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专八美国文学~~~

专八美国文学~~~
专八美国文学~~~

美国文学主要分为四个时期:

㈠The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence(独立革命前后的文学)。

一.殖民地时期(The Literature of Colonial American Colonial Period 1607---1775)1、约翰·史密斯(John Smith):早期英国殖民者、探险家,在弗吉尼亚建立了第一个永久英国殖民地。被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。(注:Jamestown, Virginia, was the first permanent English settlement in North America on May, 1607.)

代表作:《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》(A True Relation of Virginia)是美国文学第一书。2、纳撒尼尔·沃德(Nathaniel Ward):被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。

代表作:《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》(The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America)。

3、威廉·布拉福德(William Bradford):被誉为“美国历史之父”。说起美国人的祖先,一般人都会说是“五月花”号(Mayflower)。威廉·布拉福特(William Bradford)就是“五月花”号上的领导者,《五月花号公约》Mayflower Compact的主要起草人,后来成为普利茅斯殖民地的总督。现在,美国的第二号节日“感恩节”就是由他提出来的。

代表作:《普利茅斯种植园史》(History of Plymouth Plantation)。

4、安妮·布拉德斯特里特(Anne Bradstreet):殖民地时期的第一位诗人。

代表作:《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》(The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America)。

5、乔纳森·爱德华兹(Jonathan Edwards):“大觉醒”(The Great Awakening)运动中的主要思想家。代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。

二.独立战争到南北战争(American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War the Early National Period 1775---1865)

1、本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin):美国启蒙运动The Enlightenment Movement 的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家,参与撰写了《独立宣言》。

代表作:《自传》(Autobiography)《穷查理历书》(Poor Richard’s Almanac)《致富之道》The Way to Wealth

2、托马斯·潘恩(Thomas Pain):

代表作:Common Sense常识The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题American Crisis 美国危机The Age of Reason理性时代

3、菲利普·弗瑞诺(Philip Freneau):爱国诗人,革命诗人

代表作:The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲The British Prison Ship英国囚船To

the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花

4、托马斯·杰佛逊(Thomas Jefferson):美国第三任总统,执笔完成《独立宣言》

㈡American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义文学1800年-1865年内战结束:Started with Washington Irving's and ended with Whitman's , also called 'the American Renaissance'.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.(除了华盛顿欧文和詹姆斯库珀)

- established Walt Whitman as the most popular American poet of the

19th century.

1、华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving):father of American short stories, the American Goldsmith, father of American literature “美国文学之父”, perfect the best classic style that American Literature ever produced.

代表作:《纽约的历史》(A History of New York)《见闻札记》(The Sketch Book)短篇小说《睡谷的传说》(The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家《瑞普·凡·温克尔》(Rip Van Winkle)。

2、詹姆斯·库珀(James Cooper):美国长篇小说之父,以“皮裹腿”(leatherstocking)小说著称。擅写边疆题材。他在美国文学史上开创了3种不同类型的小说,即革命历史小说《间谍The Spy》、边疆冒险小说《拓荒者The Pioneer》和海上冒险小说《舵手The Pilot》代表作:边疆五曲《皮裹腿故事集》Leatherstocking Tales(包括《猎鹿者》The Deer slayer 《探路人》(The Pathfinder)《拓荒者》(The Pioneers)《大草原》The Prairie 《最后一个莫希干人》(The Last of the Mohicans)著名的长篇小说)

3、爱默生(Emerson):超验主义(Transcendentalism)思想家。

代表作:《论自然》(Nature)The Bible of New England Transcendentalism,演讲《论美国学者》(The American Scholar)

4、梭罗(Thoreau):超验主义(Transcendentalism)的另一位重要代表。

代表作:《沃尔登湖,或林中生活》(Walden, or Life in the Woods)。

5、纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne):19世纪美国影响最大的浪漫主义小说家。

代表作:《红字》(The Scarlet Letter)Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old

Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The House of the Seven Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像

6、赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(Herman Melville):

代表作:《莫比·迪克/白鲸》(Moby Dick)regarded as the first American prose epic

7、亨利·华兹沃斯·朗费罗(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow):19世纪美国最受欢迎的诗人代表作:《海华沙之歌》(The Song of Hiawatha)美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗《伊凡吉林》(Evangeline)

8、埃德加·爱伦·坡(Edgar Allen Poe):诗人,小说家,被认为是侦探小说的鼻祖。(以诗为诗;永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝)西方现代主义小说之父

代表作:《厄舍古厦的倒塌》(The Fall of the House of Usher),《乌鸦》(The Raven)。

9、沃尔特·惠特曼(Walt Whitman):杰出的诗人,创造了“自由体”(free verse)诗歌代表作:《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass)

10、哈利耶特·比彻·斯托(Harriet Beecher Stowe):《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom’s Cabin)

11、艾米丽·迪金森(Emily Dickson):诗人

代表作:《艾米丽·迪金森诗集》(Poems by Emily Dickson)。

㈢American Realism(美国现实主义文学1865南北战争--1914第一次世界大战)。

三大代表人物:豪威尔斯、亨利詹姆斯、马克吐温

1、威廉·迪安·豪威尔斯(William Dean Howells):美国现实主义(Realism)文学的奠基人。代表作:《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》(The Rise of Silas Lapham)。

2、Henry James享利·詹姆斯见英国文学(因为他也是英国作家)

3、美国乡土文学Local Colorism及代表人物

有三种书写方式:浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义。分别以库柏、加兰和福克纳为代表。库柏赞美西部边疆,书写的是“西部牧歌”;加兰揭示乡村生活的残酷性,书写的是“乡村讽刺诗”;福克纳在对南方种植园的眷念和批判中,书写着“南方哀歌”

赫姆林·加兰(Hamlin Garland):乡土文学代表人物。代表作《大路》(Main-Traveled Roads)。马克·吐温(Mark Twain):the true father of American literature杰出的幽默讽刺作家

代表作:《镀金时代》(The Gilded Age)《汤姆·索亚历险记》(The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》(The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)(all modern American literature comes)《王子与贫儿》(The Prince and the Pauper)《密西西比河上》

(Life on the Mississippi)

4、美国自然主义naturalism:形成于十九世纪下半叶。要求艺术家冷静观察,单纯地记录,以追求作品的绝对客观和准确,并拒绝在作品中分析,评判,还试图用自然科学规律特别是生物学的规律来解释人和人类社会,故往往忽视对事物的本质进行艺术概括。

代表人物:诺里斯、克莱恩、杰克伦敦、德莱塞

①弗兰克·诺里斯(Frank Norris):开创了“自然主义”先河。代表作:《章鱼》(The Octopus)。

②史蒂芬·克莱恩(Stephen Crane):代表作:《红色英勇勋章》(The Red Badge of Courage)

③杰克·伦敦(Jack London):受到“自然主义”的影响,

代表作短篇小说:《热爱生命》(Love of Life)《野性的呼唤》(The Call of the Wild)《The Son of The Wolf》(狼之子)《马丁·伊登》(Martin Eden)

④★★★西奥多·德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser):美国现代小说的先驱,与海明威、福克纳并称为美国现代小说三巨头。

代表作:《嘉莉妹妹》(Sister Carrie)《美国的悲剧》(An American Tragedy)美国最伟大的小说《欲望三部曲》(Trilogy of Desire)包括《金融家》(The financier)、《巨人》(The Titan)、《司多葛》(The Stoic)

5、欧·亨利(O. Henry):现代短篇小说的创始人。代表作《麦琪的礼物》(The Gift of Magi)

㈣American Modernism(美国现代主义文学1914年一战到1939年二战)

关键词:the second American Renaissance, a transformation from order to disorder, the expatriate(侨民) movement, Imagist movement, Jazz Age, Lost Generation

1、Imagism代表人物:①伊兹拉·庞德(Ezra Pound)

②廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯(William Carlos Williams威)

2、罗伯特·弗罗斯特(Robert Frost):诗人,作品主题永远是New England,简单却包含大道理,曾经四次获得“普利策奖”(Pulitzer Prize)

代表作:《雪夜林边小驻》(Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening)《未选之路》(The Road Not Taken)

3、The Lost Generation:海明威、福克纳、菲茨杰拉德、帕索斯和肯明斯

①欧内斯特·海明威(Ernest Hemingway):1954年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,提出了著名的“冰山原理”(the principle of the iceberg:如果一位散文作家对于他想表达的东西心里很有数,那么他可以省略他所知道的东西,读者呢,只要作者写得真实,会强烈地感觉到他所省略的地方,好像作者已经写出来似的。冰山在海里移动很是庄严宏伟,这是因为它只有八分

之一露在水面上。一个作家因为不了解而省略某些东西,他的作品只会出现漏洞)。

代表作:《老人与海》(The Old Man and the Sea)《太阳照常升起》(The Sun Also Rises)《永别了,武器》(A Farewell to Arms)《丧钟为谁而鸣》(For Whom the Bell Tolls)

②威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner):普利策奖、1949年诺贝尔文学奖双料得主

代表作:《喧哗与骚动》(The Sound and the Fury),《押沙龙,押沙龙!》(Absalom, Absalom),《下去,摩西》(Go Down),《在我弥留之际》(As I Lay Dying),《八月之光》(Light in August),《村子》(The Hamlet),《小镇》(The Town),《大宅》(The Mansion),《寓言》(A Fable)。

③弗兰西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(Francis Scott Fitzgerald):

代表作:《了不起的盖茨比》(The Great Gatsby)使其名垂千古

④爱德华·爱斯特林·肯明斯(Edward Estlin Cummings):具象诗(concrete poetry)先驱代表作:《郁金香与烟囱》(Tulips and Chimneys)。

4、尤金·奥尼尔(Eugene O’Neil):美国最伟大的剧作家playwright,美国喜剧之父,四次获得普利策奖,1936年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,是唯一一位获此奖的戏剧家。

代表作:《天边外》(Beyond the Horizon),《毛猿》(The Hairy Ape)

5、辛莱克·刘易斯(Sinclair Lewis):1930年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,同时也是首个获此殊荣的美国作家。代表作《大街》(Main Street),《巴比特》(Babbitt)。

6、赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):1938年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,同时她也是第一个获此殊荣的美国女作家。代表作《大地》(The Good Earth)。

㈤第二次世界大战后Contemporary Period 1939---

★The Beat Generation垮掉的一代

①杰克·凯鲁亚克(Jack Kerouac):代表作《在路上》(On the Road)

②大卫·塞林格(David Salinger):代表作《麦田里的守望者》(The Catcher in the Rye)

③威廉·巴洛斯(William Burroughs):代表作《裸体午餐》(Naked Lunch)

★Black Humor黑色幽默:是一种哭笑不得的幽默,20世纪60年代美国重要的文学流派。代表人物:约瑟夫·海勒(Joseph Heller)库特·冯尼格(Kurt Vonnegut)托马斯·品钦(Thomas Pynchon)

影响最大的三部作品:海勒的《第22条军规Catch-22》、冯尼格的《第五号屠场Slaughterhouse Five》以及托马斯·品钦的《万有引力之虹Gravity’s Rainbow》

专八人文知识总结美国文学

美国文学 part 1 1607-1776 北美殖民时期 Colonial Settlements John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》(美国文学第一本书) 美国文学史上第一个作家 Part 2 1776-1783 独立革命时期 Revolution of Independence Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书 Thomas Paine Common Sense常识(独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets) Rights of Man人的权利(支持法国革命) The Age of Reason 理性时代(基督给他名誉带来的影响) 美国独立之父 the father of American revolution Thomas Jefferson 独立宣言 Declaration of Independence Part 3 浪漫主义时期 Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book见闻札记(标志浪漫主义开始) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说 Rip Van Winkle里普?万?温克尔(李伯大梦) 美国文学之父 James Fenimore Cooper The Pilot领航者The Spy间谍 The Pioneer拓荒者 Ralf Waldo Emerson Nature论自然 The American Scholar论美国学者 Self-reliance论自立 超验主义 Henry David Thoreau Walden瓦尔登湖 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字 19世界影响最 大的浪漫主义小 说家 Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集 Song of Myself 自我之歌 part 4 现实主义时期 Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Henry James Daisy Miller The American The Portrait of a Lady Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie An American Tragedy part 5 现代主义时期 American Modernism Ezra Pound In a station of the Metro在地铁站

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡:英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡,分割英法两国,连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口:是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法:1801年英国议会通过法令,规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语:是盖尔特语言的一种,在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.

《专八美国文学》word版

八级模拟美国文学常识 1.The first colony was set up in_________ at, ______off the coast of North Carolina; The second colony was more permanent:______, establis hed in________. A.1585 ...Roanoke,...Jamestown (1607) B. Jamestown...1607,...concord, (1609) C. 1492,…New England…1585 …Roanoke D. 1492...New England ...Jamestown (1607) 2. ________ wrote the story recounts how Pocahontas, favorite daughte r of Chief Powhatan, saved Captain Smiths life when he was a prisoner of the chief. Later, when the English persuaded Powhatan to give Poc ahontas to them as a hostage, her gentleness, intelligence, and beaut y impressed the English, and, in 1614, she married John Rolfe, an Eng lish gentleman. The marriage initiated an eight-year peace between th e colonists and the Indians, ensuring the survival of the struggling new colony. A. Cristopher Columbus B. Harioit C. Winthrope D. Captain John Smith 3. The_____ definition of good writing was that which brought home a full awareness of the importance of worshipping God and of the spirit ual dangers that the soul faced on Earth A. Prostestant B. Puritan C. Catholic D. Indian 4. The link between_________ is Both rest on ambition, hard work, an d an intens e striving for success. A. Puritanism and consumerism B. Capitalism and commercialism C. Puritanism and capitalism https://www.doczj.com/doc/398261359.html,mercialism and capitalism 5 The first Puritan colonists who settled _________exemplified the se riousness of Reformation Christianity. Known as the "_________," they were a small group of believers who had migrated from England to Hol land -- even then known for its religious tolerance -- in 1608, durin g a time of persecutions. A. Roanoke…development B. Roanoke…progress C. New England… adventure D. New England… pilgrims

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美国文学 第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学(1617——1783)Background: 1)The first permanent English settlement in North America at James Town, Virginia in 1617 2)In 1629 the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 3)Independent War (1776——1783) Personal Literature In Its Various Forms John Smith A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》 He was the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation Early Poetry Anne Bradstreet Contemplations《沉思集》 She was known as the “Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up”in America. Important Writers of American Puritanism Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》 His endeavors contributed to bringing about the “Great Awakening(大觉醒)”. 他被认为是美国超验主义的先驱。 Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理年鉴》 The Autobiography《自传》 Authors who call for democratic government and writes for it Thomas Paine Common Sense《常识》 The American Crisis《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人的权利》 The Age of Reason《理性的时代》 Philip Freneau The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》 “The Wild Honey Suckle”《野忍冬花》 He is “poet of the American Revolution”and the “father of American Poetry” Others Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》 第二章浪漫主义时期的美国文学(19世纪上半叶) Early American Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book《见闻札记》marked the beginning of American Romanticism. Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》 He has been called the father of the American short story. He is the first American Writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he was regarded as father of American literature. James Fennimore Cooper The Spy《间谍》

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