1)Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only
with simple words, but also with complex and compound words.
2)Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. The major purpose of
morphological study is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.
3)Semantics is the study of meaning. It tries to explain and describe meaning in natural
language.
4)Etymology is the study of the whole history of words.
5)Lexicography involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with
the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.
6)The word is an uninterruptible meaningful unit of linguistic structure consisting of one or
more morphemes. The main features of words are: 1) a word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment; 2) a word is symbolic and used to stand for something else; 3) the word is an uninterruptible unit; 4) a word has to do with its social function; 5) a word may consist of one or more morphemes; 6) words are part of the large communication system we call language; 7) a word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.
7)English words can classified into lexical words and grammatical words. Generally speaking,
l exical words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Grammatical words are words like pronouns, prepositions, demonstratives（指示词）, determiners（限定词）, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and so on.
8)The semantic field theory takes the view that the vocabulary of a language is not simply a
listing of independent items, but is organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component, such as the concept of color or kinship.
9)Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit which may constitute words or parts of words, an
arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and a linguistic unit that cannot be further analyzed.
10)Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, a unit of lexical meaning, and it
takes no account of the inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain.
11)Morph refers to any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance.
12)Allomorphs refer to morphs which are different representations of the same morpheme, the
alternate phonetic and/or spelling forms of the same morpheme.
13)Bound morphemes are those that must be joined to other morphemes. Free morphemes are
those that need not be attached to other morphemes and can occur by themselves as individual words.
14)Denotation is defined as the relationship that holds between the lexeme and a whole class of
extra-linguistic objects, including persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities.
15)The relationship of reference holds between an expression and what that expression stands
for on particular occasions of its utterance.
16)Sense is defined as a relationship between the words or expressions of a single language,
independently of the relationship which holds between those words or expressions and their referents.
17)Leech distinguishes seven types of meaning in language: conceptual meaning, connotative
meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning.
18)Stem refers to the word to which inflectional affixes are added and which carries the basic
meaning of the resulting complex word.
19) A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled as root. A root can be bound or free. The
bound roots are generally derived from the Greek and the Latin language.
20) A base is a lexical item to which affixes of any kind can be added. It is a morpheme that
gives a word its meaning.
21)Polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings. It is an
invaluable factor of economy and flexibility in language.
22)Homonymy refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape.
23)Homograph refers to a word which is spelt the same as another word but has a different
meaning and sometimes a different pronunciation.
24)When two words have the same spelling and pronunciation, they are called full homonyms.
25)Homophone refers to a word that sounds the same as another word but has its own spelling,
meaning and origin.
26)The history of English has been divided into four periods: the language from 450 to 1066 is
known as Old English; that from 1066 to 1500 Middle English; that from 1500 to 1800 Early Modern English; that since 1800 Modern English.
27)The most striking difference between American English and British English lies in
vocabulary.
28)Native English vocabulary is made up of Anglo-Saxon words.
29)Root creation refers to the process of building a word that has no relationship whatsoever
with any previously existing word.
30)Onomatopoeic words are originated from the specific sounds occurring in the real world.
31)Ejaculations are words that attempt to imitate instinctive vocal responses to emotional
situations.
32)Inflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to
produce alternative grammatical forms of words.
33)Affixation (derivation) is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base (root or stem).
34)Compounding refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining
or putting together old words.
35) A change in word class without the addition of an affix is known as conversion. It is also
called zero-derivation.
36)Blending refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which
contains some of the meaning of each part.
37)Clipping is the process by which a word of usually three or more syllables is shortened
without a change in meaning or function.
38)Initialisms are the results of putting together the initial letters, or occasionally the first two
letters, of the orthographic words in a phrase and using them as words.
39)When initialisms are pronounced with the names of the letters in them, they are called
alphabetisms. When they are pronounced like individual words, they are acronyms.
40)Backformation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly
assumed to be its derivative.
41)Synonymy refers to the relationship of sameness of meaning that may hold between words.
The two types of synonymy are strict synonymy and loose synonymy.
42)English synonym pairs may differ in different geographical varieties of English, in the style
or formality of the context in which a word may be used, in connotations, in the use of registers, in etymology, in collocation, etc.
43)Antonymy is the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context)
express opposite meanings.
44)The three types of antonyms are gradable (contrary) antonyms（相对或两极反义词）,
contradictory or complementary antonyms（绝对或互补反义词）, and converses (conversives)(逆反、换位、关系反义词).
45)Hyponymy refers to the notion of inclusion whereby we can say that“an X is a kind of Y”. A
hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word and serves as specific examples of a general concept. The more general term is called the superordinate term.
46)Meronymy is the part-whole relation in any pair of items.
47)Collocation is the meaning relations that a word contrasts with other words occurring in the
same sentence or text.
48)Idioms are conventionalized multiword expressions.
49)In English,multiword verbs are units in which the main verb occurs with one or two
particles.
50)For each lexical item, an entry usually contains four main types of information:(1) its
standard phonological representation; (2) the possible sequences of morphemes into with it enters; (3) its syntactic properties and (4) its semantic representation.
51)The headword is the base form from which the word is entered and assigned its place.
52) A thesaurus categorizes words only according to their semantic similarities, without regard
to shared form or ancestry.
53) A dialect is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language?s
speakers.
54)Social dialects or sociolects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to
class, education, age, sex and a number of other social parameters.
55)Register is a form of language appropriate to a specific situation. Halliday defines it as a
variety of language distinguished according to context, which consists of the field of discourse(语场), the relations between participants or tenor（语旨）, and the mode of discourse（语式）. Register is a variety of use, in the sense that each speaker has a range of varieties and chooses between them at different times.
56)Euphemism is the practice of referring to something offensive or indelicate in terms that
make it sound more pleasant or becoming(appropriate) than it really is.
57)Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the
speaker?s dialect or language.
58)Jargon is often defined as the language peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group.
59)Amelioration(elevation) refer to the development of more favorable meaning for words
while pejoration(degradation) involves the development of a less favorable meaning for a particular word.
III. Analyze the formation of each of the following words (some of them underlined)
1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed
un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed
3.Identify the derivational affixes in the following words. Give a meaning or function for each one.
–ish: meaning …having the nature of , like?de-: meaning …the opposite of?
-ify: meaning …make, become?-dom: means …the state of ?
il-(im-/in-): meaning …the opposite of, not?-able: meaning …that can or must be?
mis-: meaning …wrongly or badly?-sion(-tion):meaning …the state/process of?pre-: meaning …prior to?-ment: meaning …the action of?
re-: meaning …again?under-: meaning …not enough?
-al: meaning …the process or state of?
4.Tell how the parts in each of the following groups are related to the meaning of the compound.
a. hotdog, mainline, redneck, darkroom
They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N” structure, in which adjectives are used to modify nouns …line, line, neck, room?. Hotline means …a telephone number that people can call for information?. Mainline means …an important railway line between two cities?. Redneck means …a person from the southern US?. Darkroom means …a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs?.
b. bookshelf, breadbasket, mailbox, wineglass
They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N? structure. Bookshelf means …a shelf for keeping books?. Breadbasket means …a container for serving bread?. Mailbox means …a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house?. Wineglass means …a glass for drinking wine?
c. letterhead, roadside, keyhole, hilltop
They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N? structure. Letterhead means …the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)?. Roadside means …the area at the side of a road?. Keyhole means …the hole in a lock for putting the key in?. Hilltop means …the top of a hill?.
d. dropout, go-between, turnout, standby
They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means …a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means …a person who takes messages between people?. Turnout means …the number of people who come to an event?. Standby means …a person or thing that can always be used if needed?.
e. bad-tempered, clear-headed, long-sighted, heavy-hearted
They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed” structure, in which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed.
f. grass-green, sky-blue, snow-white, milk-white
They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj” structure, meaning As Adj As N.
5. What is the meaning of the prefixes in the following words.
Indirect, endanger…in-: not, the opposite of
en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 7.Identify the affixes used in the words unbelievable, inexhaustible, multinational and teleshopping, and then decide whether they are prefixes or suffixes.
unbelievable:un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)
multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)
8. 1.VCR:initialism 2.camcorders:blending
3.greenlighted:compounding
4.blueprinted: conversion
9.carjacking: compounding, affixation moviegoer: compounding, affixation
car-phone: compounding, shortening blueprinted: compounding, affixation
III. State the relationship obtained between each of the following groups of words (2*5=10).
1.What distinguishes each of the following pairs of synonyms---dialect, formality, or connotation 1.throw hurl: connotation
2.give donate: formality
3.Lift elevator: dialect
4. hate loathe: connotation
2.
water
rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..
5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee
6.supply a synonym of each of following word
amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,
small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent
7. Difference of meanings in drawing, cartoon, diagram, illustration, sketch
These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to …an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine?. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. V. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (5*2=10).
2.1)cut one?s cables: die
2) blot on the landscape: something that makes a place less attractive
3)see the light: suddenly realize or understand something
4)let the side down: make one?s friends disappoint
5) argue the ross:continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important
6)quick off the mark: react quickly so as to get an advantage
3.1. eat into: radually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.
2.root for: give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc
3.turn in: give something to the person it belongs to
4.cheese off: annoy
5.fall down on: fail because a part is weak or incorrect
6.look into: try to find out the facts about something
7.live under: live under the rule of someone
8. sound out: talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.
9. tip off: give someone a warning or secret information about something
谚语翻译
1.Every dog has its day. 人人皆有得意时
2.What?s good for the goose is good for the gander.对一个人有力时，对另一个人也有利。
3.Actions speak louder than words 事实胜于雄辩
4.Rome wasn?t built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。
5.Charity begins at home 博爱始于家
6.Beauty is the eye of the beholder 情人眼里出西施
7.The early bird catches the worm 早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
8.Beggars can?t be choosers.
9.You can lead a horse to water but you can?t make him drink.老牛不喝水，不能强按头。
10.The end justifies the means. 只要达到目的，不择手段。
（内容主要限定在Chapter 5的练习1,2,3以及P98的谚语中）
英语词汇学教程期末总结 1、 what is lexicology? Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with complex and compound words. 2、 morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. Semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words. First…second…third P2 3、 lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries. 4、 Major features of words: 背
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷 (一) I. Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%) 1. The minimal meaningful units in English are known as ______. A. roots B. morphs C. stems D. morphemes ( ) 2. The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______. A. stability . B. productivity C. polysemy . D. all national character ( ) 3. Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. A. Celtic . B. Hellenic C. Italic . D. Germanic . ( ) 4. In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. A. borrowing B. backformation C. creation D. semantic change ( ) 5. The words “motel”and “comsat”are called ______. A. blends B. compounds C. acronyms D. initialisms . ( ) 6. The word “teachers”contains three morphemes, but the word “shortenings”has ______ morphemes. A. two B. three C. four D. five ( ) 7. Reference is the relationship between language and the ______. A. concept B. world C. context . D. sense ( ) 8. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______. A. dorm for “dormitory” B. fond for “affectionate” C. dish for “food” D. TV for “television”( ) 9. The word “mouth”in the phrase “the mouth of a river”is regarded as a ______ motivated word. A. morphologically B. etymologically C. onomatopoeically D. semantically
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
参考答案 2000年4月份高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试题参考答案 Ⅰ.1.A 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.D 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.D Ⅱ.(10%) 16.transfer 17.OLD English 18.monolingual 19.semantically 20.extralinguistic/non-linguistic Ⅲ.21.D 22.F 23.A 24.J 25.B 26.C 27.I 28.E 29.G 30.H Ⅳ. 31.bound root 32.（head+tail）blinding 33.inflectional affix/morpheme 34.a+n 35.full conversion 36.suffix 37.reversativ 38.prefix of degree 39.prefix 40.number prefix Ⅴ.41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. 42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. 43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context. 45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language. Ⅵ.46.There are four types of motivation: 1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc. 2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc. 3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc. 4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc. 47.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions. 48.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure. Ⅶ.49. 1）Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection （re+collect+ion）,nationalist（nation+al+ist）,unearthly（un+earth+ly）. 2）Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves. 3）All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words. 50. 1）the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine（3分） 2）proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking（1分） 3）using an old saying is more persuasive（2分） 4）the short form saves time, more colloquial（2分） 5）indicates intimacy or close relationship（1分）
2012级（1）班 Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabulary I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character 2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ . A.slang B.Anglo-Saxon words C.argots D.neologisms 3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ . A.content words and functional words B.native words and borrowed words C.basic words and dialectal words D.loan words and dialectal words 4. Borrowings can be divided into________. A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizens B.empty words, notional words, form words, content words C.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes D.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words 5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________. A.Productivity and stability B.neutrality in style and high frequency in use C.collectability and polysemy D.formality and arbitrariness 6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ . A.a dialectal word B.argot C.an archaism D.slang 7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ . A.jargon B.an archaism C.aneologism D.slang 8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ . A.conjunctions B.auxiliaries C.prepositions D.adjectives 9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ . A.the total number of the words in alanguage B.all the words used in a particular historical period C.all the words of a given dialect D.most words a person knows 10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ . A.German B.French C.Spanish D.Japanese 11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock. A.Anglo-Saxon words B. Frenchwords C.Danish words https://www.doczj.com/doc/f65161840.html,tin words 12.Black humor is_______ . A.a translation loan B.a semantic loan C.a denizen D.an alien 13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ . A.polysemous;use and stability B.monosemous;collocability and stability C.polysemous;use and productivity D.monosemous;productivity andcollectability 14.Indigestion is_______ . A.jargon B.slang C.terminology D.an archaism
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
C9 Test-2 below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that I. Each of the statements would best complete the statement. 1. The fixity of idioms depends on A. idiomaticity B. structure C. grammaticality D. style
2. Idioms are generally felt to be A. formal B. informal C. casual D. intimate 3. In the idiom “ move heaven and earth ” , is used. A. simile B. metonymy C. personification D. juxtaposition 4. A large proportion of idioms were first created by . A. linguists B. poets C. working people D. ruling class 5. Forms and functions of idioms are . A. different B. identical C. not necessarily identical D. not identical at all 6. Slang expressions are often peculiar to and varieties. A. stylistic, affective B. social, regional C. professional, cultural D. cultural, social 7. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom. A. illogical B. lexical C. grammatical D. logical 8. Idioms nominal in nature function as . A. adverbs B. modifiers C. nouns D. adjectives 9. In “Fire and water are good servants, but bad masters ”, figure of speech is . A. simile B. personification
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek