美国文学
早期美国作家
Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林，1706-1790）：曾参与起草The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》。
Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》
Autobiography《自传》
Thomas Paine（托马斯·潘恩，1737-1809）：政治评论员、演讲家。Common Sense《常识》
The American Crisis《美国危机》
Rights of Man《人的权利》
The Age of Reason《理性的时代》
Philip Freneau（菲利普·弗伦诺，1752-1832）：美国诗歌之父（Father of American Poetry），被誉为“Poet of the American Revolution”。
The Wild Honey Suckle《野生的忍冬》
The British Prison Ship《英国囚船》
The Rising Glory of America《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》
The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》
To the Memory of the Brave Americans《纪念英勇的美国人》
Thomas Jefferson（托马斯·杰斐逊，1743-1826）：美国第三届总统，独立宣言的起草人。
浪漫主义文学
Pre-Romanticism
Washington Irving（华盛顿·欧文，1783-1859）：美国作家，被誉为“the father of American Literature”，第一个采用散文这一形式的浪漫主义文学家。
A History of New York《纽约史》
The Sketch Book《见闻札记》
Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
The Legend of Sleep Hollow《睡谷的传说》。
William Cullen Bryant（威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特，1794-1878）：美国诗人。The Fountain《泉》
The White-Footed Deer《白蹄鹿》
A Forest Hymn《森林赋》
The Flood of Years《似水流年》
Thanatopsis《死亡随想》
To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》
The Yellow Violet《黄色的堇香花》
Iliad《伊利亚特》（翻译荷马Homer’s的）
Odyssey《奥德赛》（翻译荷马Homer’s的）
James Fennimore Cooper（詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀，1789-1851）：美国小说家。
The Spy《间谍》
The Pilot《领航者》
Post-Romanticism
Ralph Waldo Emerson（拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生，1803-1882）：思想家、散文作家、诗人。
Nature《论自然》，被誉为“the manifesto of American transcendentalism”The American Scholar《美国学者》
Self-Reliance《论自立》
Henry David Thoreau（亨利·大卫·梭罗，1817-1862）：美国作家、思想家。Walden《瓦尔登湖》
Civil Disobedience《论市民之不服从》
Life in the Woods《林中生活》
Emerson和Thoreau是超验主义的代表人物，“New England Transcendentalism”或者“American Renaissance”。
Walt Whitman（沃尔特·惠特曼，1819-1892）：美国诗人，他是第一个使用不受格律约束的自由诗体的诗人。
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》（Song of Myself《自我之歌》）
Nathaniel Hawthorne（纳撒尼尔·霍桑，1804-1864）：美国小说家，被誉为美国第一个杰出的小说家。
Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》
The Scarlet Letter《红字》
The House of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》
The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow（亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗，1807-1882）：美国诗人。
Evangeline《伊万杰琳》
Song of Hiawatha《海华沙之歌》
Voices of the Night《夜吟》
Divine Comedy《神曲》（A Psalm of Life《生命颂》）（翻译自但丁Dante）Edgar Allan Poe（埃德加·爱伦·坡，1809-1849）：美国诗人、小说家、批评家，被誉为“Father of American detective stories”。
To Helen《致海伦》
The Raven《乌鸦》
Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔·李》
The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古厦的倒塌》
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque《怪诞奇异故事集》
Emily Dickinson（埃米莉·迪金森，1830-1886）：美国女诗人。
This is My Letter to the World《这是我给世界的一封信》
I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died《我死时听到一只苍蝇叫》
Because I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》
I’m Nobody. Who Are You?《我是无名小卒！你是谁？》
现实主义文学
The Gilded Age（镀金年代）：1865-1914，马克·吐温给这一时期取得名字，此时工业化迅速膨胀，商人和企业界大亨第一次被世人顶礼膜拜。
Harriet Beecher Stowe（哈丽特·比彻·斯托，1811-1896）：美国女作家，林肯总统评价其为“the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war”。
Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
William Dean Howells（威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯，1837-1920）：美国小说家、文学批评家。
The Rise of Silas Lapham《赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》
A Modern Instance《一个现代的例证》
A Hazard of New Fortunes《新财富的危害》
Mark Twain（马克·吐温，1835-1910）：美国作家，被誉为“the true father of our national literature”
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙》
The Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》
The Gilded Age《镀金时代》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》
The Adventure of Tom Sawyer《汤姆·索耶历险记》
Life on the Mississippi《密西西比河上》
The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》
O·Henry（欧·亨利，1862-1910）：美国小说家。
The Cop and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》
Stephen Crane（斯蒂芬·克莱恩，1871-1900）：美国作家。
The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》
Maggie: A Girl of the streets《街头女郎梅姬》
Theodore Dreiser（西奥多·德莱塞，1871-1945）：美国小说家。
An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》
Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》
Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》
The “Genius”《天才》
Henry James（亨利·詹姆斯，1843-1916）：美国小说家，心理现实主义的奠基人。
Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》
The Ambassadors《大使们》
The American《美国人》
The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇人的画像》
The Wings of the Dove《鸽翼》
The Golden Bowl《金碗》
Herman Melville（赫尔曼·梅尔维尔，1819-1891）：美国小说家、诗人。Moby Dick《白鲸》
Typee《泰比》
Jack London（杰克·伦敦，1876-1916）：美国作家。
The Son of the Wolf《狼之子》
White Fang《白獠牙》
The Sea Wolf《海狼》
The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》
Love of Life《热爱生命》
Martin Eden《马丁·伊登》
Edwin Arlington Robinson（埃德温·罗宾逊，1869-1935）：美国诗人，代表作有The Town Down the River以及The Man Against the Sky。
现代主义文学 Lost Generation
Earnest Hemingway（欧内斯特·海明威，1899-1961）：美国小说家，1954年诺贝尔文学奖得主。被视为“堕落的一代”的发言人。
The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》
A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》
For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》
The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》
Death in the Afternoon《午后之死》
Ezra Pound（艾兹拉·庞德，1885-1973）：美国诗人、评论家，被誉为“the father of modern American poetry”。
Cantos《诗章》（In a Metro Station《地铁站中》）
Francis Scott Fitzgerald（弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉尔德，1896-1940）：美国小说家，被视为“爵士乐时代”的文学发言人。
This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》
Tales of the Jazz Age《爵士时代的故事》
The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》
Tender Is the Night《夜色温柔》
The Last Tycoon《最后的巨头》
Robert Lee Frost（罗伯特·弗洛斯特，1874-1963）：美国诗人。
New Hampshire《新罕普什尔》
A Boy’s Wish《少年的意志》
North of Boston《波士顿以北》
Mending Wall《修墙》
Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening《雪夜林边停》
The Road Not Taken《未选之路》
Desert Places《荒芜地带》
Wallace Stevens（华莱士·史蒂文斯，1879-1955）：美国作家。
The Auroras of Autumn《秋天的晨曦》
Thomas Stearns Eliot（托马斯·斯特恩斯艾略特，1888-1965）（T. S. Eliot）：美国诗人、剧作家、文学批评家。
Ash Wednesday《圣灰星期三》
Murder in the Cathedral《大教堂谋杀案》
The Waste Land《荒原》
The Hollow Man《空心人》
The Sacred Wood《圣林》
Gerontion《小老头》
William Faulkner（威廉·福克纳，1897-1962）：美国小说家，1950年诺贝尔文学奖得主。
The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》
As I Lay Dying《在我弥留之际》
Light in August《八月之光》
Absalom, Absalom《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Willa Cather（维拉·凯瑟，1873-1947）：美国女作家。
My Antonia《我的安东尼亚》
Sherwood Anderson（舍伍德·安德森，1876-1941）：美国小说家。Winesburg, Ohio《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》
Death in the Woods《林中之死》
The Triumph of the Egg《鸡蛋的胜利》
Sinclair Lewis（辛克莱·刘易斯，1885-1951）：美国小说家。
Main Street《大街》
Babbitt《巴比特》
Eugene O’Neil（尤金·奥尼尔，1888-1953）：美国戏剧家。
Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》
The Hairy Ape《毛猿》
Desire Under the Elms《榆树下的欲望》
The Iceman Cometh《卖冰的人来了》
John Steinbeck（约翰·斯坦贝克，1902-1968）：美国小说家。
The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》
The Pearl《珍珠》
Of Mice and Men《鼠与人》
American Literature since 1945
Ralph Ellison（拉尔夫·埃里森，1914-1994）：当代黑人作家.
Invisible Man《看不见的人》
Saul Bellow（索尔·贝娄，1915- ）：当代美国作家，1976年诺贝尔文学奖得主。
The Adventures of Augie March《奥吉·玛琪历险记》
Seize the Day《勿失良辰》
The Dangling Man《摇摆不定的人》
Flannery O’Connor（弗兰纳里·奥康纳，1925-1964）：美国女作家.
A Good Man Is Hard to Find《好人难寻》
John Updike（约翰·厄普代克，1932- ）：美国作家。
Rabbit Run《兔子，跑吧》
Rabbit Redux《兔子归来》
Rabbit Is Rich《兔子富了》
Rabbit at Rest《兔子安息》
William Carlos Williams（威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯，1883-1963）：美国诗人. The Yachts《游艇》
Paterson《帕特森》
The Red Wheel Barrow《红色手推车》
Tennessee Williams（田纳西·威廉斯，1914-1983）：美国剧作家、诗人、小说家.
The Glass Menagerie《玻璃动物园》
A Street Named Desire《欲望号街车》
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》
Arthur Miller（亚瑟·米勒，1915- ）：美国剧作家.
Death of a Salesman《推销员之死》
Edward Albee（爱德华·阿尔比，1928- ）：美国剧作家.
The Zoo Story《动物园的故事》
Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf《谁怕维吉尼亚·伍尔夫》
J. D. Salinger（塞林格，1919- ）：当代美国作家。
The Catcher in the Rye《麦田守望者》
Allen Ginsberg（艾伦·金斯堡，1926-1997）：美国诗人。
Howl《嚎叫》
Jack Kerouac（杰克·克鲁亚克，1922-1969）：美国小说家。On the Road《在路上》
美国文学 part 1 1607-1776 北美殖民时期 Colonial Settlements John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书） 美国文学史上第一个作家 Part 2 1776-1783 独立革命时期 Revolution of Independence Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书 Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason 理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 美国独立之父 the father of American revolution Thomas Jefferson 独立宣言 Declaration of Independence Part 3 浪漫主义时期 Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始） The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说 Rip Van Winkle里普?万?温克尔(李伯大梦) 美国文学之父 James Fenimore Cooper The Pilot领航者The Spy间谍 The Pioneer拓荒者 Ralf Waldo Emerson Nature论自然 The American Scholar论美国学者 Self-reliance论自立 超验主义 Henry David Thoreau Walden瓦尔登湖 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字 19世界影响最 大的浪漫主义小 说家 Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集 Song of Myself 自我之歌 part 4 现实主义时期 Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Henry James Daisy Miller The American The Portrait of a Lady Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie An American Tragedy part 5 现代主义时期 American Modernism Ezra Pound In a station of the Metro在地铁站
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
New England Transcendentalism: Philosophically, Transcendentalism means the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses. New England Transcendentalism stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant. The leading figure of New England Transcendentalism is Emerson and Thoreau. American Romanticism: It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Being a period of the great flowering of American literat ure, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others. Free Verse: Poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme American Puritanism: The first settlers who came to America wer e called “Puritans”, so named after because they wished to “purify” the religious practice in the church. They established their own religious and moral principles as American Puritanism, which stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and li mited atonement from God’s grace. American Puritanism is one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism was greatly influenced by Calvinism. Symbolism: Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. American Literature: Literature refers to body of work which for whatever reason deserves to be preserved as part of the reproduction of meaning within a given culture. It mainly includes novel, drama, poetry, short stories, biography and some other forms. American Literature refers to literature written by Americans in English. Epic A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Analysis "To a Waterfowl" is written in iambic trimeter and iambic pentameter, consisting of eight stanzas of four lines. The poem represents early stages of American Romanticism through celebration of Nature and God's presence within Nature. Bryant is acknowledged as skillful at depicting American scenery but his natural details are often combined with a universal moral, as in "To a Waterfowl" Figures of speech alliteration metaphor anaphora personification:
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
八级模拟美国文学常识 1．The first colony was set up in_________ at, ______off the coast of North Carolina; The second colony was more permanent:______, establis hed in________. A.1585 ...Roanoke,...Jamestown (1607) B. Jamestown...1607,...concord, (1609) C. 1492,…New England…1585 …Roanoke D. 1492...New England ...Jamestown (1607) 2. ________ wrote the story recounts how Pocahontas, favorite daughte r of Chief Powhatan, saved Captain Smiths life when he was a prisoner of the chief. Later, when the English persuaded Powhatan to give Poc ahontas to them as a hostage, her gentleness, intelligence, and beaut y impressed the English, and, in 1614, she married John Rolfe, an Eng lish gentleman. The marriage initiated an eight-year peace between th e colonists and the Indians, ensuring the survival of the struggling new colony. A. Cristopher Columbus B. Harioit C. Winthrope D. Captain John Smith 3. The_____ definition of good writing was that which brought home a full awareness of the importance of worshipping God and of the spirit ual dangers that the soul faced on Earth A. Prostestant B. Puritan C. Catholic D. Indian 4. The link between_________ is Both rest on ambition, hard work, an d an intens e striving for success. A. Puritanism and consumerism B. Capitalism and commercialism C. Puritanism and capitalism https://www.doczj.com/doc/b44748609.html,mercialism and capitalism 5 The first Puritan colonists who settled _________exemplified the se riousness of Reformation Christianity. Known as the "_________," they were a small group of believers who had migrated from England to Hol land -- even then known for its religious tolerance -- in 1608, durin g a time of persecutions. A. Roanoke…development B. Roanoke…progress C. New England… adventure D. New England… pilgrims
Introduction 1. The Youngest National Literature 1781 (Independence War) --- 2012= about 200 years 2. Great achievement: 1930-1980, nine American writers won the Nobel Prize The Periods of American Literature 1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765) 2. The period of enlightenment and Independence War (1765-1800) 3. The romantic period (1800 - 1865) 4. The realistic period (1865 - 1914) 5. The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 6. The Contemporary Literature (1945 -) Chapter I Colonial America American Puritanism 1. The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans(most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) 2. Strictness and austerity in conduct and religion Puritans‘ religio us belief: Calvinism ◆John Calvin, the great French theologian. The principal concepts: 1) Original sin and total depravity. 2) Predestination 3) Salvation of selected few ◆ The Puritans carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New world and became what is known as American Puritanism. (p11) The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature 1) Idealism（optimism） 2) Symbolism 3) Simplicity in writing Significance of Puritanism With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets. Time: From the arrival of the first settlers in the early 17th century to the end of the 18th century Literary Features 1. Forms Personal literature in various forms --- diaries, histories, common books (札记)，journals, letters, travel books, sermons etc. 2. Content 1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people ―at home‖ what life was like in the new world 2) highly theoretical discussions of religious questions. 3. Style In Style, English literary traditions were imitated and transplanted. Early writers in the colonial period John Smith, a captain, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia; the writer of A Description of New England. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation, his writing: Of Plymouth Plantation (P16) John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity ,he states that there was a agreement between God and his people of building a new Garden of Eden in the new world. (P17) Therefore let us choose life, 所以，让我们选择生活， that we and our seed 这样，我们和我们的后代， may live by obeying His 可以听从上帝的声音， voice and cleaving to Him, 须臾不离上帝， for He is our life and 因为，上帝是我们的生命， our prosperity. 我们的兴旺 1
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国文学 第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学（1617——1783）Background: 1)The first permanent English settlement in North America at James Town, Virginia in 1617 2)In 1629 the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 3)Independent War (1776——1783) Personal Literature In Its Various Forms John Smith A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》 He was the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation Early Poetry Anne Bradstreet Contemplations《沉思集》 She was known as the “Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up”in America. Important Writers of American Puritanism Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》 His endeavors contributed to bringing about the “Great Awakening（大觉醒）”. 他被认为是美国超验主义的先驱。 Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理年鉴》 The Autobiography《自传》 Authors who call for democratic government and writes for it Thomas Paine Common Sense《常识》 The American Crisis《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人的权利》 The Age of Reason《理性的时代》 Philip Freneau The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》 “The Wild Honey Suckle”《野忍冬花》 He is “poet of the American Revolution”and the “father of American Poetry” Others Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》 第二章浪漫主义时期的美国文学（19世纪上半叶） Early American Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book《见闻札记》marked the beginning of American Romanticism. Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》 He has been called the father of the American short story. He is the first American Writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he was regarded as father of American literature. James Fennimore Cooper The Spy《间谍》
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 1. 2. 6.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. .Symbolism象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. It's a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It's one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation. 8.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At th century，the end of the 19this pessimistic form of realism appeared in america. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well