分类法
分类就是按照事物的不同特点将它们划成多个类别。事物可以按照不同的标准进行分类，标准则取决于分类的成因。例如，在分析某系学生的构成情况时，如果想了解他们的学习情况，可以将他们根据考试成绩划分为若干组；如果想研究是否有可能组织一场足球比赛或是篮球比赛，可以根据对足球和篮球的爱好程度把学生划分成若干组。
不管分类的目的是什么，分类的标准必须具有普适性和排他性，也就是说分类标准必须覆盖分类样本集中的所有样本元素，而且样本集中的任一元素只能隶属于分类标准项次中的唯一一项。例如，把学生分成男生、女生和运动员是不合适的，这一标准违反了排他性原则，因为某个学生可能是男生的同时又是运动员，他占据了两个分类项次。再如，把学生分成中学生和大学生在有些情况下也不一定合适，该标准违反了普适性原则，即有些学生既不是中学生也不是大学生（如小学生）。
表示分类的名词：
种：kind, sort, type
类：group, classification, category
组成成员：member
分部/分支：division/branch
纲：class 目：order 科：family 属：genus 种：species
表示分类的动词和动词短语：
将……按……分类（排序）：class, classify, divide, categorize, group, place, arrange 属于某一类：belong to, fall into, be classed with
包括若干类：there be, contain, consist of, comprise, include, be composed of, be comprised of
组成……类：make up, constitute, compose
E x e r c i s e s
1. Read the following passages and discuss whether they follow the classification criterion of exclusiveness and inclusiveness.
Passage 1:
generation of electricity to meet the power and light needs of cities and industries. The other covers the application of small amounts of power for communication and various other purposes.
Passage 2:
We usually think of bees as being sociable insects which live in communities, but this is not always true. One way of classifying bees is by “social” and “solitary” species, and there are many of the latter. Bumble bees（野蜂）and honey bees are social species. Among solitary bees there are primitive wasplike bees, medium-sized solitary mining bees, so-called sweat bees, \carpenter bees and cuckoo bees.
2. Read the following passage, and fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
In Britain, state schools can be classified according to the age range of the pupils and the type of education provided. Basically, there are two types of schools: primary and secondary. Primary schools cater to（满足需要）children age 5-11 and secondary schools ages 11-16 (and up to 19). Primary schools can be sub-divided into infant schools (for age 5-7) and junior schools (for age 7-11). Secondary schools may be one type for all abilities, viz.（即）comprehensive schools; most secondary schools are of this kind. Alternatively, pupils may be grouped according to their ability and selected by means of an examination at age 11 (known as the“11-plus exam”). Thus, grammar schools cater to those with academic ability; modern schools for those with less academic ability; and technical schools for those with more practical skills.
1) Schools _________________________________________ the pupils’ages and the
types of education.
2) There are ________________________________________ schools: primary and
secondary.
3) Primary schools ___________________________________________ into infant and
junior schools.
4) Secondary schools pupils ______________________________ their ability.
5) The criterion（标准）for classifying secondary schools is whether or not there is
______________________________.
2. There are thousands of languages in the world. Languages are classified into
different families according to their common attributes. Do you know which family English belongs to? Below is a language tree proposed by German linguistic August Schleicher (1821-1868). Please describe it using the classification method:
Proto-Indo-European
Western Branch Eastern Branch
Celtic-Italic Germanic
Old High German Old Saxon Old Low Fraconian Anglo-Frisian
High German Low German Dutch Old English Old Frisian
English Frisian
描述法（二）
过程的描述
既然有过程就必然有次序，关键在于搞清楚全过程的每一个步骤，再利用表示列举的衔接短语，按照过程的前后次序描述每一个步骤。过程的描述往往按照时间顺序或过程的发展顺序进行描述。
1. 按照过程的发展顺序描述
如果某个描述涉及到多个步骤，应该按照过程的发展顺序把这些步骤交代清楚。既然完整的过程分为多个步骤，那么这些步骤的顺序则显得至关重要。成功地按过程描述实际上告诉了读者如何去完成具体任务。
描述过程的常用衔接词和短语：
1) Firstly … Secondly … Thirdly … Finally …
2) First, Then, Next, After this, Lastly
3) Afterward, Furthermore, Moreover, In addition to …
2. 按照时间顺序描述
在讲述故事或描述事件的时候，最简单同时也最清楚的方法是按照时间的顺序描述，也就是按照事情发生先后顺序，较早发生的事情在前面描述，较晚发生的事情在后面描述。时间作为一个主线条可以为读者提供非常清楚的思路。
常用衔接词和短语：
首环节：first, firstly, at first, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, one
中间环节：second, secondly, in the second place, next, afterwards, after that, then, later, another, third, thirdly, still another, in addition, besides, furthermore 末环节：lastly, at last, finally, eventually, in the end
E x e r c i s e s
How a New Road is Built
__ (a) Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent a sleepless night, I didn’t feel tired at all, and I believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies. __ (b) Like other passengers, I began to collect my things, and put my mug, towel, atlas（地图册）, apples, and other things into my bag.
__ (c) I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall.
__ (d) My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination --- Beijing.
__ (e) As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled（眩目）by the bright autumn skies of Beijing.
__ (f) To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform.
1. Please organize the following instructions into a coherent paragraph, and discuss the questions in the brackets.
How to Deal with Snakebites in the Field
1) Tie a handkerchief, necktie, or belt on your victim above the bite to prevent the blood
from flowing to the heart
2) Decide whether to take the victim to the doctor or call for a doctor (How will you make a
decision?)
3) Remove the venom
a. make cuts in a crisscross（十字）fashion on the bitten area, cutting about one fourth
inch deep;
b. suck out the blood and spit it out [Will you die if you swallow the blood?]
4) Don’t give whiskey [Do you know why?]; you can give coffee or some other beverage to
the victim.
5) Reassure the victim
举例法
一般来讲，概括性太宽泛的句子不具有太强的说服力，往往需要一点具体内容加以支持。这个时候我们就要求助于例子了。本单元课文反复使用举例法，使原先抽象的概念（如“space”, “privacy”）变得具体，如果没有这些例子，读者很难理解什么是空间，什么是隐私。
对处于英文写作基础阶段的学习者来讲，一般要借助衔接词来引导例子，举例法中常用的衔接词有：
1) 介词短语：for example, for instance, in illustration of, by way of examples
2) 形容词短语：such as, such .. as …
3) 副词：as
4) 动词短语：be an example of , be a case in point, take an example, provide an
example, use an example, bring forward a case, draw an example
E x e r c i s e s
1. Read the following two paragraphs, and find the examples cited and cohesion words used.
1) Mexico has long been a popular country for tourists from all over the world. It offers
many unique educational and entertainment opportunities. The Museum of Anthropology （人类学）in Mexico City is world famous. Other smaller museums can be found in the capital, in provincial cities and on university campuses. A further attraction is provided by the many pre-Colombian archeological sites（哥伦布之前的考古场所）. Additional insights into the country’s culture, past and present, can be found in the many splendid murals（壁画）that adorn（装点）theaters, universities and other public buildings.
2) Some people will do the strangest things to gain fame. For example, there are those
who go in for various kinds of marathons, dancing or blowing bubbles gum for days at a time, to get their names in the paper or in record books of some kind. Then there are people who sit on flagpoles for a week or more, apparently enjoying the attention they receive from the crowd below. There are people who hope to impress others because they ate the most cream pies or because they collected the most bottle tops.
And there are even people who seek public notice by way of setting a record for the number of articles of clothing they can put on at one time or the number they can take off. Of course, there are a few mentally twisted individuals who seek fame at the expense of other people’s property or even lives, but fortunately the great majority of people satisfy their urge to be remembered in ways that produce little more damage than a bad case of indigestion.
2. Read the following passage, and fill in the blanks with a word or phrase from the table.
What Is Language?
A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic（符号化）vocal sounds
（嗓音）, and which is used by a group of people for purposes of communication.
Let us look at this definition in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, that distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world.
Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by means of cries. For example, many birds utter warning calls at the approach of danger; apes（猿）utter different cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. But these various means of communication differ in important ways from human language. For instance, animals’ cries are not articulate（发音清晰的）. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They
lack, for example, the kind of structure given by the contrast between vowels（元音）and consonants（辅音）. They also lack the kind of structure that enables us to divide a human utterance（发音）into words.
We can change an utterance by replacing one word by another: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g. “tanks approaching from the north”, or he can change one word and say “aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, which means “danger!”
This is why the number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the famous gorilla, the Great Tit is a case in point; it has about twenty different calls, whereas in human language the number of possible utterances is infinite. It also explains why animal cries are very general in meaning.
1) At the approach of danger many birds utter warning calls: this is ________________ of
animals’ communication with each other.
2) Cries, _________________ those of danger, fear and pleasure, are uttered by apes.
3) There are important differences between human language and animal communication:
________________ , animals’ cries are not articulate.
4) Animals’ cries lack, _______________ , the kind of structure that enables us to divide
a human utterance into words.
5) A good ______________ of changing an utterance by substituting one word for another
is a soldier who can say “tanks approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west.”
6) The number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the Great Tit is
_____________.
比较对比法
通常，当我们要侧重说明两个事物的相同点时，我们给运用比较法(Comparison)；而当我们要侧重说明两个事物的不同点时，我们就运用对比法(Contrast)。在进行比较对比的时候，我们往往可以使用下面这两种方式：
1) First A then B
先集中说明一个事物，再集中说明另一个事物，这样读者就可以清晰地发现两者间的异同。
2) Item by Item
按照比较对比特征的顺序，先讨论两个事物的某一特征的异同，再讨论两个事物另一特征的异同，依此类推。
Example 1：
The domestic hen has short wings which it rarely uses because it has a very heavy body and lives on the ground. It is clumsy in flight and can cover only short distances. Its feet are designed for scratching the ground to find seeds and worms. It has a short beak adapted for eating this kind of food although it will also eat almost any other kind of food. Hens nest on the ground. They have been bred for egg production and can lay up to 300 eggs a year.
A duck has webbed feet so that it can swim easily and walk on soft ground. It has a long, flat beak which it uses to search for food in river and pond mud. It has powerful wings which enable it to fly long distances. A duck lays 5 to 12 eggs at a time and may lay twice a year.
Example 2:
Different Roommates
I am amazed at how little trouble it is living with and liking two such different roommates. Their physical appearances differ greatly. With small brown eyes and straight black hair to her shoulders, Julie is tall and lean. Pat, on the other hand, is tiny. Under five feet tall, she keeps her hair short and fluffy（蓬松）. These two girls also have different kinds of interests. Julie likes reading or relaxing quietly in front of the television set. But for Pat the outdoor life holds more interest than books or screens. The most interesting difference between them is their approach to schoolwork. Julie grows tense before an exam. Pat, on the contrary, takes everything easy, and exams are no exception. Since I can live in harmony with my two roommates in spite of their differences, I am confident that I will be able to get along with most people anywhere.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Try to analyze which method the following paragraph adopts, and fill in the
blank with appropriate words.
In college and university courses, the objective test and the essay exam are two ______ methods of evaluation commonly used to measure a student’s grasp of subject matters. The objective exam usually consists of a large number of unrelated questions; _________ , the essay exam requires the student to organize his response in the essay form and to demonstrate analytical and compositional skill. Although the objective test and the essay exam have _________ goals –the assessment of a student’s academic achievement – the techniques of the two types of examination ________ significantly.
2. Below are two examples of Chinese students’ attempt at the exercise.
1) Make improvements on the samples.
2) Compare the two samples, and try to find their differences in language use and
structure.
3) Decide which sample you like best, and state your reasons.
Sample 1:
Living in the dormitory and at home are two very different ways.
Firstly, you are taken care of at home by your families, but should take care of yourself in the dormitory. For example, when you living at home, your mother will wake you up, cook for you, wash clothes of yours and so on. But in the dormitory, you must do all of this by yourself, you use a clock to wake you up, you went to the canteen to have your meals, and you wash you clothes. Then, at home you can do whatever you want to do, for your parents will stand you, however, if you want to be a welcomed member of the dormitory, you have to be polite and tolerant. In the dormitory, everyone is equal, and you must treat others just like the way you want others to treat you. Finally, living in the dormitory is more free than at home. If you living at home, your parents will pay careful attention to you in every minute, they don’t allow you do many things that they thought bad for you, while in the dormitory no one will forbid you any more, so you must learn to restrain yourself when you are enjoying you freedom.
Sample 2:
Which is better, in the dormitory or at home?
If you ask some persons this question, maybe most of them will choose “at home”
with no thinking. Sure, it is more satisfied to live at home. You can get a big room of your own, in which you can do anything you like to. There’s no people but yourself. No one will disturb you or make you stop. And all the people in your family would give you their love and help. They will do anything to make you free. You needn’t do washing or cooking, but often have nothing to do, just watching TV or sleeping.
However, if you have lived in the dormitory for a long time, you will find the advantage. Of course, you can’t get a big room but share it with some other ones.
Sometimes, there is lots of noise when you want to do something important. And you must wash your clothes by yourself. It seems much worse that living at home. But everyone will be away from your family. You must learn to live alone. And in the dormitory, you can learn how to communicate with others. You can do many things by yourself to get more ability. Then you’ll be better after graduation.
比较对比中常用的句型：
1) A and B are similar (or alike) in … aspects
2) A is similar to B in that …
3) A and B both have the characteristic of …
4) A is the same as B in that …
5) A bears some similarities to B in that …
6) There is a similarity of A to B in …
7) A is dissimilar to B in that …
8) The differences between A and B are that …
比较对比中常用的衔接词：
however, while, whereas, but, nevertheless, (on the one hand, …) on the other hand, in (sharp) contrast to
定义法
定义法即通过给出定义使被说明的事物有明确的界定。常用的定义法有两种，简单定义和扩展定义。
1. 简单定义
简单定义（Simple Definitions）即通过一句话，给出被说明事物的定义，如果定义在文中不需要着重强调，就通常使用简单定义法。第一单元和本单元的课文都采用了这种方法，例如：
1) The environment is everything that surrounds us: plants, animals, buildings, country, air,
water -- literally everything that can affect us in any way.
2) Ecology is the science of how living creatures and plants exist together and depend on each
other and on the local environment.
3) A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where
they happen to live.
通过上述例子我们可以看出，简单定义有着非常规范的框架结构，你能总结出来吗？
2. 扩展定义
顾名思义，扩展定义（Extended Definition）即在简单定义基础上的扩展。扩展定义的落脚点不再是某个东西是什么，而是某个东西怎么样，在简单定义的基础上增加了补充信息。请见下面的例子：
1) A door is a movable structure contained within a framework which separates two areas
by covering an opening and whose principle purpose is to facilitate entrances and exits. There are all kinds of doors. There are hanging doors, swinging doors, overhead doors, trap doors, and sliding doors. Doors come in all sizes and shapes and are customarily made of wood, steel, aluminum, or glass. Without doors, our living would not be nearly as comfortable or secure as it is.
2) Induction is the kind of reasoning by which we examine a number of specific instances
and, on the basis of them, arrive at a conclusion. Every cat we encounter has claws;
we conclude all cats have claws. Every rose we smell is fragrant; we conclude all roses are fragrant. Every Saturday morning for six weeks the newspaper boy is late delivering the paper; we conclude that he sleeps in on Saturday mornings, and we no longer lo ok for the paper before nine o’clock. In each case we have reasoned inductively from a number of instances; we have moved from an observation of some things to a generalization about all things in the same category.
E x e r c i s e
1. Try to summarize the basic structure of simple definition, and write a simple definition for the following words:
1) Hospital (institution, doctor, medical services)
A hospital is ______________________________________________________________.
2) Boomerang (飞去来器) (a curved piece of wood, return to, thrower)
A boomerang is ___________________________________________________________.
3) Journalism（新闻业）(profession, inform, events)
Journalism is ____________________________________________________________.
4) Book (pages, bind, edge, open)
A book is ________________________________________________________________.
2. Please write extended definitions of the following words or phrases with reference to the information provided in the brackets.
1) Protein: [one of the main classes of food, essential to animals, obtain from what they eat, be high in protein contents, cheese, eggs, meat, fish, milk, make up a large part of, build, maintain, repair, tissue, bone, muscles]
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) Telescope: [an instrument, magnify, see, study, photograph, consists of, a long tube, at one end, at the other end, eyepiece, two lenses, a large and convex lens, objective lens]
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
因果法
我们日常对话中，经常会听到别人问为什么，自己也经常问同样的问题，所以我们对于因果推理并不陌生。
实际上，任何一个因果推理都有可能是以下三个模板中的一种或多种。
模板1：一种原因导致一种结果
模板2：一种原因导致多种结果
模板3：多种原因导致一种结果
模板1是一种理想化的因果模板，原因和结果一一对应，在解决一些简单问题的时候还是可能的，但在日常生活中的因果对应往往很复杂，所以我们经常使用的因果模板是模板2或模板3。
模板的确定和推理模式的确定有密切的联系。在因果法的应用中，我们或者把原因放在前面，把结果放在后面，或者反之。模式的选择主要取决于我们要回答的问题是“WHY”还是“HOW”。如果是前者，结果一般放在前面，原因放后面；如果是后者，原因一般放前面，结果放后面。
在模板2和3的使用中，我们还必须注意多个原因或多个结果的排列次序，原则上我们应该把最重要的原因或结果放在最后面，起到强调的作用。那么下面这篇文章使用了哪个模板呢？
As a successful person, a celebrity（名人）understands that being in the public eye can be very awful. For one thing, celebrities don’t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed all over the front pages of newspapers and magazines. In addition, celebrities are under constant pressure. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous people are always under pressure to act calm under any circumstance. Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly hugs（拥抱）and kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity’s hair, clothes, and car.
因果法常用的动词和动词短语：
cause, lead to, give rise to, result in, bring about, be due to, be caused by, result from, be the result of , be the effect of
E x e r c i s e s
1. The following paragraph which is organized by cause and effect is incomplete. Please find 3 or 4 causes of student failure.
Notice: The causes lie in the students themselves, that is, students cause their own failure.
Causes of Student Failure
Thirty-six percent of the freshmen entering a large New York university are dismissed during or at the end of the first year. Studies indicate that this alarming rate of failure is due to a variety of causes, some of which are beyond the control of the student. Among these are inadequate academic and personal counseling services, inferior quality of instruction in very large freshman classes, and the computerized anonymity（匿名）of most administrative procedures. But many of the causes of early student failure can be traced to non-adaptive behavior of the part of the student himself.
________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Please rearrange the following sentences into a meaningful and complete paragraph:
__ (a) At campus dorms, there are no parking spaces for students cars.
__ (b) For these reasons, Susan likes to live off-campus.
__ (c) Finally, she can keep her car at a house.
__ (d) For example, she paid $ 120 a month to live in a dorm, but it costs her only $ 90 to live in a private home.
__ (e) Second, she has more privacy in a home.
__ (f) Susan likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. __ (g) Third, it is easier to study in a private home.
__ (h) First, it costs less.
__ (i) In a dorm, she shared a room with another girl, but in a home, she has a room all to herself.
__ (j) A dorm is often too noisy, but a home rarely is.
3. Which quality do you think is the most important to personal success? Please explain your reasons in a paragraph of about 100 words, and support your opinion with detailed examples.
温馨提醒： 对于英语基础较差的同学，作文可采用背模板的方法应对。 以下模板仅适用于英语书面表达较差，到目前为止看到题目仍然无从下笔的同学。实属考前临时抱佛脚的无奈之举。 基础较好的同学，请按照题目要求与提示正常完成写作。 写作注意事项： 1、无论如何要写够字数80词 2、如果实在无法写出完整的符合语法的句子，可以按题目提示的中文顺序罗列你所知道的 英文单词 3、一时想不起如何拼写的英文单词，可以到阅读理解等题目中查找。 万能模板1：（适用所有作文类型） The topic of 此处抄写作文题目is becoming more and more popular recently. It is my thinking about this topic below. This First point is very important. 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） This Second point is important, too. 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） So I believe that we should pay more and more attention to this topic from now on. 万能模板2：（适用所有作文类型） I think it is very important to understand 此处抄写作文题目. Why? That’s because many people don’t understand it well enough nowadays. For one thing, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） For another, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） It is my point of view about此处抄写作文题目above. Let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板3：（适用所有作文类型） I think此处抄写作文题目is an interesting topic. Many people around me are talking about this. In my opinion, we should understand 此处抄写作文题目like this. First, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） Second, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） In conclusion, let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板4：（适用信件类作文） Dear **,
英语说明文的写作方法 1.罗列法（listing） 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。 罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习 There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，…Secondly，…And finally，… We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，…Secondly，…And finally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first，second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 2.举例法（examples） 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is…等词语引出 举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 3.比较法（comparison and contrast） 比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法 在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 4.定义法（definition） 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语比如 A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird. 5.顺序法（sequence of time，space and process） 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 6.分类法（classification）分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法 Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested， that is，some books are to be read only in parts，others to be read，but not curiously，and some f ew to be read wholly，and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others；but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…
英语说明文的写作方法 英语说明文的写作方法 说明文是介绍、说明客观事物的一种文体，它以“说明”为主要表达方式，用来说明情况。它通过介绍情况、说明事物的特征，给 人以正确思想或科学知识。说明文主要说明或解释某种事物的形态、性状、本质、特征、成因、用途、结构、工作原理等，或提供背景 知识和指导。它只是客观地介绍、解释事物，使读者获得知识和信息，并不需要发表主张、作出证明。因此写作的态度应是客观的、 冷静的，不能带有主观随意性。一般说来，知识简介、商品介绍、 游览手册、科技读物、工作总结、试验报告、教材辅导等，都属于 说明文之列。 说明文的`段落往往以一个主题句开头，提出文章想要阐述、说 明的主要内容，接下来就是对文章的主题进行展开说明。在英语说 明文的写作中，展开文章主题的常见方法有以下几种： (1)罗列法 在文章一开始就提出需要说明的东西和观点之后，常用first，second，third，…andfinally这些表示顺序的词对需说明的事物 或观点加以罗列说明和阐述。罗列法广泛应用于各类指导性的说明 文中。 (2)分类法 这是将写作对象分门别类后进行说明的方法。分类必须遵守分类规则，使分类对象具有统一属性，依据同一分类标准，使分类的子 项相互排斥，而不相互包藏。 (3)举例法
这是用具体的例子说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子必须具有代表性、典型性，能体现人或事物的本质特征。通常在主题句后用forexample，forinstance等引出具体例子。 (4)定义法 这是英语说明文常用的一种写作手法。这种手法主要用于对具体事物的概念进行说明或对某一物体的功能下定义。它既能揭示人或事物的本质特征，同时也能确定说明的范围和界限。 (5)过程分析法 过程分析就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤，然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。 (6)比较法 有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或某一事物的两个方面放在一起，用比较的方法加以描述或说明，指出其相同点或不同点。
作文范文 请以“How should parents help their children to be independent?”为题，按照以下要点写作： 1. 目前很多父母为子女包办一切 2. 其实父母应该。。。。。。 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to …… And most children …… According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% ……and more than 85% ….. However, kids cannot depend on their parents forever because …… Besides, being independent …… Therefore, parents need to realize the importance of helping their children to be independent. Parents should encourage their children to …… By doing so, parents …… In addition, parents should urge their kids to …… For example, …… 范文 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to make arrangements and decisions for their children. And most children take such excessive attention for granted and depend on their parents for almost everything. According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% still accompany their children to schools, even to examinations, and more than 85% do housework for their kids including cooking
说明文的阅读方法及技巧 说明文阅读知识点主要有：了解说明文的特点，准确把握说明对象的特征及要说明的事理;理清说明思路，明确说明顺序;正确判断说明方法并理解其作用;体会说明语言的准确性并理解表达作用;了解说明文中的叙述、描写、抒情、议论等的表达作用;进行与文段内容有联系的个性化表达等等。说明文阅读，方法主要有下面几种： 一、明确说明对象，抓住对象特征 所谓特征，就是一个事物区别于其它事物的本质的不同点。阅读说明文，要注意在弄清说明对象的前提下，根据文章内容，找出事物的特征。例如xx年绵阳中考题《令人惊叹的细胞》是这样考查的“本文介绍了细胞的哪些特征?请分条概括。”本文是“总—分—总”的结构，中间部分(2)(3)(4)(5)四段各说明了细胞的一种特征，概括这四段的大意即可得到问题的答案。 把握说明对象的特征可以从三方面入手：(1)看题目;(2)看段首;(3)看关键词句，如总说句、分说句、过渡句等。其次须通读全文，了解重要信息。再次要掌握一定的概括方法，概括文章的说明中心一般要围绕三个问题来进行：(1)、全文围绕什么事物或事理进行说明的?(2)说明了这些事物或事理的什么特征?(3)从哪些方面对该事物或事理进行说明的?概括方法可用公式“说明中心=说明对象+特征”。 如文中有说明特征的中心句可直接用中心句。如果一段说明文将说明对象分成几部份分别说明。或列点说明某一对象的特征，概括时不可以偏概全。说明对象通常分为两类：一类是说明实体事物的文章，称为事物说明文，如《雄伟的人民大会堂》;一类是说明抽象事理的文章，称为事理说明文，如《死海不死》。要明确一篇文章的说明对象，首先应从整体上感知文章的内容，弄清它属于哪一类说明文，就可以基本判定文章的写作对象。 在说明文中，说明对象常常在文章标题中就体现出来，如《苏州园林》《中国石拱桥》等。 二、理清说明顺序，把握文章结构
说明文写作方法 导读：一、抓住事物特征，把握说明中心 任何事物都有其自身的特征，它是区别于其他事物的标志。写说明文时只有抓住事物的特征，才能把被说明事物准确清晰地介绍给读者，让人们对事物有确切的了解。抓住事物的特征进行写作，也就是抓住了说明的中心。当然，事物往往有多方面的特征，想在一篇说明文里面面俱到地加以介绍是不可能的，只能根据需要一次谈一两个特征。例如：鸭与鸡都是家禽，都会走路，都有两翼，都可以做肉食。但要写一篇关于鸭的说明文，就要抓住鸭区别于鸡和其它家禽的特征。与鸡相比，它喜欢在水上生活，尾部能分泌油脂;有一双掌状的蹼， 会划水;嘴又长又扁，等等。抓住鸭的这些特征进行说明，就可以使 人对鸭的生活习性和外形有了一个清楚的认识。不同的事物固然有各自不同的特点，同类事物也往往有着差异，这些差异也就是它们的特征，写说明文时要紧紧抓住这些特征。如《中国石拱桥》一文写的是赵州桥和卢沟桥，两桥都是石砌的拱桥，相同的地方很多，但也各有特色。茅以升先生就抓住了它们各自特色，进行对比说明，使读者认识了两座桥的`不同形状、结构和艺术风格。 抓住事物特征，把握说明中心，这是写好说明文的一个基本要求。要做到这一点，关键是要对事物进行深入细致的观察、分析、比较、研究，做到真正熟悉被说明的事物，并且掌握这一事物本身的特点和规律。只有这样，才能很好地说明事物。
二、针对具体情况，选好说明角度 写文章都是具有针对性的，比如说写给什么样的人看;写文章也是有目的性的，比如通过文章要解决一个什么样的问题。例如，写关于落花生的说明文，如果读者对象是农民，目的又是为了向农民传授栽培落花生的技术，那么，就要根据落花生的生长规律，从如何栽培才能夺高产的角度去说明，重点说明怎样选种、选地、播种、施肥、管理等。如果对象是厨师或食品加工厂的工人，目的又是为了介绍如何加工食用落花生，那么就应侧重说明花生仁的营养价值以及如何加工、配料才能使花生仁更加可口等等。我们中学生在写说明文的时候，可先设想为谁而写，这样就能针对具体情况进行说明，不至于把文章写得散乱无章，目的不明确。 三、讲究结构安排，做到条理分明 文章的条理性是客观事物、事理本身特点、规律在文章结构上的反映。说明文解说事物、阐述事理就要按这些关系来安排说明次序，使之层次清楚、主次分明。例如，四川大邑县“地主庄园陈列馆”中的“收租院”里，有若干泥塑人物像，……。这些画面相对独立，是并列关系。地主收租时设有四道关口，依次是验谷关、风谷关、过斗关、算帐关。每个交租农民都要过四关。从第一关到第四关，是先后关系，这些个别的实例共同揭露地主对农民进行残酷剥削和压迫的罪恶，这就是“收租院”的总体概貌。这个总体概貌与各体实例成为总分关系。《收租院解说词》一文就把握了这些关系。采取先总后分的
写作指导(7) 说明文 1．说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁明了的语言来解说事物、阐明事理，从而给读者提供知识的一种文体。 2．在高考书面表达中，其主要命题形式为图表式作文，有时也以图画式和提纲式作文来呈现写作材料。 3．它要求语言要简明扼要，通俗易懂，说明过程讲究层次性和条理性。 4．这种文体通常用第三人称，时态以一般现在时为主。 根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。
注意：1.词数：100左右； 2．参考词汇：通讯communicate (with sb.)vi.，communication n．；互联网the Internet n．。 案例分析⊙ 从材料的呈现方式(两幅图对比)及材料所提出的要求“描述变化及影响”可知，本文应该用说明文体来写作。时态的把握是本文的一大难点，一般情况下，说明文应用一般现在时，但本文描述的是今昔通讯方式的变化，所以在描写过去通讯方式的时候要用一般过去时，例如：In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone及 It used__to__take several days to hear from each other.在描写过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响时，谓语动词要用现在完成时，例如本文的起始句可用“Great changes have__taken__place in the
way of communication in people’s life in recent years”及讲述影响的过渡句“With these changes，people’s pace of life has__been__quickened__and people’s work has__been__made more efficient ”。相对来说，本文用第三人称容易把握。 Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people’s life in recent years. In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone.But now almost everyone has his own mobile phone.People can communicate with each other almost at any place and at any time.What’s more，people have easy access to the Internet，which enables them to send and receive emails whenever they like.With these changes，people’s pace of life has been quickened and people’s work has been made more efficient.It used to take several days to hear from each other，but now it takes only
大学英语作文万能模板 （一）段首句 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
说明文写作技巧 1、交代清楚说明对象及其特点：指文章说明的主要人或事物（一般不必答人或事物的特点）及特点一般在开头完成。方式：可以开门见山式；可以引用名句等引出；可以故事带出；可以由生活现象拎出等。 ★★说明文的类型：事物、事理说明文（从内容角度，根据说明的对象和目的）。 （事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象；事理说明文找准开头结尾的总结句。） 2、安排好说明顺序：时间顺序（程序顺序）、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。在答题时可答得具体些。 ①空间顺序（从上到下，从里到外，总到分，外到内，前到后，左到右，整体到局部，都可反 之等，常用方位词如介绍建筑物或实体）。 ②时间顺序.：则是说明事物发展、演变，例如介绍工作程序的文章 ③逻辑顺序：（先结果后原因，层层递进，现象到本质，因到果，果到因，主到次，浅入深，个 别到一般等，常用表因果、表事理顺序的词，如“因为、所以”“首先、其次”）。 3.安排好说明文的结构。常见的形式有： ①“总——分”式（或由总到分，或由分到总，或总分总）、 ②并列式、③递进式等。 ☆★分析文章结构，抓中心句及连接词，如“首先”“其次”“还”“也”“此外”等词语 ★☆中心句： 出现的位置开头或结尾，有时在句中。判断，多为概括性较强的句子。叙述句、描写句、阐释句、疑问句一般不宜作中心句。其他文体文章也如此。 ★☆概括文段的中心句。 对策：①思考该段说明的内容，不仅要注意主要的，还要注意次要的。②紧扣表秩序的词语，如“首先”“其次”“还有”等词语，③参照上下段落的中心句的句式进行概括。 4.使用恰当的丰富的说明方法：要掌握几种的说明方法，发挥其在文中的作用： ①．举例子：举了···例子，具体真切 ．．．．地说明了事物的××特点。增强说服力。 ②．分类别：对··事物的特征【事理】分门别类逐一加以说明，条理清楚 ．．．．地说明了事物的×× 特点。【．使说明 ．．．．．．．．．．． ．．．条理清晰、一目了然。】 ③．列数字：用···数据，具体而准确 ．．地说明该事物的××特点。使说明更有说服力。 ．．．．．客观 ④．作比较：把··和··进行比较，突出强调 ．．．．了被说明对象的××特点（地位、影响等）。 ⑤．下定义：用简明科学的语言对说明的对象【科学事理】···加以揭示，从而更科学更概括 ．．．．．． 地揭示事物的本质 ．．特征/事理的。 ⑥．打比方：【打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻】把··比作··，生动形象 ．．．．地说明该事物的×× 特点，把抽象的事理说明的具体浅显， ．．．、文学性、趣味性。 ．．．．．．生动性 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．增强了文章的 ⑦. 画图表：使读者一目了然，非常直观形象 ．．．．．．．．．．．地说明的事物的××特点。 ⑧. 作诠释：对事物的特征/事理···加以具体的解释说明，使说明更．通俗易懂 ．．．．。 下定义与作诠释的区别是：定义要求完整，而诠释并不要求完整，对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。可以颠倒。 ⑨．摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理··加以形象化的描摹，使说明更．具体 ．．．．。． ．．、．生动形象
1. 成功的四个步骤 Four Steps to a Successful Four Steps to a Successful The first time in life? Then grasp your chance with your perfect performance on the dating night, by learning the following principle in heart. Dress properly. While everyone wants to give an impressive debut on the first date, you should avoid wearing something too bizarre to be accepted. If you are still in school, a sportswear can fulfill your purpose. For businessman or grownups, casual clothes are recommended. Never put up your working uniforms,no matter how well you like that Armani suit. It is no work. A few accessories such as a pair of sunglasses or silver loops on the wrist can add up to the romance sphere. Take a bath before dating. And if you like, spray a little perfume, but unless you're sure that he or she likes the smell,don't use ones that are too strong. Watch your manner. You're no prince of the Scotland nor Cinderella in the legend. Proper manners will ensure a lasting relationship while bad ones scare away your sweetheart. And do make sure you do not boast about your fortune, for, not everyone are green addicts. And your way of smiling, or your greatestoath, should neither be "coy" nor "by St. Loy!" after the nun in Chaucer. Be a little sensitive than merely innocent. Do make sure you do not intrude his or her privacy on the first date. For there maybe something deeply concealed within the inner core of every heart, of which the owner doesn't share often with anyone but his intimacy. Finally, wish you good luck. May you get your hearts combined and start a new journey in the miracle of life and love. Stay tuned till a borderline is reached, and keep on through out the whole way. 简评 看来第一次约会真是令人兴奋并紧张期待的。为第一次约会所提出的建议也是仁者见仁、智者见智。王永同学用词简单、结构精炼，读起来节奏快，例如：“Dress Properly....If you are still in school，a sportswear can fulfill your purpose.For businessman Orgrowmups，casual clothes are recommended.”这样的文章结构像是在提醒我们时不我待，要抓住机会，抓紧时间。 2. 我的宿舍生活My Dormitory Life
分类法 分类就是按照事物的不同特点将它们划成多个类别。事物可以按照不同的标准进行分类，标准则取决于分类的成因。例如，在分析某系学生的构成情况时，如果想了解他们的学习情况，可以将他们根据考试成绩划分为若干组；如果想研究是否有可能组织一场足球比赛或是篮球比赛，可以根据对足球和篮球的爱好程度把学生划分成若干组。 不管分类的目的是什么，分类的标准必须具有普适性和排他性，也就是说分类标准必须覆盖分类样本集中的所有样本元素，而且样本集中的任一元素只能隶属于分类标准项次中的唯一一项。例如，把学生分成男生、女生和运动员是不合适的，这一标准违反了排他性原则，因为某个学生可能是男生的同时又是运动员，他占据了两个分类项次。再如，把学生分成中学生和大学生在有些情况下也不一定合适，该标准违反了普适性原则，即有些学生既不是中学生也不是大学生（如小学生）。 表示分类的名词： 种：kind, sort, type 类：group, classification, category 组成成员：member 分部/分支：division/branch 纲：class 目：order 科：family 属：genus 种：species 表示分类的动词和动词短语： 将……按……分类（排序）：class, classify, divide, categorize, group, place, arrange 属于某一类：belong to, fall into, be classed with 包括若干类：there be, contain, consist of, comprise, include, be composed of, be comprised of 组成……类：make up, constitute, compose E x e r c i s e s 1. Read the following passages and discuss whether they follow the classification criterion of exclusiveness and inclusiveness. Passage 1:
说明文的说明方法列举 语文的学习并不是看来的，而是需要积累而来，下面是XX 为大家搜集整理出来的有关于说明文的说明方法列举，希望可以帮助到大家！ 一、常见的说明方法 常见的说明方法有举例子、作引用、分类别、列数字、作比较、画图表、下定义、作诠释、打比方、摹状貌、作假设这11种。写说明文要根据说明对象的特点及写作目的，选用最佳方法。下面分别加以说明。 1、举例子 举出实际事例来说明事物，使所要说明的事物具体化，以便读者理解，这种说明方法叫举例法。 例如:《向沙漠进军》一文中，就举出了新疆和内蒙古沙荒区治沙成功的事例，说明“沙漠是可以征服的”。 运用举事例的说明方法说明事物或事理，一要注意例子的代表性，二要注意例子的适量性。 作用：使文章表达的意思更明确，读者更明白，增强说服力。 2、列数字 为了使所要说明的事物具体化，还可以采用列数据的方法，以便读者理解。需要注意的是，引用的数字，一定要准确无误，不准确的数字绝对不能用，即使是估计的数字，也要有可靠的根
据，并力求近似。 例如《死海不死》一文中说明死海的长、宽、深的文字。《雄伟的人民大会堂》一文中，也用一系列数字来说明庄严的人民大会堂是首都最宏伟的建筑之一。 作用：数字是从数量上说明事物特征或事理的最精确、最科学、最有说服力的依据。 5、下定义 用简明的语言对某一概念的本质特征作规定性的说明叫下定义。下定义能准确揭示事物的本质，是科技说明文常用的方法。 有时为了突出事物的主要内容和主要问题，往往用简明扼要的话给事物下定义，使读者对被说明对象有个明确的概念。 例如《统筹方法》一文中，作者运用了下定义的说明方法，给统筹方法下定义：“统筹方法，是一种安排工作进程的数学方法。”语言简明、扼要、准确。 下定义的时候，可以根据说明的目的需要，从不同的角度考虑。有的着重说明特性，如关于“人”的定义；有的着重说明作用，如关于“肥料”的定义；有的既说明特性又说明作用，如关于“统筹方法”和“应用科学”的定义。 作用： 使人们在阅读时对抽象的字词能够更加明白、理解 6、作引用 为了使说明的内容更充实具体，可以引用一些文献资料、诗
说明文的写作方法介绍 写说明文和写其它文章一样，必须明确写作意图，确立文章中心;充分占有材料，力求做到言之有物、言之有序。除了这些一般性的要求之外，说明文的写作还有如下要求： 说明文的写作方法·说（一）抓住事物特征，把握说明中心 任何事物都具有自身的质的规定性，一个事物的特征是区别于其它事物的标志。写说明文只有抓住事物的特征，才能把被说明的事物准确清晰地介绍给读者，让人们对事物有确切的了解。事物往往有方面的特征，介绍事物时，不可能在一篇说明文里面面俱到;只能根据需要，一次谈一两个特征。因此，要写好说明文，还必须把握说明文的中心。如：《漫活圆周率》是一篇介绍数学基础的说明文。文章题为“漫话”，并没有漫无边际地随意堆砌关于圆周率的材料，而是围绕求出圆周率的更精确的数值这个中心，向人们介绍了古今中外数学家对圆周率的数值所做的贡献。 抓住事物特点，把握说明中心，这是写说明文的一个重要要求，要做到这一点，写作者必须在写作前对被说明的事物作深入细致的研究。必须懂得只有熟悉被说明的事物，认识并掌握被说明事物本身的规律性，才能做到这一点。 说明文的写作方法·明（二）针对具体情况，选
好写作角度 写说明文也是要求有的放矢的。写什么、怎样写，要从读者的实际情况考虑，使文章具有针对性，切合读者的知识水平、职业特点和年龄大小。往往读者对象不同，写的角度也不同。如阐述吸烟有害的说明文很多，有的是针对老年人的，有的是对妇女而言的，的有是对青少年而言的，角度不同，说明的内容则各有侧重。《青少年吸烟害处大》这篇文章从青少年是国家的未来和希望的高度介绍吸烟对青少年的危害，突出分析青少年的生理特征，说明青少年接触毒性物质比成年人吸收快、排除慢、毒害大的情况，指出“吸烟对青少年是绝对有害而无一利的”。这样说明目的清楚，针对性强。 写说明文选取什么角度要依实际情况而定。比如，介绍牛的知识，如果是为饲养者写的，要侧重介绍牛的生活习惯和特性;如果是为使用者写的，要侧重介绍牛的功能和力气;如果是为兽医写的，则主要介绍它的身体构造;如果是为食用者写的，可以主要介绍它的营养价值。当然，作为科普知识介绍，不妨全面一点为好。 说明文的写作方法·文（三）务求解说清楚、做到条理分明 写说明文的目的就是让人获得知识的技能，只有解说清楚，才能达到这个目的。说明说明，一说即明，如何解
一、说明文三要素：内容的科学性、说明的条理性和语言的准确性。 1.内容的科学性：如实地反映客观事物，把握事物的特征、本质和规律，给读者以正确无误的认识。 2.说明的条理性：按时间顺序写和记叙文相似；按空间顺序写需注意观察点，注意事物的表里、大小、上下、前后、左右、东南西北等的位置和方向；按逻辑顺序写要注意摸清各部分的内在联系，由表及里，由浅入深，由现象到本质。 3.语言的准确性：表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、特征、性质、程序等，都要求准确无误。语言简明，说明严密。 二、说明文的顺序： 1.时间顺序：按时间先后顺序安排文章。说明事物的变化、发展、成长过程，说明物品的生产程序和使用程序，介绍人物传略常常采用时间顺序。 2.空间顺序：介绍建筑物等静物一般按空间方位的顺序安排文章。首先要确定观察点，或俯视、或仰视，或远眺、或近观，按一定方位，从前后左右，上下四方，内外中心来说明事物。 3.逻辑顺序：按事物内部的联系安排文章。一般事理说明文多用这种顺序。如因果关系、由现象到本质的层递关系、主次关系、总分关系、并列关系、相关关系。 三、说明文的结构：一般有总分式和递进式两种。事物说明文大都用前者，事理说明文大都用后者。 四、说明文的常见写作方法： 1,明确说明对象,抓住对象的特点. 2,依据对象的特点,确定说明顺序. (1)以说明某一事物构造为主的说明文,采用空间顺序. (2)以说明某事物发生发展过程为主的说明文,采用时间顺序. (3)总分总的顺序,这是就文章的整体而言的,如果需说明的事物,比较多,就可以采取这种方法来说明. (4)以说明逻辑事理为主的说明文, 3,说明方法:用以支撑文章的主要手段. (1)举例子:举出一个事实事例说明某一种道理. (2)下定义:说明文中常用的说明方法,不单单写说明文时用得到,而且也可以单独考查,(3)列数字. (4)打比方. (5)作比较. (6)作诠释. (7)列图表:它是直观性的一种说明方法. (8)分类别
英语说明文范文 1 2. something you must know this library is and english language teaching and learning library. if you want to borrow some books, you must fill out a library application form and put it in the box on the librarians desk. because of the large number of applications we receive each week, you must wait one week. please bring your student or work card to pick up your library card. library application forms which are not picked up within 2 months will be discarded and you will have to reapply. 3. english corner without you ,it would have never been possible. thank you. 4. this is a diagram of our schoolyard. it is four hundred meters long and three hundred meters wide. the school gate faces the south. our teaching building stands in the middle of our school yard. it is a building of five stories .the teachers offices are on the third floor. there is a garden in front of the teaching building. on the left of the garden is our library. our lab is on the right of the garden. there is a large playground behind the teaching building. many trees are planted around the school-yard. 5. english dictionaries most english dictionaries will tell you a number of things about the language. there are three important things, spelling, pronunciation and meanings. the first is the spelling of the words. if you are not sure about the spelling of a word, you can try to find the correct spelling in a dictionary. the words are always given in alphabetical order. the second thing is pronuncia- tion, most dictionaries give the pronunciation of a word in a special kind of alphabet, which is called phonetic. the third thing a dictionary will tell you is the meanings of words, many words have more than one meaning, and a good dictionary will explain all of the words meanings. these are some of the important facts that you can learn from dictionaries. 6. hans christian anderson hans christian anderson was a world-famous writer of fairy tales. he was born in 1805. when he was eleven his father died. his family was then so poor that he could not go to school during his childhood. he learned sewing from a tailor. at the age of fourteen, he went to work in a theatre. later helped by some warm-hearted artists, he went to school. in 1828, he began to get advanced education. after graduation, he devoted himself to literature. he wrote plays, novels, poems and so on. he worked hard at literature. this led to his great success. he wrote more than 160 stories in all .he was famous for his funny fairy tales, which became popular all over the world. he died in 1875. 7. my favorite program nowadays radios and tvs play a more and more important role in our daily life.