Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well.
Let’s talk
（M=Mom, T= Tom）
M: What,'s the matter, T om?
T: I'm not feeling well, Mom
M: Do you have a cold?
T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please?
M: Here you are.
T: Thank you, Mom.
M: T om, you must go and see a doctor.
T: OK, Mom.
M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat.
T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please?
M: Here you are.
T: Thank you, Mom
M: T ell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is.
译文(M=妈妈,T=汤姆)
妈妈:怎么了,汤姆?
汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。
妈妈:你感冒了吗?
汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗?
妈妈:给你。
汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。
妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生.
汤姆:好的,妈妈。
妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。
汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗?
妈妈:给你。
汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。
妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。
汤姆:好的。电话号码在这儿。
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A good habit
Dan often stayed up late and got up late . At last he became ill. He had a bad headache, and couldn't get to sleep at night. So he went to see a doctor.
“Oh, you look tired. What's the matter?" the doctor asked.
“I have a bad headache and can't get to sleep at night.”Dan said.
“When do you usually go to bed?”
“I usually go to bed after 12 o'clock.”
“You should go to bed before 10 o'clock. Drink some milk before you go to sleep. I’m sure you will sleep well and get better soon.”
From then on, Dan went to bed early and soon he got better.
It's a good habit to go to bed early and get up early.
译文
一个好习惯
丹经常熬夜到很晚而且很晚起床。最终他生病了。他头痛得厉害,晚上不能入睡。因此他去看医生。
“哦,你看起来很累。怎么了?”医生问。
“我头痛得厉害,晚上不能入睡。”丹说
“你通常什么时候上床睡觉?”
“我通常在十二点以后上床睡觉。”
“你应该在十点以前上床睡觉。在你睡觉以前喝一些牛奶。我保证你将睡得很好并且很快恢复健康。”
从那时起,Dan很早就上床睡觉。他很快恢复了健康。
早睡早起是一个好习惯。
Lesson 2 Did you play basketball yesterday?
原文(L=Lulu, T= Tom)
L: Hello, T om! What do you usually do on Sunday afternoons?
T: I often play basketball.
L: Did you play basketball yesterday?
T.No. I didn’t. I went to visit a friend.
L: Did you have a good time?
T: Yes, I did. My friend likes taking photos. He showed me many photos. L: Did you like the photos?
T: Yes, I liked them very much.
译文(L=露露,T=汤姆)
露露:你妤,汤姆!你通常在星期日下午做什么?
汤姆:我经常打篮球。
露露:昨天你打篮球了吗?
汤姆:不,我没有。我去探望了一个朋友。
露露:你玩得愉快吗?
汤姆:是的,我玩得很愉快。我的朋友喜欢拍照。他向我展示了许多照片。
露露:你喜欢那些照片吗?
汤姆:是的,我非常喜欢它们。
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The giant's garden
科普版英语六年级下册 教案(全册) -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
科普版小学六年级英语下册（第八册）全册教案 总课时：一 课题： Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class 教学内容： Let＇s learn 教学目标： 1．掌握形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法。 2．熟练运用“Who is the tallest boy in your class Who runs fastest in your cla ss ”等交际用语，并会做替换练习。 教学重点： 目标1 教学难点： 目标1 教学易混点： 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法 教学方法： 对话法 教具准备：
形容词的最高级在使用时，前面通常加定冠词并有一个短语或从句表示在哪个范围内情况如此。 （3）训练操作 组织学生对本课主题句进行操练。 （4）反馈矫正 让学生上台指图或指班中学生进行问答，教师指导。 （5）布置作业 作练习册中的练习四和练习七。 板书设计
Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class 1.-Who jumps highest ,Tom ,Jim or Jack -Jack jumps highest of the three . 2.high -higher -highest fat –fatter –fattest 教学反思 总课时：二 课题： Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class 教学内容： Let＇s talk 和Let＇s sing 教学目标： 1．复习形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法。 2．熟练运用“Who is the tallest boy in your class Who runs fastest in your cla ss ”等交际用语并会做替换练习。 教学重点： 目标2
人教版英语选修六课文翻译 Unit 1 A Short History Western Painting 西方绘画艺术简史 西方艺术风格变化较大，而中国艺术风格变化较小。人们的生活方式和信仰影响了艺术。中国和欧洲不同，生活方式在长时间里相似。西方艺术丰富多彩，仅凭一篇短短的课文难以描述全面。所以，本篇课文仅描述了从公元5世纪开始的几种主要风格。 中世纪（公元5 世纪到15 世纪） 在中世纪，画家的主要任务是表现宗教主题。艺术家们并没有把兴趣放在呈现人和自然的真实面貌上，而是着力于体现对上帝的爱戴和敬重。因此，这段时期的绘画充满着宗教的信条。到13 世纪时，情况已经开始发生变化，像乔托这样的画家以比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。 文艺复兴时期(15 世纪到16 世纪) 在文艺复兴时期，新的思想和价值观取代了中世纪的那一套，人们开始更关心人而不是宗教。画家们回到了罗马、希腊的艺术理论上。他们尽力地画出人和自然的真实面貌。富人们想为自己的宫殿和豪宅收藏艺术品，他们高价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画画，画自己的房屋和其他财物，画他们的活动，画他们的成就。在这个阶段，最重要的发现之一是如何用透视法来画出事物的形象。在1428 年，马萨乔成为第一个在绘画中使用透视方法的人，当人们第一次看到他的画
时，还以为是透过墙上的小孔，来观看真实的情景，并对此深信不疑。如果没有透视法，人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画，在文艺复兴时期，油画也得到了发展，它使得色彩看上去更丰富，更深沉。 印象派时期(19 世纪后期到20世纪初期) 19 世纪后期，欧洲发生了巨大的变化，从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会。许多人从农村迁入城市。有着大量的新发明，还有许多社会变革。这些变革也自然而然地导致了绘画风格上的变化。那些打破传统画法的人有在巴黎生活和工作的印象派画家。 印象派画家是第一批室外写生的艺术家。他们想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影画出来。由于自然光的变化很快，所以，印象派画家必须很快地作画。因此，他们的画就不像以前那些画家的画那样细致了，起初，多数人都看不惯这种新式画法，甚至还非常生气。他们说这些画家作画时心不在焉，粗枝大叶，他们的作品更是荒唐。 现代艺术(20 世纪至今) 在印象派作品的创建初期，他们存在争议。但是，现在已经被人们接受，并且成为现在所说的“现代艺术”的始祖。如今，现代艺术已有几十多种，如果没有印象派艺术，也就没有那么多不同的风格，印象派画家帮助艺术家们用新的方法来观察环境和艺术。有些现代艺术是抽象的，也就是说，画家并不打算把我们的眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来，而是集中体现某些物体的某些品质和特征，用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。另一方面，有些现代派的艺术作品太逼真了，
Let’s talk (L=Lulu, T= Tom) L: What day is it today? T: It’s Wednesday. L: My birthday is coming. T: When is your birthday? L: Next Sunday. T: Are you going to have a birthday party? L: Yes, I am. I’m going to have a party at home next Sunday evening. Would you like to come? T: Sure. I’d love to. Are you going to ask Eve to come? L: Certainly. Make and say A holiday plan May Day is coming. What are you going to do. Please tell me your plan. On May 1st, I’m going to visit my friends. On May 2nd, I’m going to take swimming lessons. On May 3rd, I’m going to help my mum do some washing. Read. Father’s birthday party. I’m Mary today’s my father’s birthday. The weather is good. It’s sunny. We are going to have a birthday party for him. Now my mother and I are doing some shopping. I'm going to buy some fruit. Mother is going to buy some eggs. She's going to make a birthday cake for my father. The party will begin at four o'clock. It's one o'clock now. And I’m asking my uncle and I and to come to the party.
AN EXCITING JOB I have the greatest job in the world. I travel to unusual places and work alongside people from all over the world. Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I am never bored. Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don't mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive. However, the most important thing about my job is that I help protect ordinary people from one of the most powerful forces on earth - the volcano. I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian V olcano Observatory (HVO) twenty years ago. My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. Our work has saved many lives because people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses. Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground. When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes less damage than you might imagine. This is because no one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall. The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes far more damage because it
2015年秋期六年级期中测试卷 一. 选出划线部分发音不同的单词。（10分） ( )1.A.begin B.live C.bike ( )2.A.book B.food C.cook ( )3.A.never B.next C.me ( )4.A.third B.fifth C.that ( )5.A.early B.near C.year 2、请给下面的单词选择正确的译文。（10分） （）1.dry A.湿的 B.冷的 C. 干的 （）https://www.doczj.com/doc/d710767185.html,ke A.河 B. 海 C. 湖 （）3.difficult A.困难的 B. 简单的 C.好的 （）4.same A. 相同的 B.一些 C.非常 （）5.than A. 然后 B.比 C.周围 三．按要求写出单词：（10分） 1.sit(现在分词) ________ 2.photo(复数形式)_________ 3.they(宾格形式) ________ 4. dry（反义词）__________ 5.child(复数形式) ________ 6.rain(形容词） 7.eight（序数词）_________ 8.twelve(序数词）__________ 9.去游泳（汉译英）__________ 10.wash（单三)________ 四、选择最佳答案。（20分） ( )1. ---Is this his book? --- No, it’s____ A. my B. mine C .your ( )2. Bruce and Jess _____friends. A.are B.is C.isn’t ( )3.I am going to_______ my grandma. A.sees B.see C.seeing ( )4. Steven _____wears dresses. A. always B. usually C. never ( )5.what will the weather be like tomorrow? It will ____________ A. rain B. be rain C .rainy （）6. That will be bad_______the people. A.for B to C of ( )7. There are many _______in the classroom. A. childs B. children C. child
科普版小学六年级英语下册（第八册）全册教案 总课时：一 课题： Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class ? 教学内容： Let ＇s learn 教学目标： 1． 掌握形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法。 2． 熟练运用“Who is the tallest boy in your class ?Who runs fastest in your class ?”等交际用语，并会做替换练习。 教学重点： 目标1 教学难点： 目标1 教学易混点： 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法 教学方法： 对话法 教具准备： 录音机 、磁带 教学过程： （1） 复习检查 教师快速出示音标卡片，让学生读。先集体读，再个别读。 （2） 导入新课，出示课题 A ． 学习本课的12个单词及词组。 B ． 学习单词拼读规则：学习ir 在单词中常读作 []，ar 在单词中常读作[]的规则。可适当举些例子，ir 在单词中常读作[]，如：first 、 shirt 、 bird 、 birthday 、third 、girl 、sir 、 thirty 、thirteen 等词， ar 在单词在常读作 []，如car 、 far 、 farm 、market 、 March 、pPark 、party 、star 等词，并要求学生掌握这些读音规则。 C ． 导入Let ＇s learn 组织学生用对话形式导入本课的Let ＇s learn ，主题句是“Who …?” 出示形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法。 多音节词和少数more 或 方式构成：
形容词的最高级在使用时，前面通常加定冠词并有一个短语或从句表示在哪个范围内情况如此。 （3）训练操作 组织学生对本课主题句进行操练。 （4）反馈矫正 让学生上台指图或指班中学生进行问答，教师指导。 （5）布置作业 作练习册中的练习四和练习七。 板书设计 Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class ? 1.-Who jumps highest ,Tom ,Jim or Jack ? -Jack jumps highest of the three . 2.high -higher -highest fat –fatter –fattest 教学反思 总课时：二 课题： Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class ? 教学内容： Let＇s talk 和Let＇s sing 教学目标： 1．复习形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法。 2．熟练运用“Who is the tallest boy in your class ?Who runs fastest in your class ?”等交际用语并会做替换练习。 教学重点： 目标2 教学难点： 目标2 教学易混点： 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法 教学方法： 自问自答法、角色表演法 教具准备： 录音机磁带 教学过程： （1）复习检查 A、复习上一课时所学的12个单词及词组。 B、叫若干学生用角色表演的方式，复习本课主题句。 （2）导入新课 导入Let＇s talk 。 本课对话的话题是“个人信息”(Personal information )。教师可采用自问自答法导入对话。教师同时扮演Eve和Ma Jun 两个角色。可先站在左边扮演Eve问Ma Jun，“Look at the three runners. Who is the one in the middle ?”，再转到右边扮演Ma Jun 说，“He’s John .”，再转到左边扮演Eve说，“Is he the tallest boy in your class ?”，再转到右边扮演Ma Jun说，“No ,he isn’t .”，其余依次类推，直到把整段对话表演完。表演两遍后放录音。先将全段放一遍，然后逐句放，让学生逐句跟说并译成汉语。 （3）操练 将对话分成两段，可利用挂图进行操练。操练的顺序是：先让学生听录音，并逐句跟说两遍，再让他们连起来说，说时教师可在图下写上关键词作为提示。然后领着学生复述一遍，再给学生一两分钟时间，让学生自己根据关键词看图复述，然后教师领着学生进行集体复述，集体复述完以后，再让学生个别复述。学生可同桌之间进行表演，也可以自问自答式进行角色替换表演，直到熟练为止。分两部分练完后，再连起来练习。最后叫若干同学站起来复述全段对话，或者进行俩俩表演。 （4）导入let’s sing： 听录音学唱英文歌曲“Do–re - mi ” 先跟唱，带集体唱，最后个人唱。 （5）效果测试
第二单元其余部分 Introduction 介绍 《狮子、女巫与魔衣橱》的创作者——C·S·刘易斯（1898——1963）是英国最伟大的魔幻文学家之一，露西发现了冰天雪地的纳尼亚，在那里她和她的两个哥哥和一个妹妹遇见了白女巫。他们还邂逅了阿斯兰，那头唯一能够打败女巫，重新夺回纳尼亚之夏的狮子。和阿斯兰在一起，孩子们学会了勇敢与宽恕。他们经历过大悲大喜，最终学到了智慧。他们在纳尼亚的时光是每一个孩子梦寐以求的历险。 Extract from The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 《狮子、女巫与魔衣橱》节选然后，她看见前面有一道光，离它不远处可以看到魔衣橱的后面，但走起来却很远。冰冷的柔软的东西不停地落在她身上。过了一会儿，她发现自己正站在晚间的森林中间，脚下是积雪，雪花在漫天飞舞。 露西有点害怕，但同时她也很好奇，很兴奋。她扭头向后望去，透过黑色的树干，仍然可看见魔衣橱敞开的门廊，她甚至还能瞥见她走出的那个空房子。（当然，她一直让门开着，因为他知道把自己关在衣橱里是很傻的。）那里似乎还是白天。“如果发生了什么事，我还可以回去，”露西想。她开始往前走，伴着脚下嘎吱嘎吱的积雪声穿过森林，朝着另一处光亮走去。大约十分钟之后她到了那里，发现那是一根灯柱。当她站在那里，看着灯柱是，她开始奇怪：为什么森林中间会有根灯柱，她不知所措，这是她听见劈里啪啦的脚步声，（有人正）朝她走来。随后一个非常奇怪的人从森林里走到了灯光下。 他只比露西略高一点，头上撑着一把伞，伞上满是雪。他腰部以上想人，而脚却像山羊腿（腿上是浓重的黑毛），脚步是人脚而是羊蹄。他还有一条尾巴，露西起初没有注意到，因为它整齐地缠在撑伞的手臂上，免得它拖到雪地上。他脖子里围着一条红色羊毛围巾，他的的皮肤也略带红。他有一张奇特却相当好看的小脸，留着短而尖的的胡须和卷曲的头发，前额两 侧的毛发里还长着两只角。正如我所说的，他的一只手里拿着一把伞；而另一只手里拿着几个棕色的纸包。通过纸包和他身上的雪；来看，他刚才好像去买圣诞礼物了。他是一个半人半羊的农牧神。看到露西她吃了一惊，包裹都掉了下来。“天哪！”他惊叫道。 The Lord of the Ring 《指环王》 J·R·R托尔金的《指环王》三部曲是20世纪最著名的魔幻故事之一。这个故事的三个部分都被成功地拍成了电影。故事发生在一个被称为“中部地球”的世界。人类知识但是所存在的物种一只。这个世界也有些精灵族，他们高挑而美丽、具有魔力且永远不是。还有矮人族，他们像个矮小的人类，居住在山洞中。同时也有侏儒族，貌似矮小丑陋的人，住在深山里。在《指环王》中，索隆——一个有着非凡魔
科普版小学六年级上册复习题 习题：选择 1. His father always him toschool at 8:00. A. takes B. to take C. take 2.Sometimes Amy TV in the evening. A. watch B. watching C. watches 3. He never the floor. A. mop B.mopping C. mops 4.She always breakfast at 7:00. A. make B. makes C. making 5.Does shealways sports at 9:00. A. does B. do C.doing 习题： 1. you have English class every day? A. Do B. Are C. Can 2. My mother in a middle school. A. teach B. teachs C. teaches 3. She doesn ' t her homework in theaf ternoon. A. todo B.does C. do 4. John usually up at 6:30. A. wake B. wakes C. waking 5. Eve here every morning.
6. she always come here? A. Do B. Does C. Is 7. I not know. A. am B. can C. do 8. ---your sister usually have lunch at twelve? ---Yes. A. Do B.Does C. / 9. Does she morning exercises here every day? 10. A. does He no time B. doing . C. do A. have B.has C. having 习题：选择 1. It ' s time l unch. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. for There is something wrong ___ A. to John usually ____ up at 6:20. A. wake But today he has ____ time. A. no His father always him B . to __ his clock. B . with B . wakes B . not school at 8:00. C . in C . at C . waking C . isn ' t 6. A. take ?- for Ann is happy ___ A. going B . takes ??-to _ out with her father. B . togo C . C . take ??-to goes
Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well. Let’s talk （M=Mom, T= Tom） M: What,'s the matter, Tom T: I'm not feeling well, Mom M: Do you have a cold T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom. M: Tom, you must go and see a doctor. T: OK, Mom. M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat. T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom M: Tell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is. 译文 (M=妈妈,T=汤姆) 妈妈:怎么了,汤姆 汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。 妈妈:你感冒了吗 汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生. 汤姆:好的,妈妈。 妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。 汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。
高二人教新课标选修6 unit 1 Art课文翻译 Reading 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions, as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in the wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and
科普版小学六年级英语 上册知识点 标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]
六年级上册知识点 Lesson1&Lesson2 I.频度副词 (1)频度副词表示“次数多少” (2)常见的频度副词有： always(100%的频度)，表“总是，常常”，侧重时间的连续性； usually(80%--90%的频度),表“通常”，强调习惯性，经常如此； often(50%--70%的频度)，表“经常，”指有规律的经常出现‘sometimes(30%--50%的频度)，表“有时候”，指偶尔出现； never(0%的频度)，表“从来不”，表示一种习惯。 习题：选择 1.His father always _____ him to school at 8:00. A. takes B. to take C. take 2.Sometimes Amy _____ TV in the evening. A. watch B. watching C. watching 3.He never _____ the floor. A. mop B. mopping C. mops
4.She always _____ breakfast at 7:00. A. make B. makes C. making 5.Does she always _____ sports at 9:00. A. does B. do C.doing II.一般现在时 （1）一般现在时通常表示疆场发生的动作或存在的状态。 （2） a. be动词的一般现在时
b.示意动词的一般现在时
科普版小学六年级英语下册（第八册）全册教案 总课时：一 课题： Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class ? 教学容： Let＇s learn 教学目 标： 1．掌握形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法。 2．熟练运用“Who is the tallest boy in your class ?Who r uns fastest in your class ?”等交际用语，并会做替换练习。 教学重点： 目标1 教学难点： 目标1 教学易混点： 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法 教学方法： 对话法
.. 形容词的最高级在使用时，前面通常加定冠词并有一个短语或从句表示在哪个围情况如此。（3）训练操作 组织学生对本课主题句进行操练。 （4）反馈矫正 让学生上台指图或指班中学生进行问答，教师指导。 .. .
（5）布置作业 作练习册中的练习四和练习七。 板书设计 Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class ? 1.-Who jumps highest ,Tom ,Jim or Jack ? -Jack jumps highest of the three . 2.high -higher -highest fat –fatter –fattest 教学反思 总课时：二 课题： Lesson 1 Who runs fastest in your class ? 教学容： Let＇s talk 和Let＇s sing 教学目标： 1．复习形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法。 2．熟练运用“Who is the tallest boy in your class ?Who r uns fastest in your class ?”等交际用语并会做替换练习。
Unit1----A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is infiuenced by the customs and faith of a people.Styles in Western art have chan ged many times.As there are so many different styles of Western art,itwould be impo ssible to describe all of them in such s short text.Consequently,this text will describe onlythe most ones, starting from the century AD. 艺术是受海关和百姓信念影响的。在西方的艺术风格已经改变了很多次。尽管有许多不同风格的西方艺术，所以它不能用简单的文字描述。因此，本文将描述从公元世纪开始最流行的艺术风格。 The middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD) 中世纪(5到15世纪) Druing the Middle Ages,the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes.A conventional artistof this period was not interesed in showing nature and people as t hey really were.A typical picture at this time wau full of relidious symbols,which creat ed a feeling of respect and love for God.but it was evident that ideas were changing i n the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious sce nes in a more realistic way. 在中世纪时期，画家们的主要目的是为了表达宗教主题传统的艺术家想。这一时期的传统艺术对展现自然和人的本来面目并不感兴趣。这是一幅典型的图画，充满了宗教的象征，创造了对上帝的尊重和爱。但很明显，在13世纪，当乔托·迪·邦多内（Giotto di Bondone）等画家开始以更现实的方式描绘宗教场景时，观念正在发生变化。 The Rensssance(15th to 16th century) 文艺复兴时期（15世纪到的16世纪） During the renaissance,new ideaa and values gradually replaced those beld in the the
选修六Unit3 ADVICE FROM GRANDAD爷爷的忠告 Dear James, 亲爱的詹姆士： It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. 今天这儿的天气很好。现在我正坐在花园尽头的那棵大树底下呢。I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. 我刚刚才回来，骑自行车跑了很长一段路，一直到了古城堡。It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. 感到惊奇吧，像我这样的年纪，身体健康而且能在一个下午骑车跑20公里。It's my birthday in two weeks time and I'll be 82 years old! 再过两个礼拜就是我82岁的生日了！I think my long and active life must be due to the healthy life I live. 我想我之所以长寿而且精力充沛，要归功于我的健康生活。 This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. 这就是我写信给你的真正原因，我亲爱的孙子。Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. 你妈妈告诉我，你不久前开始吸烟了，而且现在很难把它戒掉。Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop. 相信我吧，我知道，吸烟容易戒烟难。You see, during adolescence I also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes. 你知道，当我还是一个十几岁的孩子的时候，我也吸过烟，而且还上了瘾。 By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in three different ways? 这儿我想顺便问你一个问题，你知道上瘾有三个方面的原因吗？First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. 首先，你会在身体上对尼古丁有瘾，它是香烟里几百种化学物质之一。This means that after a while your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. 这句是说，过一段时间以后，你的身体习惯了香烟里的尼古丁，So when the drug leaves your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. 一旦你的体内没有这种麻醉剂了，你就会有断瘾症状，I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain. 我记得曾感到烦躁、甚至痛苦。Secondly, you become addicted through habit. 其次你也可能因为习惯的原因而上瘾。As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. 你知道，如果你反反复复地做同一件事情，你就会自动地做它。Lastly, you can become mentally addicted. 最后，你可以心理上瘾。I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. 我那时认为，抽了一支烟后就会感到更轻松愉快，于是我就以为抽烟才能使自己感觉良好。I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. 我之所以上瘾就有着这三个方面的原因，因此，要戒烟就很难。But I did finally manage.但是我终于还是戒掉了。 When I was young, I didn't know much about the harmful effects of smoking. 在我年轻的时候，关于吸烟的危害性我知道的并不多。I didn't know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. 例如，我不知道抽烟能严重侵害人的心脏和肺部，也不知道吸烟的夫妇生育能力会下降。I certainly didn't know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way. 我当然不知道他们的婴儿在出生时可能体重较轻或某些方面不正常。Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-smokers. 我更不知道，我自己吸烟还会损害那些不吸烟人的健康。However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. 然而我的的确确知道，我的女朋友觉得我的烟味很难闻。She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. 她说我的呼吸、我的衣服都有味道，而且我的手指头都变黄了。She told me that she wouldn't go out with me again unless I stopped! 她说在我把烟戒掉之前不会跟我一起出去。I also noticed that I became