第2单元埃德加?爱伦?坡
1. Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?
Key: Montresor is the narrator. He had borne thousands of injuries of Fortunato as best he could, and he decides to take revenge on him. He must not only punish Fortunato but with impunity.
2. What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?
Key: He said to Fortunato that he got a pipe of Amontillado, and he was doubt about it, so he wanted someone to make sure for him. At the same time, he deliberately showed his doubts about Fortunato’s connoisseurship in wine and cared about his health, whi ch firmed Fortunato’s decision to go with him to his wine cellar.
3. What happens to Fortunato in the end?
Key: He was locked in the cellar by Montresor, and can only wait for death.
4. Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Forcunato as contrasts? Key: Poe characterizes the two characters with striking contrasts between them in many aspects. Firstly, their names are endowed with opposite symbolic meanings: Montresor symbolizes “monstrous”, while Fortunato symbolizes “fortunate”.
Montresor is the devil in the story, and Fortunato is fortunate through his life and makes great fortune, but finally, he ends in a very unfortunate way, which is very ironical. Secondly, their clothes are very different: Fotrtunato “wore motley”, while Montresor put on “a mask of black silk” and drew “a roquelaire” closely about his person. Last, their psychological activities and consciousness are in contrast: Montresor knows clearly what is going on and what will happen, while Fortunato is always kept in the dark till the end.
1. Introduction: Adgar Allan Poe is a productive American writer in 19th century. He played an important role in American literary, especially in the aspect of horror novels. He is considered to be the father of detective story. His stories were full of creative pace and attract readers impressively. With in the middle of 19th century all kinds of realistic schools rising, Poe attained unprecedented popularity. Although he was a famous writer in the literary of romantic period, his thought contained abundant modern meaning. Allan Tate said that for most modern people, Poe seemed like one of our unpopular cousin. Poe was isolated by us, but could not be removed from our mind. This almost was a kind of kin. We had to admitted this relationship: his things was destroyed, in the same way, which threatened us potentially. Another modernist poet Welber also issued the similar view. In the 1959 of his speech The House of Poe, he considered that Poe 's writings really contained abundant modern implied meaning. Poe created entirely new territory, meanwhile his waters was the best one. This thesis analyzed the implicit modern factor in his Gothic tale The Black Cat. So-called modernism is not only a kind of literary trend and literary movement, but is also the expressive form of literary style. Modernism start from the late of 19th century, decline from the middle of 20th century. It included so many literal phoneme, such as expressionism, futurism, surrealism, symbolism, and so on. a deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement or divergence from the past in the arts and literature occurring esp. in the course of the 20th century and taking form in any of various innovative movements and styles. modernism actually is a kind of spiritual realism, which described dreamland and mysterious abstract moment world. Comparing to romanticism, it got rid of too much catharsis, showed more calmness and more reason. For realism, it disclosed the nature of matter and the truth of spirit directly, broke away from phenomenal shackles. In other words, modernism pursued the nature, discovered the mystery of human being 's inner heart, found person 's conscious activity. These pursuits showed so many aspects, also displayed the format of the novels creative, which pursued inner
读爱伦·坡的短篇小说 上课时，听到老师讲起萧伯纳曾声称：“美国出了两个伟大的作家——埃德加·爱伦·坡和马克·吐温。” 因自己对爱伦·坡的陌生而深感惭愧，于是拜读了他的部分作品。 《黑猫》作为丝丝入扣、让人不寒而栗的“心理小说先驱”，读来毛骨悚然而又欲罢不能。明明《黑猫》中没有什么强烈的血腥恐怖场面甚至仅是以第一人称絮絮叨叨的讲述一个人杀了一只黑猫，后来另一只黑猫以奇特的方式复仇的故事。全文一字不及幽灵鬼怪，但在描述人內心邪恶的念头时，却令人不寒而栗。《黑猫》具有强烈的哥特式传奇色彩，以绚烂精致的文笔塑造出人内心的恶，以及人内心强烈的矛盾冲突，带给人窒息的紧张感。 爱伦·坡一生写了六七十篇短篇小说，虽然只写了四五篇推理小说，但是举世公认为推理小说的鼻祖。他的代表作《莫格街血案》、《玛丽·罗杰疑案》、《窃信案》和《金甲虫》都被奉为这类小说的先河，对后世起了很大影响。如今很多人认为夏洛克·福尔摩斯的创造者柯南·道尔才是推理小说之父。我也不例外是先拜读的《福尔摩斯侦探集》，并且崇拜着那位睿智的近乎万能的福尔摩斯。然而，当我读了爱伦·坡的《莫格街凶杀案》，却发现只需要粗略地对比一下柯南·道尔的首部作品《血字的研究》与爱伦·坡的《莫格街凶杀案》，就能发现福尔摩斯的形象简直就是爱德加笔下那位西·奥古斯特·杜宾的翻版，甚至连福尔摩斯的助手华生，也跟杜宾的朋友，也就是那个以第一人称描述故事的人称惊人地相似——他们都是以自己的平庸反衬出那位让他们相形见绌的主角是多么的明察秋毫，多么的了不起。更惊人的是，福尔摩斯连出场方式都似乎是照搬杜宾的。甚至这形成了一种侦探小说的模式，即侦探多是具有超人智力、观察入微、料事如神的理想人物，为了衬托他的了不起，又借一个对他无限钦佩、相形见绌的朋友来叙述他的事迹，此外还写了一个头脑愚钝、动机虽好而屡犯错误的警探作为对比，而作案地点一般安排在锁得严严密密的暗室，埋藏赃物罪证则用明显得出人意外的方法，破案过程则用逻辑严谨、设身处地的推理，然后有条不紊的迫使罪犯就范归案，在读者陷入种种谜团时再由主人公洋洋自得、滔滔不绝的解释其全过程。而这一模式在一百四十年来已为全世界各国侦探小说家竞相师法，不少这类作品都是步他後尘，脱不了这个窠臼。没有纠缠烂俗的爱情故事，也没有跌宕起伏的情节，只有抽丝剥茧般严密的纯粹的逻辑推理，这就是爱伦坡的推理小说。而在他的推理小说中，他描写心理和制造诡异气氛的能力也是无与伦比的。让我每每不寒而栗，却又执意的看到最后直至谜题的揭晓。
1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf. 4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). 二、Questions 1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi 2. What drink are the French most famous for? Wine 3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge. 4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians? Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine. 5.What was Fortunato's insult? Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph 6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs? "Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs. 7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection? Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance. 8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato? He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs. He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die. 9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance. The fettering and entombment of Fortunato. Montresor's sick sense of humor. 10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato? His obsession with alcohol. His drunkenness. His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similar
读韦勒克的《文学理论》 王连功 美国文艺理论家韦勒克和沃伦的著作《文学理论》，作为新批评派的重要理论代表作品，在国内的传播却经历了两个阶段。80年代曾经在国内流传甚广，但是随后却难觅踪影，2005年江苏教育出版社再版，终于让这本文学理论的经典著作在国内重新被众多学者认识。我也是经过多年期盼才一睹为快。下面我就简单谈谈我初读这本书的一点感受。 在这本书的第一版序中作者称“我们力图把‘诗学（文学理论）’、‘批评’（文学的评价）和‘研究’（“探索”）、‘文学史’（文学的“动态”与文学理论与批评的“静态”相对照）这四个范围统一成一体。”1 而他们采取的方法是首先区别文学和文学研究：“我们必须首先区别文学和文学研究。这是截然不同的两种事情：文学是创造性的是一种艺术；而文学研究，如果称为科学不太确切的话，也应该说是一门知识或学问。”2由此发现了文学与非文学的区别，并且指出传统的文学研究“都是从语义分析的角度重申一些古老的美学术语……其中每一术语都只能描述文学作品的一个方面，或表示它在语义上的一个特征；没有单独一个术语本身就能令人满意。由此至少得出一个结论：一部文学作品，不是一件简单的东西，而是交织着多层意义和关系的一个极其复杂的组合体。”3 韦勒克由此在对传统文学研究的各种观点的批评中提出一种新的文学研究模式：将文学区分为外部研究和内部研究。他们把外部研究分为四种：第一，文学与作者。韦勒克认为“从作者的个性和生平方面来解释作品，是一种最古老和最有基础的文学研究方法。”4“（虽然如此），作家的传记和作品之间，仍然存在不少平行的、隐约相似的、曲折的反映的关系。……从这些界说的意义来说，传记式的文学研究法是有用的。”但是韦勒克同时指出“不论传记在这些方面有什么重要意义，但如果认为它具有特殊的文学批评价值，则似乎是危险的观点。任何传记上的材料都不可能改变和影响文学批评中对作品的评价。” 第二，文学和心理学。“‘文学心理学’（psychology of literature）的含1韦勒克、沃伦：《文学理论》，刘象愚译，江苏教育出版社2005年8月第1版，以下同 2同上书，第3页。 3同上书，第18页。 4同上书，第75页。
Shavian once claimed that America had bred two magnificent authors, that is, Edgar·Allan·Poe and Mark Twain. After reading Edgar·Allan·Poe’s masterpiece---The Raven, it occurred to me that Allan·Poe lives up to his reputation which is the pioneer in Ameri can literature and representative of American Romantics. Edgar·Allan·Poe, born in a family of acting, has led a miserable life but came up with a great many works of art and have contributed a lot to American literature. Poe once said, “to me, the poem is not a purpose, but a passion.” And this poem—The Raven is a perfect embodiment of his literary theory. To achieve the beauty of rhythm, he adopted the “abcbbb” pattern, and the b rimes, which are based on the constant refrain, “Nevermore.” And every time I finish reading it, I couldn’t resist the excitement of appreciating such an article that blends with the beauty of music. This poem tells a story happened between a weary young man and a raven that kept repeating one single sentence, “Nevermore.” And wit h the raven’s repetition, the rhythm becomes stronger and more pronounced as the poem reaches its emotional climax. Through this story, we can see the grief in Poe after losing his beloved Lenore as well as his excellent skill in writing. Besides, in this poem, “…separate ember wrought its ghost upon the floor…” “the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain” and some other descriptions of the environment build a scene full of sadness
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 A Comparison between Tess and Hester’s Tragic Destiny 2 英文商务索赔信的人际意义功能分析 3 《太阳照常升起》中科恩屡遭排斥的根源分析 4 “Terror of the Soul”:On the Gothic Writing Features in Allan Poe’s The Black Cat 5 公共标识翻译的跨文化语用学研究 6 初中英语词汇教学的有效方法 7 《天黑前的夏天》中女主人公凯特的自我救赎之路 8 十九世纪英国唯美主义的生成语境与基本特征 9 文化背景下英文电影名称的中译 10 浅析狄更斯小说中匹克威克的性格特点 11 文档所公布各专业原创毕业论文。原创Q 95 80 35 640 12 语言艺术与目的性操纵的杂合——英文电影片名的翻译 13 对“老人与海”中人物的分析 14 合作原则在《红楼梦》习语英译中的应用 15 《嘉莉妹妹》和《名利场》中的女性的性格及命运对比分析 16 麦都思眼中的中国宗教形象 17 《老人与海》中圣地亚哥人物形象的特点探析 18 A Pragmatic Analysis of Oxymoron in Advertising 19 An Application of Schema Theory in Interpreting 20 简析班纳特太太的婚恋观 21 从异化和归化角度对《爱玛》两个中文译本的比较研究 22 (英语系经贸英语)成本领先战略与英国易捷航空 23 A Contrast of Two Chinese Versions of The Scarlet Letter 24 从违反合作原则看电影语言的会话含义——以《最后的武士》为例 25 弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫《达洛维夫人》的写作技巧剖析 26 An Analysis of Snobbery in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Mansfield Park 27 The Analysis of the Tragic Fate of Tess in Tess of The D'Urbervilles 28 A Discussion of the Cultural Similarities and Differences of Color Terms in English and Chinese 29 我国高中生英语学习动机研究 30 从功能翻译理论谈旅游手册中文化因素的翻译 31 从生态女性主义角度看《德伯家的苔丝》 32 The Elementary Stage Translation Teaching Design for Undergraduate English Majors 33 人力资源管理浅谈 34 外交辞令中模糊语言的语用分析 35 《哈利波特》中斯内普的人物分析 36 《当幸福来敲门》和《肖申克的救赎》两部电影主人公的对比分析 37 对比研究中西文化中的委婉语 38 《追风筝的人》中阿米尔的性格分析 39 汉语公示语的英译 40 《荆棘鸟》中的三位女性形象——追寻荆棘的女人
III Multiple choice (20%) 1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. When her poems were published in England, she became known as the “______” who appeared in America. A Ninth Muse B Tenth Muse C Best Muse D First Muse 2. ______ is the sometimes exaggerated use of local language, characters and customs in regional literature. A purple prose B waste-land imagery C local color D symbolism 3. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _______. A The Jazz Age B The Gilded Age C The Glorious Age D The Beat Age 4. ___________ was a reaction to the ideas of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment. A Romanticism B Realism C Naturalism D Modernism 5. Although only few of her poems were published in her lifetime and a complete collection of them didn’t appear until the 1950’s, _____ had a major impact on 20th century poetry. A Anne Bradstreet B Gertrude Stein C Emily Dickinson D Amy Lowell 6. Who of the following is NOT a 20th century American poet? A Henry Wordsworth Longsfellow B Amy Lowell C Ezra Pound D Robert Frost 7. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ______. A International theme B Waste-land imagery C Local color
1、文学活动四要素：美国当代文艺学家M.H.艾布拉姆斯在《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》提出此观点，具体指作品、作者、读者和世界四个要素。 更好地展示了四要素间的关系：相互依存，相互渗透，相互作用 2、文艺学：是一门以文学为对象，以揭示文学基本规律，介绍相关知识为目的的学科，包括文学理论、文学批评和文学史三个分支。它们之间既相互独立又相互联系、相互渗透。 3、审美意识形态性质和一般意识形态性质： 文学的一般意识形态性质是指文学和其他意识形态区别于经济基础和政治、法律制度的共同性质，即是文学与其他意识形态共同具有的普遍性质。文学的审美意识形态性质则是指文学不仅区别于经济基础和政治、法律制度，而且尤其区别于其他意识形态的独特性质，即是文学区别于其他意识形态的特殊性质。 文学作为社会意识形态，有其一般性的特点。一方面它最终决定于经济基础，另一方面它与经济基础的关系不是直接的和紧密的，而是间接的和有距离的。其次，文学虽然属于意识形态，但却是一种特殊的意识形态——审美意识形态。它以其特殊的审美性质而保持相当的独立自主性。 审美是人类掌握世界的一种特殊方式，审美始终是与意识形态相互交织、渗透的。审美的无功利，意象一直觉和评价性质往往遭遇来自意识形态性质的功利、概念一推理和认识等性质的挑战或抵抗。可以说，文学作为审美意识形态，它既是非功利的，也是功利的；既是意象一直觉的，也是概念一推理的；既是评价的，也是认识的。 就两者关系而言，文学的一般意识形态性质是根本性的，它制约着文学的审美意识形态性质，即共性制约着个性；同时，文学的审美意识性质使得文学的一般意识形态性质以特殊的审美风貌显示出来，即个性显示了共性。 4、“模仿说”：亚里士多德《诗学》“模仿说。他认为诗人和画家一样都是模仿者，模仿主要有三种方式，第一种是简单地模仿自然，第二种是根据神话传说，第三种（最好的方式）“诗人的职责不在于描述已发生的的事，而在于描述可能发生的事，即按照可然律或必然律可能发生的事。”（为什么第三种是最好的方式？） 5、创作动机/接受动机 （1）作家从事创作活动的内在驱动力，主要有3种： a、表层动机：最初诱发作家对文学创作产生兴趣并将作家引入特定艺术对象的一种动机 b、深层动机：植根于作家心胸、融进作家血肉、构成作家生命一部分的心理原动力 c、临近动机：两层意思，一是指更加切近文学创作本身的动机，主要指作家对自己艺术才能的良好感觉和充分自信；二是指临近创作状态的动机，主要表现为语感动机
埃德加·爱伦坡诗歌《安娜贝尔·李》的唯美性赏析 摘要：爱伦坡作为19世纪美国唯美主义诗歌的重要代表人物之一，其著名的抒情诗《安娜贝尔李》堪称其巅峰之作。爱伦坡认为诗歌的宗旨就是为了创造美，这首诗歌将作者对美的认知表现的淋漓尽致,实现了内容和形式的完美统一。本文将本诗歌的音韵美，主题美，意象美，语言美几个方面对作品所体现的唯美思想进行分析。 关键词：唯美主义；音韵；意象；语言 埃德加·爱伦坡是19世纪美国著名的诗人、短篇小说家、文学评论家，在整个世界文学界享有盛名。他在波德莱尔和马拉美的介绍下成为欧洲唯美主义运动的先驱，他和奥斯卡瓦尔德一样提倡“为艺术而艺术“的宗旨，独树一帜的倡导诗歌应书写美而摒弃道德因素。爱伦坡的诗歌创作非常注重外在的表现形式，他的诗歌韵律优美，形式简练，用词华丽优美，很好的体现了唯美主义诗歌创作的原则。他追求诗歌的“整体效果”, 并从诗意的“完整性”和诗的效果的统一性出发, 把诗的长度同诗的美学效应联系起来, 并认为诗歌的题材、意象、节奏、谴词、韵律等都应围绕着诗歌的“整体效果”来服务。因此,他的许多抒情短诗形式优美,节奏性强,迄今仍为世人所传诵。 《安娜贝尔李》是爱伦坡死后才得以发表的一首诗，也被认为是悼念其亡妻弗尼吉亚的巅峰之作。爱伦坡一生可谓命途多舛，贫困凄惨。爱伦坡少年时便失去父母，中年丧妻。坡的妻子佛吉尼亚·克莱门是坡的表妹,13岁时便和坡结婚。婚后, 两人生活穷困潦倒, 颠沛流离。克莱门一八四六年患病, 无钱医治, 一八四七年一月三十日离开人世。这让坡肝肠寸断,精神备受打击。此诗便是作者在极度痛苦中对亡妻的一份思念与哀婉。这首诗歌具有极高的美学价值，很多评论家都曾对其大加赞赏。辜鸿铭认为美国无诗, 只有坡的这首《安娜贝尔·李》称得上是诗, 余者皆不足道。他的观点可能会略显偏颇，但这足以展现出了这首的美学价值。 一、行文的音韵美 爱伦坡一直提倡诗歌形式和内容的完美结合。形式美的体现之一便是行文的韵律美感，这首诗音韵优美，悦耳动听，节奏感强。首先主人公名字的选择, 可谓颇具匠心。诗人妻子的名字本是佛吉尼亚·克莱门, 为了追求美的艺术效果 , 用了安娜贝尔·李,她如同悦耳的铃声回荡在耳边 , 这正是作者要达到的铃音袅绕(bell - ringing) 的效果。坡在诗里采用了音韵优美的女子名“Annabel Lee”的美妙音节,不仅使人联想到一位婀娜多姿,风韵优雅的年轻女子,更被诗人巧妙地融入到诗歌的韵律中。诗中的“Annabel Lee”共出现七次,它悠扬如歌的音律“sea”“we”,“me”等单音节词相呼应,构成本诗惟一的韵脚。 此外，此诗冲破了抑扬格五音部的束缚，自由洒脱。诗中大量使用头韵，尾韵和半谐音韵。首先头韵的使用，头韵不简单是一个或两三个单词的重复，它同样表达着诗人丰富的情感和内心世界。如在第四节第一行“The angels，not half so happy in heaven”中
Literary terms这部分的答案均来自星火《英美文学》一书，质量高 1.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. 2.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At the end of the 19th century，this pessimistic form of realism appeared in America. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious “truth” were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.” 4.Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term "Jazz Age" retroactively to refer to the decade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americans embarked upon what he called "the gaudiest spree in history". Jazz Age is inextricably associated with the wealthy white "flappers" and socialites immortalized in Fitzgerald's fiction. 5.Free verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman's poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century. 6. The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway, as follows：if a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. 这部分来自星火的为：3,7,8, 来自课本为：1,4,9 来自网络为：2,5,6大家自取之 1.Poe's Poetic Ideas A.His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty. B.He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense. C.Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thus poetry must concern itself only with “supernal beauty”. D.Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” a definition gi ving unexampled emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.
1、研究文学及其规律的学科统称为文艺学。其实际上正确的名称应该是文学学。 2、文艺学，是一门以文学为对象，以揭示文学基本规律，介绍相关知识为目的的学科，包括文学理论、文学理论史、文学批评、文学批评史和文学史。 3、文艺学包括广义的文艺学和狭义的文艺学，上面所说的是广义的文艺学，狭义的文艺学主要就是指文艺理论。 4、无论在中国还是西方，最早研究文学的学问往往被称作“诗学”、“诗论”。 5、一般 文学理论↑ 文学理论史 共时← —————————————→历时 文学批评↓ 文学批评史 特殊文学史 6、文学理论的对象和任务 1）、对象：以文学的普遍的规律为研究对象，具体地说，是以文学的基本原理、概念范畴以及相关的科学方法为研究对象。 2）、任务（四个方面）：文学本质论，文学创作论，作品构成论和文学接受论。 ★7、美国当代文艺学家M．H．艾布拉姆斯在《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》一书中提出文学四要素：世界、读者、作家、作品。 8、文学理论应有品格: 1)、文学理论的实践性2)、文学理论的价值取向 9、文学活动有两个流动系统： 文学创作—文学作品—文学接受 文学生产—作品价值生成—文学消费 10、文学理论的几种基本形态 1)、文学哲学：作家与世界的关系：反映论 2）、文学心理学： 中国古代文论：“比兴”说、“虚静”说、“神思”说、“滋味”说、“妙悟”说、“童心”说、“性灵”说、“神韵”说、“出入”说。 西方文论：亚理斯多德“净化”说、立普斯“移情”说、弗洛伊德“无意识升华”说、荣格“原型”说、“投射”说、克罗齐“直觉”说、 3）、文学社会学：丹纳三因素说：丹纳在《英国文学史》序言、《艺术哲学》等著作中，提出了文学创作决定于种族、环境和时代三种因素的理论。 4）、文学符号学 5）、文学价值学 6）、文学信息学 7）、文学文化学 11、马克思主义文论的五个基本观念 1）、文活动论、2）、文学反映论、3）、艺术生产论、4）、文学审美意识形态论5）、艺术交往论 12、作者通过创作文学作品以表达他的感受并试图以此唤起读者相应的感受。 ★ 1）、“诗言志”说（选择，填空题） 《尚书·尧典》中的“诗言志” 《毛诗序》中的“诗者，志之所之也，在心为志，发言为诗” 《荀子·乐论》中的“夫乐者，乐也，人情之所必不免也” 刘勰《文心雕龙·明诗》篇说：“人禀七情，应物斯感，感物吟志，莫非自然。” 钟嵘《诗品序》中提出“气之动物，物之感人，故摇荡性情，形诸舞咏。” 白居易《与元九书》：诗可“补察时政”，“泄导人情” “感伤诗”是“有事物牵于外，情理动于内，随感遇而形于叹咏者。” ★13、形式主义文论 1）、俄国形式主义：“陌生化”效果