新编英美概况-许鲁之
Chapter 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 CDBACBBB
2.fill in the blanks
1.Canada\Mexico\the Cuff of Mexico\Atlantic Ocean\the Pacific Ocean
2.The Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachains\The Mississippi River Basin\The Rockies west to the Pacific
3.most densely\flat\fertile
4.productive\fruits\vegetables
5.Louisiana\Texas\Texas\Oklahoma\California\insufficient\40%
6.little\fresh\12%\richest\productive
Chapter 2 American Population
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 CBDACDCB
2.fill in the blanks
1.third\250
2.1875\permanent residence\morality\race\national
origin\national
origin\skilled\relatives\270,000\700,000\675,000
3.indentured servants\slaves\1863
4.South\poverty line
5.industrious\intelligent\modle minority\twice
3.Question for discussion
1.Why is the US known as a "melting pot"?
Answer:The United States is known as a "melting pot",meaning that it is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world. 3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?
Answer:The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs.The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.Besides these economic and techonological changes, important social factors were
involved.Subruban areas offered more living space than cities,lower crime rates,less pollution,and superior schools.It is generally believed that they are a better place for rising children.
Indian Reservation
Answer:Ever since the discocery of the New World in 1492, the Indians have been cruelly treated. They were driven to barren desert regions, the so-called "Indian Reservations".
The reservations usually lack adequate health care facilities, educational opportunities,decent housing,and jobs.
Hispanics
Answer:They are the Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American countries. The majority traces their roots to Mexico, Pueto Rico,or Cuba.
Chapter3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 DABBBCDC
2.fill in the blanks
1.Portuguese\the Cape of Good Hope\Spain\Atlantic\the Cartbbean\West Indians
2.Amerigo Vespueci\America
3.the Virginia Coast\pilgrims\Mayflower Compact
4.appoined by the English King\under proprietors who themselves chose the governors\select governors under self-governing charters
5.fishing\shipbuilding\breadbasket\wheat\potatoes\plantation\ tobacco\cotton
3.Question for discussion
4.What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?
Answer:Society in the 13 colonies was like a pytamid.The top was made up of merchants and landlords.The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa,
and native Indians.
5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the
colonies days?
Answer:They could not put up with slaves. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe menbers would fight to free him.So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use them
as slave labor.Instead they seized the land of the Indians
and drove them away or killed them.
Mayflower Compact
Answer:It is signed by the pilgrims, establishing a form of
local government in which the colonists agree to stick together,to abide by majority rule,to have the right to choose their leader and cooperate for the general good for the colony. The Compact sets the precedent for other colonies as they set up governments.This was the beginning
of the US democracy.
Thanks-giving day
Answer:In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts.They suffered the first cold https://www.doczj.com/doc/df2280838.html,ter with the help and advice of the native Indians,the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops.They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October,1621,to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey.They called this their Thanks-giving Day.It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.
实用标准文档 精彩文案Chapter1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources 1.In area, the United States is the 4th largest country in the world. 2.The Midwest in the US refers to the region around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley. 3.The Backbone of North America refers to the Rocky Mountains 4.Death Valley is on the western edge of the Great Basin. 5.The Great Plains might have a dust storm in summer. 6.The western part of Washington State h as the highest rainfall in the US. 7.The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries except Japan 8.The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Utah. 1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. 2. The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas: A. the Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachians B. the Mississippi River Basin C. the Rockies west to the Pacific 3. The Middle Atlantic States are the most densely populated region in the US, where the land is flat and fertile. 4. The Central Valley of California is a highly productive area, which produced enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables. 5. Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana and Texas, a nd from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma a nd California. Her big consumption of energy now has made America insufficient in oil supply. The US reliance of foreign oil has reminded consistently in the 40% ranges. 6. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about 12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive. Chapter 2 American Population 1.The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of British ancestry. 2.About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s. 3.The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until 195 4. 4.American Indians now mainly live in the South. 5.The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries except Spain. 6.The West now leads in percentage increase in population. 7.According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US is Taxes. 8.The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions except the South. 1.The United States is the third most populous nation in the world. 2.Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take up permanent residence there. Later the US Congress passed laws restricting immigration on the basis of morality, race, and national origin. The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limits the total number of immigrants to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter. 3.The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants,but soon[ after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves.The blacks were formally freed in1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the South, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line. 4.The Chinese-Americans have proved to be industrious and intelligent. They are now viewed as a “ model minority” in the US. According to the 2010 US census, there were about 3.8 million Chinese-Americans living in the US. The figure was more than twice what it was in 1990. Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World 1. The ancestors of the present American Indians came from Asia. 2.“The ambition for the vast lands”is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown in the mid-15th century.
Chapter1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources 1.In area, the United States is the 4th largest country in the world. 2.The Midwest in the US refers to the region around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley. 3.The Backbone of North America refers to the Rocky Mountains 4.Death Valley is on the western edge of the Great Basin. 5.The Great Plains might have a dust storm in summer. 6.The western part of Washington State has the highest rainfall in the US. 7.The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries except Japan 8.The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Utah. 1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico,on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. 2.The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas: A. the Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachians B. the Mississippi River Basin C. the Rockies west to the Pacific 3. The Middle Atlantic States are the most densely populated region in the US, where the land is flat and fertile. 4. The Central Valley of California is a highly productive area, which produced enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables. 5. Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana and Texas, and from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma and California. Her big consumption of energy now has made America insufficient in oil supply. The US reliance of foreign oil has reminded consistently in the 40% ranges. 6. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about 12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive. Chapter 2 American Population 1.The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of British ancestry. 2.About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s. 3.The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until 195 4. 4.American Indians now mainly live in the South . 5.The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries except Spain. 6.The West now leads in percentage increase in population. 7.According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US is Taxes. 8.The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions except the South . 1.The United States is the third most populous nation in the world. 2.Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take up permanent residence there. Later the US Congress passed laws restricting immigration on the basis of morality, race , and national origin. The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limits the total number of immigrants to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter. 3.The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon[ after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in 1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the South, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line . 4.The Chinese-Americans have proved to be industrious and intelligent. They are now viewed as a model“minority ” in the US. According to the 2010 US census, there were about 3.8 million Chinese-Americans living in the US. The figure was more than twice what it was in 1990. Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World 1. The ancestors of the present American Indians came from Asia. 2.“ Theambition for the vast lands”is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown in the mid-15 th century. 3.On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reach India . 4.Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India. 5.John Cabot was sent by the English King to explore the new way to the east.
教学信息管理系统
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx学院 毕业设计 题目教学管理信息系统 系别xxxxxxxx 专业XXXxxxx 班级xxxxxxxxx 姓名xxxxxxxx 指导教师xxxxxxxxx 2xxx年06月23日
摘要 以教育信息化促进教育现代化，用信息技术来改变传统教育模式，这是教育发展的必然趋势。近年来，我国高校的教育信息化发展十分迅速，计算机网络已越来越广泛地得到应用，使教学信息组织非线性化、教学过程智能化和学习资料系列化，引发出对现行教育观念、教育内容、教育环境、教材体系、教学模式、教学信息呈现方式、教学组织与管理形式、教育教学方法等的深刻变革，将使教育呈现全新的面貌。 教学管理信息系统是一个管理学校教学工作的管理信息系统，它应用计算机在数据处理和数据整理、保存方面的优异性能，帮助工作人员提高工作效率、减少错误取代传统的人工处理。同时还能提供快速的查询和计算等功能。本系统分为系统管理、基本信息、教师任课和学生成绩四部分。系统管理是管理员对本系统进行维护。基本信息是对用户、教师、学生基本信息进行相关管理。教师任课是对教师的任课情况进行管理。学生成绩是对学生的成绩进行相关管理。教学管理信息系统是高等学校教学管理系统的应用之一，它的应用将解决传统人工处理容易产生
的疏忽和错误，代替人工进行复杂的劳动，提高学校管理效率。主要包括以下几个方面：1.将整个系统分为两个模块：前台与后台，其中前台主要是Dreamweaver进行界面的设计以及界面的关联，而后台主要是对数据库的管理。数据库的首要要求便是设计的合理性以及安全性，此时便对权限进行管理，从而对安全性进行管理。2.对后台数据库的维护和管理，由于数据库有很多的表格，而且几乎上都是相互关联的，所以对表的修改涉及到整个后台的数据体，必须做统一的考虑。3.数据库的合理性要求能够对整个系统起到简化的作用，所以对库的规划必须合理。4.对于后台的不断修改以及操作，必须要求数据库的稳定性。如对表格的修改能够准确的进行，且避免死锁的现在。当对数据进行修改时，如进行删除，但此时数据正在用，必须要还原到正确的状态。要不会影响以前的操作！对于系统的维护很难得到保证。为解决这种情况必须要对数据库的操作进行限制以及屏蔽，使用户尽量不要碰到此种情况。5.验证系统的稳定性，对其进行检测。6.按照模块化对成绩管理系统给出一个合理的解决方案。
如何搜索英文文献 【导读】 ①：正式发表的论文一般要进入大型的期刊论文数据库里检索； ②：搜索引擎更适合搜索普通的英文资料和论文检索入口。 一、哪里去搜索 1）图书馆 包括高校的图书馆、科研单位的图书馆、地方图书馆（如：国家图书馆、上海图书馆） 图书馆一般购买了大量的期刊论文数据库，供内部人员免费使用。 有中文为主的万方、维普，有外文的ProQuest、Springer 等。 注1：图书馆一般都提供文献代检服务，不过可能要收取一定费用。 注2：通过IP 代理的方式可以访问图书馆的这些数据库，不过是非法的。 2）利用在线期刊、论文数据库 国内的有： 中国知网：国家科技图书文献中心：万方
数据：或…… 国外的有：ScienceDirect：：：…… 注：当然，除了国外的部分数据库有少量文献可以免费查看全文之外，都是要付费的。 这就需要登录这些数据库的帐号和密码，或者是代理IP。 3）利用搜索引擎 一般来说，英文的用Google 来搜索要好一点，因为它收录了大量国外的网站。 而百度主要针对国内的，如果你的话题是特别中国化的，那么百度也是不错的选择。 由于正式文档一般都采用pdf，要搜索pdf 文档，只需在关键词后，加个filetype:pdf 即可 除了以网页模式之外，还可以在Google 学术里或是百度文档里搜索，二者互为补充。 注：具体参见《搜索引擎常用技巧——英文资料篇》
4）利用免费文献网站 免费和收费是相对的，有些网站是全面免费，有些是部分免费， 而有些是等论文发表过了一定期限后才免费。 HighWire Press：：：更多网站>> 5）向论文作者或网友求助 直接给论文作者发电子邮件，还是有一定机会得到回复的。 另外，有些作者会把自己的论文放在个人网站上。 至于网络求助，可以进入高校的论坛或者一些学术网站。 二、如何确定英文关键词 搜索英文资料的关键，还是要找到准确描述搜索内容的“英文关键词” 大家可以去这儿查： 1）知网翻译助手：（因为是根据论文内容来确定的，词汇或表达都比较准确）2）爱词霸：（金山词霸里有不少专业词典，网上的“百科词典”里的词条也有参考价值）
新编英美概况- 许鲁之
Chapter 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources 1. Choose the correct answer 1-8 CDBACBBB 2. fill in the blanks 1. Ca nada\Mexico\the Cuff of Mexico\Atla ntic Ocea n\the Pacific Ocea n 2. The Atla ntic seacoast west to the Appalacha in s\The Mississippi River Basin\The Rockies west to the Pacific 3. most den sely\flat\fertile 4. productive\fruits\vegetables 5. Louisia na\Texas\Texas\Oklahoma\Califor ni a\i nsufficie nt\4O% 6.little\fresh\12%\richest\productive Chapter 2 America n Populati on 1. Choose the correct answer 1-8 CBDACDCB 2. fill in the blanks 1. third\250 2.1875\perma nent reside nce\morality\race\nati onal origi n\n ati onal origi n\skilled\relatives\270,000\700,000\675,000 3.i nden tured serva nts\slaves\1863 4.South\poverty line 5.i ndustrious'i ntellige nt'modle min ority'twice
实验四 一、实验目的 1.熟悉代码设计、数据存储设计、输入输出设计等环节，并编制相应的文档。 2.树立正确的系统设计思想。 二、实验条件 1.微型计算机。 2.Microsoft Office（Word/PowerPoint/Visio）软件。 3.PlayCASE安装软件。 4.相应模拟数据。 三、实验课时 4学时 四、实验内容 1.代码设计/功能结构图设计/信息系统流程图设计/系统物理配置方案设计/输出设计/输入设计/数据库设计。 2.根据课题系统功能需求，开展实地调查或通过Internet查阅相关资料或结合个人经验，进行新系统功能设计；代码设计；系统运行环境设计；数据库设计；输入/输出设计；编写系统设计说明书。 五、实验步骤 1.设计出学校教学管理信息系统的代码，内容包括学号，院系编号，专业编号，班级编号，课程编号，教师代码，教室代码。说明相关代码的含义。 2.参考学校教学管理信息系统，绘制其功能结构图。 六、思考题 1.系统设计时，怎样参考数据流程图画出信息系统流程图。在这过程中主要应做哪些工作？ 2.系统设计中，为什么要先作输入设计，后作输出设计？ 高校选课管理信息系统 该系统开发的可行性分析 全校性选修课的目的在于扩大学生知识面，加强学生素质教育，培养复合型高级人才，具有不可替代的重要性。随着教育改革的不断深入和素质教育的加强，完全全学分制的实施，选修课在一个学生的培养计划中占的比重将越来越大。 某高校为提高对学生选课信息管理，提高教育教学管理水平，决定开发网上选课管理信息系统。本人作为该系统的主要分析人员和设计人员，通过初步调查了解了该学校的网上选课管理情况。 网上选课系统的出现使同学们能够更加自主、便捷、准确的进行选课。但是，现行的选课方式也存在着一些问题。例如，什么课程容易拿学分选什么,别人选什么我选什么，哪一类课程还缺多少学分不清楚，甚至有的为凑学分随便选几门课或者干脆让别人代选，完全不顾自己的兴趣爱好，个人所长，完全不顾自己的专业方向、有无先修课程等，造成了选课的混乱。这种现象在低年级比较突出，在高年级也存在。而且，随着选修课比重的加大，这种情况将越来越严重。
教学管理信息系统计划书 一、系统开发的背景 随着网络和信息技术的飞速发展，信息化建设已经成为高校建设的重要组成部分，是一项基础性、长期性和经常性的重要工作，直接关系到学校教学、科研和管理工作的水平，其建设水平也代表学校教学管理的水平，是现代化管理的手段。从70年代末开始，就有人着手研究计算机来解决高校的管理与教学问题，例如教学，排课，科研，人事，财务等问题。此后，人们对高校教学中各种管理信息系统进行不断地改善。 近些年，随着大学招生规模的逐步扩大和教学体制的改革，在校学生的数量在不断增加。传统的手工管理办法早已不能满足要求。如在校生的学籍、奖惩、退学、请假、处分等一系列复杂的事物，不仅出错的机率非常高，而且学生成绩的登记与查询也是一项非常繁重和枯燥的劳动；另外，每年课程的变化都需要重新规划，同样了也耗费了人力、物力。 由于信息技术在管理上越来越深入而广泛的应用，管理信息系统的实施在技术上已逐步成熟。任何一个单位要生存、要发展、要高效率地把内部活动有机地组织起来，就必须建立与自身特点相适应的管理信息系统。 这对于正在迅速发展的各大高校而言，同样有着重要意义。作为高校日常教学主要管理工作之一的教学管理，它涉及到院校、专业、师生等诸多方面。特别是目前国家的教育体制也正处在不断改革、创新的阶段，教育部门充分吸取国外优秀的教学模式，结合国内多年的办学经验，逐步探索出了适合中国特色的教学形式，国家教育部面向各级各类学校开展了全面学分制改革。同时，随着选课制的展开和深入，教务日常管理工作也日趋繁重、复杂，如何把教务工作信息化、模块化、便捷化便成为了现代高校发展的重点。 总而言之，教学管理软件应实现教务信息的集中管理，使传统的教学管理朝数字化、无纸化、智能化、综合化的方向发展，并为进一步实现完善的计算机教学管理系统和全校信息系统打下良好的基础。在高校中，教学管理工作具有举足轻重的地位，教学质量直接取决十教学管理水平。现如今教学管理信息系统的开发与实施可谓日新月异。 二、可行性研究报告 可行性研究是系统分析阶段的必要活动。此项活动的主要目标是：进一步明确系统的目标、规模与功能，对教学管理信息系统的开发背景、必要性和意义进行调查分析并根据需要和可能提出开发系统的初步方案与计划。可行性研究是对系统进行全面、概要的分析。 A、技术可行性： 校园网已正常运行，开发人员已熟练掌握面向对象的开发工具，教务人员已实现计算机培训，这都为系统开发提供了技术上的可能性支持。 B、经济可行性： 采用教学管理信息系统可取代原系统的单据手工传递工作，减少人工开支，节省资金，并且可大大提高信息量的取得，缩短信息处理周期，规划教学资源，提高学生信息，及时反馈教学信息的利用率，使教学质量更上一个台阶。 C、管理可行性： 信息化的教学管理在如今的信息时代是大势所趋，而且随着现代管理理念、方法和途径的发展，教务信息化管理手段日渐成熟，也必定会突飞猛进，所以从长远利益出发，高层领导对该项目的开发与实施会大力支持。 D、社会可行性： 当今社会，广大师生都较为熟悉计算机的相关操作，该系统将大大提高教学管理信息系统的运行效率，
Chapter 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources 1.Choose the correct answer 1-8 CDBACBBB 2.fill in the blanks 1.Canada\Mexico\the Cuff of Mexico\Atlantic Ocean\the Pacific Ocean 2.The Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachains\The Mississippi River Basin\The Rockies west to the Pacific 3.most densely\flat\fertile 4.productive\fruits\vegetables 5.Louisiana\Texas\Texas\Oklahoma\California\insufficient\40% 6.little\fresh\12%\richest\productive Chapter 2 American Population 1.Choose the correct answer 1-8 CBDACDCB 2.fill in the blanks 1.third\250 2.1875\permanent residence\morality\race\national origin\national origin\skilled\relatives\270,000\700,000\675,000 3.indentured servants\slaves\1863
文献检索是非常麻烦的事情，一般都是通过各种数据库进行检索，但由于购买的电子数据库基本都只有1997年以后的文献，文献量比较少，而且很多领域属于落后于国外20-30年的研究，一般很难查到，即使能查到出处，但无原文。文献查找是个费时费力的事情，需要细心和耐心，反复查找，以下谈谈个人关于如何利用网络进行文献查找的一些经验。 ①搜索引擎的高级功能 搜索引擎主要https://www.doczj.com/doc/df2280838.html,和https://www.doczj.com/doc/df2280838.html,，https://www.doczj.com/doc/df2280838.html,则仅在检索中文时稍好点，英文很差，用处不大。我们常用的google侧重于网页的检索，Scholar则主要针对学术类文献进行检索，格式主要是pdf，对于论文的引用也会显示，对于知道文献名和作者的情况比较容易直接找到pdf文档，一般这两个搜索引擎要联合使用。 Google的高级检索功能中有几个常用的功能： （1）锁定关键词检索：使用双引号如”停车”，则所有检索结果均包含双引号中的内容，以减少检索结果量； （2）文件类型检索：文件类型主要是.pdf和.doc文档，国外文献大部分以pdf格式发布，使用格式限制可以排除很多不必要的检索结果，如输入：停车filetype:pdf，当然其它google 识别的格式都可使用； （3）指定网址检索：如果发现某个网站有需要的文献，则可以直接指定到该网站检索，以获得需要的资料，如输入：停车site:https://www.doczj.com/doc/df2280838.html,。 Google的详细功能请参照google的高级检索，百度在使用上相同。 ②关键词的使用 检索结果如何，和关键词的使用直接相关，所以，首先要弄清楚在英文中关键词有哪几种表达方式，分别进行检索，而对于文献综述类，可以使用：review、overview、literature review、history、development、trend等和关键词一起检索。 关键词的检索并不是一次就能确定下来的，刚开始选用几个看能否找到，如果找到一些，先初步看看那些文献，对内容有了更深一些的认识后同时也对检索关键词增加了了解，实际上是不断调整检索关键词的过程 ③参考文献的使用 检索到一些文章后，先要看看文献后的参考文献，国外文献一般都会很详细的列出，可根据参考文献相应的进行有目的的检索，如找到指定数据库的期刊，或者检索作者，作者的个人主页一般提供作者本人发表文献的下载（最好的资源），有些还提供作者的E-mal，可直接写信给作者，一般对方都会提供。 另外，利用google的强大功能，对论文题名、期刊和作者进行检索，期刊的检索经常能发现该期刊被那个数据库收录，则可直接到相应的数据库找到，检索作者则最好加关键词、年等信息以缩小检索范围，而且不要用缩写，会忽略很多信息。 如果找到某个期刊历年的电子数据库，虽然网站有自己的检索功能，但最好不要检索之后其它就放弃了，实际上很多文献不一定检索得到，需要有耐心的一期一期的去看（当然实际上这个工作量并不大，国外的期刊一般每期也就10篇左右），但如果错过了需要的文献则损失
教学管理信息系统数据库的构建与设计项目概述 第一章教学管理信息系统数据库设计 1.项目介绍 教学管理管理信息系统的基本业务需求主要包括以下内容： 学生成绩管理包括：各院系的教务人员完成学生学籍注册、毕业、学籍异常处理，各授课教师完成所讲授课程成绩的录入，然后由教务人员进行学生成绩的审核认可。 学生选课管理包括：学生根据开设课程和培养计划选择本学期所修课程，教务人员对学
生所选课程进行确认处理。 教学调度安排包括：教务人员根据本学期所开课程、教师上课情况以及学生选课情况完成安排课、调课、教师管理。 1.1 数据需求分析 需求分析是整个数据库设计过程的基础，要收集数据库所有用户的信息内容和处理要求，并加以规格化和分析。 数据流图和数据字典是描述用户需求的重要工具。数据流图描述了数据的来远和去向，以及所经过的处理；数据字典是对系统所需要处理的数据结构的进一步的描述。教学管理信息系统的数据字典和数据流图包括以下内容。 1.1.1系统的基本数据字典 教学管理信息系统的基本数据字典的内容如下： 学生基本信息：包括的数据项有：学号、班级代码、姓名、性别、政治面貌、职务、籍贯、出生日期、家庭住址等。 课程基本信息：包括的数据项有：课程代码、课程名称、讲授课时、课程学分、人数等。 教师基本信息：包括的数据项有：教师编码、教师姓名、性别、所学专业、职称、籍贯、出生日期、家庭住址等。 教室基本信息：包括的数据项有：教室编码、教室类型、教室容量等。 系别基本信息：包括的数据项有：系代码、系名称、系地址、系电话等。 专业基本信息：包括的数据项有：专业代码、专业名称、专业性质、专业简介、所授学位等。 成绩基本信息：包括的数据项有：科目号、学号、科目名称、科目分数等。 选课基本信息：包括的数据项有：课程号、学号、修课审核人、成绩审核人等。 授课基本信息：包括的数据项有：课程号、教室编码、教师编码、授课时间、授课周次等。 班级基本信息：包括的数据项有：班级代码、班级名称，班级简介等。 1.1.2 系统的基本数据流图 数据流图是从数据和对数据的加工处理的角度来描述系统的图形。数据流图的基本组成元素如下图所示： 数据存储 图3-1数据流图的基本组成元素
Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources 1. How many states are there in the United States? And which two states are geographically separated from the others? (50, Alaska, Hawaii) 2. What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. 1) To the west of Atlantic coastal plain lie the Appalachian Mountains that begin in Canada and reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama. These are old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceeding 800m in height. The highest point is only 2000m above the sea. Most of the mountain ridges are low enough to be easily crossed by modern highways. The Appalachians have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts. The Ohio and the Tennessee Rivers flow down the western slopes of the Appalachians to the great Mississippi River, deep in the heart of America. 2) To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continental Divide, or Great Divide, the most important watershed on the continent. The Rockies are more than twice as high as the Appalachians and high enough to receive more rain than the surrounding plains and plateaus. Consequently, they are mostly forested. The striking and varied scenery of the Rockies has given rise to the establishment of many national parks here. The other natural wonders include roaming herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and sheep, as well as the famous grizzly bear. Chapter 2 American Population 1.Why is the United States known as a “melting pot”? It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world. ①The people of the US are predominantly white. ②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came from Africa. ③American Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent. ④There were about 50.5 million Hispanics in 2010 in the US. They are the Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American countries. ⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent. 2.What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States? ①The desire for economic betterment is generally the most important force inducing migration. ②Geographic difference in economic opportunity, as reflected by such factors as differences in employment opportunities and earning power for workers and differences in the availability and the price of land for farmers. ③Noneconomic factors. Such as climate, racial attitudes, and family tires, influencing migration. 3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs? ①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs. ②The telephone reduced the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another. ③Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superior schools. It is generally believed that they are better place for raising children. Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World 1. Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas. 1) The Aztecs of Mexico 2) The Incas of Peru 3) The Indians of North America 4) Indian contributions to European culture: Foods, Drugs and Utilitarian objects 2. Why did the discoveries of New World before Columbus not exert great influence in the world at that time?