A case to be discussed:Case 1-1
Jim Ellis, vice president of a North Carolina knitwear manufacturer, was sent to observe firsthand how operations were proceeding in their Korean plant. Jim wanted to learn as much as possible about the problems that existed at the plant. During his first week, he was met with bows, polite smiles, and the continual denial of any significant problems. But after some research, he uncovered a number of problems that the local manager and staff were not acknowledging. None of the problems were unusual or difficult to solve, but Jim was frustrated that no one would admit that any problems existed. “ If you don’t acknowledge the problems,” he complained, “ how do you expect to be able to solve them? And then to further exasperate him, when a problem was finally brought to his attention, it was until the end of the workday when there was no time left to solve it.
Analysis:This case indicates that Koreans place a high value on harmonious personal relationships. Conflicts are avoided, and every effort is made to be polite and nonconfrontational. The directness of westerners in dealing with incompetence, error or dishonesty is unacceptable to Koreans whose self-esteem is always on the line.
A case to be discussed: Case1-2
During World WarⅡ, the Allies had issued the Potsdam Ultimatum demanding the surrender of the Japanese military to end the war. Prime Minister Suzuki said, “The government does not see much value in it. All we have to do is mokusatsu it.” But the word mokusatsu can mean anything from “ignore” to “treat with silent contempt.” The Allies took it as the most offensive meaning. Analysis:This case can reflect the lack of idiomatic equivalence between two cultures is a barrier to successful translation. Languages that are different often lack words that are directly translatable. This leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, which is one of the causes of translation problems.
(case 1-3)
According to Cherokee Indians’ story, the Creator makes three clay images of a man an d baked them in an oven before it was fully baked and found that it was too pale. He waited a while and then removed the second image; it was just right, a full reddish brown hue. He was so pleased with his work that he sat there and admired it, completely forgetting about the third image. Finally he smelled it burning, but by the time he could rescue it from the oven it had already been burnt, and it came out completely black!
Case (1-4)
Xiao Yan got her Ph. D in American studies from Yale Univer-sity. She was going to another university to teach when one of the authors met her in America. She said that, in spite of her Ph. D and other success in career, she had a lot of problems which made her quite unhappy, sometimes even more so than when she was in Beijing. She wrote to her friends back in Beijing, but her friends couldn’t believe her: How could you be unhappy? You were in the United States!
·Why didn' t her friends understand her?
Analysis: Xiao Yan’s friends in Beijing failed to understand her becaus e they asserted, though subconsciously, that the US was an advanced country whose People were, much well-to-do, so they shouldn’t have any problems; even if they did sometimes, their problems couldn’ t be serious. This is a kind of stereotyping.
Case study (Case1-5)
*Sometimes parents will say to their children “ We don’t associate with people like that.” or “be careful when you’re with them.”
Analysis
This case can reflect one of reasons for the persistence of prejudice--- socialization. Prejudices are learned. Many prejudices are passed on from parents to children.
Case study (Case1-6)
Assume that global warming is a fact, and, as a result, assume that summers in the United States average 43℃ (109℉). It would be logical to make adjustments: Rather than air condition building all day, you might close schools and businesses in the afternoons to conserve energy. Such adjustments would make sense. Why then do some people attribute sensible midday siestas西班牙、意大利等地的)午睡in hot climates to laziness?
Analysis
This case reflects one of the barriers----- ethnocentrism. The reason why some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness is that they negatively judge aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.
Case study (Case1-7)
A new Spanish immigrant to the United States may have a strong feeling of discomfort, fear, or insecurity when he enters into the Unites States.
Analysis
A new immigrant may experience culture shock when he enters into the United States. Cultural shock is psychological reaction, which naturally happens when a person enters into a new culture. There are certain syndromes at each period of culture shock. Case study (Case1-8)
A classic psychology study in the 1970s had two groups of undergraduates read stories about a woman. The stories were identical, except that one had the sentence “ Betty is now a lesbian.” On a test one week later, individuals in the group that had read that Betty is a lesbian were much more likely than individuals in the other group to recall having read that Betty never dated men. In fact, the story that both groups had read stated that Betty dated men occasionally.
Analysis
The group’s stereotype of a lesbian influenced what they recalled having read. Stereotypes also impede communication when they cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true of any one individual. For example, if a group is stereotyped as dishonest, that does not mean that any on individual in that group is dishonest.
Case study (Case1-9)
* A new Spanish immigrant to the United States may have a strong feeling of discomfort, fear, or insecurity when he enters into the Unites States.
Analysis
A new immigrant may experience culture shock when he enters into the United States. Cultural shock is psychological reaction, which naturally happens when a person enters into a new culture. There are certain syndromes at each period of culture shock.
Case study (Case2-1)
*During the American Civil War, a very hungry young man fell down in front of a farm gate. The farmer gave him food but in return he asked the young man to move a pile of wood in his yard---in fact it was not at all nec-essary to move the wood. When the young man left, the farmer moved the wood back to its original place. See-ing all this, the farmer's son was confused. Questions :
*Why did the farmer do that?
*What values are reflected in this story?
Analysis: The farmer explained to his son that one could never at any time in any way make other people feel inferior, even unintentionally and out of goodwill. What accounts for the farmer’s behavior is that he believed in individualism, independence, self-reliance, self-esteem, and egalitarianism（平等主义）, the major values in the USA.
Case study (Case2-2)
* A White male department manager posted training opportunities as required but strongly encouraged other White heterosexual man in the department to sign up. He never mentioned them to any women, ethnic group members, or lesbians and gay men.
Analysis
In the heterosexual White male dominant culture in the United States, women, ethnic group members, minorities groups and homosexual people often experience discrimination in employment activities.
Case study (Case2-3)
*On his first trip to Mexico, Harry, a U.S. manager interested in negotiating a contract for his firm with a Mexican firm, was invited to a dinner party by his Mexican counterpart. Since the invitation indicated that cocktails would begin at 7 p.m., Harry arrived promptly at that time. His host seemed surprised, and no one else had arrived. People began arriving about 8 p.m.; Harry knew he had read the invitation correctly but felt he had gotten off to a bad start.
Case study (Case2-4)
* A student from Colombia may study in the United States and earn a Ph.D., teach at a distinguished university, and publish important books, but when he returns to visit Colombia, people to whom he is introduced will want to know to whom he is related. Colombians want to know who his family is because that places him in society much more so than any of his
accomplishments in the United States.
Analysis
This case can reflect the differences between individualist culture and collectivist culture. Cultures characterized by collectivism emphasize relationships among people to a greater degree. Collectivist cultures stress interdependent activities and suppressing individual aims for the group’s welfare.
Case（2-5）
We . . . wish to allow the humblest manna equal chance to get rich with everyone else. When one starts poor, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can better his condition; he knows that there is no fixed condition of labor for his whole life.
---quotation from Abraham Lincoln (1860s)
Analysis
The value President Lincoln expressed in that quotation is "equality of opportunity", by which Americans mean that each individual should have an equal chance for success, not that everyone is---or should be---equal. They see much of life as a race for success.
For them, equality means that everyone should have an equal chance to enter the race and win. In other words, equality of opportunity may be thought of as an ethical rule. It helps ensure that the race for success is a fair one and that a person does not win just because he/she was born into a wealthy family.
Case 2-6
In Germany, there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Students expect their teachers to be experts who have all the answers. In the workplace, there is an inner need to work hard. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step. Analysis
This case can reflect the feature of high uncertainty avoidance cultures. Cultures strong in uncertainty avoidance are active, aggressive, emotional, compulsive, security seeking, and intolerant.
Case（2-7）
A Japanese manager explained his c ulture’s communication style to an American:“We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do here.When we say one word, we understand ten, but here you have to say ten to understand one.”
case (3-1)
To locate an outlet for its products in Europe, a large U.S. manufacturer sent one of its promising young executives to Frankfurt to make a presentation to a reputable German distributor.
When the American entered the conference room, he did all the right things. He shook hands firmly, greeted everyone with a friendly guten tag, and bowed his head slightly as is customary in Germany. The U.S. executive started his presentation with a few humorous anecdotes to set a relaxed mood. At the end of his presentation, however, he sensed that his talk had not gone well. In fact, the presentation was not well received, for the German company chose not to distribute the U.S. company’s products.
*What was wrong ? Which of the following may have been the factors contributing to the failure of the presentation?
* a. The American did not make a careful preparation for his presentation.
* b. The American did not know extensively enough about his company’s products.
c. Starting his presentation with several jokes made the Germans think that he was not very serious about the business.
* d. The Germans considered the American executive too young for such an important job.
* e. The Germans did not like the American, a foreigner, speaking their language with great fluency.
A case to be discussed(3-2)
When a S panish woman first meets ( and after says “good-bye ) an English man/woman, she goes right to his/her face and kiss twice on their cheeks. This contact, that is an everyday thing in Spain, is totally opposite to the English tradition of greeting and farewell. English people only kiss to their family. Maybe between women is a more extended habit, but not in all social levels.
A case to be discussed(3-3)
Having recently arrived in Canada, Mr. Huang paid a visit to his boss. When he was leaving, to
his bewilderment, the door was shut with a click the moment he stepped out of his house. He was upset about this for several days. Gradually, he came to know it was not only him who received such “treatment”. When their boss or parents are leaving, the Canadians wil l not see them out of the door as well.
A case to be discussed(3-4)
A young Chinese woman in the U.S. was complimented by an American woman for the lovely dress she was wearing: “It’s exquisite. The colors are beautiful!” She was pleased but somewhat emba rrassed. In typical Chinese fashion, she replied, “oh, it’s just an ordinary dress I bought in China.”
Analysis: In this case, the words of the Chinese conveyed a message quite different from what was intended. Her reply could have meant that the American did not know what a really good dress is. The implication was that the American woman’s taste in clothing was questionable.
Case 3-5
A Canadian asked a Chinese art teacher to look over an article that she had written about Chinese paintings. He agreed, bu t added that “ I really know little about the subject.”
Analysis
In this case, the Chinese would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”, even though the remarks might have been quite sincere. The Canadian might say, “Oh, come on. I know you’re an expert on Chinese art.” or “Well, I certainly don’t know anybody who knows more than you do!”
Case (3-6)
I n China we address a stranger with an advanced age "Grandpa" or "Grandma". Why do we do so since that stranger is not connected to us by blood? How does this sound to an English ear? Analysis
Chinese often extend kinship terms (daye (大爷), dama (大妈), dashu (大叔), dashen (大婶), shushu (叔叔) ,ayi(阿姨), dage (大哥), dajie (大姐), etc.) to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show po-liteness and respect. We Chinese routinely use many position-linked or occupation-linked titles to address people, such as wang jinling (王经理), ma juzhang (马局长), zhang zhuren (张主任), li yisheng (李医生) , etc. Do Americans have similar customs?
(Case 3-7)
Mr. Liu is an experienced worker sent to work in an American factory. He works very hard there. Though he knows some English, Liu doesn’t speak much. He just listens when his boss explains something or when his American fellow workers discuss their work with him.
Liu rarely asks questions, and when he is asked a question, he usually answers with as few words as possible or just keeps silent. His boss and fellow workers feel very unhappy about it.
A case (3-8)
Fred, the manager of a large U.S. bookstore, hired Ching Wu, a newcomer from China, as one of his clerks. In an attempt to get to know Ching Wu better, Fred invited her to join him for coffee. Throughout their conversation, he noticed that Ching Wu always looked down at the floor and never gave him eye contact.
(Case 3-9)
Linda was a Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school. Once she was interviewed by the principal because she was suspected of smoking. During the interview, she avoided meeting the principal’s eye and stared down at the fl oor, hence being regarded as sly and dishonest. Although there was no proof of her wrongdoing and although she had a good record, the principal decided she was guilty, because he believed “ Don’t trust anyone who won’t look you in the eye. This led to a demonstration of Puerto Rican parents the next morning.
Analysis
According to Puerto Rican culture, a good girl does not meet the eyes of an adult. The girl’s behaviour is a sign of respect and obedience.
(Case 3-10) To be Direct or Not
*Sam, an American construction supervisor, was very forceful, tough but fari-minded. When he was supervising construction in Saudi Arabia, he found ,to his way of thinking, that the Saudi Arabiaian workers were not so reliable as the American workers.
He rebuked publicly any worker who was not doing his job properly. He was troubled by the fact that the problems seemed to be growing worse and more numerous.
Why didn’t Sam perform his work successfully together with his Saudi Arabian laborers? Analysis
In the United States, public criticism is one technique to change personnel’s behavior. However, in the world of Islam, where dignity and self-respect are essential, public reprimand will be totally counterproductive. Sam’s behaviour was regarded as the open humiliation.
(Case 3-11)
A famous Chinese actress married a German. One day her husband was watching her acting, saying again and again that she was the best actress. The actress colleagues present asked her afterwards to tell her husband not to praise his own wife like that in public. On learning this, the German wondered what he did wrong.
Once at a party, the German husband politely praised a Chinese lady on her beauty. The lady’s husband said that his wife was moderately good looking when young, but now she was old and no longer so. The lady nodded in agreement with a smile. The German was surprised.
*Explain why the German was confused in the first situation and surprised in the second. Analysis
*In the case of the actress, her husband was confused in the first sit-uation because in the western culture it would be natural for family members to praise each other. And the one who is praised usually feels pleased. But Chinese simply do not praise members of one' s own family in front of others.
*In the second situation, her husband was surprised because of the reason mentioned above, and also because in the western culture (Ameri-can culture included) saying that someone (even a family member) is old is quite inappropriate.
*By the way, complimenting a man on his wife's looks or giving remarks as "You have a lovely wife" would be considered perfectly natural and even highly appreciated. But the same compliment would be regarded as almost indecent by many Chinese, especially those beyond their youth.
*(Case 4-1)
*Nixon, past president of the United States, once paid a visit to Brazil. While he was disembarking the plane, he made a gesture of “OK”, which angered and insulted the Brazilians. The American gesture of “OK” is considered obscene in Brazil. In the end, Nixon formally apologized to the Brazilians.
A related case（4-2）
In 1959, Khrushchov, leader of the former Soviet Union, visited the United states. While boarding his plane to leave for the Soviet Union, he held up both of his hands. With one hand he gestured a “ V” sign with his index finger and his middle finger, with the other a fist. He meant to show his respect to the American leaders and the news reporters.
However, the gesture was interpreted by the United States as the victory of the Soviet Union over the United States ,causing a great political issue.
Case (4-3)
A U.S company sent a representative to negotiate a contract with a Japanese firm. During the presentation, the Japanese representatives moved their heads in an up and down motion. When the American representative asked if there were any questions, everyone nodded politely; however, no one said a word. The American asked if they are ready to sign the contract.
One of the Japanese answered, “It is very difficult for us to sign.” The American said, “Should I leave the contract with you?” The Japanese said, “Yes.” The U.S. representative
returned to the United States expecting the Japanese to return the contract.
Explain what the Japanese were really saying by nodding their head and using the word “difficult”
Case Study (4-4)
Just take a look at the different meaning of laughter in China and America. When an American is parking his bicycle, for example, and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.
Analysis
Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortune—whether he be a foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: don’t take it so seriously; laugh i t off, it’s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc.
However, for people unaware of this attitude, the reaction to such laughter is usually
quite unpleasant and often generates ill feeling towards those laughing.
Case(4-5)
Mr. Chen, one Chinese manager, made a mistake at work. He came to the general manager—Peter’s office to make a formal apology. “Peter, I’ve been feeling very upset about the trouble I’ve caused to the company.” Mr. Chen said, looking at Peter with the smile he had been wearing since he walked into the office.Peter found it hard to accept the apology. “I am sorry I just cannot take your apology. You don’t look upset at all!” Peter said angrily as he was looking at Mr. Chen’s smile on his face.
What was wrong?
Analysis
It may be difficult for the Westerners to believe that smiling for the Chinese not only means that someone is happy, but also that he is sorry. It is desirable for a Chinese to smile when apologizing, which indicates humbleness and embarrassment.
In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a child’s spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted.
A case to be discussed(4-6)
Urs Luder, a businessman from Switzerland, has noticed that his past few visits to Abu Dhabi were much more pleasant. He is not as tense and nervous as before. His hosts seem more pleasant. What Urs may not be aware of is that his nonverbal behavior has changed.
He does not avoid being touched by people he talks to, and he himself approaches people more openly and feels comfortable putting his hand on some-one's arm.
A case to be discussed (4-7)
During a television interview, the late Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat, in the excitement of the discussion, slapped former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's knee. Most of us think of Mrs. Thatcher as properly British and fairly distant, but she was not offended.
Analysis
Margaret Thatcher correctly interpreted the gesture as acceptable in the Egyptian culture.
A case to be discussed (4-8)
Most people in the West respond negatively to what they consider bad odors such as body odor, breath odor, or clothes that emit unpleasant smells such as sweat. They work hard to cover up their body odor and view those with body odor as dirty and unsanitary.
However, Arabs don’t seem to feel comfortable unless they can smell each other. When Arabs talk, they virtually envelop each other in their breath. Smelling the natural body odors of one’s friend is desirable; denying him or her this privilege is to act ashamedly.
A case to be discussed (4-9)
Kitty had only recently arrived in Indonesia from the United States. One day, she was asked to attend a birthday party. When she arrived she was amazed at the new thing: different food, drinks and birthday greeting. But to her surprise, she was the only one that dressed in typically Western clothes. Although she had no strong reason to become uneasy, her uneasy feeling prevailed as the party was going on.
Trying to make herself feel better, she went to the foot table and began to help herself. But she tripped on the leg of a chair and spilled her drink on the floor. Immediately, one of the girls nearby stooped down to begin mopping up the spill and everyone else in the room began laughing out aloud. Kitty, uncertain what to do next, quietly moved out of her way with her head lowered in shame. She was so down that she tried hard to avoid more trouble.
Analysis
Kitty was embarrassed because she thought others were laughing at her. In her eyes the others’ laughing upon her awkward behavior was a kind of insult humiliation.
But as a matter of fact, for Indonesians, laughing has a special function on some tense social occasions. People laugh to release the tension, embarrassment or difficult situations.
练习答案
第一份：1. In the United States, time is viewed as a commodity. Such phrases as "time is money," "don't waste time," and '"budget your time" are common. When time is
thought of as a commodity, it means that the American people have a strong sense of time.
2.This case reflects the influence of stereotype. Applying the same cues to someone from another culture may not work. People in the United States try to guess the age of Japanese individuals by using their own American standards. Stereotypes hamper intercultural communication. So that is why they often make such mistakes
3.From the examples in this part we see that in many instances contradictory values are found in a particular culture. That is, there is often a gulf between the values that are articulated (idealism) and the values that are acted out (reality).
引起交际的六个障碍是：焦虑感、假定一致性、种族中心主义、文化定式和偏见、非言语方式的误解和语言问题。焦虑感就是因为在交际的过程中由于过多地注意自己的感受，而没有注意别人所说的话而引起的紧张的感觉，这种紧张的感觉会影响交际的进行。假如你用自己的第二语言与某个人进行交流，你会担心对方说话速度太快或者使用你不能理解的词语。焦虑感也会影响你向别人表达思想的能力。假如你处于一个让你焦虑的环境中，譬如在跟你的上司谈话的时候，你会发现自己的表达方式很蹩脚，甚至发现自己还会犯语法错误，但当和你的朋友交流时，你却不会出现这样的情况。个人主义取向的文化认为个人的利益和目标是最重要的，然而在集体主义文化中集体的利益和目标却高于个人的利益。西方国家大多信奉个人主义，人们通过取得的财富和在工作中的成就努力实现个体身份。许多东方国家崇尚集体主义。有时候，为了集体的利益不得不牺牲个人的利益。
第二份：1、In the case, Americans (and many Westerners too) don't like to be told what to do as they tend to lie independent; while Chinese are in the habit of showing and accepting concerns.
2、This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.
3、This case indicates that certain remarks that are fitting and proper in Chinese may lead to misunderstanding in other cultures. What Li had said caters to Chinese culture. Usually Chinese hosts will use such expressions like “coarse dishes”to show their sincerity. While this kind of behaviour was totally not in tune with the Western culture.
假如你不理解另一种文化，在交际过程中就会很容易出现假定一致性，假定另一种文化与你的文化相同，就会很容易忽略各文化之间的重要区别。即使假定不同文化都是不同的，也不会帮助你进行有效的交际，因为它会让你忽略不同文化之间的相同点。当你进入到一个新的文化当中时，最好的选择就是什么都不假设，而且要问问具体的风俗是怎样的。
种族中心行为就是指用自己的文化标准消极评价另一种文化的行为。认为自己的文化方式优于另一种文化就是种族中心主义的表现虽然种族中心是引起跨文化交际障碍的一个原因素，但对于那些经历文化冲击（休克）的人，很容易认为自己的文化优于其他文化。当对于新的文化有所了解后，就会经历这样的一个阶段，在这个阶段中他们会认为新的文化的一切都不如自己的文化。但经历了这个阶段的通常会开始认为某个文化并没有比另一个文化强也没有比另一种文化差，只是文化和文化之间不同而已。
第三份：1、This case can reflect the lack of idiomatic equivalence between two cultures is a barrier to successful translation. Language that are different often lack words that are directly translatable. This leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, which is
one of the causes of translation problems.
2、The farmer explained to his son that one could never at any time in any way make other people feel inferior, even unintentionally and out of goodwill. What accounts for the farmer’s behavior is that he believed in individualism, independence, self-reliance, self-esteem, and egalitarianism, the major values in the USA.
3、In this case, the words of the Chinese conveyed a message quite different from what was intended. Her reply could have meant that the American did not know what a really good dress is. The implication was that the American woman’s taste in clothing was questionable.
4、It may be difficult for the Westerners to believe that smiling for the Chinese not only means that someone is happy, but also that he is sorry. It is desirable for a Chinese to smile when apologizing, which indicates humbleness and embarrassment.
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
1.英文原声电影赏析与跨文化交际能力的培养 2."跨文化非语言交际语用失误研究 3."公示语翻译中的语用失误探析 4.国内广告语言语用失误研究现状与分析 5."全球化语境下跨文化交际失误语用归因 6."跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策研究 7."基于礼貌原则的跨文化语用失误分析 8."跨文化言语交际中的语用负迁移 9."浅析化妆品广告中的语用预设 10."中西方饮食文化的比较研究 11."中美时间观之对比 1 2."浅析汉英问候语中的文化差异 13."英汉词汇的文化内涵差异探析 14."英语身体语的交际功能研究 1 5."浅谈英汉身势语的表意功能之差异 16."目标语文化的理解与跨文化交际 1 7."中西文化差异对中国学生英语学生的影响 18."跨文化交际中的文化误读
9."浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20."英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 21."英语学习中的文化习得 2 2."英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 23."外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 24."培养英语学习者跨文化交际能力之策略 25."英汉道歉语差异及原因 26."中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 27."英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 28."英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 29."英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 3 0."中美（西）家庭教育理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 31."中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 32."试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 3 3."本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 34."跨文化交际中的时间观差异 35."论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪
6."关于提升英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养 37."涉外婚姻中的中西文化冲突 38."论跨文化广告传播中食品商标的翻译439."多媒体教学与跨文化交际能力的培养40."中西方儿童文学的差异 4 1."中西体育文化的差异及其受全球化发展的影响 42."中西传统休闲文化及其价值观的对比分析 43."简爱与林黛玉不同命运的文化透析 44."国际商务活动中礼貌原则的应用 4 5."论文化背景知识在外语阅读教学中的作用 46."国际商务交际活动中的非语言交际 47."浅析英汉汽车商标的特点及其翻译 48."英汉隐喻差异的文化阐释 49."文化语境下的英汉植物词 50."文化语境下的英汉动物词 51."从体态语探析中西文化差异 52."浅析英汉颜色词的文化内涵 53."文化视野下英语谚语的比较
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture
【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念： （1）文化：culture，涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。 （2）交际：就是人与人之间的往来交际活动，文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 （3）编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。 （4）言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介； 非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介，例如：文字、盲文、
手语、手势、旗语、号语等。 （5）跨文化交际 广义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。 狭义：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。 影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段；阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。（6）文化模式分为特殊的文化模式和普遍的文化模式两类。 特殊的文化模式是指各民族或国家具有的独特的文化体系。 普遍的文化模式是指一切文化都是由各个不同的部分组成的，这种文化构造适用于任何一个民族的文化。美国人类学家C．威斯勒尔认为，普遍的文化模式包括：①语言；②物质特质；③美术；④神话与科学知识；⑤宗教习惯；⑥家庭与社会体制；⑦财产；⑧政府；⑨战争。 （7）文化深层结构 亦称为“文化潜意识”，相对于文化表层结构而言。指一个民族族体在历史的积淀中形成的固定心态，在一种文化中既不产生律动也不产生突变的心理层次。有些学者认为，西方文化的深层结构是“不断地追求变动，渴望不断地超越”；而中国文化，乃至东方文化则具有静态的目的性，寻求天下太平，维持整个结构的平稳和不变 （8）文化定势 “定势”的概念，最先是由美国政治评论家 Lippmann 在1922 年出版的《公众
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力 中宁五中张永宏 摘要：本文通过分析我国英语教学现状，探索英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性，具体分析“跨文化交际能力”的三大组成，思考培养英语跨文化交际能力的具体方法。 关键词：跨文化交际语义文化语用文化 多年来，我国的英语教学主要采用传统的教学方法，即传统的听说法“with its end less and mind-numbing repetitive drills”和古老的以教师为中心的语法—翻译法。教师往往只注重学生语言形式的正确与否或使用是否流畅，而较少注重结合语言使用的场合来培养学生综合运用的能力。学生在这种教学模式下，经过十几年的英语学习，即使是有些成绩很好的学生也不能用所学的英语同外国人进行有效地交流。为了改变这种现状，人们必然对英语教学提出新的要求。而跨文化交际能力的培养却能在一定程度上弥补传统教学的这种缺陷。 首先，何为跨文化交际呢？“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”，它既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和社会文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质社会及宗教等环境的不同，因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的社会文化、风土人情和语言习惯等诸语境因素，造成人们不同的说话方式或习惯话语。这就可能使交际双方对对方的话语做出不准确地推论，从而产生冲突、误会或交际的故障。 跨文化交际能力就是针对文化冲突提出来的，它是一种在理解、掌握外国文化知识与交际技能的基础上，灵活处理跨文化交际中出现的实际问题的能力。 一、英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性。 1、近年来, 随着改革开放步伐的加快, 对外交往日益频繁, 国与国之间的交流也越来越 广泛, 特别是社会信息化提高, 国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨 文化交际。中国成功地加入WTO后，国际市场对能用英语熟练有效地交际的复合型人才的大量需求给外语教学提出了新的挑战，所以培养跨文化交际能力有其现实意义。 2、培养跨文化交际能力有助于我们要打破以往“就语言教语言”的模式，把交际因素引 进到英语教学中来，在英语教学过程中揭示那些隐伏在语言背后的，易引起误会和冲突的文化因素。掌握语言不只是掌握语法、音位和语义规则，还必须考虑到外国社会文化背景造成的语言之外的规则。 3、培养跨文化交际能力有利于处理好语言和文化的关系。语言和文化是不可分割的，二 者相互依存、相互影响。语言是文化的载体，又是文化的重要组成部分，也是文化的
1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化：文化中的文化 5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and
大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一） I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Definitions of Culture Culture is learned and shared within social groups and is transmitted from one generation to another for purposes of promoting individual and social survival, adaption, and growth and development. Generally speaking, culture means both human and society that have developed to a certain level in history. It consists of all forms of human lives and activities, and all the man-made material and spiritual wealth. Specifically speaking, it solely means “areas of man’s spiritual life”. Culture is created by man; it also continually creates human beings, countries, nations, personal characters, psychologies, behaviors, ways of thinking and various values. According to Samovar and Porter (2010), culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Definitions of Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a number of another culture. More precisely, intercultural communication involves interaction between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. It seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The definition of intercultural communication must also include strands of the field that contribute to it such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication. According to the definition from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Karlfried Knapp (1987) defines it as the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups, which differ from each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior.” Definitions of Cultural Value Cultural values are values that tend to permeate a culture. They are the goodness or desirability of certain actions or attitudes among members of the culture. They are transmitted by a variety of sources (family, media, school, church, state, and so on) and therefore tend to be broad-based, enduring, and relatively stable. They guide both
跨文化交际研究现状 中国跨文化外语教学的研究有近 60年的历史，近些年来有了更快的发展。如今，外语教学中有关跨文化交际能力的培养已经引起了许多教育家，语言学家的极大关注。外语教学应当结合相关文化来进行，这一点似乎已经成为当今外语教学界的共识。近年来，文化成了热门话题，文章和论著都有不少。无论是讨论教学还是教材，教学大纲还是课程设计，几乎无一不强调外语教学中的文化导入，强调在习得语言的同时习得相关的文化。而我们的英语教学侧重于语言教学，对文化方面涉及不多致使学生一开口常常是“汉语思维，英语形式”。在跨文化交际中，交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景之中，就容易产生不解或误解，导致交际失败。正如托马斯(Thomas)指出:“语法错误从表层上能看出，受话者很容易发现这种错误，这种错误一旦发现，受话者便会认为说话者缺乏足够的语言知识，因此可以谅解。语用失误却不会被像语法错误一样看待。如果一个能说出一口流利英语的人出现语用失误，他可能会被认为缺乏礼貌或不友好，他在交际中的失误便不会被归咎于语言能力的缺乏，而会被归咎于他的粗鲁或敌意。” 跨文化交际能力的培养需要在外语教学中进行文化教学。现在外语教学中对跨文化交际能力的培养以及文化教学很多只停留在文化知识层面，这就要求教师在教学中必须加大文化信息量的导入，引导学生主动发觉文化差异方面的信息。只有这样，教师才能从根本上提高英语教学的质量，学生也才能有掌握实际运用语言的能力。如今跨文化交际能力的培养是勿庸置疑的，关键问题是在于如何培养。高一虹教授指出，新的跨文化交际能力的培养模式应该有以下特点:1.它以文化意识的培养为中心，有对文化多元性的意识和对差异的宽容态度，对异文化共情能力，以及对自身文化价值观念及行为方式的觉察和反省。2 .注重态度和情感层面，也包括认知层面，特别是批判性的反思能力。3. 不限于目的语文化，而是通用于与任何
1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43
跨文化交际导论课程论文 Abstract With the gradual development of the economic globalization’s trend, exchanges between countries become more and more closer, and the shock or conflicts among countries is inevitable. It is very significant to master the intercultural communication competence so that we can exchange and cooperate people from different regions much better. This article may give a brief overview on what is intercultural communication, the real function of getting the communicative skills, the basic information of university students’ cross-cultural communication, what capabilities we need to know，and how to improve abilities in cross-cultural communication. Keywords: intercultural communication, communication competence, present situation, methods of improving intercultural communication competence.