老托福听力Part C 93篇-5 生词摘录

智课网TOEFL备考资料老托福听力分类词汇word版完整汇总摘要：老托福听力分类词汇word版完整汇总!大家在备考托福听力词汇时都会按照相应的对话类别背诵，很多同学在找一份老托福听力分类词汇资料，这里整理出了涵盖天文学、地理科学、人类学、气象学等词汇，同学们快来下载吧!大家都知道新托福考试已经进行将近十年了，但是就听力词汇来说老托福听力分类词汇对大家的复习还是有很大意义的，这里专门整理出了老托福听力分类词汇word版完整汇总资料，同学们可将这些词汇电子版内容做成掌中宝样子，携带方便随时都可以记忆。

老托福听力分类词汇word版内容如下：part 1. 天文类1 astronomy 天文astronomy 天文学astronomical 天文的astronomical observatory 天文台astronomer 天文学家astrophysics 天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience 伪科学cosmos(universe) 宇宙cosmology 宇宙学infinite 无限的cosmic 宇宙的cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic rays 宇宙射线celestial 天的celestial body (heavenly body) 天体 celestial map (sky atlas) 天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf (dwarf star) 矮星quasar 类星体，类星射电源constellation 星座galaxy (Milky Way) 新河系cluster 星团solar system 太阳系solar corona 日冕solar eclipse 日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet 行星planetoid (asteroid) 小行星revolve 旋转，绕转twinkle 闪烁naked eye 肉眼Mercury 水星Venus 金星Earth 地球Mars 火星Jupiter 木星Saturn 土星Uranus 天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道spin 旋转satellite 卫星lunar 月球的meteor 流星meteor shower 流星雨meteoroid 流星体meteorite 陨石comet 彗星space (outer space) 太空，外层空间 spacecraft (spaceship) 宇宙飞船spaceman ( astronaut) 宇航员，航天员 space suit 宇航服，航天服space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope 空间望远镜astronaut 宇航员star 恒星stellar 恒星的intergalactic 星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary 行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula 星云space debris 太空垃圾ammonia 氨corona 日冕chromosphere 色球photosphere 色球层convection zone 对流层vacuum 真空infrared ray 红外线chondrite 球粒absolute magnitude 绝对量级 radiation 辐射emission 发射，散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪2 geography 地理geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原以上是小编对老托福听力分类词汇word版完整汇总的详细介绍，上述已经给出了天文学、地理相应的词汇，完整内容同学们可以一键获取，托福词汇记忆是个持久战大家一定要坚持下去。

老托福听力partc原文精选既然已经实行新托福了,那么老托福里面的内容还有必要做吗?小编在这边说还是很有必要的,特别是听力部分,它是纠正发音,培养语感也是很好的材料，小编整理部分老托福听力原文精选,供大家学习。

第一期：Current studies show that what goes on labels is an important consideration for manufacturers, since more than seventy percent of shoppers read food labels when considering whether to buy a product. A recent controversy as to whether labels on prepared foods should educate or merely inform the consumer is over, and a consumer group got its way. The group had maintained that product labels should do more than simply list how many grams of nutrients a food contains. Their contention was that labels should also list the percentage of a day's total nutrients that the product will supply to the consumer, because this information is essential in planning a healthy diet. A government agency disagreed strongly, favoring a label that merely informs the consumer, in other words, a label that only lists the contents of the products. The agency maintained that consumers could decide for themselves if the food is nutritious and is meeting their daily needs. The consumer group, in supporting its case, had cited a survey in which shoppers were shown a food label, and were then asked if they would need more or less of a certain nutrient after eating a serving of this product. The shoppers weren't able to answer the questions easily when they were not given a specific percentage. This study,and others helped get the new regulation passed, and now food products must have the more detailed labels.【生词摘录】1. label: n. [C]a piece of paper or other material that is stuck onto something and gives information about it2. consideration: n. [U]formal careful thought and attention【正式】3. manufacturer: n. [C]a company or industry that makes large quantities of goods4. gram: n. [C]the basic unit for measuring weight in the metric system5. nutrient: n. [C]a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow 养分;营养物,营养品6. contention: n. [U]formal argument and disagreement between people7. favor: v. to think that a plan, idea etc is better than other plans, ideas etc8. maintain: v. to strongly express your belief that something is true9. nutritious: adj. food that is nutritious is full of the natural substances that your body needs to stay healthy or to grow properly(食物)有营养的,滋养的,营养价值高的。

智课网TOEFL备考资料老托福听力93篇 PartC(文本+音频)精选摘要：老托福是练习托福的最好的材料，相信备考的考生都是在用这个，今天小编就为大家准备老托福听力93篇 PartC(文本+音频)精选内容，大家如果想要的话，就赶紧来看看吧。

今天小编为大家带来老托福听力93篇 PartC(文本+音频)精选内容，各位考生可以点击相关按钮进行下载哦，希望各位考生赶紧来看看吧。

Most people think of astronomers as people who spend their time in cold observatories peering through telescopes every night. In fact, a typical astronomer spends most of his or her time analyzing data and may only be at the telescope a few weeks of the year. Some astronomers work on purely theoretical problems and never use a telescope at all. You might not know how rarely images are viewed directly through telescopes. The most common way to observe the skies is to photograph them. The process is very simple. First, a photographic plate is coated with a light-sensitive material. The plate is positioned so that the image received by the telescope is recorded on it. Then the image can be developed, enlarged, and published so that many people can study it. Because most astronomical objects are very remote, the light we receive from them is rather feeble. But by using a telescope as a camera, long time exposures can be made. In this way, objects can be photographed that are a hundred times too faint to be seen by just looking through a telescope.【生词摘录】1. observatory: n.[C]a special building from which scientists watch the moon, stars, weather etc 天文台;观象台;气象台2. peer: v. to look very carefully or hard, especially because you are having difficulty in seeing (尤指因看起来费劲而)凝视，盯着看3. theoretical: adj. of, relating to, or based on theory 理论的4. photographic: adj. connected with photographs, using photographs, or used in producing photographs 摄影的，摄影用的5. plate: n. [C]technical a thin sheet of glass used especially in the past in photography, with chemicals on it that are sensitive to light 【术语】(尤指过去摄影用的)感光片6. coat: v. to cover something, especially food, with a thin layer of liquid or another substance 给(某物，尤指食物)涂上(覆盖上)一层…7. light-sensitive: adj. sensitive to visible light 光敏的8. position: v. to put something in a particular position 把(某物)放在(某个位置)，安置9. feeble: adj. extremely weak 极其虚弱的，非常无力的以上就是小编为大家带来的老托福听力 93篇 PartC(文本+音频)精选的部分内容，各位考生想要练好听力就全靠他了，下面我们就一起来看看吧。

托福听力考试常见的生词托福听力考试常见的生词有哪些?本文针对托福考试听力环节常见生词的信息，给大家做了必要的解析，希望通过这种方式能够及时有效的帮助大家掌握这方面信息。

下面就来看看为大家整理的这篇文章。

Intern 实习生，Internship实习时机，xylem(植)木质部，phloem(植)韧皮部1 B Battery jumper(电池)接电线，carpool合伙用车，escort护送，lost and found 失物招领，rituals仪式/程序，permeate充满/弥漫，raids袭击，vision视觉，life insurance寿险，health insurance健康险，property liability insurance财产责任险，premium保费，dune沙丘，gravel砾石，fine细微/细小，windward 向风的，slope坡，endorphin内啡肽(一种荷尔蒙)，painkiller止疼药，chronic 长期的，慢性的，placebo effect抚慰剂效果，neuro-chemical神经化学的1 C Crack裂开/裂口，pop敲击，inflammation炎症/狂热，sheathing覆盖物/防护物，tendons腱，tendonitis腱炎，carpal tunnel syndrome腕管综合症，pinch 捏/夹痛，numb麻木，tingling 感觉刺痛/脸红2 A 无2 B托福考试托福考试报名托福考试流程托福考试时间托福考试费用://toefl.533Moose麋，beaver河狸，elk驼鹿，snares张网/设陷阱，clan部落/宗族，animator动画片制，calling做事的冲动/热情，brainstorming集思广益2 CSea breeze海风，land breeze陆风，ascent上升，descent下降，horn号，versatility多用途/多功能，ritual仪式，bugle猎号，tsunamis海啸，epicenter 震中，eruption爆发，pounce猛冲/猛击，backwash退潮冲刷，wreck失事/沉船2 Dpartible inheritance可分割财产，primogeniture长子继承权，cash reserve现金储藏，inventory存货/盘存，retail零售，canyon trail峡谷小道，cramp抽筋，ranger护林员/巡逻队员，saltine cracker咸饼干，strenuous紧张艰苦的，lactic acid乳酸，fermentation发酵，aerobic需氧的2 EPigment色素/色质，tempera蛋彩画法/广告原料，dissolve溶解，suspended 悬浮，synthetic合成的，indigo(化)靛蓝色，ochre赫石/赫色，umber棕土色/红棕色，tinting着色/染色，Tyrian推罗人Shield volcano盾型火山，vent火山口，cinder火山渣，cone火山锥，magma 岩浆，viscosity黏稠，caldera破火山口，depression低洼地/底气压，smoldering无火苗的/阴燃的，geyser间歇泉，hot spring喷泉Quiz 1Eyestrain眼疲劳，skin rashes皮疹，Renaissance文艺复兴，perspective远景/透视画法，vanishing point尽头/灭点，mandatory强制的/命令的以上就是关于托福考试听力环节常见生词的详细解析，希望能帮助大家备考。

TOEFL老托福听力PartC原文精选5篇老托福听力PartC原文1At last month's meeting you asked me to draw up a report about the possibility of keeping the student center open twenty-four hours a day.在上个月的会议上你们要求我起草一个报告，关于保持学生中心每天24小时开放的可能性。

I decided that the best way to assess the need for expanded hours was to talk to the people who were still in the student center at closing time.我判断评估增加小时数的需求的最好方法是与在关闭时间依然在学生中心里面的人谈谈。

First, over the course of the two weeks, I interviewed more than fifty students as they left the student center at its regular closing time of twelve midnight.首先，在过去两周的进程中，我面谈了超过五十名同学，当他们在通常的午夜12点的关闭时间离开学生中心时。

About eighty percent of them said they would prefer that the center stay open later.他们中的大约百分之八十说，他们更喜欢中心保持开放更晚些。

Of the three main uses of the center—eating in the snack bar, recreation in the game room or watching TV, and studying by far the most popular late night activity is—and this may surprise you—studying.中心的三大用途——在快餐部吃东西，在娱乐室消遣或看电视，以及学习，目前为止最普遍的深夜活动是——这也许会让你们很惊讶——学习。

老托福听力精选PartC原文整合多篇老托福听力PartC原文1Today I want to discuss fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.今天我想讨论化石燃料诸如：煤炭，石油，以及天然气。

The term “fossil fuel" refers to the trapped remains of plants and animals in sedimentary rock.术语“化石燃料”指的是植物和动物困在沉积岩中的遗骸。

You see, living plants trap energy from the sun by the process of photosynthesis, and they store the energy in their chemical compounds.你看，活着的植物通过光合作用从太阳截留能量，并且它们储存这些能量于它们的化合物中Most of that energy is released when the plant dies and decays.大多数那种能量在植物死亡和腐烂的时候被释放了However, sometimes organic matter is buried before it decays completely.然而，有时候有机物质在它完全腐烂之前被埋藏了。

In this way some of the solar energy becomes trapped inrocks, hence the name fossil fuel.通过这种方法太阳能的一部分变成了被困在岩石中(太阳能的一部分被固定或保留在岩石中)，因此得名化石燃料。

Although the amount of organic matter trapped in any one growing season is small, the accumulated remains from millions of years are considerable.虽然在任何生长季被困住(保留)的有机物质的数量很小，但是从上百万年积累下来的残骸是很可观的。

托福听力真题中经典的小词小句在托福听力里有一些词语很经典，但却是考生听不懂意思的小词小句，以下文章为大家总结了那些词语，以及在出现这些词语的真题。

希望对你的托福听力备考有所帮助。

1.take a rain check 改天吧—— Can you come over for dinner tonight? (今天晚上来吃饭好吗?)—— I’m up to my ears in work, so I’ll have to take a raincheck。

(我工作很忙，改天吧。

)2. lost count 弄不清楚—— Ever since your girlfriend moved to Bridgeport, you are alwaysdriving there. How many trips a week do you makeanyway?(自从你的女友搬到Bridgeport，你老是开车去看她。

一周去几次啊?)——I have lost count, but I can do it with my eyesclosed。

(搞不清楚了，但我闭着眼也能摸过去。

)3. be in another world 精神恍惚;魂不守舍—— Pete’s really out of it these days。

(Pete 这几天有点心不在焉。

)—— Yeah, I know. Ever since he met Ann, he’s been in anotherworld。

(我同意。

自从他遇见Ann, 他就魂不守舍了。

)4. make yourself at home 随意，随便—— Do you mind if I take off my jacket?(你介意我脱下夹克吗?)—— Of course not, make yourself at home。

(当然不介意，随意一点!)5. save your breath 省口气吧;别白费口舌了—— Hey? John! John!(嘿，John! John!)—— Save your breath. He s out of earshot。

老托Part C精选93 篇1Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one communityactivity before they graduate.A new community program called"One On One"helps elementary students who've fallen behind.You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching— that is,tutoring in math and English.You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a childwith math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a halfhour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors— he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities.He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoringnext week.I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time.It looks good on your resume,too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stopby Professor Dodge's office this week.【生词摘录】ponent: n.［ C］ one of several parts that together make up a wholemachine or system（机器或系统的）零件；成分；组成部分2.tutor : n.［ C］ someone who teaches one pupil or a small group,and isdirectly paid by them家庭教师，私人教师 v. to teach someone as a tutor给 ,当家庭教师；指导3.mentor :n. ［ C ］ an experiencedperson who advises and helps a lessexperienced person顾问，指导人，教练12I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so that you're prepared for our discussion today. But, before we start, I'd like to mentiona few things your text doesn't go into. It's interesting to note that insurance hasexisted in some form for a very long time.The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry contracts.They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C. In general, the contracts were often no morethan verbal agreements.They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea,the loan didn't have to be repaid.Interest on the loans varied according to how risky itwas to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example,the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably. So, youcan see how insurance helped encourage international trade.Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances,not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available.Generally speaking,the basic form of an insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages.There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today. Thesewere outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of today's discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?【生词摘录】1. insurance : n. ［ U ］ an arrangement with a company in which you pay themmoney each year and they pay the costs if anything bad happens to you, suchas an illness or an accident保险；the money that you pay regularly to an insurance company保险费；the business of providing insurance保险业2.bottomry: n. 船舶抵押契约（如船舶损失，则债务取消），冒险借贷3.contract:n. ［ C ］ a formal writtenagreement between two or morepeople,which says what each person must do for the other契约；合同4.loan : n.［ C］ an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc（银行等的）贷款5.understanding: n. ［ C usually singular ］a private,unofficial agreement（私底下、非正式的）协议，协定6.interest: n.［ U ］ a charge made for borrowing money（借贷的）利息［ +on ］7.piracy : n. the crime of attacking and stealing from ships at sea海上抢劫，海盗行为8.cautious: adj. careful to avoid danger or risks小心的，谨慎的，慎重的9.hazardous: adj. 危险的10.s alient: adj.formal the salient points or features of somethingare themost important or most noticeable parts of it【正式】显著的，突出的11.paramount: adj. more important than anything else至高无上的，最重要的3Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and inside the tank is an underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer.For four years Newman observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater movingbelt. She wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars wouldaffect human movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the diversand then lowered them into the tank and onto the treadmill.These weights were carefully adjusted so that the divers could experience underwater the gravity of the Moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill.Newman concluded that walking on Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon.The Moon has less gravity than Mars does,so at lunar gravity,the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly. But at Martian gravity, the divers had greater traction and stability and could easily adjust toa pace of 1.5 miles per hour. As Newman gradually increased the speed of thetreadmill,the divers took longer,graceful strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace. Newman also noted that at Martian gravity,the divers needed less oxygen.The data Newman collected will help in the future design of Martian space pared to lunar space suits,Martian space suits will require smaller air tanks;and,to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be altered.【生词摘录】1.gallon: n.AmE a unit for measuring liquids, equal to 3.785 litres【美】加仑（等于 3.785升）2.vat :n.［ C］ a very large container for storing liquids such as whisky ordye,when they are being made（酿酒、盛染料用的）大缸，大桶3.tank: n.［C］ a large container for storing liquid or gas（盛放液体或气体的）大容器4.treadmill:n.［ C ］ a mill worked in the past by prisoners treading onsteps fixed to a very large wheel（过去用以惩罚犯人的）踏车5.aerospace: adj. involving the designing and building of aircraft and spacevehicles航空和航天（器制造）的n. ［ U］ the industry that designs and buildsaircraft and space vehicles航空和航天工业，航天工业6.scuba diving: n. ［U ］ the sport of swimming under water while breathingthrough a tube connected to a container of air on your back斯库巴潜泳，水肺潜泳（戴自携式潜水呼吸器潜泳）7.simulate: v. to make or produce something that is not real but has theappearance of being real模仿，模拟8.Martian: adj. of or relating to the planet Mars火星的9.stride: n.［ C］ a long step大步，阔步10.elbow : n.［ C］the joint where your arms bends肘4Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain coveredwith saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife.At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer youa good sampling.Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough.This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, ourworld famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh,so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie . From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view ofthe saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during yourvisit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of directionand can negotiate your way through tall grass.We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter— the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer,the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome,but you'll still want touse an insect repellent.【生词摘录】1.Everglades National Park: 大沼泽地国家公园2.saw grass: 克拉莎草；加州砖子苗3.acre: n.［C］ a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,047 square metres英亩4.sampling:n.items selected at random from a population and used totest hypotheses about the population取样，抽样，采样5.exotic:adj.approving seeming unusual and exciting because of beingconnected with a foreign country【褒义】异国风情的，外国情调的：exotic birds 外国的奇异鸟类6.alligator: n. ［C］ a large animal with a long mouth and sharp teeth thatlies in the hot wet parts of the US and China短吻鳄7.boardwalk: n.［ C］ AmE a raised path made of wood, usually built nextto the sea【美】（常在海滨）用木板铺成的小道8.prairie:n.［ C ］ a wide open area of land in North America which iscovered in grass or wheat（北美洲的）大草原9.canoe: n.［ C］ a long light boat that is pointed at both ends and whichyou move along using a paddle独木舟，小划子10.n egotiate: v. <口 > 成功通过，顺利越过11.m osquito:n.［ C］ a small flying insect that sucks the blood of peopleand animals蚊子12.r epellent: n. ［ C,U ］ a substance that keeps insects away驱虫剂5Thank you. It's great to see so many of you interested in this series on "Survivalin Outer Space."Please excuse the cameras;we're being videotaped for the local TV stations.Tonight I'm going to talk about the most basic aspect of survival— the space suit. When most of you imagine an astronaut, that's probablythe first thing that comes to mind, right? Well, without space suits, it would notbe possible for us to survive in space. For example, outer space is a vacuum—there's no gravity or air pressure;without protection,a body would explode. What's more,we'd cook in the sun or freeze in the shade with temperatures ranging from a toasty300degrees above to a cool300degrees below zero Fahrenheit.The space suit that NASA has developed is truly a marvel .This photo enlargement here is a life-size image of an actual space suit worn by astronauts on the last space shuttle mission. This part is the torso. It’ s made of seven extremely durable layers.This thick insulation protects against temperature extremes and radiation.Next is what they call a" bladder" of oxygen that's an inflatable sac, filled with oxygen,to simulate atmospheric pressure.This bladder presses against the body with the same force as the Earth's atmosphere at sea level. The innermost layers provide liquid cooling and ventilation. Despite all the layers, the suit is flexible, allowing free movement sowe can work. Another really sophisticated part of the space suit is the helmet. I brought one along to show you. Can I have a volunteer come and demonstrate?【生词摘录】1.videotape: v. to record a television programme, film etc on a videotape把（电视节目、电影等）录在录像（磁）带上2.vacuum:n.［C］ a space that is completely empty of all gas,especiallyone from which all the air has been taken away真空3.shade: n.［U ］ slight darkness or shelter from the direct light of the sunmade by something blocking it荫，背阴处4.toasty: adj.AmE informal warm and comfortable【美，非正式】暖烘烘的，温暖舒适的5.Fahrenheit: n. ［ U］ a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 32°and boils at 212°华氏温度6.marvel: n.［C］ something or someone surprisingly useful or skillful, thatyou like and admire very much十分有用（灵巧）的物（人）7.enlargement: n. ［ C ］ a photographthat has been printed again in alarger size放大的照片8.life-size: 又作 life-sized ， adj. a picture or model of something or someonethat is life-size is the same size as they are in real life与实物（真人）大小一样的9.shuttle: n.［ C］ a spacecraft that can fly into space and return to Earth,and can be used more than once（可以多次使用的）航天飞机，太空穿梭机10.m ission:n.［ C ］ an important job done by a member of the airforce,army etc, especially an attack on the enemy任务，使命11.t orso: n.［ C］ your body, not including your head, arms, or legs（头和四肢除外的）人体躯干12.durable: adj. staying in good condition for a long time even if used a lot耐用的13.i nsulation:n. ［ U ］ material used to insulate something,especially abuilding（尤指建筑物的）绝缘材料；the act of insulating something or the state of being insulated隔绝14.e xtreme:n.［ C ］ something that goes beyond normal limits, so that itseems very unusual and unacceptable极端15.b ladder:n.［ C］a bag of skin,leather,or rubber,for example inside afootball, that can be filled with air or liquid（可充气或充水的）囊；袋16.i nflatable: adj. an inflatable object has to be filled with air before you canuse it须充气方可使用的，（需）充气的17.s ac : n.technical a part inside a plant or animal that is shaped like a bagand contains liquid or air【术语】（动物或植物的）囊；液囊18.i nnermost: adj.formal furthest inside【正式】最里面的19.v entilation:n.［ U ］通风（ ventilate:v. to let fresh air into a room,building etc 使通风）20.h elmet:n.［ C ］ a strong hard hat worn for protection by soldiers,motorcycle riders, the police etc头盔，钢盔，安全帽21.demonstrate: v.to show or prove something clearly 证明，论证，证实；toshow or describe how something works or is done示范，演示； to march through the streets with a large group of people in order to publicly protest about something（为公开抗议某事）游行，示威； to show that you have a particular skill, quality, or ability展示，表露出（某种技能、品质或能力）6Good evening. My name is Pam Jones, and on behalf of the Modern Dance club,I'd like to welcome you to tonight's program. The club is pleased to present the TV version of The Catherine Wheel, Twyla Tharp's rock ballet. This video versionof the ballet has been even more successful with audiences than the original theater production.It includes some animation,slow motion,and stop-action freezes that really help the audience understand the dance. The title of the piecerefers to Saint Catherine,who died on a wheel in307 A.D.Nowadays,a Catherine wheel is also a kind of firework. It looks something like a pinwheel. Anyway,the dance is certainly full of fireworks!You'll see how Twyla Tharp explores one family's attempt to confront the violence in modern life. The centralsymbol of the work is a pineapple,but exactly what it represents has always created a lot of controversy.As you watch,see if you can figure it out.The music for this piece is full of the rhythmic energy of rock music.It was composed by David Byrne. Of the rock band Talking Heads? And the lead dancerin this version was Sara Rudner, who is perfectly suited to Tharp's adventurous choreography.Following the video,dance teacher Mary Parker will lead a discussion about the symbolism Ms. Tharp used. We hope you can stay for that.So, enjoy tonight's video and thank you for your support.【生词摘录】1.present: v. to give a performance in a theatre, cinema, etc, or broadcast aprogramme on television or radio上演；演出；表演；播出（电视或广播节目）2.ballet:n.［ C ］ a performance in which a special style of dancing andmusic tell a story without any speaking芭蕾舞剧；芭蕾舞曲3.animation: n.［ U ］the process of making animated films动物片的制作4.wheel: n.［ C］ one of the round things under a car, bus, bicycle etc thatturn when it moves（汽车、公共汽车、自行车等的）车轮5.firework: n. ［ C usually plural］ a small container filled with powder thatburns or explodes to produce coloured lights, noise, and smoke烟火，烟花，焰火6.pinwheel: n. ［ C］ a toy consisting of a stick with curved pieces of plasticat the end that turn around when they are blown玩具风车（ windmill,BrE ）7.pineapple: n. ［ C,U ］ a large yellow-brown tropical fruit or its sweet juicyyellow flesh菠萝，凤梨8.controversy: n.［ C,U ］ a serious argument or disagreement, especially aboutsomething such as a plan or decision, that continues for a long time争论；辩论；争议9.rhythmic: 又作 rhythmical, adj. having rhythm有节奏的10.a dventurous:adj.又作 adventuresome,AmE 【美】 eager to go to newplaces and do exciting or dangerous things 喜欢冒险的，有冒险精神的；not afraid of taking risks or trying new things敢作敢为的，大胆创新的11.choreography: n. ［ U ］ the art of arranging how dancers should move during8a performance编舞（艺术）；舞蹈设计12. s ymbolism: n.［U］the use of symbols to represent something象征主义（手法）97In our lab today,we'll be testing the hypothesis that babies can count as early as five months of age. The six babies here are all less than six monthsold.You'll be watching them on closed circuit TV and measuring their responses.The experiment is based on the well-established observation that babies stare longer if they don't see what they expect to see. First, we'regoing to let two dolls move slowly in front of the babies. The babies will seethe two dolls disappear behind a screen.Your job is to record,in seconds, how long the babies stare at the dolls when the screen is removed.In the next stage, two dolls will again move in front of the babies and disappear. Butthen a third doll will follow. When the screen is removed, the babies will onlysee two dolls.If we're right,the babies will now stare longer because they expect three dolls but only see two. It seems remarkable to think that suchyoung children can count. My own research has convinced me that they havethis ability from birth.But whether they do or not,perhaps we should raise another question.Should we take advantage of this ability by teaching children mathematics at such a young age?They have great untapped potential, but is it good for parents to pressure young children?【生词摘录】1.hypothesis: n.plural hypotheses,［ C ］ an idea that is suggested as apossible way of explaining a situation, proving an idea etc, which has notyet been shown to be true假设，假说2.closed circuit television (TV): a system in which cameras send picturesto television sets that is used in many public buildings to protect them from crime闭路电视3.well-established: adj. established for a long time and respected历史悠久且享有盛誉的4.untapped: adj. an untapped resource, market etc has not yet been used（资源、市场等）未开发的；未利用的108Before starting our tour of Monticello, I'd like to give you some historical factsthat might help you appreciate what you see today even more. Monticello wasthe very much loved home of Thomas Jefferson for over fifty years.Jefferson, who was, of course, President, was also a great reader and language enthusiast. He read widely on different subjects,including architecture.He wasn't formally trained in architecture,but as a result of his study and observation of other buildings,he was able to help design and build the house.He chose the site himself, naming the estate"Monticello," which means "little mountain" in Italian.In fact, many of the ideas behind the design also came from the Italian architectAndrea Palladio, who lived in the sixteenth century and who had a great influenceon the architecture of England.Jefferson,however,ignored one of Palladio's principles, that is, not to build in a high place. Monticello's elevation made the transportation of what was needed at the house—for example,food—especially difficult.But the view from the estate would not be as spectacular if Jefferson had followed Palladio's advice; there really is no boundary between the house andthe nature around it, and so Jefferson was able to look out on his beloved state ofVirginia from his wonderful vantage point. Now we'll go on to Jefferson's library.【生词摘录】1.Monticello: 蒙提切娄2.appreciate: v. to understand how good or useful someone or something is欣赏，赏识，鉴赏3.enthusiast: n.［ C ］ someonewho is very interestedin a particularactivity or subject热衷于 , 的人4.estate : n.［C］ a large area of land in the country, usually with one largehouse on it and one owner（在乡村附有宅地的）一大片私有土地，庄园5.elevation: n. ［ singular］ a height above the level of the sea海拔6.spectacular: adj. very impressive and exciting壮观的，精彩的，引人注目的7.vantage point: a good position from which you can see something（能观察某物的）有利位置119Now that we've all introduced ourselves to the new members, let's get downto work.As the committee in charge of this year's tree-planting project, we have several items on our agenda. First, we have to review the budget. Thepresident has informed me that the trustees have set aside $3,000for the purchase of trees and our environmental T-shirt sale netted a profit of $1,500. Second, we have to finalize the choice of trees. As you know, we'reworking with Richardson's Nursery again this year since everyone seemed pleased with the work he did for us last year. Mr. Richardson has presentedus with several choices within our price range that he thinks would meet ourneeds. He's sent us pictures of the trees for us to look at, but he wanted meto tell you that we're welcome to visit the nursery if we want to see the trees themselves. Lastly, we need to plan some kind of ceremony to commemoratethe planting. Several ideas, including a garden party of some sort, have beensuggested. So let's get on with it and turn to the first order of business.【生词摘录】1.item: n.［ C］ a single thing, especially part of a list, group, or set（尤指清单上、一群或一组事物中的）一项；一件；一条2.trustee: n.［ C ］ a member of a group that controls the money of acompany,college, or other organization（公司、学院等的）理事，董事会成员: v.especially AmE to earn a particular amount of money as a profitafter tax has been paid【尤美】获得净收入，净赚4.finalize: v. to finish the last part of a plan, business deal etc使（计划、交易等）确定，最后定下5.nursery: n. ［C］ a place where plants and trees are grown and sold苗圃（garden center,BrE ）1210Welcome to the Four Winds Historical Farm,where traditions of the past are preserved for visitors like you. Today, our master thatchers will begin giving thisbarn behind me a sturdy thatched roof, able to withstand heavy winds and lastup to a hundred years. How do they do it? Well,in a nutshell, thatching involves covering the beams or rafters,the wooden skeleton of a roof with reeds or straw. Our thatchers here have harvested their own natural materials for the job,the bundles of water reeds you see lying over there beside the barn. Thatching iscertainly uncommon in the Untied States today.I guess that's why so many of you have come to see this demonstration. But it wasn't always that way. In theseventeenth century,the colonists here thatched their roofs with reeds and straw,just as they had done in England.After a while,though,they began to replace the thatch with wooden shingles because wood was so plentiful.And eventually, other roofing materials like stone,slate, and clay tiles came into use. It's a real shame that most people today don't realize how strong and long lastinga thatched roof is.In Ireland,where thatching is still practiced,the roofs can survive winds of up to one hundred ten miles per hour. That's because straw andreeds are so flexible. They bend but don't break in the wind like other materialscan. Another advantage is that the roofs keep the house cool in the summer andwarm in the winter.And then,of course,there's the roofs'longevity— the average is sixty years, but they can last up to a hundred. With all these reasonsto start thatching roofs again,wouldn't it be wonderful to see this disappearing craft return to popularity?【生词摘录】1.thatcher: n. ［ C］ someone skilled in making a roof from plant stalks orfoliage盖屋顶者2.barn:n.［ C ］ a large farm building for storing crops, or for keepinganimals in谷仓，粮秣房，仓库，牲口棚；informal a large, plain building【非正式】空荡荡的大房子3.withstand: v. to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something such asgreat heat or cold, great pressure etc耐得住，承受住（酷热、严寒、高压等）4.in a nutshell : spoken used when you are stating the main facts aboutsomething in a short, clear way【口】一言以蔽之，简括地说，用一句话概括5.beam:n.［ C ］ a long heavy piece of wood or metal used in buildinghouses,bridges etc梁，横梁6.rafter: n.［ C usually plural］ one of the large sloping pieces of wood thatform the structure of a roof椽7.skeleton: n. ［ C］ the most important parts of something, to which moredetail can be added later骨架，框架；梗概，纲要8.reed: n. ［ C］ a type of tall plant like grass that grows in wet places芦苇9.straw:n.［ U］ the dried stems of wheat or similar plants that are used foranimals to sleep on, and for making things such as baskets, mats etc秸秆（如麦秆等）10.c olonist: n.［ C］ someone who settles in a new colony开拓殖民地的居民，拓殖者11.s hingle: n.［ C］ one of many small thin pieces of building materials,especially wood, used to cover a roof or wall（覆盖屋顶或墙用的）木瓦；屋面板；墙面板12.slate : n.［ U］ a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces板岩，板石13.clay : n.［ U ］ heavy sticky soil that can be used for making pots, bricks etc黏土14.t ile : n. ［ C］ a flat square piece of baked clay or other material, used forcovering roofs, floors etc（屋顶、地板等上用的）瓷砖，地砖15. l ongevity: n.［U］formal long life【正式】长寿；technical the length of aperson or animal’ s【life术语】（人或动物的）寿命A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers.Over the last few years, a trend has been developing to introduce premium, specially blended coffees,known as " gourmet coffees"into the American market.Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this trend.In fact,major gourmet coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle and San Francisco came to Boston, where today they're engaged in a kind of "coffee war" with Boston'smerchants.They are all competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market.Surprisingly,the competition among these leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them. Experts predict that the gourmetcoffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to thepoint that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an8-million-dollar market by1999.Studies have shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back tothe regular brands found in supermarkets.As a result,these brands will be the real losers in the gourmet coffee competition.【生词摘录】1.premium: adj. of high quality高级的，优质的2.blended: adj. combined or mixed together so that the constituent partsare indistinguishable混合的3.gourmet: n. ［C］ someone who knows a lot about food and wine andwho enjoys good food and wine美食家4.birthplace: n. ［C usually singular］the place where someone was born,especially someone famous（尤指名人的）出生地； the place where something first started to happen or exist发源地，发祥地15You may remember that a few weeks ago we discussed the question of whatphotography is.Is it art,or is it a method of reproducing images?Do photographs belong in museums or just in our homes?Today I want to talk about a person who tried to make his professional life an answer to such questions.Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering.While he was there,he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera. He took pictures under conditions thatmost photographers considered too difficult. He took them at night, in the rain,and of people and objects reflected in windows.When he returned to the United States he continued these revolutionary efforts.Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds, and views from an airplane. WhatStieglitz was trying to do in these photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life: make photography an art. He felt that photography couldbe just as good a form of self-expression as painting or drawing. For Stieglitz,his camera was his brush.While many photographers of the late 1800's and early1900's thought of their work as a reproduction of identical images, Stieglitz saw his as a creative art form.He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment.In fact,he never retouched his prints or made copies of them.If he were in this classroom today,I'm sure he'd say, "Well, painters don't normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they?"【生词摘录】1.experiment: v. to try various ideas, methods etc to see whether they willwork or what effect they will have试验；试用2.skyscraper: n. ［ C］a very tall modern city building摩天大楼3.identical: adj. exactly the same完全相同的［ +to ］4.capture:v. to succeed in showing or describing a situationor feelingusing words or pictures（用语言或图片）记录下5.retouch: v. to improve a picture or photograph by painting over marks ormaking other small changes描绘，润色（图画、照片）16。

英语学习无论对于学生还是职场人士来说都是非常重要的，很多要出国留学的学生需要准备对应的托福、雅思、SAT、GRE、GMAT等留学考试，获得较高的分数才能申请相对较好的国外大学。

国内大学生经常要备考的是四六级考试，能在四六级考试中获得较高的分数，在今后的职场工作总也会有一定的优势。

英语的学习词汇是基础，各个不同等级的考试对于词汇量的要求也不同，一般要求的词汇量在3000-20000不等。

学好英语在掌握足够词汇量的基础上还要对语法有一定的了解，生活中多练习口语，掌握一些口语交流技能。

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为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理老托福听力PartC原文，下面就和大家，来欣一下吧。

老托福听力PartC原文1Today we're going to talk about shyness and discuss recent research on waysto help children learn to interact socially.今天我们将谈论一下羞怯，并且讨论一下最近在帮助孩子们学习社会交往。

Many people consider themselves shy.许多人认为他们自己害羞。

In fact, forty percent of people who took part in our survey said they wereshy.事实上，参加我们调查的百分之四十的人说他们自己害羞。

That’s two out of every five people.这是五分之二的人。

And there are studies to indicate that the tendency toward shyness may beinherited.并且有研究指出害羞的倾向也许是遗传的。

But just because certain children are timid, doesn't mean they are doomedto be shy forever.但仅仅因为某些孩子是羞怯的，并不意味着他们注定了要永远害羞。

智课网TOEFL备考资料老托福听力93篇下载(文本+翻译)摘要：老托福听力93篇下载(文本+翻译)!托福听力要想拿到高分，必然就要勤加苦练。

其实听力方面真的没有特别的技巧，因此大家考试回归到苦练上吧，接下来就让我们练习老托福听力93篇吧!老托福听力93篇是练习听力的常见资料，利用老托福真题的练习，可以让大家更加清晰的了解托福听力考试，更加熟悉的了解托福听力的题型等等。

老托福听力93篇生词预习：1. stylized: adj. drawn or written in an artificial style, that does not include natural detail(绘画或写作)程式化的2. realism: n.[U]the style of art and literature in which everything is shown or described as it really is in life 现实主义，写实主义(艺术、文学上的风格)3. portrait: n.[C]a painting, drawing, or photograph of a person(人的)画像;照片;肖像[+of]4. imitate: v. to copy something because you think it is good(认为是好的因而)仿效(某物)5. static: adj. not moving, changing, or developing, especially when movement or change would be good 不动的;不变化的;不发展的;静(止)的6. formalism: n.[U]a style or method in art, religion, or science that pays too much attention to established rules(艺术、宗教或科学的)形式主义...扫码安装小马 APP，免费在线练习老托福听力93篇老托福听力93篇文本：Before we begin our tour, I'd like to give you some background information on the painter Grant Wood. We’ll be seeing much of his work today. Wood was born in 1881 in Iowa farm country, and became interested in art very early in life. Although he studied art in both Minneapolis and at the Art Institute of Chicago, the strongest influences on his art were European. He spent time in both Germany and France and his study there helped shape his own stylized form of realism. When he returned to Iowa, Wood applied the stylistic realism he had learned in Europe to the rural life he saw around him and that he remembered from his childhood around the turn of the century. His portraits of farm families imitate the static formalism of photographs of early settlers posed in front of their homes. His paintings of farmers at work, and of their tools and animals, demonstrate a serious respect for the life of the Midwestern United States. By the 1930's, Wood was a leading figure of the school of art called "American regionalism." In an effort to sustain a strong Midwestern artistic movement, Wood established an institute of Midwestern art in his home state. Although the institute failed, the paintings you are about to see preserve Wood's vision of pioneer farmers....以上就是整理的“老托福听力93篇下载(文本+翻译)”，希望通过这些听力真题的练习，能够帮助大家更好的来备考托福考试 !相关字搜索：老托福听力93篇。

【托福听力提分】托福听力高频词汇的生僻词义（五）在托福听力备考中，学生会经常遇到的问题：一个常见的单词出现在听力文章中，但是由于其生僻的词义，误导或是延误了整个文章的理解。

想要解决这样的问题，就需要我们在平时不断积累这些常见单词的生僻词义。

那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家整理了托福听力高频词汇的生僻词义。

scale n. 阶梯，梯子; v. 用梯子爬上;爬越，攀登;n. 天平;n. 鳞;(锅垢、锈) v. 剥鳞/垢、锈school n. (鱼、鲸等水族动物的)群;队。

a school of dolphins 一群海豚。

score n. 【音乐】总谱，乐谱;(电影歌舞等的)配乐scores n. 许多 scores of fossil remainsscreen n. 筛子season vt. 1.使熟练;使(习)惯。

2.风干;晒干(木材);晾干，对…进行干燥处理;使陈化。

3.使适应(气候等)。

4.给…加味[调味]。

5.给…增加趣味。

6.缓和，调和。

托福听力生僻词secretary n. 1.(上部附有书橱的)写字台。

2.书写体大写铅字。

secure vt. 搞到;把…拿到手;得到;获得serve vi. 【网球】开球;发球shower n. (美)(为新娘等举行的)送礼会;(婚前、产后)的聚会shrink n. 精神病医师sound vi. 1.测水深;探测(上层空气)。

2.试探(别人的意见);调查(可能性)。

3.(鱼或鲸鱼)突然潜入海底。

sow n. 大母猪spell vt. 1. 招致，带来; 2. 轮班，换班;替班; 3.符咒，咒语。

2.吸引力，诱惑力，魔力，魅力。

spoke n. (车轮的)辐条spot vt. 认出，发现，定位spring n. 弹簧;泉水 v. 扭伤(腿)stand v. 忍受;n. 床头柜standard n. 托福听力生僻词直立支柱;灯台;烛台，电杆，垂直的水管(电管)。

老托福听力93篇(91-92)-Everyone is interested in 91Everyone is interested in improving their diet. Adding grains is one of the easiest ways. Many people in the United States have a growing concern about nutrition, so grains are often served in restaurants. And many grains are now available in grocery stores, too, though for some you still have to go to health food stores. You can stock up when you go, though, because uncooked grains keep a long time. You'll find that grains are easy to prepare. Many grains are as simple to cook as spaghetti. Barley, for instance, is just cooked in salted water. Remember, though, whole-grain barley, the most nutritious kind, never will get as tender as spaghetti no matter how long it's cooked. Grain-based salads are easy, too. Just use grains left over from a hot meal. You call even put together a grain salad hours before you need it, since grains don't wilt like lettuce does. But to get back to health factors, all grains are nutritious and many have special benefits. Barley has very little fat. Some experts believe that it may even reduce cholesterol levels. Jasmine rice is also low in fat. And it has a bonus in its wonderful aroma, a very special fragrance.【生词摘录】1. diet: n. [C]饮食2. grain: n. [C]谷物，谷类3. nutrition: n. [C]营养4. grocery: n. [C]食品杂货店，食品，杂货5. stock: v. 囤积6. spaghetti: n. [C]意大利面条7. barley: n. [C]大麦8. salted: adj. 盐腌的，盐味的9. whole-grain: adj. 整粒的10. nutritious: adj. 有营养成分的，营养的11. tender: adj. 嫩的12. leave over: 剩余，残留13. salad: n. [C]色拉14. wilt: v. 枯萎15. lettuce: n. [C]莴苣，生菜16. cholesterol: 胆固醇17. jasmine: n. [C]玫瑰18. bonus: n. [C]额外给予的东西19. aroma: n. [C]芳香，香气20. fragrance: n. [C]芬芳，香气，香味92Well, in answer to your question, several women actively participated in the Civil War. The one that comes immediately to mind is Mary Walker. She's important because she's the only woman ever to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. As you know, this medal is given to people who've served the United States with exceptional bravery. In addition, she was the only female physician in either of the two armies that fought in that war. Even though she had two medical degrees, many officers made her life difficult because they didn't believe that a woman should be a doctor. However, she refused to back down and leave the army. In fact, she risked her life several times during the war and was even captured at one point, but she was soon released. Umm, after the war, she was arrested several times for wearing pants. And although Congress eventually tried to take her medal away, she refused to give it back and continued to wear it wherever she went. She died in 1919, a year before women received the right to vote, which brings me to my next point.【生词摘录】1. exceptional: adj. 异常的，格外的2. bravery: n. [C]勇敢3. physician: n. [C]医师，内科医师4. back down: 放弃原主张5. capture: v. 俘获，捕获6. pants: n. [C]短裤。

老托福听力Part C 93篇集锦(文本+词汇)智课网整理Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors—he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.【生词摘录】ponent: n.［C］one of several parts that together make up a wholemachine or system （机器或系统的）零件；成分；组成部分2.tutor: n. ［C］someone who teaches one pupil or a small group, and isdirectly paid by them 家庭教师，私人教师v. to teach someone as a tutor 给…当家庭教师；指导3.mentor: n. ［C］an experienced person who advises and helps a lessexperienced person 顾问，指导人，教练2I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so that you're prepared for our discussion today. But, before we start, I'd like to mention a few things your text doesn't go into. It's interesting to note that insurance has existed in some form for a very long time. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry contracts. They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didn't have to be repaid. Interest on the loans varied according to how risky it was to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example, the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably. So, you can see how insurance helped encourage international trade. Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available. Generally speaking, the basic form of an insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today. These were outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of today's discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be? 【生词摘录】1.insurance: n. ［U］an arrangement with a company in which you pay themmoney each year and they pay the costs if anything bad happens to you, such as an illness or an accident 保险；the money that you pay regularly to an insurance company 保险费；the business of providing insurance 保险业2.bottomry: n. 船舶抵押契约（如船舶损失，则债务取消），冒险借贷3.contract: n. ［C］a formal written agreement between two or more people,which says what each person must do for the other 契约；合同4.loan: n. ［C］an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc （银行等的）贷款5.understanding: n. ［C usually singular］a private, unofficial agreement（私底下、非正式的）协议，协定6.interest: n. ［U］a charge made for borrowing money（借贷的）利息［+on］7.piracy: n. the crime of attacking and stealing from ships at sea 海上抢劫，海盗行为8.cautious: adj. careful to avoid danger or risks 小心的，谨慎的，慎重的9.hazardous: adj. 危险的10.s alient: adj. formal the salient points or features of something are the mostimportant or most noticeable parts of it 【正式】显著的，突出的11.p aramount: adj. more important than anything else 至高无上的，最重要的3Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and inside the tank is an underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer. For four years Newman observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt. She wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect human movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers and then lowered them into the tank and onto the treadmill. These weights were carefully adjusted so that the divers could experience underwater the gravity of the Moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill. Newman concluded that walking on Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon. The Moon has less gravity than Mars does, so at lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly. But at Martian gravity, the divers had greater traction and stability and could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour. As Newman gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the divers took longer, graceful strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace. Newman also noted that at Martian gravity, the divers needed less oxygen. The data Newman collected will help in the future design of Martian space suits. Compared to lunar space suits, Martian space suits will require smaller air tanks; and, to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be altered.【生词摘录】1.gallon: n. AmE a unit for measuring liquids, equal to 3.785 litres 【美】加仑（等于3.785升）2.vat: n. ［C］a very large container for storing liquids such as whisky or dye,when they are being made（酿酒、盛染料用的）大缸，大桶3.tank: n. ［C］a large container for storing liquid or gas（盛放液体或气体的）大容器4.treadmill: n. ［C］a mill worked in the past by prisoners treading on stepsfixed to a very large wheel（过去用以惩罚犯人的）踏车5.aerospace: adj. involving the designing and building of aircraft and spacevehicles 航空和航天（器制造）的n.［U］the industry that designs and builds aircraft and space vehicles 航空和航天工业，航天工业6.scuba diving: n. ［U］the sport of swimming under water while breathingthrough a tube connected to a container of air on your back 斯库巴潜泳，水肺潜泳（戴自携式潜水呼吸器潜泳）7.simulate: v. to make or produce something that is not real but has theappearance of being real 模仿，模拟8.Martian: adj. of or relating to the planet Mars 火星的9.stride: n. ［C］a long step 大步，阔步10.e lbow: n. ［C］the joint where your arms bends 肘Dava NewmanProfessor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Director of Technology and Policy ProgramMac Vicar Faculty Fellow4Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.【生词摘录】1.Everglades National Park: 大沼泽地国家公园2.saw grass: 克拉莎草；加州砖子苗3.acre: n. ［C］a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,047 square metres 英亩4.sampling: n. items selected at random from a population and used to testhypotheses about the population 取样，抽样，采样5.exotic: adj. approving seeming unusual and exciting because of beingconnected with a foreign country 【褒义】异国风情的，外国情调的：exotic birds 外国的奇异鸟类6.alligator: n. ［C］a large animal with a long mouth and sharp teeth that liesin the hot wet parts of the US and China 短吻鳄7.boardwalk: n. ［C］AmE a raised path made of wood, usually built next tothe sea【美】（常在海滨）用木板铺成的小道8.prairie: n. ［C］a wide open area of land in North America which is coveredin grass or wheat（北美洲的）大草原9.canoe: n. ［C］a long light boat that is pointed at both ends and which youmove along using a paddle 独木舟，小划子10.n egotiate: v. <口> 成功通过，顺利越过11.m osquito: n. ［C］a small flying insect that sucks the blood of people andanimals 蚊子12.r epellent: n. ［C,U］a substance that keeps insects away 驱虫剂5Thank you. It's great to see so many of you interested in this series on "Survival in Outer Space." Please excuse the cameras; we're being videotaped for the local TV stations. Tonight I'm going to talk about the most basic aspect of survival—the space suit. When most of you imagine an astronaut, that's probably the first thing that comes to mind, right? Well, without space suits, it would not be possible for us to survive in space. For example, outer space is a vacuum—there's no gravity or air pressure; without protection, a body would explode. What's more, we'd cook in the sun or freeze in the shade with temperatures ranging from a toasty 300 degrees above to a cool 300 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. The space suit that NASA has developed is truly a marvel. This photo enlargement here is a life-size image of an actual space suit worn by astronauts on the last space shuttle mission. This part is the torso. It’s made of seven extremely durable layers. This thick insulation protects against temperature extremes and radiation. Next is what they call a "bladder" of oxygen that's an inflatable sac, filled with oxygen, to simulate atmospheric pressure. This bladder presses against the body with the same force as the Earth's atmosphere at sea level. The innermost layers provide liquid cooling and ventilation. Despite all the layers, the suit is flexible, allowing free movement so we can work. Another really sophisticated part of the space suit is the helmet. I brought one along to show you. Can I have a volunteer come and demonstrate?【生词摘录】1.videotape: v. to record a television programme, film etc on a videotape 把（电视节目、电影等）录在录像（磁）带上2.vacuum: n. ［C］a space that is completely empty of all gas, especially onefrom which all the air has been taken away 真空3.shade: n. ［U］slight darkness or shelter from the direct light of the sunmade by something blocking it 荫，背阴处4.toasty: adj. AmE informal warm and comfortable 【美，非正式】暖烘烘的，温暖舒适的5.Fahrenheit: n. ［U］a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 32°and boils at 212°华氏温度6.marvel: n. ［C］something or someone surprisingly useful or skillful, thatyou like and admire very much 十分有用（灵巧）的物（人）7.enlargement: n. ［C］a photograph that has been printed again in a largersize 放大的照片8.life-size: 又作life-sized，adj. a picture or model of something or someonethat is life-size is the same size as they are in real life 与实物（真人）大小一样的9.shuttle: n. ［C］a spacecraft that can fly into space and return to Earth, andcan be used more than once （可以多次使用的）航天飞机，太空穿梭机10.m ission: n. ［C］an important job done by a member of the airforce, armyetc, especially an attack on the enemy 任务，使命11.t orso: n. ［C］your body, not including your head, arms, or legs （头和四肢除外的）人体躯干12.d urable: adj. staying in good condition for a long time even if used a lot 耐用的13.i nsulation: n. ［U］material used to insulate something, especially a building（尤指建筑物的）绝缘材料；the act of insulating something or the state of being insulated 隔绝14.e xtreme: n. ［C］something that goes beyond normal limits, so that it seemsvery unusual and unacceptable 极端15.b ladder: n. ［C］a bag of skin, leather, or rubber, for example inside afootball, that can be filled with air or liquid （可充气或充水的）囊；袋16.i nflatable: adj. an inflatable object has to be filled with air before you canuse it 须充气方可使用的，（需）充气的17.s ac: n. technical a part inside a plant or animal that is shaped like a bag andcontains liquid or air 【术语】（动物或植物的）囊；液囊18.i nnermost: adj. formal furthest inside 【正式】最里面的19.v entilation: n. ［U］通风（ventilate: v. to let fresh air into a room, buildingetc 使通风）20.h elmet: n. ［C］a strong hard hat worn for protection by soldiers, motorcycleriders, the police etc 头盔，钢盔，安全帽21.d emonstrate: v. to show or prove something clearly 证明，论证，证实；toshow or describe how something works or is done 示范，演示；to march through the streets with a large group of people in order to publicly protest about something （为公开抗议某事）游行，示威；to show that you have a particular skill, quality, or ability 展示，表露出（某种技能、品质或能力）6Good evening. My name is Pam Jones, and on behalf of the Modern Dance club, I'd like to welcome you to tonight's program. The club is pleased to present the TV version of The Catherine Wheel, Twyla Tharp's rock ballet. This video version of the ballet has been even more successful with audiences than the original theater production. It includes some animation, slow motion, and stop-action freezes that really help the audience understand the dance. The title of the piece refers to Saint Catherine, who died on a wheel in 307 A.D. Nowadays, a Catherine wheel is also a kind of firework. It looks something like a pinwheel. Anyway, the dance is certainly full of fireworks! You'll see how Twyla Tharp explores one family's attempt to confront the violence in modern life. The central symbol of the work is a pineapple, but exactly what it represents has always created a lot of controversy. As you watch, see if you can figure it out. The music for this piece is full of the rhythmic energy of rock music. It was composed by David Byrne. Of the rock band Talking Heads? And the lead dancer in this version was Sara Rudner, who is perfectly suited to Tharp's adventurous choreography. Following the video, dance teacher Mary Parker will lead a discussion about the symbolism Ms. Tharp used. We hope you can stay for that. So, enjoy tonight's video and thank you for your support. 【生词摘录】1.present: v. to give a performance in a theatre, cinema, etc, or broadcast aprogramme on television or radio 上演；演出；表演；播出（电视或广播节目）2.ballet: n. ［C］a performance in which a special style of dancing and musictell a story without any speaking 芭蕾舞剧；芭蕾舞曲3.animation: n. ［U］the process of making animated films 动物片的制作4.wheel: n. ［C］one of the round things under a car, bus, bicycle etc that turnwhen it moves （汽车、公共汽车、自行车等的）车轮5.firework: n. ［C usually plural］a small container filled with powder thatburns or explodes to produce coloured lights, noise, and smoke 烟火，烟花，焰火6.pinwheel: n. ［C］a toy consisting of a stick with curved pieces of plastic atthe end that turn around when they are blown 玩具风车（windmill, BrE）7.pineapple: n. ［C,U］a large yellow-brown tropical fruit or its sweet juicyyellow flesh 菠萝，凤梨8.controversy: n. ［C,U］a serious argument or disagreement, especiallyabout something such as a plan or decision, that continues for a long time 争论；辩论；争议9.rhythmic: 又作rhythmical, adj. having rhythm 有节奏的10.a dventurous: adj. 又作adventuresome, AmE【美】eager to go to newplaces and do exciting or dangerous things 喜欢冒险的，有冒险精神的；notafraid of taking risks or trying new things 敢作敢为的，大胆创新的11.c horeography: n. ［U］the art of arranging how dancers should move duringa performance 编舞（艺术）；舞蹈设计12.s ymbolism: n. ［U］the use of symbols to represent something 象征主义（手法）7In our lab today, we'll be testing the hypothesis that babies can count as early as five months of age. The six babies here are all less than six months old. You'll be watching them on closed circuit TV and measuring their responses. The experiment is based on the well-established observation that babies stare longer if they don't see what they expect to see. First, we're going to let two dolls move slowly in front of the babies. The babies will see the two dolls disappear behind a screen. Your job is to record, in seconds, how long the babies stare at the dolls when the screen is removed. In the next stage, two dolls will again move in front of the babies and disappear. But then a third doll will follow. When the screen is removed, the babies will only see two dolls. If we're right, the babies will now stare longer because they expect three dolls but only see two. It seems remarkable to think that such young children can count. My own research has convinced me that they have this ability from birth. But whether they do or not, perhaps we should raise another question. Should we take advantage of this ability by teaching children mathematics at such a young age? They have great untapped potential, but is it good for parents to pressure young children?【生词摘录】1.hypothesis: n. plural hypotheses,［C］an idea that is suggested as a possibleway of explaining a situation, proving an idea etc, which has not yet been shown to be true 假设，假说2.closed circuit television (TV): a system in which cameras send picturesto television sets that is used in many public buildings to protect them from crime 闭路电视3.well-established: adj. established for a long time and respected 历史悠久且享有盛誉的4.untapped: adj. an untapped resource, market etc has not yet been used（资源、市场等）未开发的；未利用的8Before starting our tour of Monticello, I'd like to give you some historical facts that might help you appreciate what you see today even more. Monticello was the very much loved home of Thomas Jefferson for over fifty years. Jefferson, who was, of course, President, was also a great reader and language enthusiast. He read widely on different subjects, including architecture. He wasn't formally trained in architecture, but as a result of his study and observation of other buildings, he was able to help design and build the house. He chose the site himself, naming the estate "Monticello," which means "little mountain" in Italian. In fact, many of the ideas behind the design also came from the Italian architect Andrea Palladio, who lived in the sixteenth century and who had a great influence on the architecture of England. Jefferson, however, ignored one of Palladio's principles, that is, not to build in a high place. Monticello's elevation made the transportation of what was needed at the house—for example, food—especially difficult. But the view from the estate would not be as spectacular if Jefferson had followed Palladio's advice; there really is no boundary between the house and the nature around it, and so Jefferson was able to look out on his beloved state of Virginia from his wonderful vantage point. Now we'll go on to Jefferson's library.【生词摘录】1.Monticello: 蒙提切娄2.appreciate: v. to understand how good or useful someone or something is欣赏，赏识，鉴赏3.enthusiast: n. ［C］someone who is very interested in a particular activityor subject 热衷于…的人4.estate: n. ［C］a large area of land in the country, usually with one largehouse on it and one owner （在乡村附有宅地的）一大片私有土地，庄园5.elevation: n. ［singular］a height above the level of the sea 海拔6.spectacular: adj. very impressive and exciting 壮观的，精彩的，引人注目的7.vantage point: a good position from which you can see something （能观察某物的）有利位置9Now that we've all introduced ourselves to the new members, let's get down to work. As the committee in charge of this year's tree-planting project, we have several items on our agenda. First, we have to review the budget. The president has informed me that the trustees have set aside $3,000 for the purchase of trees and our environmental T-shirt sale netted a profit of $1,500. Second, we have to finalize the choice of trees. As you know, we're working with Richardson's Nursery again this year since everyone seemed pleased with the work he did for us last year. Mr. Richardson has presented us with several choices within our price range that he thinks would meet our needs. He's sent us pictures of the trees for us to look at, but he wanted me to tell you that we're welcome to visit the nursery if we want to see the trees themselves. Lastly, we need to plan some kind of ceremony to commemorate the planting. Several ideas, including a garden party of some sort, have been suggested. So let's get on with it and turn to the first order of business.【生词摘录】1.item: n. ［C］a single thing, especially part of a list, group, or set （尤指清单上、一群或一组事物中的）一项；一件；一条2.trustee: n. ［C］a member of a group that controls the money of a company,college, or other organization（公司、学院等的）理事，董事会成员: v. especially AmE to earn a particular amount of money as a profit aftertax has been paid 【尤美】获得净收入，净赚4.finalize: v. to finish the last part of a plan, business deal etc 使（计划、交易等）确定，最后定下5.nursery: n. ［C］a place where plants and trees are grown and sold 苗圃（garden center, BrE）10Welcome to the Four Winds Historical Farm, where traditions of the past are preserved for visitors like you. Today, our master thatchers will begin giving this barn behind me a sturdy thatched roof, able to withstand heavy winds and last up to a hundred years. How do they do it? Well, in a nutshell, thatching involves covering the beams or rafters, the wooden skeleton of a roof with reeds or straw. Our thatchers here have harvested their own natural materials for the job, the bundles of water reeds you see lying over there beside the barn. Thatching is certainly uncommon in the Untied States today. I guess that's why so many of you have come to see this demonstration. But it wasn't always that way. In the seventeenth century, the colonists here thatched their roofs with reeds and straw, just as they had done in England. After a while, though, they began to replace the thatch with wooden shingles because wood was so plentiful. And eventually, other roofing materials like stone, slate, and clay tiles came into use. It's a real shame that most people today don't realize how strong and long lasting a thatched roof is. In Ireland, where thatching is still practiced, the roofs can survive winds of up to one hundred ten miles per hour. That's because straw and reeds are so flexible. They bend but don't break in the wind like other materials can. Another advantage is that the roofs keep the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. And then, of course, there's the roofs' longevity—the average is sixty years, but they can last up to a hundred. With all these reasons to start thatching roofs again, wouldn't it be wonderful to see this disappearing craft return to popularity?【生词摘录】1.thatcher: n. ［C］someone skilled in making a roof from plant stalks orfoliage 盖屋顶者2.barn: n. ［C］a large farm building for storing crops, or for keeping animalsin 谷仓，粮秣房，仓库，牲口棚；informal a large, plain building 【非正式】空荡荡的大房子3.withstand: v. to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something suchas great heat or cold, great pressure etc 耐得住，承受住（酷热、严寒、高压等）4.in a nutshell: spoken used when you are stating the main facts aboutsomething in a short, clear way 【口】一言以蔽之，简括地说，用一句话概括5.beam: n. ［C］a long heavy piece of wood or metal used in building houses,bridges etc 梁，横梁6.rafter: n. ［C usually plural］one of the large sloping pieces of wood that formthe structure of a roof 椽7.skeleton: n. ［C］the most important parts of something, to which moredetail can be added later 骨架，框架；梗概，纲要8.reed: n. ［C］a type of tall plant like grass that grows in wet places 芦苇9.straw: n. ［U］the dried stems of wheat or similar plants that are used foranimals to sleep on, and for making things such as baskets, mats etc 秸秆（如麦秆等）10.c olonist: n. ［C］someone who settles in a new colony 开拓殖民地的居民，拓殖者11.s hingle: n. ［C］one of many small thin pieces of building materials,especially wood, used to cover a roof or wall（覆盖屋顶或墙用的）木瓦；屋面板；墙面板12.s late: n. ［U］a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces 板岩，板石13.c lay: n. ［U］heavy sticky soil that can be used for making pots, bricks etc黏土14.t ile: n. ［C］a flat square piece of baked clay or other material, used forcovering roofs, floors etc（屋顶、地板等上用的）瓷砖，地砖15.l ongevity: n. ［U］formal long life 【正式】长寿；technical the length of aperson or animal’s life【术语】（人或动物的）寿命11A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers. Over the last few years, a trend has been developing to introduce premium, specially blended coffees, known as "gourmet coffees" into the American market. Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this trend. In fact, major gourmet coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle and San Francisco came to Boston, where today they're engaged in a kind of "coffee war" with Boston's merchants. They are all competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market. Surprisingly, the competition among these leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them. Experts predict that the gourmet coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an 8-million-dollar market by 1999. Studies have shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back to the regular brands found in supermarkets. As a result, these brands will be the real losers in the gourmet coffee competition.【生词摘录】1.premium: adj. of high quality 高级的，优质的2.blended: adj. combined or mixed together so that the constituent parts areindistinguishable 混合的3.gourmet: n. ［C］someone who knows a lot about food and wine and whoenjoys good food and wine 美食家4.birthplace: n. ［C usually singular］the place where someone was born,especially someone famous （尤指名人的）出生地；the place where something first started to happen or exist 发源地，发祥地12You may remember that a few weeks ago we discussed the question of what photography is. Is it art, or is it a method of reproducing images? Do photographs belong in museums or just in our homes? Today I want to talk about a person who tried to make his professional life an answer to such questions. Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering. While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera. He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult. He took them at night, in the rain, and of people and objects reflected in windows. When he returned to the United States he continued these revolutionary efforts. Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds, and views from an airplane. What Stieglitz was trying to do in these photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life: make photography an art. He felt that photography could be just as good a form of self-expression as painting or drawing. For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush. While many photographers of the late 1800's and early 1900's thought of their work as a reproduction of identical images, Stieglitz saw his as a creative art form. He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment. In fact, he never retouched his prints or made copies of them. If he were in this classroom today, I'm sure he'd say, "Well, painters don't normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they?"【生词摘录】1.experiment: v. to try various ideas, methods etc to see whether they willwork or what effect they will have 试验；试用2.skyscraper: n. ［C］a very tall modern city building 摩天大楼3.identical: adj. exactly the same 完全相同的［+to］4.capture: v. to succeed in showing or describing a situation or feeling usingwords or pictures（用语言或图片）记录下5.retouch: v. to improve a picture or photograph by painting over marks ormaking other small changes描绘，润色（图画、照片）。

老托福听力PartC原文汇总老托福听力PartC原文1Today we're going to practice evaluating the main tool used when addressing groups—the voice.今天我们将练习评估当向群体致辞时所使用的主要工具——声音。

There are three main elements that combine to create either a positive or negative experience for listeners.有三个主要元素结合一起会导致听众要么正面要么负面的体验。

They can result in a voice that is pleasing to listen to and can be used effectively.他们能导致一个令人听起来愉快的声音，并且能被有效地使用Or they can create a voice that doesn't hold attention, or even worse, causes an adverse reaction.或者他们能制造一个不能抓住注意力的声音，或者甚至更糟，引起一个不良反应。

The three elements are volume, pitch, and pace.这三个元素是音量，音高，和语速When evaluating volume, keep in mind that a good speaker will adjust to the size of both the room and the audience.当评估音量时，记住一个好的演讲者将会调整以适应屋子的大小以及听众的规模。

Of course, with an amplifying device like a microphone, the speaker can use a natural tone.当然，用一个放大装置如麦克风，演讲者能使用一个自然的口吻。

旧托福听力Part C整理汇总（含音频和原文，新托福绝佳热身材料）新托福的听力很长，lecture基本都在五分钟以上，个别段子可能达到7分钟。

很多基础一般的同学可能一下子适应不了，那么旧托福Part C部分的听力段子是最好的热身材料，因为旧托福的Part C从题材和语速上与新托福lecture接近，但内容稍微简单些，特别是长度方面，大部分在3分钟之内，特别适合新托福预备热身阶段听力练习使用。

本光盘选取了旧托福听力PART C与现行新托福话题最近接的一些段子。

MP3文件音质清晰，含录音原文。

几乎包括了所有新托福现行考试流行的一些听力讲座学科，包括：地质-Geology历史-History生物-Biology天文-Astronomy文学-Literature物理-Physics建筑-Architecture新产品和新发明-New inventions and new technologies音乐-Music如何运用听写来提高新托福听力水平【转自CD，听写前必读】适合用来练习精听的材料包括：老托福听力材料中，Part C的lectures 和新托福iBT的lectures。

新托福iBT的lectures很长，大家可以分成几次来练听写。

如果你就剩一两个月就要去参加考试，一定记住所有的练习内容都应该是和你要参加考试直接相关的材料。

第一步总听全文。

既然叫总听，就是不要陷入文章内容的细节。

总听只做两件事，一是明确主题，大概知道这个段落讲了什么事。

二是寻找逻辑。

英文文章的逻辑包括什么呢？只要能简单判断出这篇文章是按时间顺序写的还是空间顺序；是现象解释还是两种观点的比较等。

所以在总听第一遍的时候，关注那些起承转合的词，可以帮我们快速把握文章的逻辑关系。

比如你听一篇段落，听到in the past，那你的预期就该是，后面可能会提到now，也许还有in the future。

听到“一些人认为”，那你的反应应该是，接下来会谈“另一些人或者我认为的”。