外文翻译
原文
The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms
Material Source: Small Business Economics Author: Dirk De Clercq ABSTRACT: This paper contributes to the existing researchby integrating the notions of organizational learning and entrepreneurial orientation into the body of international entrepreneurship. Our primary framework combines learning theory and the new venture theory of internationalization to study the extent to which small and medium-sized companies engage in international activities. We found that the firms' international learning effort and entrepreneurial orientation are positively associated with internationalization intent whereas domestic learning effort is negatively related with internationalization intent. Overall, our results suggest (1) that intensive knowledge renewal and exploitation regarding foreign markets and the internationalization process itself may increase internationalization by affecting the perceptions ofopportunities offered by further international expansion, and(2) that firms with an entrepreneurial mindset may be more likely to develop along-term, substantial presence in the international arena, compared to firms that are more reactive or conservative.
1 .Introduction
Previous researchers have examined why firms internationalize and at what pace they engage in cross-border activities (Berra et al., 1994; Caloff and Viviers, 1995; Crick et al., 2001; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977; Johanson and Vahlne, 1990). Also, prior research has examined the impact of learning--oriented factors in explaining a firm's commitment to international activities (Ogbuehi and Longfellow, 1994; Autio et al., 2000; Burpitt and Rondinelli, 2000). For instance, Burpitt and Rondinelli (2000) found that firms may be more likely to increase their exporting activities when they consider the amount of learning resulting from international activities as being highly valuable. In this study, we partly rely on the behavioral view of the firm to further examine learning-based antecedents of a firm's internationalization intent (Cyert and March, 1963).
The behavioral view of internationalization focuses on the impact of international experience on the pace and direction of subsequent internationalization (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). An important theme in the behavioral view is the role of organizational knowledge in the internationalization process. In this study we use organizational learning theory for examining a firm's propensity to invest in future cross-border activities (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; Autio et al., 2000). Whereas prior research has often operationalized a firm's degree of internationalization as its level of export (for example, Campbell, 1996; Crick et al., 2001), we define "internationalization intent" as a firm's propensity to expand its cross-border activities in terms of the intensity (for example, level of export) and the scope (for example, number of countries to which the firm exports) of such activides. One contribution of our study lies in our creating a measure for organizational learning effort as an antecedent of internationalization intent. We define organizational learning effort as activities aimed at exploiting existing knowledge and exploring new knowledge with regard to domestic and foreign markets.
Some researchers have criticized the behavioral view for over-emphasizing the impact of organizational experience on internationalization efforts (Aharoni, 1966). That is, it has been argued that Johanson and Vahlne's framework does not explain why some firms engage in cross-border activities early on or why they proceed rapidly once first internationalization has taken place. For instance, McDougall et al. (1994) argued that firms may internationalize early because a top management team with previous international experience may be willing and able to pursue new combinations of key resources across national borders early on in the firm's existence. In short, some researchers have recognized more explicitly the role of a firm's strategic choice and entrepreneurial character in the decision to enter the international arena (Child, 1972; McDougall and Oviatt, 2000). This recent stream of research, the new venture theory of internationalization, examines how competencies influence a firm's strategic choice to engage in cross-border activities (McDougall, 1989; McDougall and Oviatt, 2000).
Our primary framework combines learning theory, with its roots in the behavioral theory of the firm, and the new venture theory of internationalization (Cyert and March, 1963; Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; McDougall and Oviatt, 2000). First, we look explicitly at how knowledge development and renewal with regard to foreign and domestic activities may have an impact on perceptions about the opportunities offered by further internationalization. Second, we examine the
effect of entrepreneurial orientation on a firm's internationalization intent. We draw our analysis on small Belgian firms that have engaged in cross-border activity. As with prior research on firm internationalization in small European countries (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977; Autio et al., 2000), Belgium provides an interesting setting in which to examine internationalization in that cross-border activity is often a necessity given the limited domestic market size, yet many firms still avoid starting or expanding international activities for a significant period of time (Eriksson et al. 1997; Autio et al., 2000).
As mentioned earlier, the behavioral theory of internationalization assumes that international expansion can be described as a process in which the firm goes through incremental steps that reduce the uncertainty embedded in cross-border activity (Aharoni, 1966; Prasad, 1999). Basing their arguments on the experience of Swedish companies, Johanson and Vahlne (1977, 1990) explained both the pace and direction of subsequent international activities. For instance, they argued that a firm might change gradually the nature of its activities within a foreign country, that is, from only export to fully-owned overseas production investments, as well as across countries by expanding over time to countries that are more physically and culturally distant. Similarly, Calof and Viviers (1995) found that Canadian and South African firms preferred to gradually learn about the international arena by entering first markets that are perceived to be less risky-that is, being geographically and culturally close to the domestic market-before entering "more risky" distant markets. In short, the behavioral approach towards internationalization focuses on a firm's gradually increasing international involvement through a series of incremental steps. An important driver for increasing international commitment is the development of knowledge relevant to foreign markets. In this study we argue that prior research in organizational learning theory may provide a good framework for explaining in detail how activities aimed at knowledge development and renewal may foster cross-border activity.
We posit that organizational learning effort pertains to activities aimed at both building on existing knowledge and developing new knowledge (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990). This description of learning effort is consistent with prior research that argued that organizational learning includes two modes, that is, exploitation and exploration (Levinthal and March, 1993). Exploration involves the search for new knowledge, skills and processes, whereas exploitation involves the incremental improvement of existing knowledge, skills and processes. Levinthal
and March (1993) indicated that exploitation by itself may not be sufficient in the long run to maintain a competitive advantage, since the environment in which an organization operates changes over time. Therefore, we conceptualize organizational learning effort as the extent of effort to both exploit existing knowledge and to explore for new knowledge. Such effort may be aimed at learning inside home country borders (that is, domestic learning effort) or outside these borders (that is, international learning effort).
The sample in our study was drawn from a database maintained by the Center of Entrepreneurship at the Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School in Belgium. The sample includes firms that are independent (that is, they are not subunits of a large organization) and owner-managed. We considered only firms with fewer than 500 employees to be included in the study, a figure consistent with Seringaus (1993) and Moini (1995) for the definition of small and medium-sized enterprises. In the Spring of 2000, we collected the data based on surveys mailed to the owners or top executives of 500 firms randomly selected from the database; we received 92 completed surveys, which repre-Bents a response rate of 18070 (the survey items appear in the Appendix). In order to test for possible non-response bias, early respondents were compared with late respondents, as it has been suggested that late respondents, especially after follow-up, may be relatively similar to non-respondents (Armstrong and Overton, 1977; Churchill, 1991). We found no statistically Big-nificant differences between early and late respondents for the variables under study. In addition to the survey data, we also undertook exploratory interviews with some of the respondents in order to facilitate the interpretation of the quantitative results (see discussion section). Finally, we also collected sales data for 1999 from a database maintained by the National Bank of Belgium.
The positive relationship between international learning effort and internationalization intent indiGates that efforts aimed explicitly at knowledge renewal and exploitation with regard to specific foreign markets and the internationalization process in general increase the propensity to expand cross-border activities. As mentioned earlier, the rationale for this positive relationship may lie in the role of foreign knowledge in diminfishing the uncertainty embedded in international expansion, or in increasing the willingness to leverage this knowledge in additional cross-border activities. The quantitative support for this relationship was also confirmed by the exploratory interviews with some of the sampled firms. For instance, Sarens, a firm active in renting and selling movable
cranes for the construction sector, had developed deep organizational knowledge with regard to safety regulations and planning of construction projects in countries that were geographically close to the domestic market. This knowledge motivated the firm, then, in further competing for large-scale projects worldwide; that is, even for unknown distant countries, the firm's top management believed that the specific knowledge of individual workers and the organizational know一how was strong enough to bring such projects to a successful end.
The results of this study may clarify the factors leading to or inhibiting additional international activity among small firms in an economy with limited domestic opportunities for growth. Our results suggest that intensive knowledge renewal and exploitation regarding foreign markets and the internationalization process itself may increase internationalization by affecting the perceptions of opportunities offered by further international expansion. Also, firms that engage in radical innovation, undertake bold, aggressive actions, or are willing to assume risks, may be more likely to develop a long-term, substantial presence in the international arena, compared to firms that are more reactive or conservative. Finally, our results suggest that international and domestic learning activities are complementary: they tend to covary, and they tend to be related in the same ways with entrepreneurial orientation; however, our results also suggest that firms that invest in domestic learning activities, as opposed to international learning activities, may be less likely to internationalize further; this may ultimately hamper firm success in the long term.
译文
中小企业的国际化
资料来源: Small Business Economics 作者：Dirk De Clercq 摘要：本文通过整合组织学习的概念和企业进入国际市场的创业导向，有助于对现有研究的贡献。我们的主要框架是结合学习理论和中小企业在国际活动中的新的企业理论。我们发现，公司努力学习国际化并且其创业导向很积极与国际化的意图有着很大的关系，而国内相关的学习与国际化的意图是负相关。
外文翻译 原文 Strategies for distinctive brands Material Source: Journal of Brand Management Author:Judith Lynne Zaichkowsky ABSTRACT Brand identity complements brand equity and it forms an important part of the strategic management of brands. Identity elements include a well-known brand name, logo, font type, symbols, colour, shape, as well as unique product and benefit descriptions. These different elements can contribute to distinct consumer perceptions of various brands in the marketplace and help to differentiate brands from competitors. Brand managers need to start with a vision of what they want their brand to represent and then use the appropriate identity elements to build the brand. Some brand identity components may be influential to choice at the subconscious level of consumers, and therefore the understanding of individual psychological processes of perception and social meaning is required by brand managers. Keywords: brand equity ; brand identity ; logos ; brand names ; packaging INTRODUCTION Much literature in the area of branding has focused on brand equity and its importance to strong brands. Although everyone agrees that understanding and creating brand equity is essential for marketing, very little academic attention is paid to understanding the importance of brand identity and its relation to brand equity and brand management. Brand identity is the visual picture and meaning derived from the visual impact of the brand. For the consumer to identify brands with their respective manufacturers, the brands must be sold with distinctive features supplied by that particular manufacturer. Strong and unique links to one source is what complements and protects brands from being interchangeable in the marketplace. Brand differentiation, or identity, may be achieved through a well-known brand name, logo, typeface, symbol, colour, shape, distinctive design of the package or product, as well as product benefit descriptions known as unique selling points
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 原文： Financing of SMEs Abstract The main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are https://www.doczj.com/doc/f812409354.html, For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from
附录1 RURAL FINANCE: MAINSTREAMING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS By Hans Dieter Seibel Abstract Informal financial institutions (IFIs), among them the ubiquitous rotating savings and credit associations, are of ancient origin. Owned and self-managed by local people, poor and non-poor, they are self-help organizations which mobilize their own resources, cover their costs and finance their growth from their profits. With the expansion of the money economy, they have spread into new areas and grown in numbers, size and diversity; but ultimately, most have remained restricted in size, outreach and duration. Are they best left alone, or should they be helped to upgrade their operations and be integrated into the wider financial market? Under conducive policy conditions, some have spontaneously taken the opportunity of evolving into semiformal or formal microfinance institutions (MFIs). This has usually yielded great benefits in terms of financial deepening, sustainability and outreach. Donors may build on these indigenous foundations and provide support for various options of institutional development, among them: incentives-driven mainstreaming through networking; encouraging the establishment of new IFIs in areas devoid of financial services; linking IFIs/MFIs to banks; strengthening Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as promoters of good practices; and, in a nonrepressive policy environment, promoting appropriate legal forms, prudential regulation and delegated supervision. Key words: Microfinance, microcredit, microsavings。 1. informal finance, self-help groups In March 1967, on one of my first field trips in Liberia, I had the opportunity to observe a group of a dozen Mano peasants cutting trees in a field belonging to one of them. Before they started their work, they placed hoe-shaped masks in a small circle, chanted words and turned into animals. One turned into a lion, another one into a bush hog, and so on, and they continued to imitate those animals throughout the whole day, as they worked hard on their land. I realized I was onto something serious, and at the end of the day, when they had put the masks into a bag and changed back into humans,
文献出处: Waitz M. The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2016, 8(6): 81-91. 原文 The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance Waitz M Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. Article introduces the concept of the Internet financial, mainly summarized the P2P financial in the development of financial innovation and integration of science and technology, a combination of academic research on P2P financial now of the five directions of various views and opinions. Points out the current P2P financial problems in the development of risk control, and analyses the trend of the Internet financial. Keywords: P2P financial; Financial innovation; Risk control 1 Introduction Look from the history of enterprise development, a large enterprise originate from small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) is the most dynamic part of the national economy, often walk in the forefront of technology development, in the high-tech industry, clean energy, green economy, etc, have good performance, play an important role in the economic transformation. Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. These small and medium-sized enterprise financing environment and narrow channels, more than 60% are unable to get a bank loan. At present, science and technology enterprises and the characteristics of light assets, financing difficulties, become a huge bottleneck of sustainable development. 2 The concept of the Internet financial In the past two years, the Internet financial show explosive growth, since 2014, the Internet financial sector performance strength. Current economic field exists the phenomenon of two special contradiction, one is the small and medium-sized
中小企业融资的英文文献 Automatically translated text: The definition of lease financing Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer. It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial industry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and
中小企业成本管理研究外文翻译、中文文献外文资料及译文 Cost Management for SMEs SMEs are an important pillar of China's economic development, in the Abstract: increasingly fierce market economy, the SMEs to establish position, to produce quality products, controlling production costs, reduce unnecessary waste, and only in order to obtain better economic benefit, to continue the development and growth : The importance of cost management; cost information; design ideas; Keywords thinking Introduction Since the reform and opening up, China's economic development, small and medium enterprises in the socialist market economy and plays an irreplaceable role. It played an important role to promote market competition, increasing employment, promoting innovation and to accelerate national economic development and maintaining social stability. Many SME organizations due to their own institutions are inadequate, the system is not tight, the quality of personnel is good and bad, the lower management level can not be ignored, especially in the chaos of cost management, even within the enterprise is not the full cost accounting information, which impeded the economic developments.
品牌营销外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文： 品牌 消费者总有关于产品可用性、质量和可供选择的价格的不完全信息。这样的“不完美的信息”导致他们依靠那些减轻获取产品信息的费用的品牌。由于依靠名牌和伴生的公司名誉，每次购买时，消费者没有搜寻或调查产品就能做出合理的购买。 许多经济学家惊叹这样一个事实：消费者在名牌上投入了如此的信赖。问题是，如同这些经济学家看见的，消费者的信赖给了公司建立超出他们能收取的价格的品牌“市场力量”。因为这些经济学家宣称要“真实地”辨别产品，当公司以独特的名牌、相关的广告和积极的竞争来“区分”他们的产品，他们能够比其他人得到更多。名牌引导消费
者在不同的产品之间进行那些经济学家认为的人为的分别。公司因为品牌而受到尊敬，因此，名牌能使企业在提高价格的情况下而不会失去重大的销售额。 品牌导致消费者经常根据现实世界和“完美的”信息世界之间的比较而付出不必要的多余地的高价，那里同一个行业内的每个公司都承担出售相同的、没有品牌的“同类”产品。这些是在“完善的竞争模型，”作的假定，及有时供经济学家使用的简化的构建。虽然不完美信息是完全自然的和不可避免的。许多经济学家认为完善的竞争的绝佳状态是衡量政策是否理想的评判标准。那是因为在完善的竞争之下公司没有任何力量抬高交易价格。如果公司提高了他们的产品的价格甚至只比市场价格高一分，它都将什么也卖不出去。因此，在完全竞争情况下，消费者不会支付更高一分的价格购买在其他任何地方以更低的价格能买到的相同的产品。毫不奇怪，假定同类产品是理想的，导致以品牌区分产品而减少消费者福利的不正确涵义。那么，反过来，导致由哈佛经济学家爱德华·H 1956年主张的政策——商标不应该被强制执行。 但是，越来越多的经济行业认识到了假定产品是相同的存在着问题。你无法理解由没有下降的品牌效应为其服务的经济目的假定，我们居住在消费者都知晓的完全信息的世界。实际上，消费者没有充分的掌握信息，并且他们也知道他们并没有掌握完全的信息。因此，他们重视公司的名誉——并且他们愿意支付更多在那些一直供应高质量产品、拥有良好声誉的生产商的产品上。通过这种做法，消费者不会不合理行动。他们简单地设法保护自己没有必须用许多时间去学习获得关于各个公
农村金融小额信贷中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) RURAL FINANCE: MAINSTREAMING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS By Hans Dieter Seibel Abstract Informal financial institutions (IFIs), among them the ubiquitous rotating savings and credit associations, are of ancient origin. Owned and self-managed by local people, poor and non-poor, they are self-help organizations which mobilize their own resources, cover their costs and finance their growth from their profits. With the expansion of the money economy, they have spread into new areas and grown in numbers, size and diversity; but ultimately, most have remained restricted in size, outreach and duration. Are they best left alone, or should they be helped to upgrade
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院： 专业： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Facts for You (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 中小型企业融资决策 企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。随着我国加入WTO 组织，市场经济体制的逐步完善，金融市场的快速发展，投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。对于中小型企业而言，应要根据自身发展需求，认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险，确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。要解决这些问题，需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略，以作出最优化的融资决策。 一、企业融资决策概述 (一)企业融资决策概述 企业融资决策，是企业根据其价值创造目标需要，利用一定时机与渠道，采取经济有效的融资工具，为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构，而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权（融资方式）、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值（融资成本）、何时出售些债务和股权（融资时机）等等。而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。而企业的融资方式则多种多样，常见的以下几种： 1.财政融资。财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲，可分为：预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。 2.银行融资。从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说，主要是各种代款，例如：信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。 3.商业融资。其方式也是多种多样，主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。
Appendix： International Business Review 13 (2004) 383–400 Sources of export success in small and medium-sized enterprises: the impact of public programs Roberto Alvarez E Department of Economics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Abstract This paper analyzes differences in firm exporter performance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Traditionally, it is argued that these firms face several disadvantages for competing in international markets. Few studies, however, exploit the fact that successful exporters exist within this group. Using data for Chilean firms, we study various explanations for differences between sporadic and permanent exporters. Our results suggest that greater effort in international business, process innovation, and the utilization of export promotion programs contribute positively to export performance in SMEs. In addition, we find that some forms of intervention are better than others: trade shows and trade missions do not affect the probability of exporting permanently, but exporter committees show a positive and significant impact. Key words: Export performance; Export promotion; Small- and medium-sized enterprises
品牌营销战略参考文献和英文文献翻译 目录外文文献翻译..............................................................................................1 摘要..........................................................................................................1 1. 品牌战略内涵与其功能意义.......................................................................2 2. 我国企业品牌发展概况..............................................................................3 2.1 国内品牌与国外品牌相比存在着很大的差距............................................3 2.2 品牌发展缺乏整体规划. (4) 2.3 产品质量低下品牌个性不足缺乏创新和发展能力.....................................4 2.4 品牌发展策略存在误区. (4) 3. 企业品牌策略选择..................................................................................6 3.1 树立正确的品牌竞争意识着力提高品牌竞争能力......................................6 3.2 搞好品牌定位培养消费者品牌偏好与品牌忠诚.. (6) 3.3 遵循品牌设计规律注重品牌形
本科毕业论文外文翻译 题目：民间融资存在的问题及其对策分析 原文题目：《正规与非正规金融：来自中国的证据》 作者：Meghana Ayyagari，Asli Demirguc-kunt，Vojislav Maksimovic 原文出处：世界银行发展研究组财政与私营部门政策研究工作文件，2008 正规与非正规金融：来自中国的证据 中国在财务结果与经济增长的反例中是被经常提及的，因为它的银行体系存在很大的弱点，但它却是发展最快的全球经济体之一。在中国，私营部门依据其筹资治理机制，促进公司的快速增长，以及促进中国的发展。本文以一个企业的融资模式和使用2400份的中国企业数据库资料，以及一个相对较小的公司在利用非正式资金来源的样本比例，得出其是更大依赖正式的银行融资。尽管中国的银行存在较大的弱点，但正规融资金融体系关系企业快速成长，而从其他渠道融资则不是。通过使用选择模型我们发现，没有证据证明这些成果的产生是因为选择的公司已进入正规金融体系。虽然公司公布银行贪污，但没有证据表明它严重影响了信贷分配或公司的业绩获得。 金融的发展与更快的增长已证明和改善资源配置有关。尽管研究的重点一直是正式的金融机构，但也认识到非正式金融系统的存在和其发挥的巨大作用，特别是在发展中国家。虽然占主导地位的观点是，非正规金融机构发挥辅助作用，提供低端市场的服务，通常无抵押，短期贷款只限于农村地区，农业承包合同，家庭，个人或小企业的贷款筹资。非正规金融机构依靠关系和声誉，可以有效地监督和执行还款。可是非正规金融系统不能取代正规金融，这是因为他们的监督和执行机制不能适应金融体系高端的规模需要。 最近，有研究强调非正式融资渠道发挥了关键的作用，甚至在发达市场。圭索，萨皮恩扎和津加莱斯（2004）表明，非正式资本影响整个意大利不同地区的金融发展水平。戈麦斯（2000）调查为什么一些股东在新股投资恶劣的环境下，仍保护投资者的权利，并得出结论，控股股东承诺不征用股本，是因为担心他们的声誉。Garmaise和莫斯科维茨（2003）显示，即使在美国，非正式金融在融资方面也发挥了重要的作用。举一个商业房地产作为例子，市场经纪人，他们主要是为客户提供服务，以获得资金，这和证券经纪和银行开发具有非正式
Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of national
文献信息： 文献标题：A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs（科威特工业中小企业内部审计有效性的理论探讨）国外作者：Awn Metlib AL-SHBAIL，Turki A.A.TURKI 文献出处：《International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences》, 2017,1(7):107-116 字数统计：英文2221单词，12805字符；中文4184汉字 外文文献： A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs Abstract This paper aims to scrutinise the association between the internal audit effectiveness and the four factors associated with International Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (ISPPIA): independence of internal auditors, scope of internal auditors, management support, and audited cooperation. The relationship between these factors and Satisfaction of internal auditors is also examined. Further, the moderating effect on the relationship between these factors (if present) and the effectiveness of IA among industrial SMEs in Kuwait are investigated through satisfaction of internal auditors. By ascertaining the effectiveness of IA at the industrial firms via theories as well as variables, this paper broadens the available literature on the effectiveness of IA. Key words：Internal audit effectiveness, satisfaction of internal auditors, Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs 1.Introduction Within the past few decades, internal audit departments have significantly contributed to organizational structure through value added services and thus, it has