【待完善】专业英语1
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431专业英语词汇专业英语词汇在不同领域中有着不同的特点和用法。
以下是一些常见的专业英语词汇,涵盖了不同领域的词汇:1. 医学领域,anatomy(解剖学)、physiology(生理学)、pharmacy(药房)、diagnosis(诊断)、treatment(治疗)、surgery(手术)、vaccine(疫苗)、symptom(症状)、prescription(处方)等。
2. 工程领域,mechanical engineering(机械工程)、civil engineering(土木工程)、electrical engineering(电气工程)、computer engineering(计算机工程)、structural analysis(结构分析)、project management(项目管理)、quality control(质量控制)等。
3. 商业领域,marketing(市场营销)、finance(金融)、accounting(会计)、management(管理)、advertising(广告)、investment(投资)、entrepreneurship(创业精神)、business administration(工商管理)等。
4. 教育领域,pedagogy(教育学)、curriculum(课程设置)、instruction(教学)、assessment(评估)、classroom management(课堂管理)、educational psychology(教育心理学)、special education(特殊教育)等。
5. 科学领域,biology(生物学)、chemistry(化学)、physics(物理学)、astronomy(天文学)、geology(地质学)、environmental science(环境科学)、research(研究)、experiment(实验)等。
-al -ar (有关于;…的) vascular 血管的-ic toxicphysic physicsphysician physiologyphysical biophysical physiotherapy cardiogram (record)chromatin (substance)chromatoplasm ( jelly substance in the cell)neoplasm crinogenic (gen/o+-ic→production) -cyte cyt/o leukocyteerythocyte erythocytometererythogenesis (起源,发生) embryoma (tumor)epithelial (thelial nipple) epidermic (skin) exhale (out) expelpathogen histotherapyimmunodeficiency-ine/-in adrenalineanabolism (up) catabolism (down) anatomy (apart) osteotomy (bone) psychosis (abnormal condition)vasculolmphaticskeletal system cartilagebone marrow skullspinal cord spinal columnelbow socketstriated muscles spleensaliva larynxtrachea anus esophagus duodenum pancreas colonstarch viablegall bladder bladderresidue sodium potassium ureter urethrapituitary cortisone glucagon testosterone estrogen progesterone ovary ovum sperm pubic hair tactileSuccunb to rheumaticepidemic disease endemic diseasemalfunction malnutritionerratic hereditaryward off fend offpneumonia bronchivenereal disease colitissusceptible vulnerableboil pimple pus abscess engulf phagocytecilia villus flagellummetal retardationChapter 1-al -ar (有关于;…的) vascular 血管的-ic …的toxic 有毒的physiotherapy 物理治疗physic 医学physics 物理学physician 内科医生surgen 外科医生physiology 生理学physical 身体的;物质的biophysical 生物物理学的cardiogram 心动图(record) chromatin 染色质(substance) chromatoplasm 染色浆( jelly substance in the cell;浆)neoplasm 新生物;肿瘤crinogenic 促分泌(gen/o+-ic→production) -cyte cyt/o leukocyte 白细胞erythocyte 红细胞erythocytometer 红细胞计数仪erythogenesis 红细胞发生(起源,发生)embryoma 胚胎瘤(tumor)epithelial 上皮的(thelial nipple) epidermic 表皮的(skin) exhale 呼出(out) expel 排出;驱逐pathogen 病原体histotherapy 组织治疗immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷(Acquired immuondeficiency syndrome)-ine/-in adrenaline 肾上腺anabolism合成代谢(up) catabolism 分解代谢(down)anatomy 解剖学(apart) osteotomy 骨切开术(bone) psychosis 神经病(abnormal condition)vasculolmphatic 血管淋巴管的Chapter 2skeletal system 骨骼系统cartilage 软骨bone marrow 骨髓skull 颅骨spinal cord 脊髓spinal column 脊柱elbow 肘部socket 槽臼striated muscles 平滑肌spleen 脾saliva 唾液rib 肋骨larynx 喉管trachea 气管anus 肛门esophagus 食管duodenum 十二指肠pancreas 胰腺colon 结肠starch 淀粉viable 能存活的gall bladder 胆囊bladder 膀胱residue 残余物sodium 钾potassium 钠ureter 输尿管urethra 尿道pituitary 垂体cortisone 可的松glucagon 胰岛素testosterone 睾酮estrogen 雌激素progesterone 孕激素ovary 卵巢ovum 卵子sperm 精子pubic hair 阴毛tactile 触觉的Chapter 3epidemic disease 流行病endemic disease 地方病malfunction 功能失调malnutrition 营养失调Succunb to 屈服于rheumatic 风湿的erratic 异常的hereditary 遗传的ward off ;fend off 防止pneumonia 肺炎bronchi 支气管venereal disease 花柳病colitis 结肠炎susceptible 易受到...... vulnerable 易受侵害的boil 疖子pimple 小脓疱pus 脓abscess 脓肿engulf 吞噬phagocyte 巨噬细胞metal retardation 智力发育迟缓cilia 纤毛villus 绒毛flagellum 鞭毛。
专业英文词汇表以下是一些常见的专业英文词汇表,按字母顺序排列:AAbstract 摘要Analysis 分析Assessment 评估Algorithm 算法Architecture 架构Academic 学术的Application 应用Algorithmic 算法的Artificial intelligence 人工智能Automation 自动化BBenchmark 基准Backward compatibility 向后兼容性Big data 大数据Biotechnology 生物技术Business intelligence 商业智能CComputing 计算机科学Cryptography 密码学Component 组件Computer graphics 计算机图形学Control system 控制系统Cybersecurity 网络安全DData 数据Database 数据库Design 设计Development 开发Digital 数字化Distributed system 分布式系统EEncryption 加密Ethics 伦理学Engineering 工程学Experiment 实验Expert system 专家系统FFramework 框架Functional programming 函数式编程Genetic algorithm 遗传算法Grid computing 网格计算HHardware 硬件Hypothesis 假设Human-computer interaction 人机交互Hierarchical clustering 分层聚类IInformation technology 信息技术Interface 接口Internet of Things 物联网Image processing 图像处理JJava programming language Java编程语言KKnowledge 知识Knowledge management 知识管理LLogic logicLinguistics 语言学Linear programming 线性规划MMachine learning 机器学习Modeling 建模Machine vision 机器视觉Microprocessor 微处理器Multimedia 多媒体NNetwork 网络Neural network 神经网络OObject-oriented programming 面向对象编程Operating system 操作系统Optimization 优化Open-source 开源PProgramming programmingParallel computing 并行计算Quality assurance 质量保证Protocol 协议QQuery 查询RRobotic 嵌入式Robotics 机器人技术Random access memory (RAM) 随机存取存储器SSimulation 模拟Software 软件Systematic system 系统化System 系统Statistical analysis 统计分析Security 安全Storage 存储TTesting 测试Technology 技术Telecommunication 通信Theory 理论Transaction 事务Time series 时间序列Turing machine 图灵机UUser interface 用户界面Undo 撤销VVirtual reality 虚拟现实Validation 验证Visualization 可视化WWeb development 网络开发Wireless 无线XXML (Extensible Markup Language) 可扩展标记语言YYield rate 产率ZZero-day vulnerability 零日漏洞。
大学专业的英文翻译我们都知道,大学里面有很多门专业,学生可以根据自己的兴趣爱好来选择自己喜欢的专业。
那么你知道大学专业的英文怎么翻译吗?下面是店铺为你整理的大学专业的英文翻译,希望大家喜欢!大学专业的英文翻译1.undergraduate major2.majorundergraduate major造句1.. The department currently possesses one undergraduate major of physical education and several high - level sports teams.教学部现拥有一个体育教育本科专业和多支高水平运动队.2. She was named the outstanding undergraduate history major at the University of Oklahoma.她被评选为俄克拉何马大学历史专业的优等生。
3. If you are smart, ambitious and hard working you should major in science as an undergraduate.如果你很聪明、有野心,并且也很刻苦努力的话,你的确应该在读本科的时候选择科学.4. As an undergraduate, I had a double major of Chinese and Mass Communication.本人在读大学本科时, 曾主修中文和大众传播学.5. If are smart, ambitious and hard working you should major in science as an undergraduate.如果你聪明, 志向远大并且努力工作,那么你可以在大学期间把科学作为你的专业.6. Undergraduate degree above, major in electrical parameter and structure of transformer or automation.本科以上学历, 机电一体化,机械设计与自动化专业.7. Undergraduate above with more than 3 years experience,or master in relative major.本科以上学历,3年以上工作经验工程师或相关专业硕士学历. major常见用法adj.主要的; 重要的; 大调的; 主修的(课程)n.主修科目; 大调; 陆军少校; 成年的vi.<美>主修,专攻; [美国英语][教育学]主修(in); 专攻;用作形容词The city holds the major portion of the population in the country.那个城市聚集了全国大部分人口。
专业英语概念
专业英语是指以英语作为工具和媒介的一种专业学科。
它涵盖了各个领域的专业知识与技能,并侧重于培养学生在相关领域中运用英语进行沟通、交流和研究的能力。
专业英语的学习内容包括实用英语词汇与语法,行业术语,科技文献阅读与写作,口译和笔译技巧等。
学生需要掌握领域特定的专业词汇,并能够理解和运用相关的专业知识。
在实际应用中,专业英语是一种国际化的沟通工具。
在全球化的背景下,跨国公司、科研机构、学术界等领域需要人员具备流利的专业英语能力。
掌握专业英语将有助于提升个人在职场中的竞争力和国际交流的能力。
专业英语的学习方法包括课堂学习、实践训练和自主学习。
通过课堂学习,学生可以系统地学习专业英语的基础知识和技能。
实践训练包括参与专业会议、学术交流和国际项目等活动,通过实践来提高实际应用能力。
自主学习则是指学生自主阅读相关领域的英语文献,通过积累知识来提高语言掌握能力。
总之,专业英语是培养在特定领域中用英语进行交流与研究的能力的学科。
通过系统学习和不断实践,学生可以掌握领域特定的专业知识与技能,并提高自己在国际交流中的竞争力。
专业英语课程大作业要求
要求:大作业必须包括以下(一)、(二)两部分内容,每个部分中可以选择一个题目撰写。
选题范围:
(一)、以下任选一个撰写(评分条件:具体、全面、准确、结合实际):
1、英文个人简历(表格形式,篇数不少于2页)
内容包括:个人自然情况、学的专业、爱好等特点。
投递对象:外企公司
要求:内容全面,针对性强。
2、英文求职信,根据应聘单位特点写出自己为什么应聘此
工作的原因。
(1000个单词以上)
(二)、以下任选一个完成:
1、请在下面三个方向中选择其一撰写小论文。
要求根据选题方向自立题目,文章重点突出,语句正确、连贯。
字数在2000个单词以上。
(1) internet Search Engines (work methods、categories、
example:goole/baidu/…..)
(2) advertisement on the web(why、how)
(3) virtual community(interview、categories、example:
blog/BBS)。
Chapter 11.multi-core processor(多核处理器)------It is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units called “cores”, which are the units that read and execute program instructions.它是集成了两个或两个以上称为“核”的处理单元的计算部件,具有读取和执行程序指令的单元。
2.graphics processing unit(GPU)(图形处理单元)------A graphics processing unit, also occasionally called visual processing unit(VPU),is a specialized processor. It is designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.它是一个图形处理单元,有时也被称为视觉处理单元VPU,一个专门的处理器。
它的设计目的是快速地操作和改变内存,以加速在帧缓冲区中创建图像,以便显示输出。
3.Wearable computer(可穿戴电脑)------A wearable computer, also known as a body-borne computer or wearable ,is a miniature electronic device that is worn by the bearer under, with or on top of clothing.穿戴式电脑,也被称为人体电脑或穿戴电脑,是一种微型电子设备,由持有者佩戴在身上或者衣服上。
国际货运代理资格考试专业英语-1(总分98,考试时间90分钟)一、单项选择题1. The seller had made a sales contract with the buyer under the FOB term, therefore the scope of freight forwarder's service on behalf of the buyers normally does not include______. A. arranging import customs clearance B. taking delivery the goods from the carrier C. arranging export customs clearance D. booking space with the marine carrier2. ______means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination instead of the named port of destination. A. CPT B. FCA C. CFR D. FOB3. According to UCP 600, the term “shipment to be made at the end of May”in the letter credit shall be construed as______. A. from the 25th to the 31st of May B. from the 20th to the 31St of May C. from the 21st to the 31st of May D. from the l6th to the 31st of May4. The general addition risks such as rain damage risks and shortage risks are covered under ______in PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses. A. FPA B. WPA C. All Risks D. War clause5. Time chartering means that the ship owner provides a designated manned ship to the charterer, and the charterer employs the ship for a specific period against payment of hire. Under time chartering, the charterer is not liable for cost such as______. A. bunker costs B. crew wages C. port charges D. 10ading costs6. The **monly used in carriage of goods by sea are bills of ladin9, sea way—bills, cargo manifests, booking notes and delivery orders etC. Please point out the______ serve as a document of the enabling the goods tO be transferred from the shipper to the consignee or any other party by endorsement. A. bills of lading B. delivery orders C. sea waybills D. cargo manifests7. International trade is difference from domestic trade, please point out which of the following descriptions is not right. ______A. international trade is more costly B. international trade is less costly C. international trade is restricted to trade in goods and services D. international trade is also a branch of economics8. According to UCP600, for the examination of documents the bank now have maximum of ______following the day of presentation. A. 7 banking days B. 5 banking days C. 3 bankingdays D. 1 banking days9. To the individual consignor, the consolidator is the carrier, while in his relationship with the actual carrier, he is the______. A. agent B. carrier C. consignor D. broker10. In international air cargo transportation, ______are rates which are applicable to named types of air car90. A. General Cargo Rates B. Class Rates C. Bulk Unitization Rates D. Specific Commodity Rates11. In the contract of carriage of goods by road in Europe, the rights, duties and responsibilities of the road carrier may be governed by______. A. IMG B. IATA C. IMDG D. CMR12. Currently。
A1 ammonium[ә'mәunjәm]n.[化]铵2 aqueous['eikwiәs]adj.水的, 水成的3 assignee[ æsi'ni:]n.受让人,代理人,受托人4 alkyl['ælkil]n.烷基, 烃基adj.烷基的, 烃基的alkene['ælki:n]n.[化]烯烃,链烯5 alkoxy [æl'k ksi] adj. [化]烷氧基的6 apolar[ei'pәulә]adj.非极的, 无极的7 acetone['æsitәun]n.[化]丙酮8 aether['iːθә]n.(=ether)乙醚, 醚, [物理]以太, 能媒, 太空, 苍穹9 acrylic[ә'kr i l i k]adj.[化]丙烯酸的10 amphiphilic[æmf i'f i l i k]adj.两性分子的11 antimicrobial[ˌæntimai'krəubiəl]n.[医]抗菌剂, 杀菌剂adj.抗菌的12 acetate['æsiˌteit]n.[化]醋酸盐, 醋酸纤维素及其制成的产品13 aging['eiʤiŋ]n.老化, 成熟的过程v.使变老14 antireflective 减反射的,增透的15 anhydrous[æn'haidrәs]adj.无水的16 attachment[ә'tætʃmәnt]n.附件, 附加装置, 配属17 adhesion[әd'hi:ʒәn]n.支持;粘附:粘附的动作或状态18 accumulation[әkju:mju'leiʃ(ә)n]n.积聚, 堆积物19 alternative[ɔːl'tәːnәtiv]n.二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物adj.选择性的, 二中择一的20 assay[ә'sei]n.化验v.化验21 anhydride[æn'haidraid]n.酐22 argon['ɑ:ɡɔn]n.[化]氩23 anneal[ә'ni:l]n.退火, 焖火, 锻炼, 磨练(意志) 加强,变硬:24 axis['æksis]n.轴25 aluminum[ә'lju:minәm]n.[化]铝26 adhesion promoter附着力促进剂27asymmetric[æsI'metrIk]adj.不均匀的,不对称的28 ambiguity[ˌæmbi'ɡju:iti]n.含糊, 不明确29 acknowledgment[әk'nɔlidʒmәnt]n.承认,承认书,感谢30 aggregate['æɡriɡeit]n.合计, 总计, 集合体adj.合计的, 集合的, 聚合的v.聚集, 集合, 合计aggregation[æɡri'ɡeiʃәn]n.集合, 集合体, 聚合31 assembly[ә'sembli]n.集合, 装配, 集会, 集结, 汇编32 aprotic [ә'prәutik] adj. (浴剂) (对) 质子惰性的33 assortment[ә'sɔ:tmәnt]n.分类34 apparatus[ˌæpә'reitәs]n.器械, 设备, 仪器B1 block polymer嵌段共聚物, 成块聚合物2 backbone['bækbәun]n.脊椎, 中枢, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇气, 毅力, 决心3 benzylpyridinium苄基吡啶(盐)4 biocide['baiəsaid]生物杀灭剂biocidal[ֽbaiәu`saidәl]adj.杀生的,毁灭生命5 butylene ['bjuːtiliːn] n. [化]丁烯6 buildup n.组合, 集结, 累积, 形成7 bioassay[ֽbaiәu'æsei, -ә'sei]n.生物测定,生物鉴定vt.给…作生物测定,给…作生物鉴定8 biofilms 生物膜9 boron trifluoride三氟化硼10 bulk property整体性质, 大块性质, 厚层性质, 堆积性能11 backbone['bækbәun]n.脊椎, 中枢, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇气, 毅力, 决心12 barnacle['bɑ:nәkl]n.一种北极鹅, 藤壶, 难以摆脱的人(或物)barnacles['bɑ:nәklz]n.鼻钳似的刑具, <英口>眼镜C1 cation['kætaiәn]n.[化]阳离子2 copolymer[kәu'pɔlimә]n.[化]共聚物3 correspond[kɔris'pɔnd]vi.符合, 协调, 通信, 相当, 相应correspond to相应, 符合4 carboxylic[ kɑːbɔk'silik]adj.[化]羧基的5 comprise[kәm'pra iz]v.包含, 由...组成6 coating['kәutiŋ]n.被覆, 衣料,涂料,涂层coatings 涂料7 cross-reference['krɔsre fәrәns]n.前后参照v.前后对照n.交叉引用8 commercially adv.商业上, 通商上9 chloroacetone[ klɔːrәu'æsitәun]n.[化]氯丙酮Monochloro acetone10 comonomer[kәu'mɔnәmә]n.[化]共聚用单体11 critical surface tension临界表面张力12 cellulose['seljulәus]n.纤维素13 coaxial[kәu'æksәl]adj.同轴的, 共轴的14 calcination[kælsi'neiʃәn]n.煅烧15 colloidal[kә'lɔidl]adj.胶状的, 胶质的colloidality[ˌkәlɔid'æliti]胶性,胶度colloidize['kɔlɔidaiz]胶态化(作用)16 combustion[kәm'bʌstʃәn]n.燃烧17 compliant[kәm'plaiәnt]adj.顺从的, 适应的18 conformational[ֽkɔnfɔː'meiʃәnәl]adj构象的19 contain[kәn'tein]vt.包含, 容纳, 容忍vi.自制v.[军]牵制(敌军)v.[数]可被...除尽20 column['kɔlәm]n.圆柱, 柱壮物, 专栏, 纵队21 contrast['kɔntræst]vt.使与...对比, 使与...对照vi.和...形成对照n.对比, 对照, (对照中的)差异22 chloroform['klɔ(:)rәfɔ:mn.氯仿vt.用氯仿麻醉23 catalytic[ˌkætә'litik]adj. 催化剂的:催化剂的、有关催化剂的或起催化剂作用的,接触反应的24 calibration[ˌkæli'breiʃәn]n.标度, 刻度, 校准25 casa[`kɑ:sә]n.房屋CASA=Centre for Advanced Study of Astronomy 天文学高级研究中心(巴基斯坦Osmania[әz'mɑ:n, ɔs-]奥斯曼(1259-1326, 奥托曼Ottoman 帝国的创建者)大学)26 curve[kә:v]n.曲线, 弯曲, [棒球]曲线球, [统]曲线图表vt.弯, 使弯曲vi.成曲形27 cantilever['kæntili:vә]n.[建]悬臂28 compart[kәm'pɑ:t]vt.分隔compartment[kәm'pɑ:tmәnt]n.间隔间, 车厢29 chlorophyll['klɔ:rәfil]n.[生化]叶绿素30 compliant[kәm'plaiәnt]adj.顺从的, 适应的31 concur with v.同意32 confidence limit置信界限, 置信限度33 crystallinity结晶度;结晶性;晶性34 critical concentration临界浓度D1 dispersion[dis'pәː∫әn]n.散布, 驱散, 传播, 散射n.[数] 离差, 差量dispersal[dis'pәːsәl]n.散布,分散, 消散, 驱散, 疏散2 discriminate[dis'krimineit]v.歧视, 区别, 区别待遇3 device[di'vais]n.装置, 设计, 图案, 策略, 发明物, 设备。
1 Water Pollution and PollutantsThe relationship between polluted water and disease was firmly established with the cholera epidemic of 1854 in London, England. Protection of public health, the original purpose of pollution control, continues to be the primary objective in many areas. However, preservation of water resources, protection of fishing areas, and maintenance of recreational waters are additional concerns today. Water pollution problems intensified following World War II when dramatic increases in urban density and industrialization occurred. Concern over water pollution reached a peak in the mid-seventies.Water pollution is an imprecise term that reveals nothing about either the type of polluting material or its source. The way we deal with the waste problem depends upon whether the contaminants are oxygen demanding, algae promoting, infectious, toxic, or simply unsightly. Pollution of our water resources can occur directly from sewer outfalls or industrial discharges (point sources) or indirectly from air pollution or agricultural or urban runoff (nonpoint sources).Chemically pure water is a collection of H2O molecules—nothing else. Such a substance is not found in nature—not in wild streams or lakes, not in clouds or rain, not in falling snow, nor in the polar ice caps. Very pure water can be prepared in the laboratory but only with considerable difficulty. Water accepts and holds foreign matter.Municipal wastewater, also called sewage, is a complex mixture containing water (usually over 99 percent) together with organic and inorganic contaminants, both suspended and dissolved. The concentration of these contaminants is normally very low and is expressed in mg/L, that is, milligrams of contaminant per liter of the mixture. This is a weight-to-volume ratioused to indicate concentrations of constituents in water, wastewater, industrial wastes, and other dilute solutions.Microorganisms.Wherever there is suitable food, sufficient moisture, and an appropriate temperature, microorganisms will thrive. Sewage provides an ideal environment for a vast array of microbes, primarily bacteria, plus some viruses and protozoa. Most of these microorganisms in wastewater are harmless and can be employed in biological processes to convert organic matter to stable end products. However, sewage may also contain pathogens from the excreta of people with infectious diseases that can be transmitted by contaminated water. Waterborne bacterial diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis, viral diseases such as infectious hepatitis, and the protozoan-caused dysentery, while seldom a problem now in developed countries, are still a threat where properly treated water is not available for public use. Tests for the few pathogens that might be present are difficult and time consuming, and standard practice is to test for other more plentiful organiama that are always present (in the billions) in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans.Solids. The total solids (organic plus inorganic) in wastewater are, by definition, the residues after the liquid portion has been evaporated and the remainder dried to a constant weight at 103℃. Differentiation between dissolved solids and undissolved, that is, suspended, solids are accomplished by evaporating filtered and unfiltered wastewater samples. The difference in weight between the two dried samples indicates the suspended solids content. To further categorize the residues, they are held at 550℃for 15 minutes. The ash remaining is considered to represent inorganic solids and the loss of volatile matter to be a measure of the organic content Suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) are the most useful. SS and BOD(biochemical oxygen demand) are used as measures of wastewater strength and process performance. VSS can be an indicator of the organic content of raw wastes and can also provide a measure of the active microbial population in biological processes.Inorganic constituents. The common inorganic constituents of wastewater include:1. Chlorides and sulphates. Normally present in water and in wastes from humans.2. Nitrogen and phosphorous . In their various forms (organic and inorganic) in wastes from humans, with additional phosphorous from detergents.3. Carbonates and bicarbonates. Normally present in water and wastes as calcium and magnesium salts.4. Toxic substances. Arsenic, cyanide, and heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ph, and Zn are toxic inorganics which may be found in industrial wastes.In addition to these chemical constituents, the concentration of dissolved gases, especially oxygen, and the hydrogen ion concentration expressed as pH are other parameters of interest in wastewater.Organic matter.Proteins and carbohydrate constitute 90 percent of the organic matter in domestic sewage. The sources of these biodegradable contaminants include excreta and urine from humans; food wastes from sinks; soil and dirt from bathing; washing, and laundering; plus various soaps, detergents, and other cleaning products.Various parameters are used as a measure of the organic strength of wastewater. One method is based on the amount of organic carbon (total organic carbon, or TOC) present in the waste. TOC is determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizer and comparing it with the amount in a standard of knownTOC.Most of the other common methods are based on the amount of oxygen required to convert the oxidizable material to stable end products. Since the oxygen used is proportional to the oxidizable material present, it serves as a relative measure of wastewater strength. The two methods used most frequently to determine the oxygen requirements of wastewater are the COD and BOD tests. The COD. or chemical oxygen demand, of the wastewater is the measured amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics present; the BOD. or biochemical oxygen demand, is the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater.BOD is the most important parameter in water pollution control. It is used as a measure of organic pollution, as a basis for estimating the oxygen needed for biological processes, and as an indicator of process performance.The amount of organic matter in water or wastewater can be measured directly (as TOC, for example), hut this doesn’ t tell us whether the organic s are biodegradable or not. To measure the amount of biodegradable organics, we use an indirect method in which we measure the amount of oxygen used by a growing microbial population to convert (oxidize) organic matter to CO2 and H2O in a closed system. The oxygen consumed. or biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). is proportional to the organic matter converted, and therefore BOD is a relative measure of the biologically degradable organic matter present in the system. Because biological oxidation continues indefinitely, the test for ultimate BOD has been arbitrarily limited to 20 days, when perhaps 95 percent or more of the oxygen requirement has been met. Even this period, however,is too long to make measurement of BOD useful, so a five-day test, BOD5, carried out at 20℃, has become standard. The rate of the BOD reaction depends on the type of waste present and the temperature and is assumed to vary directly with the amount of organic matter (organic carbon) present.单词表cholera n.霍乱evaporate v 蒸发epidemic n.流行,传染differentiation n.区分recreational a 娱乐性的filter v 过滤imprecise a.不精确的evaporate v.挥发alga, algae n. 海藻,藻类20℃20 degree centigrade contaminant n 污染物categorize vt 分类contaminate vt.污染residue n 残渣infectious a.传染性的volatile a 挥发性的unsightly a. 难看的content n 含量sewer n.下水道chloride n.氯化物outfall n. 排放口sulphate n.硫化物runoff n.排水,流放口nitrogen n 氮laboratory n 实验室phosphorous n 磷sewage n.污水,废水detergent n.清洁剂organic a 有机的carbonate n.碳酸盐inorganic a 无机的bicarbonate n.重碳酸盐suspend v.悬浮calcium n.钙盐concentration n 浓度magnesium n.镁盐milligram n.毫克arsenic n.砷constituent n.组成物cyanide n.氰dilute a 稀释的cadmium n 镉suitable a. 适当的chrome n 铬moisture n.潮湿水分copper n 铜microbe n.微生物mercury n 汞virus n.病毒lead n 铅protozoa n.原生动物zinc n 锌microorganism n 微生物hydrogen ion n 氢离子pathogen n.病菌病原体parameter n.参数excreta n.排泄物粪便carbohydrate n.碳水化合物waterborne a.水传播的biodegradable a 可生物降解的typhoid n.伤寒sink n.下沉污水坑tuberculosis n.肺结核launder v 洗涤,洗熨viral a.滤过型病毒的oxygen n 氧气hepatitis n.肝炎oxidize v 氧化dysentery n.痢疾acclimate v. 适应环境organism n 有机体生物体微生物degrade v 降解intestine a.内部的. n.肠ultimate a 最终的根本的definition n.定义arbitrarily a.专横的residule n.剩余残渣co2carbon dioxide。
专业英语四级-1(总分100,考试时间90分钟)GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY1. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A. He is a Chinese tall intelligent young officer.B. There are a few new major urban highways.C. She is wearing a pretty pink woolen sweater.D. He stands on a beautiful little white stone bridge.2. Which of the following sentences indicates "probability"?A. The stadium can be emptied in four minutes.B. I can speak a little French as well as Japanese.C. She can"t have slept through all that noise.D. You can take the car, if you want.3. My brother met her at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so she ______ your lecture.A. mustn"t have attendedB. needn"t have attendedC. shouldn"t have attendedD. couldn"t have attended4. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an **plement?A. Have you got everythingreadyfor the journey?B. Don"t marryyoung.C. This fruit can beeaten raw.D. Alone and broke, Hamas struggles to rule.5. In the sentence "She walks out of the house, followed by a little boy", the past participle is used asA. an attribute.B. an adverbial.C. a complement.D. a predicative.6. Which of the following words can NOT be used to complete "The job"s ______ done"?A. almostB. nearlyC. actuallyD. lately7. They all think that it"s better to be busy than to be free, ______?A. don"t they?B. aren"t theyC. doesn"t itD. isn"t it8. On Sundays there are a lot of children playing in the park, ______ parents seated together joking.A. theirB. thatC. whoseD. which9. After the earthquake, a new nuclear station was put up ______ there had once been a farm.A. whereB. whenC. thatD. which10. —How slim your sister"s figure is!—It"s ______ mine when I was at her age.A. not slimmer asB. no slimmer thanC. not slim more thanD. no more slimmer as11. His dominant ______ was to take all things into earnest consideration.A. traitB. trailC. traceD. track12. Both properties occupy a region long known as the "lung of Haikou" for its green ______ and fresh air.A. visionB. sceneC. sightD. landscape13. If you fulfill this ______ task, you could well deserve a promotion.A. desolateB. desirableC. desperateD. delicate14. Although he tried to focus on homework, the boy was ______ by his favorite cartoon.A. distractedB. displacedC. dispersedD. discarded15. His greatest ______ is his utterly natural and profoundly good musical instinct.A. capacityB. competenceC. giftD. aptitude16. Your ability to argue is of no ______ if you get your facts wrong.A. groundB. availC. practiceD. consequence17. The man is very angry because his friend borrowed his car behind his back. The underlined part means ______.A. secretlyB. publiclyC. suddenlyD. disappointedly18. ______ increases in the oil price have prompted anxiety among the car owners.A. AbruptB. AmpleC. AcuteD. Automatic19. Throughout our lives, mothers are there with an encouraging word, a sympathetic ear, and a(n) ______ heart.A. obedientB. tameC. tenderD. temperate20. Embracing globalisation, Shanghai has become one of the most ______ cities in the world.A. activeB. dynamicC. energeticD. vigorous21. "She is no less optimistic than her elder sister." The sentence means thatA. she is not as optimistic as her elder sister.B. she is more optimistic than her elder sister.C. she is as optimistic as her elder sister.D. she is no more optimistic than her elder sister.22. The following sentences have an indirect object EXCEPTA. Our teacher tells us some stories.B. Mr. Smith gave a watch to me.C. My grandma told him the truth last night.D. We consider him to be a good teacher.23. ______ my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be so wet now.A. Had I takenB. Will I takeC. Have I takenD. Would I taken24. All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPTA. My wife herself has begun her own business.B. This word, dyeing, is often misspelled.C. Her bookColor and Designwas published last week.D. Health, and not money, is what I want.25. ______ proposals should be put into practice no matter how hard it will be.A. These allB. All suchC. Some theseD. Such all26. Professor James suggested that his students ______ a composition about air pollution.A. writeB. to writeC. wroteD. had written27. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A. He paid twice the price for it.B. Both the boys were late for school.C. I offered him double the amount.D. You"ve only heard the half story.28. We all surprise that Mike, the well-known miser, should buy his girlfriend ______ dress.A. an expensive white cottonB. a cotton expensive whiteC. a cotton white expensiveD. a white expensive cotton29. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A. The English teacher came in, book in hand.B. There wasn"t a single Tom in this village.C. The girl practices the violin every day.D. Let"s go and watch them play the chess.30. —What sort of house do you want to have? Must it be big?—Well, it ______ be big. That"s not important.A. mustn"tB. needn"tC. can"tD. won"t31. My aunt tried her best to ______ the situation, but the damage was already done.A. adjustB. regulateC. rectifyD. amend32. Michael is holding a ______ position in **pany and expects to be promoted soon.A. minorB. inferiorC. secondaryD. subordinate33. I wish you break a leg in **ing English speech contest. The underlined part means ______A. get injuredB. play wellC. good luckD. have fun34. I have the car now but my sister was the ______ owner.A. initialB. originalC. primitiveD. primary35. The principal stressed using multimedia teaching would never replace the one-to-one ______ between pupil and teacher.A. perceptionsB. consultationsC. interactionsD. interruptions36. They"ve made a great ______ forward with their road building in the last few years.A. bounceB. boundC. hopD. leap37. Your books and magazines are almost in a ______; go and put them in order.A. chaosB. disorderC. messD. riot38. The animal protection group is calling on people to ______ fur coats and care for wild animals.A. banB. forbidC. vetoD. boycott39. No one could ever ______ this government of not caring about the poor.A. accuseB. chargeC. condemnD. prosecute40. Yu Dan and Lecture Room program gain popularity in modern China, which is ______ of a new attitude towards Sinology.A. informativeB. indicativeC. initiativeD. instructive。
课文翻译:第六课Digital electronics is a logical science.数字电子技术是一门逻辑科学,一般来说,逻辑学是按一般原则进行推理的科学。
数字逻辑学是用数字推理的科学。
几乎所有的数字逻辑功能都可以用一种特殊的称为门的电路来实现。
如果逻辑运算太复杂,无法用一个门来实现,也可以通过几个门的组合来实现这个逻辑运算。
这些扩展逻辑电路被称为组合逻辑电路。
Number SystemsThe number system with which we are most familiar is the base 10,or decimal system.数字系统我们最常用的数字系统是以10为基即十进制系统。
但近年来科技的发展需要产生其他的数字系统,如电子计算机需要开发可以适应电子处理的数字系统。
它们是二进制(基为2)、八进制(基为8)和十六进制(基为16)。
二进制系统是计算机的基本语言。
八进制和十六进制系统通常在计算机通信和计算机储存信息时用。
计算机只能处理二进制系统或其他系统如八进制和十六进制中的二进制编码,所以十进制系统必须先转换成这些数字系统才能由计算机处理。
当计算机对所给的信息处理完毕后,输出的信息是以非十进制的形式打印或显示出来。
所以这些输出信息必须再转换成为十进制系统。
Logical OperationWe concerned with digital system variables that on only binary variables.逻辑运算现讨论仅取两值的数字系统变量(二进制变量)。
我们确定将这些值用“0”或“1”表示。
然后用布尔代数的一套特殊规律总结能合并数字变量的各种方法。
AND Operation and AND GateGive two input variables,A and B,and output Y,与运算与“与”门给出两个输入变量A和B,一个输出变量Y,表示式为Y=A与B(1)其意思是:如果A=1与B=1同时成立,则Y=1,否则Y=0。
完成与运算的电路称为与门,有两个输入端的与门逻辑符号如图所示。
与运算可以简记为圆点,所以(1)式可以写成Y=A·B(2)数字运算一个很好的特点是能把一组完整的填入变量值写下来。
图示表示出了一个这样的真值表。
此表列出相对于(2)式输入变量A和B的各种组合及其相应的输出变量Y。
从真值表可以看出,从代数意义上看,与运算是乘法的一种形式,其处理规则是:0·0=0,0·1=1·0=0,1·1=1。
OR Operation and OR GateGive two input variables A and B,and an output variables Y. 或运算与“或”门给出两个输入变量A和B,和一个输出变量Y,表达式为Y=A或B(3)意思是如果A=1或B=1,如果A=1和B=1,则都有C=1。
把“或”简记为符号“+”,其在代数表达式中永不能省略,因此(3)式可以写成代数式Y=A+B(4)有两个输入端的或门的逻辑符号和相应的真值表如图所示。
从代数意义上看,或运算是一种特殊形式的加法。
它按下面的规则进行运算:0+0=0,0+1=1+0=1,1+1=1。
NAND Operation and NADN GateThe NADN gate is more common gate than the AND gate.与非运算与“与非”门“与非”门比“与”门用得更普遍(如图所示)。
它和“与”门是互补关系,即逻辑上的输出与“与”门相反。
因为“与非”门的电路实现比较简单,所以它比“与”门更便宜,使用也方便。
逻辑表达式中对一个非门也有不同的表示法。
常用字母上加一个上画线来表示非的关系。
如Y=AB表示“A与B等于非Y”。
在与非门中,在大部分情况下它输也都为高(1)除非当所有输入为高时,与非门的输出为低(0)。
NOR Operation and NOR GateGive two input variables A and B and an output variable Y.或非运算与“或非”门给出两个输入变量A和B,一个输出变量Y,有Y=A+B。
有两个输入端的或非门的逻辑符号和相应真值表如图所示。
从代数意义上看,或非运算按以下规则进行运算:0+0=1,0+1=1+0=0,1+1=0。
Combining Logic GatesIndividual logic gates are building blocks.组合逻辑运算与组合逻辑门单个逻辑门是构造块,如果只需要一个单一逻辑关系时可以只用它们其中一个,但要实现更复杂的逻辑运算时它们也可以与其他门结合构成组合逻辑门。
有时用一种门去代替其他的门更有利,设计者可以用单个的门电路来实现各种电路,这就是数字集成门电路的多功能性和适应性。
第七课数字电子技术ⅡRS Flip--flop The edge-triggered RS flip--flop actually consist of two identical RS latch circuits. RS触发器边缘触发的RS触发器实际上由两个同样的RS锁存电路组成,RS触发器的电路符号如图7.1所示。
在两个时钟输入之间接了一个反相器,以保证这两个RS锁存电路分别在时钟信号的不同半周期中工作,即一个在时钟信号为高电平时工作,另一个则在时钟信号为低电平时工作。
这就是这个电路的关键所在。
所以Q和Q输出只能在时钟信号从1降到0时即时钟信号的下降沿发生改变。
因此被称为边缘触发器。
JK Flip--flop The Q and 非Q output in a JK flip--flop will only change state on the falling edge JK触发器一个JK触发器的Q和Q输出只有CLK信号的下降沿时改变状态,这时J和K的输入状态将决定JK触发器的输出状态。
JK触发器在各种情况下的输出都是完全确定的,因此对大部分逻辑电路设计来说选择JK触发器比较好。
如图7.2所示。
T Flip-flopT触发器如果J和K输入端(如图7.2所示)保持逻辑1(高电平),而时钟信号不断交变,Q和Q输出将在CLK时钟信号的每一个下降沿改变状态。
这种方式工作的JK触发器(J与K连接在一起)构成T触发器,T触发器必须是边缘式触发的。
Edge--triggered D Flip--flopD触发器D触发器(如图7.3所示)也是当时钟脉冲从逻辑1降到逻辑0时可能改变输出状态,且Q端的输出总是与在时钟下降沿时D的输入状态一致,这一点是与RS和JK触发器不同的。
RegistersA register is a group of flip--flop with each flip-flop capable of storing one bit of information.寄存器一个寄存器是一组触发器,每个触发器能储存一个二进制位的信息。
一个N位的寄存器有N个触发器,能储存N位二进制的信息。
除了触发器,一个寄存器可能还有一些组合门电路来完成数据处理任务。
如图7.4所示是一个用4个D触发器构成的最简单的寄存器。
(The common clock input triggers all flip-flop on the rising edge of each pulse....)所有触发器在同一时钟输入脉冲的上升边缘触发,这时在4个输入端的二进制数据信息被传送到4位寄存器中。
可以在任何时候读取4个输出端,获得储存在寄存器中的二进制的信息。
The transfer of new information into a register is referred to as loading the register.把新的信息传送到寄存器中被称为写入寄存器。
如果寄存器的所有位是用同一个时钟脉冲控制同时写入的,称为并行输入。
在图7.4寄存器中,在C端加一个时钟控制信号将使4个输入(I0~I3)并行写入。
在并行设置中,如果要保持寄存器中的内容不变的话必须禁止时钟控制端输入。
CountersThere are two main types of counters:ripple and synchronous.计数器计数器主要有两种:同步和异步。
A ripple counter contains a chain of flip-flop with the output of each one feeding the input of the next.一个异步计数器中包含了若干个触发器,每个触发器的输出端与下一个输入端相连接。
每当输入信号从高电平到低电平(下降沿)时触发器的输出状态发生变化。
这种简单的接法工作起来很有效,但由于时钟“异步”通过各个触发器,触发器的输出稍有延迟。
图7.5显示如何连接异步计数器,每个计数器的最高位输出QD接到下一个计数器的时间输入端(CLK)。
A synchronous counter has more complex internal structure to ensure that all its outputs change precisely together on each clock pulse一个同步的计数器内部电路结构比较复杂,以保证所有的计数器输出都在每一个时钟脉冲输入时同时改变,同步的计数器可以避免异步计数器中可能出现的误计数。
图7.6所示为同步计数器,所有的时钟输入端(CLK)是连接在一起的,进位输出信号CO接在下一个计数器的进位输入信号CI上,第一个计数器的CI应接高电平(无进位信号)。
第八课集成电路During 1950s,the heart of the electronic circuit was vacuum tube.20世纪50年代,电路的主要元器件是真空管。
但是真空管存在固有的不稳定因素,功耗大,体积比较大。
人们更迫切地需要愈来愈小的电子元器件。
于是,集成电路就应运而生了。
不到十年,集成电路在工业产品设计的使用范围已经有了显著的扩展。
学习集成电路是有必要的。
Integrated CircuitThe integrate circuit is sometimes called an IC.集成电路集成电路有时又被称为IC。
集成电路是用半导体材料制成的小电子器件,第一块集成电路是在20世纪50年代由德克萨斯仪器公司的Jack Kilby和Robert Noyce开发的。
集成电路发明仅五十余年,它已经成为电子工业的奇迹之一。