Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose only theloans increased
09 year three months of national credit increased 48 trillion includingloans to small and medium-sized enterprises increased amount only less than 5 .Current loanfinancing difficult has become the bottleneck of restricting the development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprise production and managementfaced difficulties according to the state statistical bureau of statistics and letter until the and of2008 in the small and medium-sized enterprises of production or collapse closed accounts forabout urban employment this situation is not only more difficult economic recoveryinfluence and directly affect the growth and development of people’s livelihood stable target .Inthis sense the international financial crisis under the impact of China’s economy could not reallylow the key is out of small and medium-sized enterprises vitality can be fully recovered. Second the sme financing reason analysis Sme loans and financing is a cosmopolitan should say see both from China and mechanismof medium and small and medium-sized enterprises there are three main reasons: first
themedium and small and medium-sized enterprises small and medium-sized enterprises generallyweak awareness of honesty similar to a few of the common phenomenon may report on tax onsome less ugly statements in Banks this intersection some may form good-looking such loanspoint is reliable became a problem. But this approach is very adverse instead of enterprises thedevelopment of small and medium-sized enterprises are not healthy we imagine if severaldepartments with all those together the first this enterprise is not sincere he will have a manufacture and export-oriented smes in human resources technology capital marketenvironment faced financial crisis there was a huge pressure the development of it is the rootcause of the scientific and technological content of the enterprise the innovation ability of highenough to enter the market is weak the low threshold the fierce competition in the market willincrease these are not good for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondfrom the bank for small and medium-sized enterprise credit conditions stricter because we aremost Bands it is also considered
commercial bank the risk of their own profits. To the end of2008 the small bad loans is higher than that of the entire banking industry relies low come mampasolving some problems bur the loans of the small and medium-sized enterprises like a bigproblem once countries will still enterprises especially those small problems once thebankruptcy nobody tube so the loan quality cannot guaranteed so in this management system toreduce the risks the bank will demand of small and medium-sized enterprises in providing enoughafter pawn dare loan. Another bank from the operation cost of small and medium-sized enterprisesdo loans will pay more manpower so also does not want to extend loans to small andmedium-sized enterprises A bank operating costs the half is labor cost small and medium-sizedenterprises especially do small very high labor workload but it is the benefit of different the sme financing channel is too narrow and small and medium-sized enterprises in thecapital markets have direct financing ways of securities market including small plate and gemAnd private equity funds industrial investment funds venture investment funds risk
investmentfunds and the bond market etc. But since the 2008 the small plate market securitiesissued after huachang chemical and closed the door just recently IPO to restart the IPO. But gemis “ten years” good sword people until now only be vivivdly portrayed. Although with gemlisting conditions but a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises to financing for manyenterprises it is still a luxury. In overseas small and medium-sized enterprises in the process ofgrowing only rely on bank loan financing many times is a venture investment risk or the help ofsmall and medium-sized enterprises in China however can grow in the basic of financingShenzhen has 3000 venture company with a registered capital of 6000 billion but no company iswilling to startup investment enterprise. The company is more mature can the fancy of thesecurities market and gem. Third the sme financing difficulty in solving the problem a From the Angle of the government government should relax market access control reducing barriers let more smallerBands small and medium-sized enterprises in service for the strategic positioning og those smallBanks to bitter fleabane bitter fleabane.
Dynamic development Now China is probably more thana hundred villages and towns of the bank bank established to improve the bottleneck of theeconomic investment county including improving agriculture development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing fivestate-owned Banks. Should be encouraged to develop their own businesses for the financing of thespecialized agencies relax its has branches and encourage them in the land and county townshipeven closer to provide financial services and more convenient. government should help Banks to establish a credit system further reducing theirinformation cost in our country the central bank since 1998 enterprise credit system constructionwas started by the specialized agencies collection and storage sorting analysis and use ofenterprise credit information to guard against credit risks maintain stable financial marker In2006 the central bank and small and medium-sized enterprises credit system to establish the creditsystem hope to cover those and financial institutions have no credit relations of small
andmedium-sized enterprises. Of course the credit system is not only by the government and nowhas some network company for example try to use labara. Com in online transaction informationinto small and medium-sized enterprises credit index the index of credit if out of the bank tofurther reduce the cost of information.. 3. The government should several of bank risk compensation the local interest riskcompensation mechanism and policy just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing wayand cannot be fundamentally solved. As to the end fujian province of bad loans is small loans6071 but the average level of banking is a two percent while a few risk compensation just percent only a small part So many of bank risk compensation. As all of the loans to smalland medium-sized enterprises then according to the bank loans reduce its tax business taxincome tax reduction Countries can help enterprises to improve bank interest risk and return Ifthe loan losses the government formed by risk compensation fund to patch up it this makes bifbusiness loans and small and medium-sized enterprises loan to achieve the balance is the basicyields. government
should actively promote the multi-level capital market system in order tobetter satisfy all kinds of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs ofenterprise. Different types of small and medium-sized enterprises the development stage isendless and same determines the sme financing needs is not the same So small and medium-sizedenterprises groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs then satisfy smefinancing demand also needs the various forms of financing mode such as bank loans bondsequity financing 4 years in Shenzhen stock exchange medium plate founded bupromoting capital technology management and the effective factors of high quality as cultivatingboard also to promote the upgrading of industrial structure is playing a positive role. In October 2009 gem officially launched. Founded board will provide for independentinnovation promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises inthe new development stage. But for more than for small and medium-sized enterprises are listed tosolve this kind of condition enterprise’s equity financing stock transfer to a
valid theover-the-counter marker In 2006 China launched fei joint-stock company listing for trading ofsecurities companies entering the pilot work Besides the government should vigorously promotethe development of the bond market bond financing for small and medium enterprises to providemore convenient in the developed countries the bond market is the main financing financing inthe United States for example 2008 the company bonds is circulation stock circulation of 5 timeswith the United States Europe and other countries and regions in the bond market also has the bigdevelopment space. b From the bank angleIf rely on the existing in the banking financial products and sme loans to solve the difficulty infinancing smes is impossible we cannot change the present situation of small and medium-sizedenterprises so we would change our bank credit financial innovation is imminent. Currentlybanking is through the organization risk management technical innovation innovation andsecurity collateral product innovation so as to change the status of financing for smes. 1. Guarantee mortgage innovation Collateral shortage is small and
medium-sized enterprisebiggest soft rib they could not buy a heap of the house and then prepare for security it is notrealistic to high-tdch enterprise as the core of assets should be their intellectual property righs thepatent righ and one on the market in technology creative team is the blood to support itsdevelopment as well as several pieces of the mortgaged property bur all need money to lendbank The small and medium-sized enterprises such an jiangsu cooperatives experiment widelywarehouse inventory impawn through a mortgage loan product Tianjing coastal rural commercialbank actively carry out enterprise sharehoulding pledge loan. benjing bank recently launchedintellectual property as a pledge from the bank for a loan. 2. Credit rating innovating Big Bnaks do business of time usually see a balance sheet anincome statement and a cash flow statement small and medium-sized enterprises have even thesthree tables are not high the bank information costs zhejiang tyrone arisen commercial Banksthey look for innovative water meter customs declaration form large large reduce cost still canmake small loans to earn enough money. Like Shenzhen development bank by
focusing on theirOpponent’s credit transaction the authenticity of the enterprise chooses a new of enterprisescredit rating. For enterprises in the ctedit rating method for enterprises itself the credit ratingweight only 15. Pay more attention to the authenticity of the trading counterparty anddownstream of the raw material supply semi-finished products or services or transportation orlogistics can be easier to choose good credit are true of the enterprise trade background to provideenough good service mobilize various financial tools in the process of enterprise developmentshenfazhan also created the profits. 3. Business process innovation. Our country commercial bank the bank is mostly official inthe house wait for a loan to customers approval for a month three months such a kind ofmanagement such an examination result is impossible to small and medium-sized enterprisefinancial services it is impossible to improve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sizedenterprises. Banks to reduce threshold the other is to simplify the process reduce link establishexamination mechanism so as to adapt to the
credit factory. The bank is factory small andmedium-sized enterprises is raw material into the line after the marketing sales and service withapproval and customer maintenance and post-loan management obtain loans. But Banks are not aperson guard line and batch production. Through the way of examination and approval proceduressimplified. Through this process to make sure that the smes credit approval from the cycle overthe past 2 3 months shorten to 3 5 days now. the training of personnel. After construction in mechanism to have a groupof people to do it and do it well it is to strengthen the training of the staff further strengthen thesme small business loans and high-tech smes job training and the loan of communicationincreasing the entire product rampd efforts with the strain of new incentive and restraint measures toprofessional team and the new service. c From the Angle of enterprises 1 Enternises should strengthen management improve quality. To correctly understand thesituation face establish the risk by management effectiveness and development idea must paymore attention to technical innovation
technological innovation pay attention to the new productdevelopment improve quality and brand construction and development of new products improvethe product quality improvement and win the market.. Reducing energy consumption to increaseincreasing earning. Increasing market development ability reduce” products accountsreceivable” two nbre accelerate the capital turnover. Through the development way not only bythe expansion of production of production but improve the quality of the industrial sector realizerapid growth.
2. The enterprises should strengthen the construction of credit system. Establish the standardof management system establish she transparent reliable statements the accumulation ofenterprise credit system.
企业财务风险及应对探讨文献综述 重庆工商大学会计专业200X级X班XX 指导老师XXX 目录 摘要 ............................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 一、财务风险基础理论研究在理论界，财务风险已经成为现在财务理论的核心内容，得到了学者的广泛关注和重视。财务风险与企业资金的筹措、运用、管理以及安全密切相关，它是从价值方面反映企业在理财活动里边以及处理财务关系中所遇到的风险。.......................... 错误!未定义书签。 1、财务风险的概念研究........................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。James C. Van Horn, John M. Wachowicz Jr(2001)在《Fundamental of Financial Management》里面更宽泛地说明了财务风险包括可能丧失偿债能力的风险，以及由于使用财务杠杆而导致的每股收益变动。 ......................................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 2、财务风险的类型研究........................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 二、财务风险产生因素研究.......................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 三、财务风险管理策略研究.......................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。参考文献 ......................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 原文： Financing of SMEs Abstract The main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are https://www.doczj.com/doc/499374338.html, For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from
传承与发展---企业家与企业文化之辩证关系企业家与企业文化之间的关系，是企业文化理论与建设的一个重要问题，我在咨询过程中，许多企业家都问过我这样的问题，企业文化到底是不是企业家的文化，或者直接说是老板文化。我的肯定地回答说，企业文化肯定不能简单地等同于企业家的文化，它是一个群体与个体之间的关系，将企业文化等同于企业家个人文化的观念是错误的。特别是国有或者国有控股企业，这个特征就更加明显。 一、企业文化是一个企业所有员工的文化特征 企业文化是如何形成的？通常来说，企业文化的形成是由企业的最高领导者决定的，他决定的基础是在管理过程中，企业家通过自己的价值观影响和决定了企业员工的价值观、管理风格、行为规范和文化的价值取向，而且这种影响是有阶段性发展规律的。在企业的初创时期，企业家精神在企业文化形成过程中起着不可替代且无法动摇的地位，具有强势的引导和决定性作用。但随着企业规模的不断扩大，企业各种高级人才的陆续引进也必然带来了对以企业家精神为主的“原味”企业文化的冲击与挑战。企业家精神的影响作用在企业文化形成过程中开始逐渐减弱，或者说企业家的个人精神受到来自团队其它人员的影响，它不再是一言堂，而是一种集体行为。这正如我们不能因为一个企业家本人是一个勤奋向上的人，所以我们就可以得出他所在企业的文化特征就肯定是勤奋向上的文化一样，如果这个推理是可以成立的话，那么企业文化人就不需要建设了，因为企业家的个人文化特征就可以
是企业的文化特征，那么这种企业文化还需要建设吗？ 企业文化变革的过程首先是针对所有员工的文化审计，它通过寻找在员工行为过程中的企业基本假设，重新确定企业的文化根基，所以它不仅仅是针对企业家个人的文化特征，是面对全体员工的一种集体行为。一个企业的基业长青，不能仅仅单靠企业家个人的能量，他只是起到领导者应为的主导作用，并基于权力或者产权的控制而使经过实践验证并得到大部分员工认可的企 业文化体系化、制度化，成为指导企业运行的基本原则。但企业家的文化能否上升到一个企业的文化层面，这取决于他个人的价值观是否得到企业绝大部分员工的认同，并最终落实到企业员工的行为当中，只有这样我们才能够说企业家的文化就等同于这家企业的文化了，但最多也只能是近似而不是全部，因为一个人的价值观等同于另一个人的价值观是不现实的，更加不要说是等同于整个企业员工的价值观，唯一可以作到的就是企业家的价值观被企业大部分员工所认同并上升到企业的行为准则。 二、企业家决定了企业文化的主要特征 企业文化建设是一项长期工作，它是随着企业的发展而缓慢形成的，它凝聚了企业领导者的文化和组织的文化，它优于领导者的文化，同时形成了集体式的统一价值观，所以领导者的改变只能是在整体的企业文化模式存在的基础上，得以创新；企业文化具有沉淀作用，领导者的价值观、管理风格、行为规范、文化的价值取向不可能改变其主流部分。 企业家是企业文化的主要缔造者,其个人的价值观决定了企业文化的成型与
中英文资料外文翻译 财务风险重要性分析 译文： 摘要：本文探讨了美国大型非金融企业从1964年至2008年股票价格风险的决定小性因素。我们通过相关结构以及简化模型，研究诸如债务总额，债务期限，现金持有量，及股利政策等公司财务特征，我们发现，股票价格风险主要通过经营和资产特点，如企业年龄，规模，有形资产，经营性现金流及其波动的水平来体现。与此相反，隐含的财务风险普遍偏低，且比产权比率稳定。在过去30年，我们对财务风险采取的措施有所减少，反而对股票波动（如独特性风险）采取的措施逐渐增加。因此，股票价格风险的记载趋势比公司的资产风险趋势更具代表性。综合二者，结果表明，典型的美国公司谨慎管理的财政政策大大降低了财务风险。因此，现在看来微不足道的剩余财务风险相对底层的非金融公司为一典型的经济风险。 关键词：资本结构；财务风险；风险管理；企业融资 1 绪论 2008年的金融危机对金融杠杆的作用产生重大影响。毫无疑问，向金融机构的巨额举债和内部融资均有风险。事实上，有证据表明，全球主要银行精心策划的杠杆（如通过抵押贷款和担保债务）和所谓的“影子银行系统”可能是最近的经济和金融混乱的根本原因。财务杠杆在非金融企业的作用不太明显。迄今为止，尽管资本市场已困在危机中，美国非金融部门的问题相比金融业的困境来说显得微不足道。例如，非金融企业破产机遇仅限于自20世纪30年代大萧条以来的最大经济衰退。事实上，非金融公司申请破产的事件大都发生在美国各行业（如汽车制造业，报纸，房地产）所面临的基本经济压力即金融危机之前。这令人惊讶的事实引出了一个问题“非金融公司的财务风险是如何重要？”。这个问题的核心是关于公司的总风险以及公司风险组成部分的各决定因素的不确定性。 最近在资产定价和企业融资再度引发的两个学术研究中分析了股票价格风险利
中小企业融资的英文文献 Automatically translated text: The definition of lease financing Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer. It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial industry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and
中小企业成本管理研究外文翻译、中文文献外文资料及译文 Cost Management for SMEs SMEs are an important pillar of China's economic development, in the Abstract: increasingly fierce market economy, the SMEs to establish position, to produce quality products, controlling production costs, reduce unnecessary waste, and only in order to obtain better economic benefit, to continue the development and growth : The importance of cost management; cost information; design ideas; Keywords thinking Introduction Since the reform and opening up, China's economic development, small and medium enterprises in the socialist market economy and plays an irreplaceable role. It played an important role to promote market competition, increasing employment, promoting innovation and to accelerate national economic development and maintaining social stability. Many SME organizations due to their own institutions are inadequate, the system is not tight, the quality of personnel is good and bad, the lower management level can not be ignored, especially in the chaos of cost management, even within the enterprise is not the full cost accounting information, which impeded the economic developments.
传承与发展--- 企业家与企业文化之辩证关系企业家与企业文化之间的关系，是企业文化理论与建设的一个重要问题，我在咨询过程中，许多企业家都问过我这样的问题，企业文化到底是不是企业家的文化，或者直接说是老板文化。我的肯定地回答说，企业文化肯定不能简单地等同于企业家的文化，它是一个群体与个体之间的关系，将企业文化等同于企业家个人文化的观念是错误的。特别是国有或者国有控股企业，这个特征就更加明显。 一、企业文化是一个企业所有员工的文化特征 企业文化是如何形成的？通常来说，企业文化的形成是由企业的最高领导者决定的，他决定的基础是在管理过程中，企业家通过自己的价值观影响和决定了企业员工的价值观、管理风格、行为规范和文化的价值取向，而且这种影响是有阶段性发展规律的。在企业的初创时期，企业家精神在企业文化形成过程中起着不可替代且无法动摇的地位，具有强势的引导和决定性作用。但随着企业规模的不断扩大，企业各种高级人才的陆续引进也必然带来了对以企业家精神为主的“原味”企业文化的冲击与挑战。企业家精神的影响作用在企业文化形成过程中开始逐渐减弱，或者说企业家的个人精神受到来自团队其它人员的影响，它不再是一言堂，而是一种集体行为。这正如我们不能因为一个企业家本人是一个勤奋向上的人，所以我们就可以得出他所在企业的文化特征就肯定是勤奋向上的文化一样，如果这个推理是可以成立的话，那么企业文化人就不需要建设了，因为企业家的个人文化特征就可以是企业的文化特征，那么这种企业文化还需要建设 吗？
企业文化变革的过程首先是针对所有员工的文化审计，它通过寻找在员工行为过程中的企业基本假设，重新确定企业的文化根基，所以它不仅仅是针对企业家个人的文化特征, 是面对全体员工的一种集体行为。一个企业的基业长青，不能仅仅单靠企业家个人的能量，他只是起到领导者应为的主导作用，并基于权力或者产权的控制而使经过实践验证并得到大部分员工认可的企业文化体系化、制度化，成为指导企业运行的基本原则。但企业家的文化能否上升到一个企业的文化层面，这取决于他个人的价值观是否得到企业绝大部分员工的认同，并最终落实到企业员工的行为当中，只有这样我们才能够说企业家的文化就等同于这家企业的文化了，但最多也只能是近似而不是全部，因为一个人的价值观等同于另一个人的价值观是不现实的，更加不要说是等同于整个企业员工的价值观，唯一可以作到的就是企业家的价值观被企业大部分员工所认同并上升到企业的行为准则。 二、企业家决定了企业文化的主要特征 企业文化建设是一项长期工作，它是随着企业的发展而缓慢形成的，它凝聚了企业领导者的文化和组织的文化，它优于领导者的文化，同时形成了集体式的统一价值观，所以领导者的改变只能是在整体的企业文化模式存在的基础上，得以创新；企业文化具有沉淀作用，领导者的价值观、管理风格、行为规范、文化的价值取向不可能改变其主流部企业家是企业文化的主要缔造者,其个人的价值观决定了企业文化的成型与培育。因此， 我们既要看到企业文化缔造发展中企业家所起的作用，也要看到其价值观是必须在实践 中得到员工接受认可并能够指导企业取得成功。 三、企业家要对企业文化不断传承与发展
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院： 专业： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Facts for You (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 中小型企业融资决策 企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。随着我国加入WTO 组织，市场经济体制的逐步完善，金融市场的快速发展，投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。对于中小型企业而言，应要根据自身发展需求，认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险，确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。要解决这些问题，需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略，以作出最优化的融资决策。 一、企业融资决策概述 (一)企业融资决策概述 企业融资决策，是企业根据其价值创造目标需要，利用一定时机与渠道，采取经济有效的融资工具，为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构，而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权（融资方式）、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值（融资成本）、何时出售些债务和股权（融资时机）等等。而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。而企业的融资方式则多种多样，常见的以下几种： 1.财政融资。财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲，可分为：预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。 2.银行融资。从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说，主要是各种代款，例如：信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。 3.商业融资。其方式也是多种多样，主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。
Appendix： International Business Review 13 (2004) 383–400 Sources of export success in small and medium-sized enterprises: the impact of public programs Roberto Alvarez E Department of Economics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Abstract This paper analyzes differences in firm exporter performance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Traditionally, it is argued that these firms face several disadvantages for competing in international markets. Few studies, however, exploit the fact that successful exporters exist within this group. Using data for Chilean firms, we study various explanations for differences between sporadic and permanent exporters. Our results suggest that greater effort in international business, process innovation, and the utilization of export promotion programs contribute positively to export performance in SMEs. In addition, we find that some forms of intervention are better than others: trade shows and trade missions do not affect the probability of exporting permanently, but exporter committees show a positive and significant impact. Key words: Export performance; Export promotion; Small- and medium-sized enterprises
本科毕业论文 中文题目：浅议我国中小企业发展战略存在的问题 及对策 所在专业工商管理 学号 姓名高先生 指导教师及职称 成绩
浅议我国中小企业发展战略存在的问题及对策 摘要：中小企业作为国民经济中重要的组成部分，对我国经济的发展有着举足轻重的作用，然而近些年的发展情况不容乐观，受到自身规模、技术水平及企业主能力等诸多因素的限制，造成了企业的发展战略受到忽视，企业转型及扩大规模等较为困难的局面。因此，中小企业如何打破这种格局，是其面临的一个重大现实问题。本文在阐述中小企业的涵义及作用的基础上，对中小企业面临的挑战及发展战略上存在的问题进行了简要分析，找出了问题产生的原因，并提出了针对性的建议。 关键词：中小企业：发展战略；战略规划
To discuss the problems and countermeasures of the development strategy of small and medium-sized enterprises in China Abstract:Small and medium-sized enterprises as an important part of national economy, has a pivotal role on the economic development of China, in recent years the development of the situation is not optimistic, however, by its scale, technical level and business owners the ability limitation of many factors, such as, neglected due to the development of the enterprise strategy, enterprise transformation and expand more difficult situation. Therefore, SMEs how to break this pattern is a major reality facing it. Based on the description of the meaning and function of the small and medium-sized enterprise, briefly analyzes the existing challenges and development strategy for small and medium-sized enterprises of the problem, find out the causes of the problems, and puts forward some corresponding suggestions. Keywords:s mall and medium-sized enterprises; development strategy; strategic planning
Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of national
文献信息： 文献标题：A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs（科威特工业中小企业内部审计有效性的理论探讨）国外作者：Awn Metlib AL-SHBAIL，Turki A.A.TURKI 文献出处：《International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences》, 2017,1(7):107-116 字数统计：英文2221单词，12805字符；中文4184汉字 外文文献： A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs Abstract This paper aims to scrutinise the association between the internal audit effectiveness and the four factors associated with International Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (ISPPIA): independence of internal auditors, scope of internal auditors, management support, and audited cooperation. The relationship between these factors and Satisfaction of internal auditors is also examined. Further, the moderating effect on the relationship between these factors (if present) and the effectiveness of IA among industrial SMEs in Kuwait are investigated through satisfaction of internal auditors. By ascertaining the effectiveness of IA at the industrial firms via theories as well as variables, this paper broadens the available literature on the effectiveness of IA. Key words：Internal audit effectiveness, satisfaction of internal auditors, Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs 1.Introduction Within the past few decades, internal audit departments have significantly contributed to organizational structure through value added services and thus, it has
我对企业文化的理解及我所理解的 xx企业文化 “文化”一词，源远流长,中国是一个有着几千年文化历史的古老文明的国度，可对于“企业文化”一词,追溯起来却从70年代初期,美国对日本丰田汽车考察总结后才开始诞生。从此，企业文化一词开始风靡全球各行各业，各个企业，各个事业团体和组织,人们开始注意它的存在,开始重视它的存在，开始引导它的发展，开始利用它来做管理……积极向上的企业文化，总是向人们传递正能量,总是让接触的人如沐春风；反之消极的企业文化则使人意志消沉,自暴自弃，心理阴暗。如果把积极的企业文化比喻成是汪清澈见底的、充满生机的、能使人心旷神怡的潺潺流水,那么,消极的企业文化则是一个恶臭的酱缸，使人倒退使人丧失斗志，最终沉匿。 积极上进的企业文化是开启和激发企业员工内在动机的金钥匙,当一个员工把自己的工作当做一份事业来看待的时候，那么他的工作动机是主动的，是自发的。xx商学院的老师耗费了一个下午的时间，给我们讲述了在河南许昌一家叫胖东来的商贸公司从无到有，到门庭车水马龙的发展历程,在利润还不到3%的商品零售行业，于东来的胖东来商贸公司做成功了,最终解释它成功的密码，不外乎一种积极的，让员工满意让顾客满意的企业文化。同样，在四川简阳，有这么一家“不会做菜" " 的火锅店,名字大家耳熟能详——海底捞，把业务做到了全国各地甚至海底捞的分店开到了美国。那么，海底捞又是靠什么成功的呢？有网友评论这里的服务很“变态”。xx商学院的导师xx(经济学博士、律师，xx集团创始人、董事长、xx商学院院长) 是这样解读“海底捞文化的——海底捞是对普通人的大良保持着真诚的呼唤，朴素的尊重和实实在在的回归，所以他成功了。那么我们是不是可以认为是海底捞的这种文化成就了海底捞的今天呢？答案是肯定的。因为不管是胖东来的员工还是海底捞的员工，他们在结束了当天的工作后，明天、后天、再后天……都还想着，渴望着继续同样的工作。正所谓一句戏侃的段子说的“事业——是今天你干了，明天还想干；职业——是今天你干了，明天还得干。”一个主动，一个被动，一个是内在动机作为原动力，一个是外在动机作为原动力。
中小企业发展战略目标的选择 摘要：针对中小企业在各国经济发展中的作用和我国中小企业的现状，指出对我国中小企业发展战略和发展方向进行研究的必要性。在研究战略目标定位时，从中小企业的发展环境、运行结果、噩社会效益三个方面出发，提出了在这三个方面所要达到的战略目标以噩要实现访目标所要迭到的十太要求。在确定中小企业发展方向时，鲒告中国国情、中小企业的特点噩加八WTO给我国带来的机遇和挑战，提出了要坚持发展特色型中小企业、配套型中小企业噩科技型中小盘业等7个发展方向。 关键词：中小企业；中小企业发展战略；中小企业发展方向世界经济发展实践表明：中小企业以其经营方式灵活、组织成本低廉、转移进退便捷等优势更能适应当今瞬息万变的市场和消费者追求个性化、潮流化的要求，呈现蓬勃发展的良好态势。在包括发达国家在内的世界各国的经济发展中，中小企业都有着举足轻重的地位，发挥着不可替代的作用?。特别是在我国这样一个人口众多、地域辽阔、各地经济发展水平差别很大的国家，中小企业的发展更具有重要的意义。目前我国中小企业约1ooo万户，劳动密集型出口产品和一些高新技术出口产品大多是中小企业生产的，中小企业产品出口额占全国出口总额的6o％；中小企业提供了大约75％的城镇就业机会，我国从农村转移出来的劳动力绝大部分被中小企业所吸纳中小企业每年为国家缴纳的工商税收占总额的50％左右。在2o世纪90年代以来的经济快速增长中，工业新增产值的76．7％是由中小企业创造的。但是应该看到，我国中小企业由于受到多种因素的影响，其发展面临着空前的困难，其思想观念、技术装备、经营管理组织结构等方面都存在着严重的问题。为了使我国中小企业能够适应经济发展和市场竞争的需要，充分发挥其在国民经济中的重要作用，有必要首先明确中小企业发展的战略目标和战略方向。一、战略目标中小企业发展的战略目标就是对中小企业的战略定位，这种定位既要成为我国中小企业的追求目标，起到引导我国中小企业发展的作用，又要使其在运行过程中通过努力实现并能推动中小企业的逐步发展，是运行过程中的动态目标。就其目标而言．既要与我国国情相符台，又要与中小企业发展的现状相统一；就其动态来看，还要与加入WTO 后的世界经济形势相统一。通过研究我们认为中小企业的发展主要应实现以下三个方面的战略目标：运动状态支持目标、中小企业运行结果目标、社会效益目标。(一)运动状态支持目标这主要是从外部环境来讨论中小企业发展的战略目标。企业的发展是一个动态过程，必须在一个有利于其发展的大环境系统中才能成长壮大。特别是中小企业，由于它们是一个弱势群体，更需要系统环境目标的实现才能达到自身运行的结果目标和社会效益目标。因此，运行状态支持目标就自然构成战略目标中最重要的目标之一。而具体要达到以下几个目标。1．政府扶持到位政府的政策扶持是一个关系到中小企业发展方向和系统目标能否实现的首要问题。由于中小企业资金缺乏、人才短缺、技术落后，很难与大企业相互抗衡，也由于自身条件的限制无法获得发展所必要的资金、人才和技术，这就要求政府对其进行必要的扶持，创造良好的外部环境。政府扶持政策到位目标体现在政府观念的到位、政府身份的到位、政府扶持政策的到位。(1)政府观念的到位是指政府应改变自己的观念，认识到大中小企业都是社会主义市场经济中平等的一员，都能为国家的经济发展和社会稳定做出各自的贡献．并且大中小企业是一个不可分割的整体，这种规模结构的形成过程是既定约束条件下资源的配置过程，它们相互依存、互相协作、互为补充、共同发展，都应给予同等的政治地位和经济地位，而不能只重视大企业，忽视甚至歧视中小企业。(2)政府身份的到位是指政府在促进中小企业发展的过程中以恰当的角色出现在中小企业面前，不能超越其职权干预中小企业的生产经营。政府的行为应该是：代表和维护中小企业的利益；负责对中小企业的宏观指导、发展规划和发展产业指导；负责贯彻落实及督促和检查中央有关中小企业发展的文件的执行；推动服务体系建设，为中小企业创造良好的生存空间和发展环境等。(3)政府扶持政策的到位是指政府制订的政策有利于中小企业的发展，政府运用政策的行为是间接管理而不是
中英文资料外文翻译 外文资料 Financial ?rm bankruptcy and systemic risk In Fall 2008 when the Federal Reserve and the Treasury injected $85 billion into the insurance behemoth American International Group (AIG), themoney lent to AIGwent straight to counterparties, and very few funds remained with the insurer. Among the largest recipients was Goldman Sachs, to whomabout $12 billionwas paid to undoAIG’s credit default swaps (CDSs). The bailout plan focused on repaying the debt by slowly selling off AIG’s assets, w ith no intention of maintaining jobs or allowing the CDSmarket to continue to function as before. Thus, the government’s effort to avoid systemic risk with AIG was mainly about ensuring that ?rms with which AIG had done business did not fail as a result. T he concerns are obviously greatest vis-a-vis CDSs, ofwhich AIG had over $400 billion contracts outstanding in June 2008. In contrast, the government was much less enthusiastic about aiding General Motors, presumably because they believed its failure would not cause major macroeconomic repercussions by imposing losses on related ?rms. This decision is consistent with the view in macroeconomic