美国文学：
Literature of Colonial America（16世纪末——17世纪中期）The first American literature was neither American nor really literature.——an interesting mixture of travel accounts and religious writings by European immigrants.
John Smith (the “first author” in the history of American literature) 1.A True Relation of Virginia(the
“first book” in American
literature)关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述
2.A Map of Virginia with a
Description of the County
Puritanism
The Literature around the Revolution of Independence：Literature of Enlightenment (reason/order)(17世纪中期~18世纪末)
Benjamin Franklin 风筝实验/宾夕法尼亚大学创始人Poor Richard’s Almanac穷理查德年鉴The Autobiography 自传（13美德）
Thomas Jefferson
第三届总统，弗吉尼
亚大学创始人，独立
宣言起草人
Declaration of Independence Thomas Paine托马Common Sense常识（most famous
斯·潘恩
Pamphleteer and greatest political pamphlet ） The American Crisis 美国危机（16
篇革命檄文）
Rights of Man 人的权利
The Age of Reason 理性的时代
Philip Freneau 菲利普.弗伦诺
Poet of the
American revolution, father of American
poetry
The British Prison Ship 英国囚船
The Rising Glory of American 美国的荣誉蒸蒸日上 The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地（lyric ）
The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花
American Romanticism （18世纪末——19世纪中后期）
Washington Irving 1.The first prose stylist of American
Romanticism;
2.Father of
American
Literature: the
first to achieve A History of New York 纽约外史 The Sketch Book 见闻札记(marked the beginning of the American Romanticism and was the first work by an American writer to win financial success)
Famous for his
tales about America
international literary reputation 1.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说
2.Rip Van Winkle 瑞普凡温克尔(escape from society and return to nature)
3.T ales of a Traveler旅行者的故事
4.The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
James Cooper 库珀(novelist) The Spy 间谍（the Revolutionary War）
The Pilot 领航者——sea novels
Leather Stocking Tales ——frontier novels：
the Pioneers 拓荒者
the last of the Mohicans
the Prairie 大草原
the pathfinder 探路人
the Deerslayer 杀鹿者
Edgar Allan Poe爱T ales of the Grotesque and
伦·坡(poet, novelist)
Father of the
American
detective stories Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集
The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌 The Raven 乌鸦 The Tell-tale Heart 泄密的心
To Helen 致海伦
Ralf Waldo
Emerson 爱默生 Nature-----the manifesto of American
transcendentalism
The American Scholar （America ’s declaration of intellectual independence ） Self-Reliance 论自助 1.The Transcendental Club: The Dial 2.Transcendentalis
m: oversoul,
nature,
individualism(Self-
reliance,divinity)
Henry David
Thoreau 梭罗 Civil Disobedience 论公民的不服从权利
Walden 瓦尔登湖
Transcendentalism Nathaniel
Hawthorne
Novelist Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔 The Scarlet Letter 红字 Symbolism & American puritan moralism
The House of the Seven
Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子
The Blithedale Romance 福谷
传奇
The Marble Faun 玉石雕像
Herman Melville 梅尔维尔
novelist Moby Dick 白鲸（the first American prose epic ） Typee 泰比
Billy Budd 比利·伯德
William Cullen
Bryant One of America ’s earlist
naturalist poets The Fountain 泉 The White-footed Deer 白蹄鹿
A Forest Hymn 森林赋 The Flood of Years 似水流年
Thanatopsis 死亡随想（most
famous nature poem ）
“To a Waterfowl ”致水鸟
Stress the American
self-consciousness Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow 朗费罗 (The first The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌（美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗） The first American poet to be honored by
American poet to write the narrative poems) Voices of the Night 夜吟
A Psalm of Life 人生礼赞
having his bust placed in the poets ’Corner of
Westminster
Abbey.
Walt Whitman
(father of free
verse) Leaves of Grass (mark the end of the American romanticism)
Song of Myself 自我之歌 1.free verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme 2.Democratic ides
3. most poems
sing of
“en-mass ”& the
self
Emily Dickinson 迪金森（女）
This is My Letter to the
World I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died Because I Could Not Stop for
Death
themes: religion,life, death , love,
marriage, nature
American Realism(19世纪中——20世纪初,美国第二次文学繁荣期)
1.Social environment for literary shifts of the time
① Disillusionment and frustration;
② Increasing rates of democracy and literacy;
③ Rapid growth in industrialism and urbanization (big-city bossism); ④ An expanding population base and ensuing immigration; ⑤ Transportation and communication;
⑥ A relative rise in middle-class affluence.
2. Major features of Realism in American Literature:
① Straightforward or matter-of-fact manner;
② Focus on commonness of the lives of the common people; ③ Objective rather than idealistic view of human nature; ④ Present moral visions;
⑤ Usually open ending.(开放式结局)
Harriet Beecher
Stowe 斯托夫人
Uncle Tom ’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋 “the little woman who wrote the
book that made
this great war .”
——Lincoln
William Dean
Howells （Three The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹 站在大贵族大资产阶级立场上观察描述现
giants of American
realistic writers ） （his masterpiece, a fine example of the American
realistic novels ）
A Modern Instance
一个现代的例证
A Hazard of New Fortunes
新财富的危害
实社会，被称为“温和现实主义” O. Henry 欧亨利
1.The father of
modern American
short stories;
2.American life
humor
encyclopedia
3.Short prose
writer laureate as
Manhattan
4. Three giants of
American realistic
writer
The Cop and the Anthem The Gift of the Magi O. Henry's twist endings 欧亨利式结局 Mark Twain 马1.The Adventures of Tom 1.description of
克·吐温 1.The true father of our national
literature;
2.pen name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens
3.Three giants of American realistic writers. Sawyer; 2.The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn(“all modern American literature comes ”---Hemingway) 3.The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿
4.Life on the Mississippi
5.The Gilded Age 镀金时代
（the gilded age —the age of
realism ）
6.The Innocent ’s Abroad
傻瓜出国记
7.The Celebrated Jumping
Frog of Calaveras County
卡拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙
lives of lower-class
people of the Mississippi river ——local colorism 2.Colloquial Speech
Henry James 詹姆斯
1.An
American-born Daisy Miller 黛西.米勒
The American 美国人 The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人的画像 1.Highly-refined and delicate language 2.International
British writer
2.Founder of
psychological
realism The Ambassadors 奉使记 The American 美国人 The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼 The Golden Bowl 金碗 theme
Theodore Dreiser
德莱赛 Sister Carrie 嘉莉姐妹 Jennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘
Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲(The Financer 金融家,The
Titan 巨人,The Stoic 斯多噶);
The Genius 天才
An American Tragedy 美国的
悲剧（his greatest work ）
naturalism
Jack London
杰克·伦敦 The Son of the Wolf 狼之子(first collection of short stories) The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤;
The Sea-wolf 海狼;
White Fang 白牙
Martin Eden 1.Naturalism 2.Spokesman
of the working
people struggling
for survival.
（autobiography/an attack
on individualism ）
Stephen Crane 克莱恩 Pioneer who wrote in the naturalistic tradition
The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets
街头女郎梅姬
naturalism Frank Norris 诺利斯 McTeague 麦克提格
naturalism Sherwood
Anderson
舍伍德.安德森 Winesburg,Ohio 俄亥俄州瓦恩斯堡镇
American Modernism(20世纪初——)
Modern poetry
Ezra Pound 庞德 (America ’s first self-conscious
innovator in
poetry)
In a Station of the Metro 在地铁站
Imagism 意象派 Robert Frost
弗罗斯特 “Mending Wall ”修墙 “The Road Not taken ”没有
1.winner of the
Pulitzer Prize in poetry 4 times; 2.Recitation of a poem at President John F . Kennedy ’s
inauguration
选择的道路 New Hampshire （第一次普利
策奖作品）
“Stopping by Woods on a
Snowy Evening ”
Wallace
Stevens 斯蒂文斯 The Auroras of Autumn 秋天的晨曦
T . S. Eliot 艾略特 1948诺贝尔文学奖 The Waste Land 荒原
Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三
Murder in the Cathedral 大
教堂里的谋杀案
Four Quarters 四个四重奏
The Hollow Men 空心人
The Sacred Wood 圣林
Modern Fiction
Francis Scott
Fitzgerald
菲茨杰拉德 The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比（masterpiece ） Tender is the Night Disillusion of the American Dream
（Spokesman of the Jazz Age ） This Side of Paradise
The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头
Ernest Hemingway 海明威 1.spokesman for the lost generation
2.1953普利策奖
1954诺贝尔奖 The Sun Also Rises 太阳照样升起 (the first novel and paints
the image of a whole generation —the lost generation)
Farewell to Arms 永别了，武
器
For Whom the Bell Tolls
丧钟为谁而鸣
Death in the Afternoon
午后之死（description of
bullfight ）
The Old Man and the Sea
(Man can be destroyed but
not defeate)
1.The Hemingway Code: his heroes
“grace under pressure ” 2.Iceberg Theory John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克 Of Mice and Men 鼠和人
The Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的 The Great Depression
葡萄(Pulitzer Prize/harsh reality of the depression ) The Pearl 珍珠
William Faulkner威廉·福克纳
南方文学流派As I Lay Dying 在我弥留之际
Light in August八月之光
The Sound and the Fury
喧哗与骚动
Absalom, Absalom押沙龙，押
沙龙
A Rose for Emily 献给艾米丽
的玫瑰
The failure and the
decay of the South
before the Civil
War
Sinclair Lewis 辛克
莱.刘易斯
Babbitt 巴比特
Saul Bellow索尔·贝洛
1976 诺贝尔奖The Adventure of Augie March奥基·马奇历险记Humboldt's Gift洪堡的礼物Dangling Man 晃来晃去的人
J D Salinger塞林格The Cather in the Rye麦田守
望者
The youngster’s rebellions against the dubious values
of the adult world
Allen Ginsberg 艾伦.金斯堡
Howl 嚎叫
Joseph Heller Catch 22 black humor John Updike 厄普代克 The Rabbits Series 兔子系列
Jack Kerouac 克鲁亚克
On the Road 在路上
Black Literature: Harlem Renaissance Ralph Ellison 埃利森
Invisible Man 隐形人
James Arthur
Baldwin 鲍德温
Go Tell It on the Mountain 向苍天呼吁 Giovanni ’s Room 乔瓦尼的房间
Another Country 另一个国家
Langston Hughes
兰斯顿.休斯 （Poet Laureate of Black “黑人民族的
桂冠诗人”）
Montage of a Dream Deferred 推迟的梦想 The Weary Blues 疲惫的布鲁斯
Toni Morrison 托The Bluest Eye 最蓝的眼睛
妮.莫里森Beloved 宠儿Modern Drama:
Eugene O’Neill 1936诺贝尔奖Long Day’s Journey into Night 长夜漫漫路迢迢The Emperor Jones,
The Hairy Ape,
Desire under the Elms
Tennessee William 威廉斯The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园;
The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫
Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒
剧作家The Death of a Salesman推销员之死
The Crucible 炼狱（萨勒姆女巫案，在中国上演）All My Sons 我的儿子们
美国文学 part 1 1607-1776 北美殖民时期 Colonial Settlements John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书） 美国文学史上第一个作家 Part 2 1776-1783 独立革命时期 Revolution of Independence Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书 Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason 理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 美国独立之父 the father of American revolution Thomas Jefferson 独立宣言 Declaration of Independence Part 3 浪漫主义时期 Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始） The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说 Rip Van Winkle里普?万?温克尔(李伯大梦) 美国文学之父 James Fenimore Cooper The Pilot领航者The Spy间谍 The Pioneer拓荒者 Ralf Waldo Emerson Nature论自然 The American Scholar论美国学者 Self-reliance论自立 超验主义 Henry David Thoreau Walden瓦尔登湖 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字 19世界影响最 大的浪漫主义小 说家 Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集 Song of Myself 自我之歌 part 4 现实主义时期 Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Henry James Daisy Miller The American The Portrait of a Lady Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie An American Tragedy part 5 现代主义时期 American Modernism Ezra Pound In a station of the Metro在地铁站
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
八级模拟美国文学常识 1．The first colony was set up in_________ at, ______off the coast of North Carolina; The second colony was more permanent:______, establis hed in________. A.1585 ...Roanoke,...Jamestown (1607) B. Jamestown...1607,...concord, (1609) C. 1492,…New England…1585 …Roanoke D. 1492...New England ...Jamestown (1607) 2. ________ wrote the story recounts how Pocahontas, favorite daughte r of Chief Powhatan, saved Captain Smiths life when he was a prisoner of the chief. Later, when the English persuaded Powhatan to give Poc ahontas to them as a hostage, her gentleness, intelligence, and beaut y impressed the English, and, in 1614, she married John Rolfe, an Eng lish gentleman. The marriage initiated an eight-year peace between th e colonists and the Indians, ensuring the survival of the struggling new colony. A. Cristopher Columbus B. Harioit C. Winthrope D. Captain John Smith 3. The_____ definition of good writing was that which brought home a full awareness of the importance of worshipping God and of the spirit ual dangers that the soul faced on Earth A. Prostestant B. Puritan C. Catholic D. Indian 4. The link between_________ is Both rest on ambition, hard work, an d an intens e striving for success. A. Puritanism and consumerism B. Capitalism and commercialism C. Puritanism and capitalism https://www.doczj.com/doc/f98193386.html,mercialism and capitalism 5 The first Puritan colonists who settled _________exemplified the se riousness of Reformation Christianity. Known as the "_________," they were a small group of believers who had migrated from England to Hol land -- even then known for its religious tolerance -- in 1608, durin g a time of persecutions. A. Roanoke…development B. Roanoke…progress C. New England… adventure D. New England… pilgrims
美国文学 第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学（1617——1783）Background: 1)The first permanent English settlement in North America at James Town, Virginia in 1617 2)In 1629 the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 3)Independent War (1776——1783) Personal Literature In Its Various Forms John Smith A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》 He was the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation Early Poetry Anne Bradstreet Contemplations《沉思集》 She was known as the “Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up”in America. Important Writers of American Puritanism Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》 His endeavors contributed to bringing about the “Great Awakening（大觉醒）”. 他被认为是美国超验主义的先驱。 Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理年鉴》 The Autobiography《自传》 Authors who call for democratic government and writes for it Thomas Paine Common Sense《常识》 The American Crisis《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人的权利》 The Age of Reason《理性的时代》 Philip Freneau The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》 “The Wild Honey Suckle”《野忍冬花》 He is “poet of the American Revolution”and the “father of American Poetry” Others Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》 第二章浪漫主义时期的美国文学（19世纪上半叶） Early American Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book《见闻札记》marked the beginning of American Romanticism. Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》 He has been called the father of the American short story. He is the first American Writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he was regarded as father of American literature. James Fennimore Cooper The Spy《间谍》
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人
9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣 10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》
英语专业八级考试翻译历年真题汇总 1998年E-C: I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent — e. g. in painting and music —they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all. To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert(断言、声称)that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step(同步). At any given moment(在任何时候) the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification(限制、限定、资格) to precede(领先、超前) the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree(唯一只是在程度上), sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence(分歧、差异) is a subtle (微妙的)affair, liable(有可能的) to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses (重要的感觉)grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own — and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship(亲缘关系) yields to a sudden alienation(疏远关系), as when we hail(打招呼) a person across the street, only to discover from his blank(没有表情的) response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend. 参考译文(翻译第二段)： 因此，我们在说“美国”文学，并不表明我们认为美国文学与欧洲文学截然不同。一般来说，美国和欧洲一直在同步发展。无论何时，旅游者在两地都能看到同一式的建筑，见到
英国文学部分 西方文学发展的两大源头 两大源头:古希腊, 罗马的神话，中世纪的基督教 A General Survey of English Literary History: 1．O ld English literature (The Anglo – Saxon Period) 449 – 1066 2. Medieval Period (The Anglo – Norman Period) 1066 – 1350 3. The Renaissance Period 14th– mid 17th 4. The 17th(The Period of Revolution and Restoration) 5. The 18th(The Age of Enlightenment) 6. The Romantic Period （Age of poetry）1798 – 1832 7. The Victorian Period ( The Age of Critical Realism) 1836 – 1901 8. The 20th(The Modern Period) 一．古英语和中世纪时期： Old and Medieval English Literature: 449 -- 1066 Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons and Jutes Old English Poetic tradition : a. The pagan poetry (secular group) b. The Christian poetry (religious group) National epic poem –Beowulf Middle English Literature: 1. Christian literature 2. Romance the popular literary forms in medieval period Geoffrey Chaucer: “father of English poetry” “English Homer” The Canterbury Tales For the first time in English literature presented a comprehensive realistic picture。He employed the heroic couplet for the first time in the history of English literature. 3. the English ballads: Robin Hood ballads 二，文艺复兴时期 Purpose of Renaissance: 1.Get rid of old feudalist ideas ,introduce new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie 2.Recover the purity of the church Literature of Renaissance Poetry Essay Elizabethan Drama ( the mainstream) Religious Reformation: Martin Luther: a German Protestant, initiated the Reformation
America Review Chapter 1 1、_______ usually was regarded as the first American writer. A. William Bradford B. Anne Bradstreet C. Emily Dickinson D. Captain John Smith 2、The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the_______. A. Revolutionsim B. Reason C. Individualism D. Rationalism 3、Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “_______” who appeared in America. A. Ninth Muse B. Tenth Muse C. Best Muse D. First Muse 4、Which statement about Benjamin Franklin is not true? A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer. B. He was a scientist. C. He was a master of diplomacy. D. He was a Puritan. 5、The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of_______. A. Thomas Hood B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson D. George Washington 6、From 1732 to 1758 , Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous _______, an annual collection of proverbs. A. The Autobiography B. Poor Richard’s Almanac C. Common Sense D. The General Magazine 7、Which poem is not written by Philip Freneau? A. The British Prison Ship B. The Wild Honey Suckle C. The Indian Burying Ground D. The Day of Doom Answer: DCBDB BD
历年专八英译汉翻译真题 1995 I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self? I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.” Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. 对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。乡下有不用付报酬便可请来照看孩子的邻居，作为回报，我儿媳也帮着照看其孩子。乡邻之间互相交换技能和劳动。但比之更重要的是，你如何来衡量那静谧与安详？如何来衡量自我价值呢？ 我无意将小地方的生活理想化。因为有时外面的世界会无情地侵入：比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田；那里充斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。 1996 It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeed more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. 这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰·F·肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。
第一阶段:中古英国文学(8世纪——14世纪 1. Which of the following does not belong to the works of Geoffrey Chaucer? A. The Canterbury T ales B. The Vision of Piers Plowman C. Troilus and Criseyde D. The Romaunt of the Rose 2. “_____” brings the readers into a world that be longs to the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round T able. A. The Vision of Piers Plowman B. The House of Fame C. The Romaunt of the Rose D. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 3. Which of the following is the translation work of Geoffrey Chaucer? A. The Canterbury T ales B. Troilus and Criseyde C. The Romaunt of the Rose D. The House of Fame 4. In the 14th century, the most important writer is _____. A. Langland
B. Wyclif C. Gower D. Chaucer 5. In Anglo-Saxon period, “Beowulf” rep resented the _____ poetry. A. pagan B. religious C. romantic D. sentimental 6. When we speak of the old English prose, we might think of _____, who is the first scholar in English literature and has been regarded as father of English learning. A. William Shakespeare B. Beowulf C. Julius Caesar D. Venerable Bede 7. _____ is not only a prose writer but also a king of Wessex. A. Alfred the Great B. Venerable Bede C. Adam Bede D. king Arthur