Harbor design
BY DEREK HEAD
general harbor design
If required the provision of breakwaters or sea walls to give protection to craft and building development in a marine may incur the heaviest civil engineering cost，and is，therefore，an important economic factor. It is essential to get the siting and design of structure right，and an early the problem using model tests，site tests，research into sea and shore conditions may be necessary in order to assess the viability of the project. Although relatively expensive at this early stage，such investigation may mean considerable savings in costs at a later date.
Most coastal marines will need a breakwater of one form or another and in scale to suit the exposure of the site. The UK，and other European countries facing the Atlantic or North Sea，unlike those in the Mediterranean，have a tidal range varying from a few meters to cover 10m.This range will influence the design of the structures and their cost. The heavier the exposure of the breakwater the more will be the need for a subsidy of one form or another，as the yachtsman is unlikely to be able，or willing，to pay large sums for his berth. The subject of hydraulic and other model testing was included in the first booklet on this topic（Marines，1 Water Recreation）and that research described gives an indication of the form of breakwater most likely to be successful.
The basis of the harbor design falls into two categories—that in a protected site or alternatively that in an exposed one. The former will be located usually in a river，estuary or in the lee afforded by an inland or peninsula；such undeveloped sites as these are becoming more rare，especially where good communication exist.
exposed sites
The coastal marines will probably be based on a harbor design which has to compare with the elements and the consequences of exposure to seas and winds. Following the hydrographic tests，and assessing other research into states and movement，it is probable that a decision will be made to so locate the harbor entrance that it is protected from the prevailing winds. This conclusion must，of course，depend on other factors such as navigable channels，depths of water and topographical considerations，but it is likely that the harbor arm，built furthest out to sea，will be planned to give a lee for craft entering and leaving the harbor from the direction of the prevailing wind.
Investigations must be done into the conditions at the entrance to any proposed harbor，as craft are particularly vulnerable at this point；where the ability to maneuver is restricted；where congestion of boats can be greatest，and sea and wind states will suddenly change from exposed to protected conditions and vice versa. Water turbulence will cause eddies by either wave action or currents around the ends of the
breakwaters and this will vary at different states of the tide. There may be reflected wave action which will change the character of the sea and type of wave actually in the entrance channel.
It may be necessary to dissipate the strength of waves around the harbor entrance to minimize the effect of reflected wave action. At the Brighton Marina site，for example，this will be done by use of armour blocks to dissipate the wave energy. Armoring is a term applied to rubble or precast concrete units，positioned on the sea bed against the harbor arm，and inclined with an irregular face to break up the waves before they reach the face of the main harbor wall. The rubble can be large stones or boulders，or alternatively concrete blocks can be used，as can precast shaped units such as tetrapods，ackmonds and such like.
Once the question of how to obtain acceptable conditions at the entrance has been resolved，the next task is to consider movement，in the form of wave action，is more critical in a marina where small boats have to be safely secured，than in other commercial harbours，and is affected by refraction，diffraction and resonance of the waves.
In the case of a coastal marina in an exposed position，it may be necessary to provide an outer harbor within which wave energy can be dissipated and thereby give protection to the inner harbor where the boats lie. The outer harbor design to achieve this aim may include wave absorbers and spending beaches，and a wave screen which will be mini-breakwater，dividing this outer basis from the inner berthing harbor and having its own entrance for the passage of craft.
breakwater design
A superficial consideration of breakwater design highlights the following factors：
1 .Basic engineering design requirement which cover the method of construction；structural design against sliding and overturning when exposed to the influence of waves；sea bed conditions affecting settlement and scour；and the selection of material for repair，durability，appearance and maintenance.
2.Site conditions which concern the availability of casting yards，storage ares，communications and working conditions.
3. Tidal conditions.
4. Exposure to the elements and protection of works.
5.Cost limitations and controls（local control such as noise abatement，limited access to works，traffic generation，and so on）
6.Design requirement（special for berthing，access along walls，methods of construction，etc.）
7.Aesthetic factors（appearance）
The question of breakwater design is too complex a subject to attempt to cover，even in a limited way，in such a publication as this booklet. Moreover，the maritime engineer will regard each scheme as being individual and requiring its own solution depending upon the local site conditions. There are，however，various basic forms of harbor walls，one of which is rubble mound breakwaters，as constructed in the marina at Scheveningen in Holland. Another type is the vertical face wall where precast
concrete or other types of blocks are laid to form a breakwater，or alternatively，precast units such as caissons form the structure，as at the Brighton Marina. This latter project，one of the largest of its kind to be constructed in Europe，is probably worthy of further description，and a drawing showing the cross-section of a precast concrete caisson as used in the harbor works is illustrated on page 22.The method of building the sea walls with precast concrete caissons was first used at Hanstholm，on the Jutaland coast of Denmark，where a commercial harbor was finished at the end of the 1960s.It consisted of a series of reinforced concreted caissons，approximately 12.5m in diameter，laid side by side with a form of joining，to the line of the breakwater.
The sea bed to take each caisson is prepared by removing loose chalk，stones and sand，but apart from thi s“cleaning up” little other preparatory work is necessary. The Caisson，which is cast in a yard as the rear of the marina site，is suspended approximately 1m above the sea bed by the“Hanstholm”crane. Shutters around the base of the caisson are released by drivers and backed up by sand bags，and a tremmied concrete“plug” is then placed. The crane which lays the caissons was purchased from Hanstholm on completion of that contract and is in use at Brighton，where the harbor contract began in 1971.This crane weighs approximately 1200tons and has its own driving and hydraulic lifting power provided by diesel—electric generators. The crane lift is by hydraulic jacks to take the heaviest caisson approximately 620 tons.
Caisson are cast in concrete by slipform methods in the masina casting yard，with up to twelve bays in use at one time.The Proteus slipfrom equipment is suspended from a travelling gantry，on a ring beam base，with an in situ concrete to the caisson. The placing of caisson is regulated to the cube strength setting of the concrete plug，the cycle being：caisson release at 7N|mm2，crane moved forward on to laid caisson at 12N|mm2，and the placing of the caisson at 20N|mm2.
Additional stability is given to the caisson by puming in sand to a pre-determined level to add to the weight of the tremmied concrete plug. Each finished in position has a dead weight of around 2000 tons.
Revetments
One of the marinas illustrated in this publication is the Lymington Yacht Haven, which has an interesting method of constructing revetments at the side of concrete blanketing. This economic method of constrction of bank protection with“Fabripakt" was carried out by the Westminister Dredging Company Limited，who built this marina. This process requires the minimum of site preparation and has a relatively rapid time of completion. Fabric…mattresses? are positioned over the area and filled with mortar pumped in at low pressure，and this mortar rapidly sets in its fabric mould，producing a tough protective lining. This fabric formed of synthetic fibre has the ability to retain the mortar while expelling the water and consequently can be used above and blow the tide level
Form MARINAS (Marinas series 2 harbor design) Derek Head
Reinforced Concrete
To offset the limitation of plain concrete, it has been found possible, in the second half of the nineteenth century, to use steel with high tensile strength to reinforce concrete, chiefly in those places where its small tensile strength would limit the carrying capacity of the member. The reinforcement, usually round steel rods with appropriate surface deformations to provide interlocking, is placed in the forms in advance of the concrete. When completely surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it forms an integral part of the member. The resulting combination of two materials, known as reinforced concrete, combines many of the advantages of each: the relatively low cost, good weather and fire resistance, good compressive strength, and excellent formability of concrete and the high tensile strength and much greater ductility and toughness of steel. It is this combination which allows the almost unlimited range of uses and possibilities of reinforced concrete in the construction of buildings, bridges, dams, tanks, reservoirs, and a host of other structure.
The steel bars in concrete take the tensile component of the bending moment. But they do not prevent the concrete from cracking (Fig. 6-1)
The presence of fine cracks in reinforced concrete is inevitable. The stress in the lowest-grade reinforcing steel under the normal working loads is of the order of 140 Mpa. Taking the modulus of elasticity of steel as 200 Gpa, this amounts to an elastic strain of 7×10-4, which is more than the ultimate tensile strain of concrete. Cracks are thus produced in the concrete by the mere process of the reinforcing steel being stressed under the normal working loads. It is perhaps fortunate that this was not understood when reinforced concrete was first employed more than a century ago, otherwise building authorities with a reasonable concern for public safety would probably have forbidden its use.
Because if the cracks are kept very small and are bridged by tension steel they have no adverse effect on the safety or durability of the structure, the safety of reinforced concrete structures depends on the width of the cracks being kept below a permissible minimum and this has become a more serious problem in recent years because the use of higher steel stresses also increases the strain of the concrete. Cracks would not only be unsightly but would expose the steel bars to corrosion by
moisture and other chemical action. Thus crack control is a more serous matter in reinforced concrete design as compared with, say, twenty years ago.
Reinforced concrete has steel bars that are placed in a concrete member to carry tensile forces．These reinforcing bars，which range in diameter from 0.25 inch （0.64cm）to 2.25 inches（5.7cm），have wrinkles on the surfaces to ensure a bond with the concrete．Although reinforced concrete was developed in many countries，its discovery usually is attributed to Joseph Monnier，a French gardener，who used a wire network to reinforce concrete tubes in 1868．This process is workable because steel and concrete expand and contract when the temperature changes．If this were not case，the bond between the steel and concrete would be broken by a change in temperature since the two materials would respond differently．Reinforced concrete can be molded into innumerable shapes，such as beams，columns，slabs，and arches，and is therefore easily adapted to a particular form of building．Reinforced concrete with ultimate tensile strengths in excess of 10,000 psi（700 kg/sqcm）is possible，although most commercial concrete is produced with strengths under 6,000 psi（420 kg/sqcm）．
The best structural use of reinforced concrete, in terms of the characteristics of the material, is in those structures requiring continuity and or rigidity. It has a monolithic quality which automatically makes fixed or continuous connections. These moment-resistant joints are such that many low-rise concrete buildings do not require a secondary bracing system for lateral loads. In essence, a concrete beam joins a concrete column very differently from the way steel and wood pieces join, and the sensitive designer will not ignore this difference. (These remarks do not apply to precast structural elements, which are usually not joined in a continuous manner.)
Prestressing Concrete
Methods of inducing compression in concrete member before it is loaded is known as prestressing. The construction which uses steels and concrete of very high strength in combination is known as prestressed concrete (Fig. 6-2).
The steels, mostly in the shape of wires or strands but sometimes as bars, is embedded in the concrete under high tension which is held in equibrium by compression stresses in the surrounding concrete after hardening. Because of this
compression, the concrete in a flexural member will crack on the tension side at much larger load than when not so pre-compressed. This reduces radically both the deflections and the tensile cracks at service loads in such structures and thereby enables these high-strength materials to be used effectively.
Prestressed concrete is particularly suited to prefabrication on a mass-production basis. Its introduction has extended, to a very significant degree, the range of structural uses of the combination of these two materials.
Prestressed is being successfully used in the manufacture of concrete sleepers. Ordinary reinforced concrete sleepers quickly fail in service due to the rapid opening and closing of cracks when loads are applied and removed in rapid succession. It has been found that some prestressed sleepers do not crack, and disintegration due to the opening and closing of cracks is therefore avoided.
Hollow beams for bridge and concrete piles constructed of precast blocks are examples of the use of prestressed members. It is not possible to predict the length required for a pile, and it is a great convenience to be able to extended a pile during driving by adding blocks; the handing of long piles is avoided and, provided the lateral support of the ground is adequate, the prestressing cables can be removed upon completion of driving and used again.
Another advantage of prestressed concrete is that the concrete and the steel are severely tested during the prestressing operation, and a lower factor of safety is justified. The permissible working stress in the concrete is generally one-third of the compressive strength, thus allowing a margin to covet the risk of poor concrete occurring at a critical section.The risk is reduced by prestressing, because the stress induced the stress induced in the concrete during the prestressing operation may be 50% to 70% of its compressive strength.
Reference
《prestressed concrete analysis and design》New York;mcgraw-Hill book 《The design and placing of high quality concrete》London,spon
防波堤设计
作者:Derek head
码头总体设计
建设防波堤或挡墙来保护码头建筑物，可能会导致工程前期成本费用增加,因此,是一项重要的经济因素。正确的选址与结构设计是非常必要的,早期设计是为了项目的可行性评估，有必要采用模型试验、现场试验,根据海洋和海岸的实际情况经行研究。虽然早期成本费用相对较高,但是其调查可为后期节约相当大一部分的资金。
大多数沿海码头都需要设计一种或者两种形式的防波堤来遮挡暴露的位置。英国以及面临大西洋彼岸或北海其他欧洲国家，不同于那些处在地中海地区的国家,有几米到10几米的潮差。潮查范围将会直接影响结构设计和建筑物的成本。防波堤的暴露程度越大，其建筑安装工程费则需要越多,但是，没有一个船主们愿意为他们的停泊处支付大笔的费用。液压和其他模型试验这一课题被设计在施工之前(海港码头,水上游乐中心),前期的研究可以判别哪一种形式的防波堤最有效，最可行。
港口设计基础分为两个类别：一种是在封闭式，另一种是开敞式。前一种通常位于一条河流中或者河口处，后一种则位于内陆或半岛的背风处,那些欠发达
的位置变得越来越罕见,特别是在那些交通顺畅的地方。
暴露位置
沿海港口设计是基于港口设计，综合考虑海浪和海风的不同情况，来确定防波堤位置和暴露情况。
水文观测实验,观测风的经过的位置和运动方向,作为防波堤设计的重要参考数据,所以要确定港湾入口处流行大风的风向。作为设计参考数据,当然,还得依赖于其他因素。例如，航道淤积情况、水深以及地形因素。防波堤就像是海港的手臂,伸向大海的深处,根据水文观测流行风的方向和大小，为进出港口的船只提供避风避浪的地方。
在调查港口周边的自然条件时必须考虑港口入口处的状况，因为自然条件下任何船只都是是十分脆弱的，在这一点上船只是无能为力的。突然改变风向后，机动船只就可能会暴露在防波堤的保护条件之下，从而改变其原有状态，可能会阻塞航道，撞击防波堤。反之亦然。波浪撞击防波堤后，会引起湍流漩涡周围波浪作用或湍流的末端,这将改变防波堤的不同状态的潮流。可能有反射波行动将
改变的特点和类型的破浪涌向入口通道。
因此，有必要消散波的强度对海港入口的影响。最小反射波的动向，在布莱
顿码头的网站,有所研究 ,这是由于使用不规则块体来消散波能量。预制混凝土
结构构件被铺设在倾斜的不规则的海床上，作为防波堤的臂膀，将海浪到达码头
结构之前破碎掉。废墟找几块大石头或混凝土块巨石,也可以使用,也可以使用例
如四角锥型，扭王块型的预制混泥土构件。
曾经的问题现在已经根据不同的条件得到了解决,还有一个重要的作用就是
反射波浪的作用,这是针对那些停靠小船只港口，反射波对其影响较大。比其他
商业港口,受海浪折射,衍射和共振的影响更大。
在一个沿海船坞暴露位置的情况下,很有必要在港口内部设计一个波能量耗
散,从而可以有效的保护港湾内船的稳定性。对于外港有些港口设计了波吸收器
和海滩消能等,还有一种形式是修造一个小型防波堤来封闭港口,并设计有其独
立的入口通过的和船只进出口工艺。
防波堤设计
防波堤设计包含以下几个因素:
1 .基础工程设计要求的内容有,包括施工;抗滑结构设计和倾覆力矩的影
响，波浪力的作用、海底冲刷等影响起整体沉降，材料的选择、耐久性、
外观修复和维护。
2.施工条件的有浇筑场地、仓库储存、通讯设施和工作条件。
3.潮汐起落时间及状况。
4.暴露的位置及保护工作。
5.成本控制(当地控制的局限性,如噪音,有限的访问,交通生成等等)
6.设计要求(特别是对于停泊、访问的方法,并沿墙施工等)
7．审美因素(外观)
防波堤设计很复杂，是露出还是覆盖,甚至在一定的程度上,在港口规范上都有提到。此外,建筑工程师将以根据每一个设计方案结合当地的地形等实际情况从而来绘制施工方案,目前已有各种基本类型的港口防波堤类型,其中一个是堆石防波堤，已建成码头在斯海弗宁恩在荷兰。另一种类型是垂直面对墙壁块预制混凝土或其他类型的布局，形成了防波堤，或者，单位，如预制沉箱结构形式，如在布莱顿码头。这后一项工程，其规模最大的之一，在欧洲建造的，可能是值得进一步的说明，并绘图显示交叉一节预制混凝土沉箱在港口规范第22页所示。
该方法建立预制混凝土沉箱最初被使用是在在日德兰海岸的一个港口,在那里一
个商业丹麦完成了在1960年代的末期。它是由一系列的钢筋混凝土沉箱,约直径
12.5米,铺设,肩并肩一起加入的一种形式,对称的防波堤。
海底沉箱准备采取每一个松散的粉笔,除去石头和沙子,但除了这个“清理”小其他准备工作是必要的。这个沉箱,投在院子里码头的后面的网站,暂停,大约1米以上海底”的汉斯顿起重机。百叶窗沉箱底部附近而被释放司机和支持下装有袋装砂混凝土”然后把这些塞”。起重机奠定了沉箱从汉斯顿收购完成后,合同,在使用,在港口在布赖顿的合同在1971年开始。该起重机动作的重量约为1200吨,有它的驱动和液压提升力柴油发电机提供。液压千斤顶起重机提升最重的沉箱约为620吨。
在混凝土沉箱浇铸由滑模方法在码头预制件工场里铸造,有十二个海湾在使用一次。设备的变形滑模悬挂的龙门,旅行,环梁基础原位混凝土在板上。
配售沉箱安装的立方体是经过调整的,使混凝土的强度设置插头,循环在沉箱在7N|mm2、吊车前移到铺设在7N|mm2,沉箱的摆放位置在207N|mm2
护岸
额外的稳定性进行了分析并给出预先对沉箱装上沙子增加重量来平衡沉箱的混凝土塞。每一个沉箱自重的吨位在2000吨左右。
游艇码头的说明出版物是没有游艇,有一个有趣的构建方法是在地港口的右边。这个经济的方法为建设银行以“法特热”是由西米斯疏浚公司有限公司,建立这个游艇码头。这个过程需要最少的场地准备和有一个相对较快速的时间完成。海床上放置在土工织物、充满了砂浆泵在低压、和迫击炮迅速集模具、生产面料艰难的防护衬。这种织物由合成纤维有能力保持混泥土砂浆与海水革开,因而可以在上面上和水面下同时施工。
文献出自：MARINAS (Marinas series 2 harbor design)这本书，作者：Derek Head
钢筋混凝土
为了弥补素混凝土的局限性，在19世纪后半叶，人们发现可以使用具有高抗拉强度的钢筋来增强混凝土，主要是用于那些由于混凝土较低的抗拉强度限制了构件的承受能力的地方。在浇注混凝土之前，把表面适当变形的圆形钢筋放入模板，钢筋表面变形是为了增加黏结力。当钢筋被硬化的混凝土包裹后，钢筋就成为构件的一部分了。两种材料组成的复合材料称为钢筋混凝土，它具有两种材料的许多优点：混凝土的廉价、较高的耐火性和耐候性、较高的抗压强度、良好
的可塑性以及钢筋较高的抗拉强度、更好的延展性和韧性。正是由于这些优点的结合使钢筋混凝土几乎能不受限制地广泛应用于修建房屋、桥梁、水坝、蓄水池、水库和其他许多建筑结构中。
当钢筋混凝土受弯矩作用时，混凝土内的钢筋承受拉力，但它们并不能阻止混凝土的开裂。
钢筋混凝土中出现细小的裂缝是不可避免的。在正常的使用荷载作用下，最低等级钢筋的应力在140Mpa之内。假设钢筋的弹性模量为2×105Mpa，则钢筋的弹性应变为7×10-4，超过了混凝土最大应变。混凝土中的钢筋仅在正常使用荷载下受拉，混凝土中就产生了裂缝。也许值得庆幸的是一个世纪前钢筋混凝土刚刚被使用时没有人知道这一点，否则，建筑管理部门可能会基于公众安全的考虑而禁止使用钢筋混凝土。
如果裂缝很小而且被拉筋连接，这些裂缝对建筑结构的安全和耐久性没有副作用，因此钢筋混凝土结构的安全性就取决于低于允许最小值的裂缝的宽度，这已经成为近几年来比较重要的一个问题，因为使用较大应力的钢筋也就增加了混凝土的应变，裂缝不仅仅难看，而且暴露出来的钢筋受到空气中的湿气或其他化学反应的腐蚀。因此，与以前，比如说二十年前相比，控制裂缝大小在钢筋混凝土设计中成为更重要的问题。
钢筋混凝土是将钢筋插入到混凝土中以承受拉力。这类钢筋的直径的范围为0.25～2.25英寸（0.64～5.7厘米），钢筋表面有褶皱以确保混凝土和钢筋的紧密胶结。虽然钢筋混凝土在许多国家都有所发展，但它最早的发现者却是一位法国的园艺家Joseph Monnier，他在1868年用一种金属网结构来加固混凝土管道。这个过程是符合常理的，因为钢筋和混凝土在温度变化时的膨胀和收缩情况是相同的。如果不是这样，钢筋和混凝土之间的胶结就会因温度变化时两种材料变形不同的影响而被破坏。钢筋混凝土可以被烧铸成各种形状，例如：梁、柱、板、拱，因此它很适用于建筑的特殊结构。虽然大多数的商用混凝土是按极限强度6000磅/平方英寸（420千克/平方厘米）生产的，但钢筋混凝土的极限抗拉强度却可能会超过10000磅/平方英寸（700千克/平方厘米）。
就这种材料的特性而言，钢筋混凝土最佳的结构用途是在那些要求连续性和刚性的建筑结构中。钢筋混凝土具有整体性，可自动实现固定连接或连续连接。这些抗弯结点使得许多低层混凝土建筑物在横向荷载作用下不需要辅助斜支撑系统。实质上混凝土梁与混凝土柱的连接与钢和木构件的连接不太一样，聪明的
设计人员是不会忽视这种差异的。（这些要点不适合于预制构件，这些预制构件通常不以连续方式连接。）
预应力混凝土
在混凝土构件承载前使混凝土产生预加压应力的方法被称为预应力。结合使用了预应力钢筋和高强度混凝土的结构被称为预应力混凝土结构。
钢筋，通常是钢丝或钢索，有时也用钢条，被埋入混凝土中并用高强度的张力拉伸，在混凝土硬化后对周围混凝土产生相等的压应力。由于这种压应力，受弯构件受拉一侧的混凝土开裂时的荷载比不采用预压应力的荷载大得多。这从根本上减小了这些结构在使用荷载作用下的变形和拉伸裂缝，从而就能够更有效地利用这些高强度材料。
预应力混凝土特别适合大批量工厂预制。预应力的引入在很大程度上扩展了这两种材料在结构上的应用范围。
预应力技术正被成功地应用于制造混凝土轨枕。当荷载快速反复的施加，随即卸载，裂缝也快速的开合，普通钢筋混凝土轨枕在荷载的作用下很快就会破坏。人们已经发现一些采用了预应力技术的轨枕并不开裂，由于裂缝的开合而引起的轨枕损毁也就避免了。
桥梁上的预制钢筋混凝土空心梁和混凝土桩就是使用预应力构件的例子。打桩前预测桩所需的长度是很困难的，如果能在打桩时通过增添混凝土桩段来延长桩的长度，一切就变得很方便，这样就可避免处理长桩。假设地面的侧向支撑足够大,预应力筋在施工完成后还可撤掉以再次使用。
预应力混凝土的另一优点就是钢筋和混凝土在预应力操作时都经过严格的测试，较低的安全系数也是可取的。通常，混凝土允许的工作应力为抗压强度的1/3，这就留有余地以避免出现在关键部位的劣质混凝土所造成的危险。采用预应力技术可以有效地减低这种危险，因为施加预应力时混凝土中的应力可能是其抗压强度的50％到70％。
文献选自：《prestressed concrete analysis and design》New York;mcgraw-Hill book
《The design and placing of high quality concrete》London,spon
(1)对于是否应该在大学期间详细规划自己的未来，学生们意见不一。 Students differ about whether they should have their future mapped out when they are still at university . 有的人认为对未来应该有一个明确的目标和详细的计划为日后可能遇到的挑战做好充分准备 Some think they should have a definite goal and detailed plan, so as to brace themselves for any challenges, 有的人则认为不用过多考虑未来，因为未来难以预料。 whereas some others think they don’t have to think much about the future , because future is full of uncertainties. (2)经过仔细检查，这位科学家得知自己患了癌症 After a very careful check-up ,the scientist was told he had got a fatal disease . 虽然知道自己将不久于人世，但他并没有抱怨命运的不公，而是准备好好利用剩下的日子 Although he knew that his life was ticking away ,instead of complaining about the fate ,the scientist decided to make the best of the remaining days , 加速推进由他和同事们共同发起的那个研究项目以提前结项。 and speed up the research project he and his colleagues initiated ,and have a shot at completing it ahead of schedule. (1)在火车站上，有一位老人给我讲述了他参加解放战争的经历，那些战斗故事对我有着极大的吸引力。 At the railway station , an old man told me his experience in the Liberation War , the fighting stories of which were of great fascination to me . 后来他上了车，列车从我身边隆隆地开走了。可那些故事仍然是那么清晰可见，对于英雄们的壮举，我钦佩不已。 Then he got up on the train and it roared past me . But the stories were so real and definite that I greatly marveled at the courageous deeds of those war heroes. (2)行之有效的环保政策不仅能创造良好的生态环境，还能大大降低能源消耗。 Effective environmental policy might bring about a good environment , as well as reducing energy consumption . 回顾这个地区近年来的发展情况，我们惊喜地发现地区政府强制实行的环保政策 Looking back on the recent development of this region , we find , to our pleasant surprise , that little exception has been taken to the environmental policy of the local government , 不但没有受到任何批评，还促使居民增强了环保意识，尽其所能节约能源。 and the policy has raised the environmental awareness of the local residents and prompted them to save energy as possible as they could. (1)随着婚礼的临近，苏珊变得非常焦虑。他说不清楚是什么让自既然如此烦恼。 As the wedding ceremony was approaching, Susan had become quite anxious. She could not pin down what exactly was troubling her. 在同好友凯特长谈了一次后，她才意识到，尽管自己已经28岁了 After a long talk with her close friend Kate, she realized that, although she was 28 years old, 但在感情方面还不够成熟，还没有为婚姻做好准备，也不知道这桩婚姻是否会给自己带来美满的家庭生活。she was not emotionally mature enough to be ready for marriage and she was not sure whether the marriage would guarantee her a happy family life.
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
1.3 US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University 美国副总统在复旦大学的演讲开场白 Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China. // We are grateful for the welcome we have received, especially for the kind of reception here at Fudan University. We thank you for the honor, and we bring you good wishes from President George W. Bush and the people of the United States.// 非常感谢您，市长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们。我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 I know that many of you will soon graduate from this great university. I am told the standards are extremely demanding here, and a degree from Fudan University signifies years of hard work and discipline. I congratulate each one of you on your achievement, and I commend your teachers for upholding the tradition of excellence that marks the 99-year history of Fudan University.
经典中文的英译 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.
合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.
Translation Exercises 3 1.There are two classes of people: the selfish and the selfless; these are respected, while those are looked down upon. 有两种人：自私的人和无私的人；前者招人唾弃，后者受人尊重。 2．Chinese thinkers of the pre-Qin days (over 2,000 years ago) advanced the doctrine “loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country”. 先秦时代（大约2000年以前）的中国学者提出学说“关爱别人，友善邻里是一个 国家最宝贵的东西。” 3.Men and nations working apart created these problems: men and nations working together must solve them. 人民和国家分离开来产生了这些问题，人民和国家团结起来一定能解决问题。 4. He was astounded but highly pleased that the man who presided over the destinies of the mighty British Empire should come pleading to him. 他很震惊但非常高兴主持英帝国命运之神的人将迎接他。 5. He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all concerned. 他提出一些新的想法去挑战所有人都关心的利益。 6. A shy, retiring man known to his Columbia University students as a dull lecturer, he had the brilliance of mind that made him the teacher of his time, respected by presidents and philosophers alike. 被哥伦比亚大学学生认为迟钝的羞涩的退休老人有卓越的才华，这使他成为当时的学者，被院长和类似的哲学家尊重。 7. This was the last place the colonialists would leave, for in it lay riches and natural resources. 这是殖民主义者最后被解放的地方，因为这儿有丰富的自然资源。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be18338141.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
4.迪士尼世界：后现代的乌托邦城市 迪斯尼世界的本质是什么？这个答案多半体现在迪斯尼为游客创造幻觉的努力上，这一幻觉使游客觉得自己进入了一个更符合他们渴望的完美世界。迪斯尼世界用各种各样的方式创造了这个完美世界。例如，它鼓励游客以一个孩子的眼光去看待这个乐园，并把自己定义为一个“给生活带来梦想”的地方。然而最根本的却是，它只是创造了一个完美世界的虚构版本。在这个世界，迪斯尼引导游客逃脱来自现实生活中的束缚；在这个世界，游客不再受时间，距离，体积和现实法则的约束。在五花八门的游乐区中，游客似乎脱离了人体以及人体的遗传基因；他们穿梭于过去与未来中，离开了地球。在惊险的游乐项目中，他们不遵循万有引力定律，以一种不符常理的速度和方式移动着。 迪斯尼世界还怂恿游客逃避社会和自我的堕落状态。它创造了美国资本主义制度和政治历史的理想化幻象；它把游客拖入到永久庆典的世界中----一个满是游行队伍、焰火，盛装的表演者以及无尽的享乐诱惑的世界。游客仿佛加入了一个永无止境的假期中，生活中的负面情绪也都被抛之脑后。 显然，当你把所有这些都联系在一起，就可了解到，迪斯尼世界只是帮助游客以一种虚构的方式实现人类最大的梦想：超越。在迪斯尼世界，我们超越了平凡。它取代了我们自己所在的世界----在现实世界，多数机遇与我们擦肩而过，多数人隐藏自己的动机；而在迪斯尼，我们游历在象征世界：这个世界客观、具体，却似乎没有压力、无忧无虑，异常精彩，正如幻想一般。 就是这样，迪斯尼摆脱了当代社会枯燥的“科学主义”世界观。德国社会学家马克思韦伯曾经说过，在当今社会，随着科学地位的上升和宗教影响的减弱，我们正在见证世界的觉醒。仿真文化的产物，例如迪斯尼世界，似乎正在随着一种新的承诺而重获魅力：利用太空飞行，外星人，时光穿梭和失落世界的各种神话，艺术和科技可以将我们的世界创造成最新版的当代爱情故事。 但迪斯尼世界并不只提供客观化幻象。借助仿真的力量，它也向我们展示了，科技是如何赋予我们不受世界控制的力量和自由的。迪斯尼展现了技术的种种可能性----有一天我们能够进入外太空，能够在地球各地自由穿梭，能够进化成为一个完美社会。 迪斯尼只有通过让我们乘坐各种游戏装置，把我们变成被动的消费者，才能向我们展示乌托邦的幻想画面。而这一事实加深了迪斯尼世界的种种内在矛盾。因此，在迪斯尼世界，我们可以察觉到一种存在于人与科技关系的本质中的危险。通过为我们做各种事，诱导我们把自己当做孩子并迷失在图像和幻想中，迪斯尼揭示了科技是如何在在那些使用它的人身上促进出种种自恋的个性特征的。 迪斯尼世界是一个警示人的故事，它所展现的，不只是未来的奇迹，更有危机----发展可能引起人类的倒退，使自己迷失在自动化，仿真以及鼓舞人心的智能幻象中。在迪斯尼世界，我们看到人类的最大目的就是依靠科技，在这里，甚至连我们的经历都是由机器制造的。 9. 1.我是第一位当选国会议员的黑人妇女，这使我不同凡响。国会中还有九位黑人议员，但我是第一位同时克服两个不利因素的人。在这两种不利因素中，是个女人比是黑人更糟。
经典古文英文翻译CLASSIC LITERATURE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION -- EXTREMELY USEFUL AND HELPFUL 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美，不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影，独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水，小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken. 老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。 Expend the respect of the aged in one’s family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one’s fa mily to that of other families. 礼尚往来。往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也。 Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.
1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题比较小 We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it is fairly minor. 2.父亲去世时我还小，不能独立生活。就在那时，家乡的父老乡亲接过了养育我的责任 My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over responsibility for my upbringing at that point. 3.这些玩具必须得在达到严格的安全要求后才可以出售给儿童 The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4为新闻和舆论的载体，广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸 Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of new and opinion. 5.至于这本杂志，它刊载了世界各地许多报纸杂志上文章的摘要 When it comes to this magazine, it is a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world.. 1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响，但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战，克服危机。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis. 2.在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下，我们被迫离开我们喜爱的村庄，搬迁到新的地方 Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement. 3.根据最近的网上调查，许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产品According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials. 4.看到卡车司机把污染的废弃物倒在河边，老人马上向警方报告 Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once. 5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的，因为它们能够提高产量，帮助发展中国家战胜饥荒和疾病 Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. 1.无论是在农村还是城市，因特网正在改变人们的生活方式 The Internet is changing the way people live, no matter whether they are in urban or rural areas. 2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到全球经济危机的威胁 Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones. 关于期末论文，教授要求我们先分析失业图表，然后对国家的经济发展提供批评性的见解With regard to our term papers, the professor asked us to analyze the chart of unemployment first, and then provide critical reflections on the nation’s economic development. 4.她从来也没有想到他们队会以大比分赢得那场篮球赛 It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin. 5.回顾二十年的中学教学，我把我的成功归结为耐心，才能和不断对知识的不断追求Looking back on my twenty years’ teaching in high school, I attributed my success to patience,
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
“翻译是艺术的高级形式。绘画必须栩栩如生，跃然纸上；音乐必须抑扬顿挫，富有旋律；雕刻必须精镂细刻，曲尽其妙。而翻译既需要绘画之真实，又需要音乐之旋律，更需要雕刻之匠心。这不是技术，而是艺术，而是精湛的综合性艺术。”----莫里逊（morrison）（一）翻译的人物言论 1.翻译简史 东汉安世高，大规模从事译经活动 唐代佛经翻译，鼎盛 北宋衰落 2.三大翻译家： ①鸠摩罗什，印度，对翻译方法及理论有深入的研究，提倡译者署名以负文责。最早提出了如何表现原文文体与语趣的重要问题。“鸠摩罗什者，译界第一流宗匠也”----梁启超 ②真谛，西印度，译了49部经论，其中《摄大乘论》影响较大。 ③玄奘，贞观时期，梵译汉，汉（老子著作的一部分）译梵，是第一个向国外介绍汉文著作的中国人。其译场比以前要健全和严密得多，译经质量也很高。 “五不翻”指译音不译意。指不翻神秘语、多义词、中国没有的物名、久以通行的音译、宣扬佛教的用语。 3.道安，东晋，“五失本，三不易”。 4.慧远，东晋，“简繁理秽，以详其中”。 5.彦琮，隋初，《辩证论》：“八备说”。
6.林纾（琴南），清末，不懂外语，与人合作共译180余中西洋小说。 7.严复，清末，明确提出翻译标准的第一人。 在《天演论》卷首的《译例言》中提出“信达雅”的翻译标准。“译事三难：求其信，已大难已。顾信矣不达，虽译尤不译也，则达尚焉。海通以来，象寄之才，随地多有；而任取一书，责其能与于斯二矣，则已寡矣。其故在浅尝，一也；偏至，二也；辨之者少，三也。” 8.矛盾：“直译”、“神韵”。 9.朱自清：“译诗”。 10.郭沫若：“媒婆”论、“风韵”论。 11.瞿秋白：翻译必须“非常忠实”，追求“精确”；“语言”与“言语”的异同。