比亚的四部喜剧作品，《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）、《十二夜》（Twelfth Night）和《修女的悲剧》（The Merry Wives ofWindsor）。

6.四大悲剧（The Four Great Tragedies）：指莎士比亚的四部悲剧作品，《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）和《麦克白》（Macbeth）。

这些作品被认为是莎士比亚最伟大的作品之一。

7.舞台装置（Stagecraft）：莎士比亚的戏剧作品中的舞台装置非常重要。

莎士比亚的剧作具有丰富的舞台设置，包括升降舞台、旋转舞台、假山等。

这些装置通过视觉效果增强了戏剧的表现力。

8.唐尼（Dunny）：这是一个莎士比亚的地方说话人的名字，是讽刺、滑稽和搞笑的代名词。

I.Choose the right answer.1.Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance? （D）A. Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B. Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe.C. Exaltation of man‟s pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance of man‟s foibles.D. Praise of man‟s efforts in soul delivery and personal salvation.2. It is ___ alone who, for the first time in English literature presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.(B)A. Edmund SpenserB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. John Donne3.The following belong to the characteristics of ‟metaphysical poetry‟ re presented by ‟John Donne‟ except___.(D)A. ConceitsB. Actual imagery and simple dictionC. Argumentative formD. Elegant style4. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____. (C)A. Greek MythologyB. Roman legendC. The Old TestamentD. The New Testament5. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare‟s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a …philosophical exploration‟ of life and death.(B )A. The Mer chant of VeniceB. HamletC. King LearD.The Winter‟s Tale6. It was ___and ___ the two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature. (B)A. Anglos/ SaxonsB. Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC. Romans/ NormansD. Greeks/ Romans7. Marlow‟s greatest achievement is that he perfected the ‟blank verse‟, and he is regarded as ‟the pioneer of English drama‟, which of the following is not written by him? (D)A. TamburlaineB. The Jew of MaltaC. The Passionate to His LoveD. The Sun Rising8. ____Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. (B)A. John Milton‟sB. Francis Bacon‟sC. Montaigne‟sD. Thomas Gray‟s9. _____Wa s known as “the poets‟ poet”.(B)A. William ShakespeareB. Edmund SpenserC. John DonneD. John MiltonII.Answer the following questions briefly.1)What is Chaucer's contribution to English language?Chaucer‟s language is vivid and exact. His verse is smooth. His words are easy to understand. He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which was later called the “heroic couplet” to English poetry. Though drawing influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first important poet to write in the current English language. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.2)What was the English Renaissance?The English Renaissance was an intellectual movement or rebirth of letters. There Were two striking features. The first was the revived interest in classical literature. People were thirsty for works of Greek and Latin. Another feature was humanism. People began to see themselves as important beings, not only living for God and a future world. Interest in beauty and achievement rose. This was the outlook promising world opening to them. They believed in their strength. They expected the promising world opening to them. They believed that they could make the world according to their desires.3) What are the periods of Shakespeare’s dramatic composition? And what are their respective features?Three periods: . Period of historical plays and comedies. This period is characterized by happiness and optimism. This period can be further put into two phases: the phase of apprenticeship and the phase of maturation. 2. Period of tragedies. This period is characterized by gloom. 3. Period of romances or tragic-comedies. This period is characterized by reconciliation.。

第一章测试1.Beowulf is an epic of 3182 lines, which is the greatest work of literature ofthe Old English Period.A:错B:对答案:B2.The year 1066 marks the beginning of the Middle English or Anglo-NormanPeriod.A:错B:对答案:B3.Robin Hood is the hero in the collection of 15th-century medieval romances.A:错B:对答案:A4.The Canterbury Tales is a masterpiece by Geoffrey Chaucer, the firstpreeminent English poet in history.A:错B:对答案:B5.The structure of The Canterbury Tales is similar to Boccacio’s Decameron.A:对B:错答案:A6. ( ) refers to a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of somelegendary heroes.A:EpicB:LegendC:FableD:Ballad答案:A7.( ) is also known as “head rhyme” or “initial rhyme”.A:AlliterationB:ConsonanceC:AssonanceD:Onomatopoeia答案:A8.Who introduced heroic couplet into England?A:Thomas MaloryB:Alfred the GreatC:Geoffrey ChaucerD:Cynewulf答案:C9.Which of the following works belong to the Old English Period?A:BeowulfB:Morte d’ArthurC:Anglo-Saxon ChronicleD:Christ答案:ACD10.Which of the following literary works come from the Middle English Period?A:The Legend of St. ElenaB:Chanson de RolandC:Piers the PlowmanD:The Ecclesiastical History of England答案:BC第二章测试1.The Faerie Queene, fusing adroitly the strands of legend, fable, and praise ofElizabeth I’s England in iteself, is a masterpiece written by Thomas Wyatt,who introduced sonnet into English poetry.A:对B:错答案:B2.“University Wits” were all graduates from Oxford or Cambridge during the1580s; Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge,Thomas Nash, and Ben Jonson were outstanding representatives of thisschool.A:对B:错答案:B3.Tamburlanine the Great, The Jew of Malta, and The Tragical History of DoctorFaustus are great tragedies written by Christopher Marlowe, the mostprominent figure among the “University Wits.”A:对B:错答案:A4.William Shakespeare had produced 154 sonnets in total, and the first 126sonnets seem to be addressed to a young woman, who possesses extremebeauty.A:错B:对答案:A5.All Shakespeare’s plays take place in England.A:对答案:B6.( ) is a nine-line stanza of eight lines of iambic pentameter plus an iambichexameter.A:Italian sonnetB:Spenserian stanzaC:English sonnetD:Spenserian sonnet答案:B7.Who coined the term “Metaphysical Poets”?A:Andrew MarvellB:Samuel JohnsonC:John DonneD:George Herbert答案:B8.Who is the most popular and most widely respected writer in all Englishliterature?A:John BunyanB:John DonneC:John MiltonD:William Shakespeare答案:D9.Which of the fol lowing adjectives can be used to describe Francis Bacon’sessays?A:freshB:vigorousC:powerfulD:conservative答案:ABC10.Who were dramatists during the Elizabethan Age?A:Thomas NashB:Robert GreeneC:Thomas KydD:Ben Jonson答案:ABCD第三章测试1.Alexander Pope was the representative poet of the neo-classical school, andthe early 18th century has often been named as the Age of Pope.A:对B:错答案:A2.Gulliver’s Travels is the most enduring work by Jonathan Swift, which is asavage satire in the form of a fabulous travelogue.B:错答案:A3.Henry Fielding is regarded as the father of English fiction by Sir Walter Scott,and he had applied first-person narration in his novels.A:错B:对答案:A4.William Blake is renowned now for his Songs of Innocence and Songs ofExperience.A:对B:错答案:A5.Robert Burns wrote in Scottish dialect, and he followed the Scottish songtradition in his poetry.A:错B:对答案:B6.( ) refers to a lyric poem lamenting a dead friend, or a public figure.A:EpicB:OdeC:ElegyD:Sonnet答案:C7.Who defined novel as a genre?A:Henry FieldingB:Samuel JohnsonC:Jonathan SwiftD:Daniel Defoe答案:A8.“Auld Lang Syne” praises ( ).A:friendshipB:freedomC:loveD:patriotism答案:A9.Which of the following are the features of Enlightenment?A:A devotion to harmony, proportion, and balance.B:Profound faith in the powers of human reason.C:Strong belief in imagination.D:Strong belief in the clarity of thought.答案:ABD10.Who are writers of neo-classicism?A:Henry FieldingB:John DydenC:Thomas MoreD:Alexander Pope答案:ABD第四章测试1.The Romantic Age began with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 andended with the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.A:对B:错答案:A2.The romantic poets paid great attention on reason or rationality in theirpoetry.A:错B:对答案:A3.In the preface for the first edition of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth put forwardhis principles of poetry.A:对B:错答案:B4.The Revolt of Islam is P. B. Shelley’s first long poem of importance.A:错B:对答案:A5.Jane Austen is the first important English woman novelist, who wrotealtogether six novels.A:对B:错答案:A6.Who is the author of Biographia Literaria?A:William WordsworthB:S. T. ColeridgeC:Robert SoutheyD:P. B. Shelley答案:B7.Which of the following novel by Scott has its spatial setting in England?A:The TalismanB:IvanhoeC:WaverleyD:Quentin Durward答案:B8.Which of the following are ideals advocated by the French Revolution?A:equalityB:reasonC:libertyD:fraternity答案:ACD9.Which of the following are characters from Prometheus Unbound?A:PantheaB:DemogorgonC:Eternal LoveD:Africa答案:ABC10.Which work made Byron famous?A:The Revolt of IslamB:A Defense of PoetryC:Childe Harold’s PilgrimageD:Don Juan答案:C第五章测试1.The critical realists criticised the capitalist social system from a proletarianpoint of view.A:对B:错答案:B2.Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, and John Ruskin were all eminent figuresamong the Victorian poets.A:对B:错答案:B3.Dickens took the French Revolution as the background of A Tale of TwoCities, and the two cities are Paris and London.A:错B:对答案:B4.Wuthering Heights, the masterpiece of Emily Brontë, narrates the tragic lovestory of a governess.A:错B:对答案:A5.Thomas Hardy is one of the representatives of English critical realism in theearly part of the Victorian period.A:错B:对答案:A6.Which is the most popular form of all the literary art during the Victorianperiod?A:fictionB:dramaC:proseD:poetry答案:A7.Who wrote the bewitching Sherlock Holmes cycle of detective stories?A:Robert Louis StevensonB:Wilkie CollinsC:Lewis CarrollD:Conan Doyle答案:D8.What is an archetypal Dickensian hero like?A:An adult.B:An orphan.C:A boy.D:A girl.答案:B9.Which of the following are spatial settings in Jane Eyre?A:ThornfieldB:GatesheadC:LowoodD:Ferndean答案:ABCD10.Which of the following characters are included in The Importance of BeingEarnest?A:GwendolynB:AlgernonC:CecilyD:Jack Worthing答案:ABCD第六章测试1.Realism and modernism coexisted in the 20th-century British literature.A:对B:错答案:A2.The theoretical base of modernism is rationalism.A:错B:对答案:A3.Sons and Lovers, an autobiographical novel by D. H. Lawrence, deals with astory of a father’s dominant and debilitating love over the sons.A:错B:对答案:A4.The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot’s masterpiece, uses the past as a ya rdstick tomeasure the present and underscore what is missing from the present.A:对B:错答案:A5.W. B. Yeats played a major role in the Irish literay revival.A:对B:错答案:A6.Who wrote The Time Machine?A:H. G. WellsB:Arnold BennettC:Rudyard KiplingD:John Galsworthy答案:A7.Who won the Nobel Pize in 1923?A:W. B. YeatsB:T. S. EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:James Joyce答案:A8.Which of the following work suggests Eliot had turned conservative?A:Murder in the CathedralB:The Cocktail PartyC:Ash WednesdayD:The Confidential Clerk答案:C9.Who were “Edwardians” as termed by Woolf?A:Arnold BennettB:H. G. WellsC:John GalsworthyD:E. M. Forster答案:ABC10.Which of the following poems are written by Yeats?A:“The Second Coming”B:“Gerontion”C:“Sailing to Byzantium”D:The Waste Land答案:AC。

1. =Beowul= can be termed England ’s national epic and its hero Beowulf —one of the nationalheroes of the English people. 贝奥武夫（有记载的最早的一部英国文学作品）2. The literature of Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, --=( Pagan ) andChristian=.The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of =oral sagas= , --the crude material out of which literature was slowlydeveloped on English soil; the latter represents the = writings= developed under teaching ofthe monks. 盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期的文学自然地分成两个部门, —— (异教徒 )和基督教。

前者代表了诗歌的盎格鲁撒克逊人可能带来的形式口头传说 ,原油材料文献在慢慢开发英语土壤; 他后者代表作品在教学的僧侣。

3. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which tookplace on the=European Continent =approximately at the beginning of thcentury, when the the 6 forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the = Scandinavian peninsula=.4. The old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the =secular=poetry and the =religious=poetry. 世俗诗歌和宗教诗歌。

英国⽂学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）英国⽂学简史Conquests & InfluencesA. Early period: The Roman conquest(1) The Roman civilization 罗马⽂明(2) Christianity 基督教(3) Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roadsB. The English conquest:(1) Three tribes : the Angles, Saxons and Jutes(2) Tribal society-feudalism 社会封建制度C. Medieval period: The Danish and Norman conquest(1) The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2) Establishment of feudalism 封建制度(3) French words came to EnglishD. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of today’s Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: Alliteration 头韵Rhymes metaphors押韵的⽐喻Understatements保守陈述4.The only great work: Beowulf【Beowulf】贝奥武夫( A folk song or poem )1. A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2. Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure(没有代表性⼈物)3. A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4. Praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的⿊暗⾯)Features of Beowulf: 1.Alliteration 2.Metaphors 隐喻3.UnderstatementsThe significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落⽂化) and of the era of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong andcourageous people and his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants. ( 地主和农民)2.The peasants’ rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑⼠精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romance’s culmination (顶点) in 《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》国王与他的圆桌骑⼠(metrical romance )5.The romance’s summing up in （托马斯·马洛⾥）Tho mas Malory’s《Le Morte D’Arthur》亚瑟王之死(in English prose散⽂)6.《Le Morte D’ Arthur》is a collection of stories about King Arthur, and translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.【Langland】朗格兰《Piers the plowman》农民⽪尔斯written by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English Ballads 英国民谣Ballad：a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. （The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.）The various ballads of Robin Hood(罗宾汉) are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin Hood 罗宾汉事迹【Chaucer】乔叟（the founder of English poetry）The three periods of C haucer’s career1. Works translated from French, as《The Romaunt of the Rose》玫瑰传奇2. Works adapted from the Italian, as《Troilus and Criseyde》特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达3.《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集which is purely EnglishThe Canterbury Tales’ Social Significance1. A true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time2. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie资产阶级, Chaucer affirms men’s rights to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3. As a forerunner先驱者of humanism, he pr aises man’s energy, intellect and love of life4. Attack social evils of his timeChaucer’s Language，now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of world-pictures. His verse (诗) is among the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不⾜道的) differences in spelling and grammar, hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) readingin modern English.Chaucer’s Contribution1. He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1．Alliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds---usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in Old and Middle English verse:’ Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame’ in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as ‘initial rhyme’or‘head rhyme’.2．Epic史诗is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3．Ballad : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4．Heroic Couplet：A traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.Part two：Old English in Transition (P27)1.The New Monarchy 新君主制（the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy 都铎王朝：君主集中制）2.The Reformation(the Protestant Reformation 新教改⾰；宗教⽂化精神改⾰)3. The English Bible：Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James Ⅰ and so was sometimes called the King James Bible. (The result is a monument (不朽的作品) of English language and English literature.)3. The Enclosure Movement (圈地运动)4. The Renaissance (⽂艺复兴) and Humanism （⼈道主义）(1). The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.(2). People had a thirsting curiosity好奇⼼for the classical literature.(3) People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.(4). People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world.5. Humanism is the essence（本质）of the Renaissance.A. The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman catholic church.B. Humanism(1).Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and theworth of life in this world.(2) .Man is the measure of all things.(3) .Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.(4) .Man should enjoy the present life.【Thomas More】托马斯·莫尔1.《Utopia》is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation （dialogue）between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager (航海者).2. The name ‘Utopia’ comes from two Greek words meaning ‘no place’ and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature （P38Drama and Prose 散⽂)【Sir Philip Sidney】西德尼Sir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets (⼗四⾏诗),《Astrophel and Stella》1591爱星者与星星, His《Apology for Poetry》为诗辩护is one of the earliest English literary essays. It“the school of abuse.”【Edmund Spenser】斯宾塞( The Poet’s Poet of the period )The Shepheardes Calendar 《牧⽺⼈⽇历》1579Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene 《荣光⼥王》/《仙后》It is an allegorical work（寓⾔作品）dedicated to Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：A nine-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambic hexameter 6-foot line. ⼀共九⾏诗，前⼋⾏⾏扬格五步⾳，第九⾏抑格六步⾳（abab baba c）Spenser’s position in English literature : Spenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can betraced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.【Francis Bacon】培根（famous for his Essays；Of Studies随笔集）The founder of English materialist philosophy. 唯物主义哲学1)his inductive method of reasoning and learning(归纳推理法) proved to be seminaland critically important to the development of modern science and the progress of humankind2)his thought system represented the beginnings of materialism in Englishphilosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）Bacon was the founder of modern science in England.The English version of his part forms his《Advancement of Learning》学问的发展.Then followed his《New Instrument》新⼯具论.A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, studies, youth and many others.作品⽂风：Clearness, brevity and forceEnglish Drama : the miracles（神迹剧）—the morality（道德剧）—the interlude （幕间剧）—the classical dramaThere was a group of so-called “university wits”⼤学才⼦（Lyly，Peele，Marlowe，Greene，Lodge and Nash）who wrote for the stage of the time.【Marlowe】马洛：the most gifted of the “university wits”works:《Tamburlaine》帖⽊⽿⼤帝《The Jew of Malta》马⽿他岛的犹太⼈《Doctor Faustus》浮⼠德博⼠（Marlowe’s masterpiece）Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers（拓荒者）of English drama.Marlowe first made blank verse（留⽩：对莎⼠⽐亚影响重⼤）the principal medium of English drama.P55【William Shakespeare】Drama:37四⼤悲剧Great tragedies:《》麦克⽩《King Lear》李尔王《Othello》奥赛罗四⼤喜剧Great comedies: 《A Midsummer Night’s Dream》仲夏夜之梦《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商⼈(“grave comedy”) 《As You Like It》皆⼤欢喜《Twelfth Night》第⼗⼆夜In Sonnet 18, he eulogizes the power of artistic creation Blank verse is the principal form of his dramasShakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total, were first published as a collection in 1609 The Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed “abab cdcd efef gg”Themes: love、Beauty、mortality、the effects of timeStyle: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in toneFeatures of Shakespeare’s Drama:(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2)Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms：the song, the sonnet, the couple, and the dramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.(5)Shakespeare’s long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.评价：1.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest playwright or poet in the whole world.2.All English writers of any importance cannot escape from Shakespeare’sinfluence.(影响单⼀：⽂艺复兴)【Ben Jonson】本·琼森（他的去世标志着伊丽莎⽩时代的结束）he was the last great Elizabethan and probably the first poet laureate（桂冠诗⼈）and the first literary dictator（⽂学泰⽃）in English history.Roman Tragedies:Sejanus 《席阶纳斯》Cateline 《克蒂琳》Comedies:Every Man in His Humor《个性互异》V olpone, or the Fox 《福尔彭奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist 《炼⾦术⼠》Bartholomew Fair 《巴梭罗缪市集》his reputation as a playwright was established by the success of his first comedy,Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》Jonson’s comedies are “comedies of humours”幽默的喜剧（behaviour, thoughts and manner of speech）In 1616 he published his Works《作品》, the complete collection of his poetrybring the classic form of the tree unities——unity of action, unity of time, andunity of place——back to the stage（把古典的三⼀原则——情节⼀致，时间⼀致和地点⼀致带回舞台）the heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）that he used in the poem was to become atyrannical bogue in the next century, and his emphasis on “nature” the basicprinciple in 18th century literary criticism【King James’ Bible】(最终形成于3世纪初)1)consists of 2 parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament旧约和新约2)The Old Testament: history and religious beliefs of the Jews3)The New Testament: the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of theChristian faith (创世)4）the authorized bible came into being in 1611【The 17th Century】basic features of the literature of the period:Seek certainty and intellectual harmony on the one hand, and to address thequestion of values through violence and sexualityThe main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry.P116【John Donne】约翰邓恩Metaphysical Poetry/Poe t ⽞学派诗歌/诗⼈Basic features: wit or conceit巧智&奇思妙喻The Flea《跳蚤》Valediction: Forbidden Mourning 《告别》The novelty consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of acompass圆规【John Milton】约翰弥尔顿The third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to come out of the 17th century.His life can be roughly divided into three phrases:1）The early phase of reading and lyric writing 抒情2）The middle phrase of service in the Puritan Revolution （清教）andpamphleteering（⼩册⼦）for it3）The last phrase of epic writing史诗( the greatest)作品：Two influential writings in Latin:In Denfense of the British People《为英国⼈民辩护》More in Defense of the British People《再为英国⼈民辩护》Paradise Lost《失乐园》：religious work, blank verse；One notable feature of the epic is evident ambiguity in the poet’s attitude toward God, the devil, and man.Samson Agonistes《⼒⼠参孙》：Verse drama, can be seen as objectifying（物化）the poet’s own unflinching spirit ；Samson is Milton.Lycidas《利西达斯》【John Dryden】约翰德莱顿：第⼀位新古典主义作家He was notorious for his frequent face-about in face of the changing politicalclimate of his day.In historical retrospect, Dryden is remembered for 2 things he did admirablywell for his country’s literature.His successful effort to prune the Elizabethan language of its formless exuberance and turn it into a cool, lucid, plain and natural medium for English writing.He was the first Neoclassic writer in English literary history.第⼀位新古典主义作家He made the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)almost the one poetic medium acceptable for poetry.English literary criticism英语⽂学批评：The father of English criticismH is tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as William Shakespeare’sAntony and Cleopatra.【John Bunyan】约翰班扬When he was in prison he wrote--The Pilgrim’s Progress.《天路历程》is areligious allegory. 宗教寓⾔The Celestial City in The Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair.名利场It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. 《天路历程》被称为“英国⼈的圣经”Chapter 6P127【Neo-classicism】新古典主义：18世纪中期到19世纪盛⾏【Alexander Pope】亚历⼭⼤蒲柏Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape Of the Lock 《卷发遇劫记》：Mock epic讽刺史诗: of five cantos about “a Homeric struggle of the tea cups”Essay on Men《⼈论》An Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿布斯诺医⽣书》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》P178【Richard Brinsley Sheridan】谢⽴丹：He is considered to be the only important English dramatist of the 18th century.作品：The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》:a great comedy of mannersa great comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)【Romanticism】浪漫主义P195【William Blake】布莱克pre-romantic writerHis major works, Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》and Songs of Experience《经验之歌》are his voluminous prophetic and mystical writings.天真：The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的孩⼦经验：A Little Boy Lost and The Tiger ⽼虎【Robert Burns】罗伯特·彭斯pre-romantic writer （regard as the national ofScotland）His Poems : Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《苏格兰⽅⾔诗集》Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship ：A Red, Red RoseMain Works：“John Anderson, my Jo ”约翰.安德⽣，我的爱⼈The Tree of Liberty ⾃由树A Red Red Rose⼀朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart's in the Highland 我的⼼在⾼原P138【Jonathan Swift】乔纳森斯威夫特1) one of the realist writers.2) expresses democratic ideas in his works.3 ) one of the greatest masters of English prose.The Battle of the Books《书战》A Tale of a Tub 《⼀只⽊桶的故事》, one of his greatest satires Pamphlets: The Drapier’s Letters 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal 《⼀个温和的建议》Gulliver’s T ravels 《格列夫游记》：the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then English and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.Swift: a man intensively critical of his fault, and believing in progress and the goodness of human nature and all the 18th century values.Swif t is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous.P146【Daniel Defoe】丹尼尔·笛福Pamphleteer 政治宣传册作家Defoe was a kind of jack-of –all-trades. 多才多艺He was a radical nonconformist (不信奉国教的⼈) in religion.His works：Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》, Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders and Colonel Jacque (adventure)P153【Samuel Richardson】查理孙epistolary novel 书信体⼩说Pamela《帕梅拉》became a “best-seller” of the day .Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves.P156【Henry Fielding】亨利菲尔丁“Father of the English realistic novel”He was the first to give the modern novel its structure and genre (style). Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟⼤的乔纳森·王尔德》Tom Jones the Founding《弃⼉汤姆琼斯》H e n r y F i e l d i n g’s m e t h o d o f r e l a t i n g a s t o r y i s t e l l i n g t h e s t o r y d i r e c t l y b y t h ea u t h o r.S a t i r e ab o u n d s e v e r y w h e r e i n h i s w o r k.Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, smooth and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.P128【Addison and Steele】The two names linked together because of their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Steele and The Tatler闲谈者Addison and The Spectator旁观者1)They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. Intheir hands, English essay has completely established itself as a literature genre.2)Literary Term: Free EssayP265【Scott】司各特W a l t e r S c o t t was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature.O n t h e h i s t o r y o f S c o t l a n dWaverleyOld MortalityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianO n E n g l i s h h i s t o r yIvanhoeO n t h e h i s t o r y o f F r a n c e a n d o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e sQuentin DurwardP244【Keats】济慈His aesthetic theory of “negative capability”Main Works：Poems，《诗集》，his first book.Five long poemsEndymion,《恩底弥翁》his first long poemIsabella《伊莎贝拉》The Pot of Basil芳⾹的草本植物The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前⼣》Lamia 《莱⽶亚》Hyperion 《赫坡⾥昂》Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode To A Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Psyche ⼼灵颂Ode on Indolence 懒惰颂【Shelley】雪莱Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his hatred towards tyranny. Shelley is one of the most important dramatists of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus Unbound.His Works：Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark云雀颂The Cloud云Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗⽶修斯》Queen Mab 麦布⼥王The Masque of Anarchy 《专治魔王的化装游⾏》The Necessity of Atheism《⽆神论的重要性》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》【Byron】拜伦Main Works：Don Juan（Byron’s masterpiece）《唐?璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德?哈罗德游记》When We Two Parted 《昔⽇依依别》She walks in Beauty《她在美中⾏》Poetic Drama:ManfredCainThe Two FoscariOriental Tales：The GiaourThe CorsairLaraB y r o n i c H e r o：a proud revolutionary figure of noble origin, rising single handed against any kind of tyrannic rules in government or religion or moral society with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. . For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.【Coleridge】柯勒律治In 1797 he began his friendship with Wordsworth. In 1798 they published The Lyrical Ballads.Demonic poems神祗诗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古⾈⼦吟》Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》ChristabelConversational poems 对话诗Frost at MorningDejection: An OdeEssaysBiographia Literaria ⽂学传记Lectures on Shakespeare.Coleridge is a great Romantic poet. His poetic imagination is unique. He is fond of unusual and supernatural things.【William Wordsworth】威廉·华兹华斯1)L y r i c a l B a l l a d s《抒情歌谣集》f o l l o w e d b y“T h e P r e f a c e t o t h e L y r i c a lB a l l a d s”—s e r v e d a s t h e m a n i f e s t o o f t h e E n g l i s h R o m a n t i c M o v e m e n t i n p o e t r y.2)f a m o u s s h o r t p o e m s：A b o u t n a t u r e：“I w o n d e r e d L o n e l y a s a C l o u d”“独⾃漫游似浮云”，o r“T h eD a f f o d i l s”“咏⽔仙”“I n t i m a t i o n o f I m m o r t a l i t y”“不朽颂”【George Eliot】(Victorian era)She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner , Middlemarch , and Daniel Deronda , most of themset in provincial England and known for their realism and psychologicalinsight.【Thackeray】1.Thackeray was a representative of critical realists of the 19th century England2.Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖锐的) and hishumor subtle(精妙的).3.Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all hisnovels.1) The Book of Snobs《势利⼈脸谱》2) Vanity Fair《名利场》(A Novel Without a Hero)3) The History of Pendennis《彭登尼斯》4) The Newcomes《纽克姆⼀家》5) The History of Henny Esmond《亨利?埃斯蒙德》6) The Virginians《弗吉尼亚⼈》P277【Dickens】The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克先⽣外传》Oliver Twist《奥列佛?特维斯特》：FaginNicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯?尼克尔贝》The Old Curiosity Shop《⽼古玩店》Barnaby Rudge《巴纳⽐?拉奇》American Notes《游美札记》Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁?朱什尔维特》A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》Dombey and Son《董贝⽗⼦》David Copperfield《⼤卫?科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉⼭庄》Hard Times《艰难时事》Little Dorrit《⼩杜丽》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(Dickens takes the French Revolution as the subject of his novel, and the “two cities” are Paris and London in the time of that revolution) Great Expectations《远⼤前程》Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.【Charlotte Bronte】Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece, tells the story of an orphan girl.S h i r l e y,《舍丽》V i l l e t t e,《维莱特》【Emily Bronte】Emily Bronte published only one novel, Wuthering Heights .【Jane Austen】简?奥斯丁Works：Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Pride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbeyPersuasionRomanticism has five prominent characteristics:1. The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit.2. Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.A Comparison Between Byron, Shelley, Keats：1. Under the influence of the ideas behind the revolutions in America,especially in France, all three looked at the world in a new and striking way.Their poetry reflected discontent against outworn tradition and conditions.But their attitudes, resulted from frustrations of their efforts in revoltingagainst the established code and the ugliness of society, are different. Byron turned somewhat pessimistic, even cynical; Keats showed certain aloofness from the interests of worldly life and seemed seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams; only Shelley never lost his optimism. All his life he cherished the hope for a better world.2.All of their poetry excels in imagery. In Byron’s poems, the imagelargely created through allusions; in Keats’s poems they are createdchiefly through elaborate and decorative description of nature, showingthe beauty of line, color, shape, odor and taste; in Shelley’s theexquisiteness of figurative language and symbolism extols 赞美thevisionary scenes, while the spontaneous flow from the poet’s heart isfull of youthful freshness and enthusiasm.3. Their poetry has a powerful musical effect. The stirring rhythms of Byron’s poems grip and hold the reader like martial 战争的music; in Keats’s it is touching melody; Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is a wild symphony交响乐, and his many other poems are like some ethereal 天上的music, seemly descending from some heavenly place, appealing profoundly to the heart.4.Byron employs a manly and racy有活⼒的style, Shelley’s poetry shows excellence of artistry and the unification of ideas and form; in many aspects, Keats’s the best workman of t hem all. His poetry shows the mastery of artistic form, and the harmony of word and thoughts shows more perfection of artistic finish 完美.Lake Poets 湖畔派诗⼈In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。

第四部分：完型填空1Modern zoos are very different from zoos that were built fifty years ago. At that time, zoos were placespeople could go to see animals from many parts of the world. The animals lived in cages that wereconcrete with iron bars, cages that were easy to keep clean.Unfortunately for the animals, the cages were small and impossible to hide in. The zoo environmentwas anything but natural. the zoo keepers took good care of the animals and fed them well, many of the animals did not thrive; they behaved in strange ways, and they often became ill.In modern zoos, people can see animals in more natural habitats. The animals are given morein large areas so that they can live more comfortably as they would in nature. Even theappearance of zoos has changed. Trees and grass grow in the cages, and streams of water flowthe areas that animals live in.2For the first time in our marriage, I had decided to spend my holiday alone, without my wife. We hadnot – even good ones – should be broken from time to time. Doing everything together with my wife had become very much of a habit with me. So I hadgone off to Italy my own to spend three weeks at a hotel at the seaside. I had hoped it would benice and warm. But actually it was 35 in the shade, enough to roast an ox. I walked about inshorts, my bald head with a handkerchief, sweating and thirsty. And all the time I had to think of my wife, who had gone to the mountains of North Wales and was doubtless enjoying herself verymuch. Why had I, with my sensitive English skin, gone to Italy of all places? At night, I was keptby two bands playing like mad in the bar downstairs.3Most people have heard of Shakespeare (莎士比亚) and are somewhat familiar with his plays,few know much about his life. In fact, little is known for certain about his early years and schooling.is it clear why he left his native Stratford. Apparently he arrived in London without friends or money, and at first had to earn his living by taking care of the horses of theatre-goers. In time he became recognized for his wit and imagination and was invited to become one of the actors.By 1592, when Shakespeare’s name first appeared in the records, he was already a leading player in anacting company under the protection of a high official at court. He had started to plays which attracted large audiences and eventually he became quite a wealthy man. Shortly after 1600 he returned toStratford, where he continued to write plays, them the great tragedies Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear.4It is always interesting to visit another country，especially for those who have never traveled a great deal. Foreign travel can be very educational for anyone if he is interested enough to make preparations beforehand.Learning the language of the new country would be difficult for the traveler, the benefits of such an effort would become obvious immediately on his arrival. It may not seem important to him when hecomfortably stays at home, but knowing how to a meal or book a room is necessary for thenewcomer in a strange country. Without knowing the language, it is very difficult the stranger to understand the people of the new country and their customs.Of course，in our small world it is often possible to find someone understands our own, but this is only second–places and things are not the heart of any country. To get the greatest benefit from a trip another5The car was invented about a hundred years ago. You may know all kinds of the cars’ names, but manypeople don’t know was the inventor of the first car. The first car was invented not by a German, but by an American. His name was Henry Ford.Henry was born in a poor family. He was the oldest of six children. When he was a boy, he becamein mending watches and machines. When he was twelve years old, his mother died. Soon he had to work in a machine shop for two dollars and fifty cents a week. In the evening he mended watches foranother dollar a week. The life made him strong and able.At that time there was another interest in the life of the young man. He dreamed to make a machine, itcould run a horse, so named “horseless carriage.” He overcame (克服) a lot of difficulties and in April, 1893, the “horseless carriage” was finished, it was the first Car.Later Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. He was the first inventor of the car in the world.6You may think there is only sand in the desert of the world, but it is not true. In the desert, as weknow, there is a little rain and it is not for most plants. Still we can see some plants live in the desert.There is water in some places in the deserts. We call these places oases (绿洲). In the oases, there are villages and towns. People grow all kinds of vegetables and rice in the fields there. People also liveoutside the oases. They have camels, sheep and other animals. These animals live the desert plants for their food and do not need any water. The animals are useful to the desert people in many ways.They eat the meat and drink the milk of the animals. They the camels for carrying water, food and something else.The people of the desert have to keep from place to place. They must always look for grass orThe desert people arefood and water.7Mr. Brown and his wife had a small bar near a railway station. The bar didn’t closefor trains. So the business was good.At two o’clock one morning, a man was still sitting at the table in the bar. He Mr.Brown’s young wife wanted to go to bed. She the bar several times, but the man kept sleeping. Then at last she went to her husband and said to him, “You have tried to wake that man several times, and he isn’t drinking anything. Why haven’t you sent him away? It’s too late.”“Oh, no, I don’t want to send him away,” he answered a smile. “You know, each time I woke him up, he gave me five pounds. Then he went to sleep again.”8Fire can help people in many ways. Fire can heat water, your house, give light and cook food.But fire can burn things too. Nobody knows people began to use fire. One story from Australia tells about a man a very long time ago. He went up to the sun by a rope and brought fire down.Today people know how to a fire with matches. Children sometimes like to play with them. But matches can be very dangerous.Fire kills people every year. So you must be careful matches. You should also learn to put out fires. Fires need oxygen. Without oxygen they die. There is oxygen in the air. Cover a fire with water, sand,or in an emergency, with your coat or a blanket. This keeps the air a fire and kills it.Be careful with fire, and it will help you. Be careless with fire, and it might hurt you.9No man can change the weather. Nobody can control the weather. But if people read correctly the signsaround them, they can tell the weather will be like the following day or two.For many centuries people have studied the weather and tried to weather forecasting.Sometimes distant objects such as hills and tall trees don’t seem to be very clear. This is of much water vapour in the air and therefore rain will probably come.If some birds fly high, fine weather is coming, but if they fly near the ground, rainy or stormy weatheris on the way. It is probably because of the insects which they are hunting they fly very low.If a fog appears in the morning just about sunrise, then the day will be warm. Instead, if a fog appears in the evening, the next day will bring wet weather. If the sunset is mostly red in color, then the following day will be fine. If a rainbow appears in the morning, rainy weather will probably come.Most of the sayings have been made by people who have used their eyes and brains to makeweather forecasting.10Scientists have studied consumer behavior recently and found the look of the package has a great effect on the “quality” of the product and on how well it sells, because “Consumers generally cannotthe differences between a product and its package. Many products are packages and many packages are products,” as Louis Cheskin, the first social scientist studying consumers’ feeling for packaging, noticed.Colors are one of the best tools in packaging. Studies of eye movement have shown that colors drawhuman quickly. Take V8 for example. For many years, the bright red color of tomatoes and carrots on the thin bottle makes you feel that it is very good for your body. And the word “green” today can keep food prices going up.Shapes are another attraction. Circles often suggest happiness and peacefulness, because these shapesare to both the eye and the heart. That’s why the round yellow M signs of McDonald’s are inviting to both young and old.This new consumer response to the colors and shapes of packages reminds producers and sellers thatpeople to satisfy both body and soul.11A hot dog is one of the most popular American foods. It was named after Frankfimer, a German food.You may h ear “hot dog” in other ways. People sometimes say “hot dog” to express pleasure.For example, a friend may ask you would like to go to the cinema. You might say, “Great! I would love to go.” Or, you could say, “Hot dog! I would love to go.”People also use the expression to describe someone who is a “show-off”, who tries to show everyoneelse how he is. You often hear such a person called a hot dog. He may be a baseball player forexample, who the ball with one hand, making a(n) catch seem more difficult. You know he is a hot dog because when he makes such a catch, he bows to the crowd, hoping to win their cheers.12There was a woman in Detroit, who had two sons. She was worried about them, especially the younger one, Ben, because he was not doing well in school. Boys in his class made jokes about him because heseemed sogo to the Detroit Public Library to read a book a week and do a book report for her.One day, in Ben’s class, the teacher held up a rock and asked if anyone knew it. Ben put up his handand the teacher let himsaid anything. What could he possibly want to say?”Well, Ben not only knew the rock, but also said a lot about it. He named other rocks in its group andthis from doing one of his book reports.Ben later went on to the of his class. When he finished high school, he went to Yale University and at last became one of the best doctors in the United States.13Mike always loves ships. W hen he was older, he said, “I’m going to be a soldier.” But his eyes were notveryThen he said, “I’m going to a small boat and I’m going around the world.” But boats were very expensive, and Mike did not have enough money.Last summer Mike found a swimming school near his house. The lessons did not cost veryand Mike began going to the school at every end of the week and having lessons. Now he is a good swimmer.Last week a little boy said to him, “You’re a very good swimmer. How do you learn to swim so well?”“I’m not good at all,” Mike said and he smiled.“When I’m in the water, I say to myself, th ere arequickly.”14A little boy wanted to meet God, so he started his trip with some cakes and orange juice. On his way hesaw an old woman in the park. The boy sat down next to her. The old lady lookedso he offered her a cake. She accepted it thankfully and smiled at him. Her smile was pretty that the boy wanted to see it again, so he gave her a bottle of orange juice. Once again she smiled at him. The boy was very happy! They sat there all afternoon eating and smiling, but they never say a word. As it grew dark, the boy got up to leave. Before he left, he gave her a kiss. She gave him the biggest smile ever.his face. She asked him, “What made you so happy?” He replied, “I had lunch with God. She’s got the most beautiful smile I've ever seen!” The oldwoman also returned to her home Her son asked, “Mother, why are you so happy?” She answered, “I ate cakes in the park with God. You know, he’s much younger than I expected.”15Human language is a system of symbols. No other animal has a complex symbolic language that mustbe learned. Animal language is largely basic human language is learned speech, composed of sounds that symbolize things, ideas, actions, and the like.we "say".Since human language is a form of human behavior, there is nothing absolute about it. It has developed lowly throughout human history and will continue to develop. In the English language there are perhaps16A French student went to London for his holiday. He thought, “I know a little English. I think people can understand me!”eggs. Soon the waiter came up to him and asked. “Can I help you?” “A cup of tea and ...” He could notremember the English word for eggs. He looked around but was eating eggs. Then he saw a picture-book on the table next to him. There was a picture of a cock on its cover（封面）. He showed the picture to the waiter. “What’s the English word for this?” he asked. “A cock.” answered the waiter. “What do you call a cock’s wife?” he asked again. “A hen.” “And what do you call a hen’s children?” “Chicks.” “Andthey are born?” “Eggs!”“Very well.” said the French student happ ily. “Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” Then he sat17A man was sitting in the doctor’s office. He was telling the doctor about his problem. “I like football,doctor,” he said. “Please help me. My life hasand it is getting worse and worse. I can’t I’m out there in thel. When I wake up, I’m moreWhat am I going to do?” The doctor sat back and said, “First of all, you have to do your best not to dream about football. Before you are falling asleep, try to think about something else. Try to think that you are at a party and someone is going to give you several million dollars.” “Are you crazy?” the man shouted,“I’llthe ball!”18Once, a king showed two men a large basket in the garden. He told them to fill it with water from atheir work, he left them, saying, “When the sun is down, I will come and see your work.”At last one of them said, “What’s the use of doing this f oolish work? We can fill the basket.” The other man answered, “That is none of your business.” The first man said, “You may do as you like, but Iso foolish.”He threw down his bucket and went away. The other man said no word, and kept on carrying water. AtAs he poured the last bucket of water into the basket, he saw a bright thing in it. He picked it up. It was a beautiful gold ring. Just then the king came. As soon as he saw the ring, he knew that he had found the kind of man he wanted. He told him to keep the ring for himself. “You have done so well in this little thing,”can believe you with many things.”19Two men started a fight in a street. The big man hit the little man hard, and the little man fell down on the ground. Then the big man saw a policeman coming along the street. He hid himself in a shop. The“Go to a doctor’s house, quickly.” he said. The man in the back seat didn’t move speak. “He’s dead!” the policeman thought.When the taxi stopped outside the doctor’s house, the policeman the man in and the doctor looked at him. “He may be dead.” said the doctor as soon as he saw the man.“He isn’t moving.” When the little man heard“I’m not dead,” he said. “I’m alive!” The policeman was very angry. “Do you know better than the doctor?”“Yes, I do.” said the man. “I wanted to get away from the big man, and I’ve got away now. Thank you very much.”20One day, two friends were walking through the desert. During the journey they had a quarrel, and one friend hit the other one in the face.he didn’t say anything. Instead, he wrote in the sand, “Today my best friend hit me in the face.”绿洲). They decided to get some water. The one whohad been hit fell into the mire (泥沼When he felt all right, he wrote on a stone, “Today my best friend saved my life.”The one who had hit and saved hisnow you write it on a stone. Why?The other friend replied, “When someone hurts us, we should write it down in the sand where winds ofwhere no wind can ever blow it away.”。

-Chapter I An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance PeriodI. Choose the right answer:1. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the _____legend of a magician aspiring for ____ and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A.British/ immoralityB.French/moneyC.German/knowledgeD.American/political power Answer: C (可参考课本P21)2. _____, is a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A.The Wife’s ComplaintB.BeowulfC.The Dream of the RoodD.The SeafarerAnswer: B (可参考课本P1)3.It’s Chaucer alone who, for the first ti me in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English Society in his masterpiece__________.A.The Canterbury TalesB.The Legend of Good WomenC.Troilus and CriseydeD. The Romaunt of the Rose.Answer: A (可参考课本P4)4. The Essence of Renaissance, the most significant intellectual movement, was_____.A. Geographical explorationB. Religious reformationC. Publishing and translationD. Humanism. Answer: D (可参考课本P8)5. “Prince Arthur’s greatest mission is his search for Gloriana, with whom he has fallen in love througha love vision.”The two figures come from_____.A.Paradise LostB.Dr. FaustusC.The Faerie QueeneD.HamletAnswer: C (可参考课本P13)6.In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare_________________.A.Meditate on the destructive power of time and eternal beauty by poetry.B.Satirize human’s vanity.C.Predict the eternity of love.D.Eulogize the power of the beauty. Answer: A (P37)7. ____ gave new vigor to the blank verse with his “mighty lines”and make ’blank verse’ the principle vehicle of expression in drama.A.SurreyB.WyattC.MarloweD.SidneyAnswer: C (P21)8. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are the following works except____.A.HamletB.King LearC.Romeo and JulietD.OthelloAnswer: C (P33)9. The Renaissance refers to between 14th----mid-17th century, which was under the reign of Queen___and absolute monarchy in England reached its summit, and in which the ’real mainstream (真正的文学主流)’ was ____.A.Victoria/poetryB.Elizabeth/ dramaC.Mary/ novelD.James/ dramaAnswer: B (P11)10. In The Legend of Good Women, Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called later____.A.The Spenserian stanzaB.The heroic coupletC.The blank verseD.The free verseAnswer: B (P5)11. The Redcrosse Knight in “The Faerie Queene” stands for_____, and Una stands for_____.A.bravery/ chastityB.holiness/ truthC.error/ deliveryD.true gentleman/ lady.Answer: B (P16)12. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?A.Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B.Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe.C.Exaltation of man’s pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance of man’s foibles.D.Praise of man’s efforts in soul delivery and personal salva tion.Answer: D (P7)13. “The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune” is an example of ______.A.MetaphorB.SimileC.IronyD.PersonificationAnswer: A (P55)14. _____ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Greeks/ RomansD.Romans/ NormansAnswer: B (P11)15. It is ___ alone who, for the first time in English literature presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A.Edmund SpenserB.Geoffrey ChaucerC.William ShakespeareD.John DonneAnswer: B (P4)16. The following belong to the characteristics of ’metaphysical poetry’ represented by ’John Donne’ except___.A.ConceitsB.Actual imagery and simple dictionC.Argumentative formD.Elegant styleAnswer: D (P63)17. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____.A.Greek MythologyB.Roman legendC.The Old TestamentD.The New TestamentAnswer: C (P73)18. In “Paradise Lost”, Satan says “We may with mo re successful hope resolve/ To wage by force or guile eternal war, / Irreconcilable to our grand Foe” What does the “Eternal war” mean?A.To remove God from his throneB.To burn the Heaven DownC.To corrupt God’s creation of man and woman-----Adam and EveD.To beguile into a snake to threaten man’s lifeAnswer: C (P71, 节选部分在P75)19. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a ’philosophical exploration’ of life and death.A.The Merchant of VeniceB.HamletC.King LearD.The Winter’s TaleAnswer: B (P33)20. It was ___and ___ the two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Romans/ NormansD.Greeks/ RomansAnswer: B (P1)21. Paradise Lost is ___’s masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Satan against God’s authority.A.John DonneB.Christopher MarloweC.John MiltonD.Edmund SpenserAnswer: C (P71)22. The following description fit into Milton ’except’_____.A.a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC.a great stylist and master of blank verseD.a kind of elegant and refine style.Answer: D (P70---73)23. _____is not written by John Milton.A.Samson AgonistesB.Paradise LostC.Paradise regainedD.TamburlaineAnswer: D (P71)24. Marlow’s greatest achievement is that he perfected the ’blank verse’, and he is regarded as ’the pioneer of English drama’, which of the following is not written by him?A.TamburlaineB.The Jew of MaltaC.The Passionate Shepherd to His LoveD.The Sun Rising Answer: D (P20)25. ____Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.A.John Milton’sB.Francis Bacon’sC.Montaigne’sD.Thomas Gray’sAnswer: B (P58)26. _____Was known as “the poets’ poet”.A.William ShakespeareB.Edmund SpenserC.John DonneD.John MiltonAnswer: B (P15)27. “And we will make thee beds of roses / And a thousand fragrant posies/ A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle.” The above lines are probably taken from______.A.Spenser’s The Faerie QueeneB.John Donne’s The Sun RisingC.Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18D.Marlow’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.Answer: D (P28)28. Which of the following statement best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B.The speaker satirizes human vanity.C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D.The speaker meditates on man’s salvation. Answer: C (P37)II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1.“For herein Fortune shows he rself more kindThan is her custom. It is still her useTo let the wretched man outlive his wealth,To view with hollow eye and wrinkled browAn age of poverty; from which ling’ring penanceOf such misery doth she cut me off”因为命运在此已经对我眷顾有加了。