Currentusageofthree-dimensionalcomputedtomographRan giographRforthediagnosisandtreatmentofrupturedcereb ralaneurRsms
KenichiAmagasakiMD,NobuRasuTakeuchiMD,TakashiSatoMD,ToshiRu kiKakizawaMD,TsuneoShimizuMDKantoNeurosurgicalHospital,Kuma gaRa,Saitama,Japan
SummarROurpreviousstudRsuggestedthat3D-CTangiographRcou ldreplacedigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographRinmostcasesofrupt uredcerebralaneurRsms,especiallRintheanteriorcirculation.Th isstudRreviewedourfurthereRperience.OnehundredandfiftRpatie ntswithrupturedcerebralaneurRsmsweretreatedbetweenNovember1 998andMarch20RR.OnlR3D-CTangiographRwasusedforthepreoperati vework-upstudRinpatientswithanteriorcirculationaneurRsms,un lesstheattendingneurosurgeonsagreedthatDSangiographRwasrequ ired.
Both3D-CTangiographRandDSangiographRwereperformedinpati entswithposteriorcirculationaneurRsms,eRceptforrecentcasest hatwerepossiblRtreatedwith3D-CTangiographRalone.Onehundreds iRteen(84%)of138patientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneu rRsmsunderwentsurgicaltreatment,butadditionalDSangiographRw asrequiredin22cases(16%).OnlRtworecentpatientsweretreatedsu rgicallRwith3D-CTangiographRalonein12patientswithposteriorc irculationaneurRsms.Mostpatientswithrupturedanteriorcircula tionaneurRsmscouldbetreatedsuccessfullRafter3D-CTangiograph Ralone.However,additionalDSangiographRisstillnecessarRinatR picalcases.3D-CTangiographRmaRbelimitedtocomplementarRusein patientswithrupturedposteriorcirculationaneurRsms.
a20RRElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
KeRwords:3D-CTangiographR,cerebralaneurRsm,subarachnoidhaem orrhage,surgerR
INTRODUCTION
RecentlR,three-dimensionalcomputedtomographR(3D-CT)angiogra phRhasbecomeoneofthemajortoolsfortheidentificationofcerebra laneurRsmsbecauseitisfaster,lessinvasive,andmoreconvenientt hancerebralangiographR.1–
7PatientswithrupturedaneurRsmscouldbetreatedunderdiagnosesb asedononlR3D-CTangiographR.5;63D-CTangiographRhassomelimita tionsforthepreoperativework-upforrupturedcerebralaneurRsms,
soadditionaldigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographRisstillnecessa rR,especiallRforaneurRsmsintheposteriorcirculation.8Ourprev iousstudRsuggestedthat3D-CTangiographRcouldreplaceDSangiogr aphRinmostpatientswithrupturedcerebralaneurRsmsintheanterio rcirculation.1ThisstudRreviewedoureRperienceoftreatingruptu redcerebralaneurRsmsintheanteriorandposteriorcirculationsba sedon3D-CTangiographRin150consecutivepatientstoassessthecur rentusageof3D-CTangiographR.
METHODSANDMATERIAL
Patientpopulation
Wetreated150patients,60menand90womenagedfrom23to80Rears(mea n57.5Rears),withrupturedcerebralaneurRsmidentifiedbR3D-CTan giographRbetweenNovember1998andMarch20RR. Managementofcases Thepresenceofnontraumaticsubarachnoidhaemorrhage(SAH)wascon firmedbRCTorlumbarpuncturefindingsofRanthochromiccerebrospi nalfluid.3D-CTangiographRwasperformedroutinelRinallpatients .DSangiographRwasperformedinpatientswithanteriorcirculation aneurRsmsonlRifadditionalinformationwasconsiderednecessarRf ollowingaconsensusinterpretationoftheinitialCTand3D-CTangio graphRbRfourneurosurgeons.PatientswithrupturedaneurRsmsinth eposteriorcirculationunderwentboth3D-CTangiographRandDSangi ographReRceptfortworecentpatientswithtRpicalvertebralarterR posteriorinferiorcerebellararterR(VA-PICA)aneurRsm. TRpicalsaccularaneurRsmsweretreatedbRclippingsurgerR. FusiformanddissectinganeurRsmsweretreatedbRproRimalocclusio nbReithersurgerRorendovasculartreatmentwithorwithoutbRpasss urgerR.RegrowthofbleedinganeurRsmswastreatedbReithersurgerR orendovasculartreatment.PostoperativelR,allpatientsweremana gedwithaggressivepreventionandtreatmentofvasospasmincluding intra-arterialinfusionofpapaverineortransluminalangioplastR .
3D-CTangiographRacquisitionandpostprocessingCTangiographRwa sperformedwithaspiralCTscanner(CT-W3000AD;Hitachi,Ibaraki,J apan).Acquisitionusedastandardtechniquestartingattheforamen magnum,withinjectionof130mlofnonioniccontrastmaterial(Omnip aque;DaiichiPharmaceutical,TokRo,Japan).Thesourceimagesofea chscanweretransferredtoanoff-linecomputerworkstation(VIPsta
tion;TeijinSRstemTechnologR,Japan).Bothvolume-renderedimage sandmaRimumintensitRprojectionimagesofthecerebralarterieswe reconstructed.Theanteriorcirculationandposteriorcirculation wereevaluatedseparatelRonthevolume-renderedimages,afteragen eralsuperiorviewwasobtained.Theanteriorcirculationwasevalua tedbRfirstobservingtheanteriorcommunicatingarterR(ACoA)bRro tatingtheview,andtheneachsideofthecarotidsRstembRrotatingth eimagewitheditingoutofthecontralateralcarotidarterR.Thepost eriorcirculationwasalsoevaluatedbRrotatingtheimagebutwithou teditingoutofanRvessel.Onceapossiblerupturesitewasfound,the viewwaszoomedandcloselRrotatedwiththeothervesselseditedout. TheaneurRsmsizewasmeasuredon3D-CTangiographRasthelargerofth elengthofthedomeorthewidthoftheneck.Manipulationwasperforme dbRthescannertechnician,withaneurosurgeontoprovideeditingas sistance.
DSangiographRacquisition
Standardselectivethree-orfour-vesselDSangiogramswithfrontal ,lateral,andobliqueprojectionswereobtained.The3D-CTangiogra mwasalwaRsavailableasaguideforpossibleadditionalDSangiograp hRprojections.AneurRsmsizewasmeasuredwithDSangiographRwhent hequalitRof3D-CTangiographRwasinadequate.AllpatientseRcepte lderlRpatientsorpatientsinsevereconditionunderwentDSangiogr aphRpostoperativelR.
Gradingofpatients Theclinicalconditionsofthepatientsatadmissionwereclassified accordingtotheHuntandKosnikgrade.9Clinicaloutcomewasdetermi nedat3monthsaccordingtotheGlasgowOutcome
Scale.10
RESULTS
TheaneurRsmlocationsandsizesareshowninTable1.OnehundredsiRt een(84%)of138casesofaneurRsmsintheanteriorcirculationweretr eatedafteronlR3D-CTangiographR,and22cases(16%)requiredaddit ionalDSangiographR.Tenof12casesofaneurRsmsintheposteriorcir culationrequiredboth3D-CTangiographRandDSangiographR,buttwo recentcasesoftRpicalVA-PICAaneurRsmwereclippedafteronlR3D-C TangiographR(Fig.1).Thefirst10ofthe22casesintheanteriorcirc ulation,whichrequiredadditionalDSangiographRweredescribedpr eviouslR,1sothemostrecent12patientsarelistedinTable2.Theser
ecentcasesincludedsomeatRpicalaneurRsms.Cases6and8hadafusif ormaneurRsmoftheinternalcarotidarterR(ICA).AdditionalDSangi ographRwasperformedtoobtainhaemodRnamicinformation.ICAtrapp ingwithsuperficialtemporalarterR-middlecerebralarterRanasto mosiswasperformedinCase6becausetheatheroscleroticarteriesfa iledtodemonstratetheballoonocclusiontest(Fig.2).ICAocclusio nbRendovasculartreatmentwasperformedinCase8becausethepatien tcouldtoleratetheballoonocclusiontest.Cases4,9,and10suffere dregrowthofbleedinganeurRsmsafterclippingsurgerR.Clipartifa ctspreventedevaluationoftherupturedsiteaswellasidentificati onofdenovoaneurRsmsinthesecases(Fig.3).Surgicalclippingwasp erformedinCases4and10andendovasculartreatmentinCase9.Case11 hadanACoAaneurRsmassociatedwithanarteriovenousmalformation( AVM)(Fig.4).DSangiographRwasperformedtoevaluatetheAVM.Case1 2hadalargeICA-posteriorcommunicatingarterR(PCoA)aneurRsm,an dadditionalDSangiographRwasperformedbecausethePCoAcouldnotb edetectedbR3D-CTangiographR(Fig.5).Cases1,2,3,5,and7present edwithsmallaneurRsms,andDSangiographRwasperformedtoeRcludeo therlesionsaswellastoobtaininformationabouttheproRimalICAfo rpatientswithsupraclinoidtRpeaneurRsms.
Table1DistributionandsizeofcerebralaneurRsmsin150consecutiv epatients
SiteNo.ofpatients
Anteriorcirculation 138
ICA(supraclinoid) 3
ICAbifurcation 1
ICA-OphA 3
ICA-PCoA 39(1)
ICAfusiform 2
ACoA 50
DistalACA 4
MCA 36(1) Posteriorcirculation 12
PCA 1
BAtip 3
BA-SCA 1
BAtrunk 1(1)
VA-PICA 3
VAdissecting 3(1)
Size(mm)
<5 42
P5to<12 99
P12 9 Numberinparenthesesindicatespatientswhounderwentendovascula rtreatment.
OphA,ophthalmicarterR;ACA,anteriorcerebralarterR;MCA,middle cerebralarterR;PCA,posteriorcerebralarterR;BA,basilararterR ;SCA,superiorcerebellararterR.
Table2TwelvepatientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneurRsm swho
underwentadditionalDSangiographR
CaseNo. Location Size(mm)
1 lt.ICA-PCoA 3.1
2 ACoA 2.2
3 lt.ICAsupraclinoid 1.6
4 lt.ICA-PCoA 7.8
5 lt.ICAsupraclinoid 2.4
6 lt.ICA(fusiform) 11.8
7 lt.ICA-PCoA 3.2
8 rt.ICA(fusiform) 18.8
9 lt.MCA 9.6
10 lt.ICA-PCoA 10.5
11 ACoA 10.1
12 lt.ICA-PCoA 18.2 Thesurgicalfindingscorrelatedwellwiththe3D-CTangiographRorD SangiographR.Table3showstheconditiononadmissionandoutcomeat 3monthsaftersurgerR.Somepatientswithgoodgradesonadmissiondi edofseverespasm,acutebrainswelling,orpoorgeneralcondition,b uttheseoutcomeswerenotrelatedtothepreoperativeradiologicali nformation.
DISCUSSION ThepresentstudRofrupturedaneurRsmsinbothanteriorandposterio rcirculationsfoundthattheindicationsforadditionalDSangiogra phRintheanteriorcirculationaresimilartothatfoundpreviouslR, butweeRperiencedsomenewatRpicalcases.Treatmentoffusiformane urRsmsdependsonthehaemodRnamicinformation,whichcouldonlRbeo
btainedbRDSangiographR.ACoAaneurRsmassociatedwithAVM,althou ghtheinitialCTindicatedthattheaneurRsmhadbled,requiredaccur ateevaluationoftheAVMpriortosurgerR.Clipartifactsaffected3D -CTangiographRincasesofrecurrentSAHafterclippingsurgerR,so3 DCTangiographRisnotindicatedforsuchcases.
3D-CTangiographRwasonlRofcomplementarRuseinmostofthe12cases ofposteriorcirculationaneurRsms.OnlRtwocasesoftRpicalVA-PIC AaneurRsmsweretreatedbasedononlR3D-CTangiographR.TRpicalbas ilararterR-superiorcerebellararterRandVA-PICAaneurRsmscanbe treatedsurgicallRafteronlR3D-CTangiographR.DSangiographRsho uldalwaRsbeperformedforbasilartipaneurRsmstoevaluatetheperf oratingarteriesnearbRaswellasassessthevesseltortuositRforth epossibilitRofendovasculartreatment.TreatmentofVAdissecting aneurRsmsneedsinformationaboutthetrueandfalselumensoftheVAw hichrequiresDSangiographR.Thesmallpopulationofposteriorcirc ulationaneurRsmsinthisstudRindicatesthatthevariationofaneur Rsmsaswellasthetreatmentchoicesintheposteriorcirculationreq uireDSangiographRinmostcases.
Inourseries,mostaneurRsmsmeasured5–
12mm,andtRpicalsaccularaneurRsmsofthatsizecouldbetreatedaft er3D-CTangiographR.However,therewereproblemswithsomelargean eurRsms.DSangiographRwasnotnecessarRiftheneckandnearbRarter iesofalargeaneurRsmwereclearlRdetected.DSangiographRwasnece ssarRintwocasesoflargeaneurRsms.Acaseoflargeophthalmicarter RaneurRsmwaslocatedclosetotheanteriorclinoidprocess.1SmallP CoAaneurRsmsmaRnotbedetectedbR3D-CTangiographR,butthearterR wouldnotbedifficulttoobserveduringtheoperation.Inourcaseofa largePCoAaneurRsm,DSangiographRwasperformedbecausethelargen eckwouldpreventintraoperativeobservationofthePCoA. AlthoughnoteRperiencedinourseries,treatmentincludingbRpasss urgerRforsomelargeorgiantaneurRsmswillrequirethehaemodRnami cinformationprovidedbRDSangiographR.SomesmallaneurRsms(less than4mm)requiredadditionalDSangiographR.3D-CTangiographRmaR bebetterfordetectingsmallaneurRsmthanDSangiographR.11;12How ever,wesuggestDSangiographRisstillnecessarRinthefollowingca ses.FirstlR,compatibilitRoftheinitialCTscanandaneurRsmlocat ionbR3DCTangiographRisimportant.PatientswithrupturedaneurRs mandasRmmetricalSAHwithlateralitRcompatiblewiththerupturesi
tepresentnoproblem.However,wecannotalwaRsdependontheinitial CTscansiftheSAHisdiffuseorsRmmetrical,especiallRifACoAaneur RsmorbasilartipaneurRsmisnotfoundtheresponsiblelesion.DSang iographRismoreusefultoeRcludeotherlesionsbecauseofthesmooth opacificationofthevessels.
SecondlR,caseswithsmallaneurRsmlocatedonthesupraclinoidport ionrequireproRimalICAcontrolduringtheoperation.DSangiograph RisnecessarRtoprovideinformationaboutthehaemodRnamicsinclud ingthecrosscirculation.
Magneticresonance(MR)angiographRispotentiallRtheonlRmodalit RrequiredforpreoperativeassessmentofrupturedcerebralaneurRs ms.13However,MRimagingistime-consumingandaccesstoMRscanners maRberestricted.Patientscouldbeinanunstableconditionintheve rRearlRperiodofSAH,sothattheemergentconditionofthepatientsc ouldbemucheasiertomanageintheCTfacilitR.Ontheotherhand,MRan giographRdoesreducetheuseofcontrastmedium,soisasafediagnost ictool. MRangiographRmaRbethebestmodalitRfordiagnosisinpatientswith goodgradepresentingseveraldaRsaftertheonset,becausetherisko frerupturefallswithtime.
3D-CTangiographRhasbeenusedtoanalRzetheanatomicalstructures forsurgerR.14;15Informationaboutthevenousandarterialstructu resneartheaneurRsmarepreferable,butdonotalwaRsreflectthefin dingsofDSangiographR.Normalanatomicalstructures,suchasperfo ratingarteriesandveins,arelikelRtobeencounteredduringsurger RalthoughnotdetectedclearlRbR3D-CTangiographR. ThisstudRoftheoverallmanagementofrupturedcerebralaneurRsmsw ith3D-CTangiographRandadditionalDSangiographRindicatesthatm orepatientswithanteriorcirculationaneurRsmswillbetreatedaft eronlR3D-CTangiographReRceptforthefollowingcasesrequiringad ditionalDSangiographR:AneurRsmsclosetobonestructures,suchas anICA-ophthalmicarterRaneurRsm;fusiformaneurRsms,andlargeor giantaneurRsmsrequiringaccurateneckinformationandhaemodRnam icinformationforbRpasssurgerR;patientswithdiscrepanciesbetw eenthedistributionofSAHonCTandthelocationoftheaneurRsm,espe ciallRsmallaneurRsms,toeRcludeotherlesions;smallaneurRsmslo catedonthesupraclinoidportionofICA,whichrequireinformationa bouthaemodRnamicsandproRimalICAcontrol;regrowthofaneurRsmst
hatleadsclipartifacts;andaneurRsmsassociatedwithAVMinrelate dlocations.Aclearconclusionaboutpatientswithposteriorcircul ationaneurRsmscannotbereachedbecauseofthesmallpopulation.TR picalbasilararterR-superiorcerebellararterRandVA-PICAaneurR smscanbetreatedsurgicallRafteronlR3D-CTangiographR,but3D-CT angiographRmaRbelimitedtocomplementarRuseforbasilartipaneur RsmsandotherposteriorcirculationaneurRsmsbecauseoftheneedfo rcloseobservationofnearbRperforatingarteriesandthepossibili tRofendovasculartreatment.DissectinganeurRsm,whichisoftenob servedintheVA,requiresDSangiographRtodetecttrueandfalselume ns.
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三维CT血管造影对破裂脑动脉瘤的诊断和治疗的当前应用KenichiAmagasakiMD,NobuRasuTakeuchiMD,TakashiSatoMD,ToshiRu kiKakizawaMD,TsuneoShimizuMDKantoNeurosurgicalHospital,Kuma gaRa,Saitama,Japan
摘要我们以往的研究表明，3D-CT血管造影破裂脑动脉瘤大多数情况下，可以取代（DS）的数字减影造影，尤其是前循环的动脉瘤。本研究回顾了我们更多的经验。1998年11月和20RR年3月间共收治一百五十脑动脉瘤破裂患者。只有3D-CT血管造影用于前循环动脉瘤患者的术前准备工作，除非在场的神经外科医生同意，才使用DS数字减影造影。对于后循环动脉瘤患者我们同时采用3D-CT血管造影和DS数字减影造影，只是最近我们才尝试单独使用3D-CT血管造影。164（84%）例前循环动脉瘤破裂患者中有138例需要手术治疗，但需要额外的DS 数字减影造影的只有22（16%）例。在12例手术治疗的后循环动脉瘤
患者中只有最近两例患者只使用三维CT血管造影。对于大部分单独前循环动脉瘤破裂患者来说，只需行3D-CT血管造影就可成功治疗。然而，非典型病例的额外的DS造影仍然是必要的。3D-CT血管造影在后循环动脉瘤破裂的患者中的使用可能会受到限制。
关键词:3D-CT血管造影,颅内动脉瘤,蛛网膜下腔出血,外科
引言
最近，三维计算机断层扫描（3D-CT）造影成为脑动脉瘤鉴定的主要工具之一，它具有速度快，创伤小，比脑血管造影更方便的优点[1–7]。动脉瘤破裂患者可以在仅行有3D-CT血管造影诊断的基础上进行治疗[5－6]。3D-CT血管造影在破裂脑动脉瘤术前的准备工作方面有一定的局限性，所以额外的数字减影（DS）的血管造影仍然是必要的，尤其是在后循环动脉瘤[8]。我们以往的研究表明，3D-CT血管造影在大部分前循环破裂脑动脉瘤患者的诊断中可以取代DS血管造影[1]。本研究回顾我们150例基于3D-CT血管造影治疗前循环和后循环破裂脑动脉瘤的经验，以评估目前3D-CT血管造影目前使用情况。
方法和材料
患者情况
我们治疗的患者共150例，60名男性和90名妇女，年龄23至80岁（平均57.5岁），1998年11月至20RR年三月之间以3D－CT血管造影确诊脑动脉瘤破裂。
病例管理
由CT或脑脊液的腰椎穿刺结果证实非创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的存在。所有患者常规进行3D-CT造影。只有在四个神经外科医生分析初始的CT和3D-CT后共同认为需要更多的信息时才进行DS血管造影。在后循环动脉瘤破裂的患者中除了最近两个典型的椎小脑动脉
（VA-PICA）瘤患者外都同时进行了三维CT血管造影和DS造影。对于典型的囊状动脉瘤使用夹闭手术治疗。梭形和夹层动脉瘤采用近端闭塞治疗，可以通过带或不带旁路手术的外科开放手术或介入手术治疗。对于再生动脉瘤可以采用外科开放手术或介入手术治疗。术后，对所有患者采用积极预防和治疗脑血管痉挛的措施，包括动脉内注射罂粟碱或腔内血管成形术。
3D-CT血管造影对螺旋CT扫描仪产生的血管造影影像进行采集和后处理(CT-W3000AD;日本茨县城，日立牌)。注射130ml非离子型造影剂(Omnipaque;日本东京第一制药公司)后从枕骨大孔区域开始，采用标准技术获取信息。每次扫描的源图像传输到一个离线的计算机工作站(VIPstation;日本帝人系统技术)。脑动脉的体积渲染图像和投影图像同时被建立。在得到较好的图像后，前循环和后循环分别在体积渲染图像进行了评价。首先通过旋转视图观察前交通动脉（ACOA）来
1. The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating Tzung Tzu and racing dragon boats. The most important activities of this festival are the dragon boat races. Competing teams drive their colorful dragon boats forward to the rhythm（节奏,韵律） of beating drums. These exciting races were inspired by the villager's attempts to rescue Chu Yuan from the Mi Lo River. This tradition has remained unbroken for centuries. A very popular dish during the Dragon Boat festival is tzung tzu. This tasty dish consists of rice dumplings with meat, peanut, egg yolk（蛋黄）, or other fillings wrapped in bamboo leaves. The tradition of tzung tzu is meant to remind us of the village fishermen scattering rice across the water of the Mi Low River in order to appease the river dragons so that they would not devour Chu Yuan. 一，端午节 龙舟节也叫做端午节，它位于每年农历的五月初五，经过几千年的时间，划龙舟和吃粽子已经成为这个节日的标志。 端午节最重要的活动是龙舟竞赛，比赛的队伍在热烈的鼓声中划著他
商务英语口语900句中英文对照中文翻译 Unit 1希望与要求 Part 1 . 1. We'd like to express our desire to establish business relationship with you on the basis of quality, mutually benefit and exchange of needed goods . 我们希望在保证质量、互惠互利以及交易彼此需要的货物的基础上和你们建立业务关系。 2 .In order to extend our export business to your country we wish to enter direct business relations with you. 为了扩大我们在贵国的出口业务，我们希望和你们建立直接贸易关系。 3. Our hope is to establish mutually beneficial trading relations between us . 希望在我们之间能够建立互惠互利的贸易关系。 4. We looking forward to further extensions of pleasant business relations. 我们期待进一步保持愉快的业务关系。 5. It’s our hope to continue with considerable business dealing with you. 我们的希望是和你们保持可观的生意往来。 6. We looking forward to receiving your quotation very soon. 我们期待尽快收到你们的报价单。 7.I hope you see from the reduction that we are really doing our utmost. 我希望你能够看到我们事实上已经作出了最大程度的让价。 8.We hope to discuss business with you at your earliest convenience. 我们希望在你方便的时候和你洽谈业务。
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
常用单位的中英文对照翻译 单位 Unit. 单位制 system of units 米 meter (m) 毫米 millimeter (mm) 英尺 foot (ft) 英寸 inch (in) 弧度 radian (rad) 度degree (°) 摄氏 Celsius. (C) 华氏 Fahrenheit (F) 磅／平方英寸 pounds per square inch (psi) 百万帕斯卡 million pascal (MPa) 巴 bar 千克（公斤） kilogram (kg) 克 gram (g) 牛顿 newton (N) 吨 ton (t) 千磅 kilopound (kip) 平方米 square meter (m 2) 方毫米 square millimeter (mm2 ) 立方米 cubic meter (m3 ) 升 liter; litre (L) 转／分 revolutions per minute (rpm) 百万分之一 parts per million (ppm) 焦（耳） Joule (J) 千瓦 kilowatt (kW) 伏（特） volt (V) 安（培） ampere (A) 欧（姆）ohm (Ω) （小）时 hour (h) 分 minute (min) 秒 second (s)
管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照) 1 管道组成件 Piping component 1.1 管子 Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube 钢管 steel pipe 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 衬里管 lined pipe 复合管 clad pipe 碳钢管 carbon steel pipe 合金钢管 alloy steel pipe 不锈钢 stainless steel pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe 焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe 电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe 热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe 水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe 塑料管 plastic pipe 玻璃管 glass tube 橡胶管 rubber tube 直管 run pipe; straight pipe 1.2 管件 Fitting 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow 带支座弯头 base elbow k半径弯头 long radius elbow 短半径弯头 short radius elbow
X京房权证朝字号：1203587 X Beijing House Property Right Certificate Chao Zi 1203587
房屋所有权人赵四 Owner of the house Zhao Si 共有情况共同共有 Co-ownership Circumstance Joint possession 房屋坐落朝阳区和平街十区19号楼3层2单元306 Location Room 306, Unit 2, Floor 3, Apt. 19, Zone 10 Heping Streest, Chaoyang District 登记时间2013-01-16 Date of registration January 16, 2013 房屋性质商品房 Housing property Commercial residential building 住宅 规划用途 Residence 房屋状况建筑面积套内建筑面积 总层数其他 Building Building area Building area in the suite Total floors Others Condition （就）（就）
附记 Remarks 共有人房屋所有权共有份额 赵四X京房权朝字第1203587号共同共有 王五X京房权朝字第1203587号共同共有 Co-owner HouseProperty Right Certificate No. Share of co-ownership Zhao Si X Beijing House Property Right Certificate No. 1203587 Joint possession
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides com mon in formatio n man ageme nt systems, desig n resources can be orga ni zed in connection with desig n activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated in to many subtasks formi ng a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assig n certa in resources to its task no des. As a result of decompositi on. al1 desig n resources and activities could be man aged via this system. KEY WORDS : Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decompositi on, In formati on Man ageme nt System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for adva need desig n methods, more and more desig n tool appeared to support new desig n methods and forms. Desig n in a web en vir onment with multi-part ners being invo Ived requires a more powerful and efficie nt man ageme nt system .Desig n part ners can be located everywhere over the n et with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discussesa task man ageme nt system (TMS) which man ages desig n activities and resources by break ing dow n desig n objectives and re-orga nizing desig n resources in conn ecti on with the activities. Compari ng with com mon information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and docume nt man ageme nt system, TMS can man age the whole desig n process. It has two tiers which make it much more flexible in structure. The lower tier con sists of traditi onal com mon IMSS and the upper one fulfills logic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and
大学英汉对照课程翻译 高等代数 Elementary Algebra 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 中共党史 History of the Chinese Communist Party 算法语言 Algorithmic Language 体育 Physical Education 英语 English Language 力学实验 Mechanics-Practical 德育 Moral Education PASCAL语言 PASCAL Language 政治经济学 Political Economics 电学实验 Electrical Experiment 数字逻辑 Mathematical Logic 普通物理 General Physics 计算方法 Computing Method 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics
汇编原理 Principles of Assembly 概率与统计 Probability & Statistics 数据结构 Data Structure 哲学 Philosophy 微机原理 Principles of Microcomputer 编译方法 Compilation Method 系统结构 System Structure 操作系统原理 Principles of Operating System 文献检索 Documentation Retri 数据库概论 Introduction to Database 网络原理 Principles of Network 人工智能 Artificial Intelligence 算法分析 Algorithm Analysis 毕业论文 Graduation Thesis
PLC论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 外文资料: PLC technique discussion and future development Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise. The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide. The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the
Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion
中国菜英文名 Chinese dish in English 中餐Chinese Food 1.凉菜类 1、白菜心拌蜇头Marinated Jellyfish and Chinese Cabbage in Vinaigrette 2、白灵菇扣鸭掌Mushrooms with Duck Feet 3、拌豆腐丝Shredded Tofu with Sauce 4、白切鸡Boiled Chicken with Sauce 5、拌双耳Tossed Black and White Fungus 6、冰梅凉瓜Bitter Melon in Plum Sauce 7、冰镇芥兰Chinese Broccoli with Wasabi 8、朝鲜辣白菜Korean Cabbage in Chili Sauce 9、朝鲜泡菜Kimchi 10、陈皮兔肉Rabbit Meat with Tangerine Flavor 11、川北凉粉Clear Noodles in Chili Sauce 12、刺身凉瓜Bitter Melon with Wasabi 13、豆豉多春鱼Shisamo in Black Bean Sauce 14、夫妻肺片Pork Lungs in Chili Sauce 15、干拌牛舌Ox Tongue in Chili Sauce 16、干拌顺风Pig Ear in Chili Sauce 17、怪味牛腱Spiced Beef Shank 18、红心鸭卷Sliced Duck Rolls with Egg Y olk 19、姜汁皮蛋Preserved Eggs in Ginger Sauce 20、酱香猪蹄Pig Feet Seasoned with Soy Sauce 21、酱肘花Sliced Pork in Soy Sauce 22、金豆芥兰Chinese Broccoli with Soy Beans 23、韭黄螺片Sliced Sea Whelks with Hotbed Chives 24、老北京豆酱Traditional Beijing Bean Paste 25、老醋泡花生Peanuts Pickled in Aged Vinegar 26、凉拌金针菇Golden Mushrooms and Mixed V egetables 27、凉拌西芹云耳Celery with White Fungus 28、卤水大肠Marinated Pork Intestines 29、卤水豆腐Marinated Tofu 30、卤水鹅头Marinated Goose Heads 31、卤水鹅翼Marinated Goose Wings 32、卤水鹅掌Marinated Goose Feet 33、卤水鹅胗Marinated Goose Gizzard 34、卤水鸡蛋Marinated Eggs 35、卤水金钱肚Marinated Pork Tripe 36、卤水牛腱Marinated Beef Shank
+plus加号；正号 -minus减号；负号 ±plus or minus正负号 ×is multiplied by乘号 ÷is divided by除号 ＝is equal to等于号 ≠is not equal to不等于号 ≡is equivalent to全等于号 ≌is equal to or approximately equal to等于或约等于号≈is approximately equal to约等于号 ＜is less than小于号 ＞is more than大于号 ≮is not less than不小于号 ≯is not more than不大于号 ≤is less than or equal to小于或等于号 ≥is more than or equal to大于或等于号 %per cent百分之… ‰per mill千分之… ∞infinity无限大号 ∝varies as与…成比例 √(square) root平方根 ∵since; because因为 ∴hence所以 ∷equals, as (proportion)等于，成比例 ∠angle角 ⌒semicircle半圆 ⊙circle圆 ○circumference圆周 πpi 圆周率 △triangle三角形 ⊥perpendicular to垂直于 ∪union of并，合集 ∩intersection of 交，通集 ∫the integral of …的积分 ∑(sigma) summation of总和 °degree度 ′minute分 ″second秒 ℃Celsius system摄氏度 { open brace, open curly 左花括号 } close brace, close curly 右花括号 ( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号 ) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号 () brakets/ parentheses 括号[ open bracket 左方括号 ] close bracket 右方括号 [] square brackets 方括号 . period, dot 句号，点 | vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线 & ampersand, and, reference, ref 和，引用 * asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号，乘号，星，指针 / slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号 // slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符 # pound 井号 \ backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符，有时表示转义符或续行符 ~ tilde 波浪符 . full stop 句号 , comma 逗号 : colon 冒号 ; semicolon 分号 ? question mark 问号 ! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语) ' apostrophe 撇号 - hyphen 连字号 -- dash 破折号 ... dots/ ellipsis 省略号 " single quotation marks 单引号 "" double quotation marks 双引号 ‖ parallel 双线号 & ampersand = and ～swung dash 代字号 §section; division 分节号 →arrow 箭号；参见号
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no