乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献
乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
外文:
Rural Tourism and Economic Development
Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives——economic, sociological,
psychological, and anthropological. Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smith’s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.
Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities of
minimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations, restaurants, and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential.
The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists’major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The
Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast.
Benefits of tourism
Perhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.
Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism
development uses these resources, which are “free” in the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development. Mieczkowske cites the Alps, “dying”fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces, and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity.
Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities. The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase. Also, tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing.
Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population growth equal to
or exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1980s, they grew at a still impressive rate of 24.6%.
Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue.
Finally, tourism development means more income and profits for tourist-related businesses. Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plants
create relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases.
Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost.
译文：
乡村旅游和经济发展
作者：弗雷德里克
国籍：美国
出处：SAGE 出版社
旅游业是一种十分受欢迎的经济发展战略。作者审查三本不同的书籍，研究了旅游业的各种社会科学观点——经济，社会学，心理学，人类学。赖安的新书是综合性的，涵盖几乎所有主要议题例如旅游；旅游体验；销售。米哈乌详细的描述了美国东南部的乡村旅游发展所带来的负面影响。最后，缬草烯的书介绍了因乡村旅游发展导致乡村文化发生改变的国际研究案例。尽管他们有不同的侧重，但是三本书全部都认为，旅游开发具有的成本效益和改变目的地的环境是不可避免的，精心的策划和营销可以减轻旅游业的发展对乡村造成的影响。
乡村旅游作为经济农村和城市发展的灵药越来越受到人们的欢迎。目前较为突出的地方经济发展战略中可以追溯到几个工业旅游的特点。旅游相关工作大多是低技能的工作，这是一个适合许多农村居民的较好的工作。此外，旅游业有潜力创造出一个具有有利条件的、气候宜人的，拥有古迹使人产生兴趣的出口基地。更重要的是，旅游业策略与当代政治哲学和减少政府预算参与投资有关。伴随旅游产生的住宿，餐饮，娱乐活动，被认为是必然由私营部门提供的。批评发展旅游业中工资低及没钱途的工作及对当地自然环境和腐败的当地
文化及习俗。此外，并不是每一个管辖地区或纳税区域都具有发展旅游的潜力。
旅游业的研究，正如经济方面的文献研究，借鉴了一定范围广泛的学科。福特的经济学课运用在处理旅游业对当地经济的影响；然而，经济学家无法描述谁是游客或他们为什么旅行。人类学家的最大贡献是确定和研究旅游发展开发对当地文化造成的影响。心理学家可能对于旅游动机更为关注，却忽视了旅游发展的影响。显然，完整的旅游业定义包括经济，社会，人类学，和心理的观点。一个有力的休闲旅游：克里斯瑞安法是以社会科学的角度观察并以多学科的方法来研究旅游。与此相反，在对世界各地的案例研究发现，主人与客人：缬草烯编辑的旅游人类学，旅游从历史和人类学的角度，发现重点是旅游的影响文化和涵化过程。背后亮点：米歇尔认为乡村旅游对东南亚当地农村妇女产生了影响，旅游业在农村地区的影响侧重于经济和文化影响。
旅游的好处：
也许是旅游的优势是它被视为即使是最小的社区公共资源。大多数社区考虑的就是较细微的公共投资等例如新的道路，历史标志，镇清理，店面康复，销售。人们期望私营部门能提供酒店，汽车旅馆，餐饮，娱乐，和其他旅游住宿。
其次，旅游对于公众来说是一个比较容易理解的概念，需要获得当地公众的支持。社区居民对自身社区骄傲导致居民认为他们的家乡可以为旅游者提供他们所需要的。当地旅游业建设具有较强的本地优
势，如历史古迹，山等地的自然美，气候宜人，或清洁空气。旅游开发利用的这些资源，意义上是“自由”的，旅游产业没有为他们支付任何成本。在某些情况下，这些经济价值较小的旅游资源没有被开发。Mieczkowske 引用了阿尔卑斯山，“死亡”钓鱼或英国城镇新工厂和加拿大的沿海省份及加勒比群岛等具有地方旅游经济价值的自然景观。
第三，几十年“烟囱追逐”的经验一直令许多社区人们感到失望。竞争是激烈的，只要制造产生产就业继续呈下降趋势，其余生产竞争就会增加。此外，旅游业被视为一个比制造业清洁的环境。
第四，乡村旅游发展一直保持增长的趋势。这一年被称为人口转变，因为它是美国在历史上第一次农村人口增长速度高于城市地区。在背后，斯密斯发现，在她对东南地区的84个乡村研究中有65个旅游县在70年代的人口增长等于或超过全国的增长速度。这些县增长了37.9%，在80年代，他们的成长率保持在了一个仍然令人印象深刻的24.6%。
第五，旅游业是劳动密集型产业，创造了大量就业机会，雇佣那些可能仍面临着失业的低技能工人和青年。旅游业的对技能要求较低的工作对于那些教育文化背景较低的人来说是非常合适的。这些工作的增加帮助削减了福利并且提供一个收入来源。
最后，旅游业的发展带来更多的收入和利润以及与旅客有关的业务。在局部地区的地方旅游所得又用于旅游支出，从而导致更多的地方收入，甚至更多的地方工作机会。这种旅游的间接的好处是通过测
Gee Journal 31.4457-465457?1993 (Dec) by Kluwer Academic Publishers Ecotoufism in the Small Island Caribbean Weave~ David B., Prof. Dl:, UniversiO, of Regina, Luther College, Regina, Saskatchewan $4S OA2, Canada ABSTRACT: Ecotourism-related strategies can serve to enhance the tourism industries of small Caribbean islands, which are presently dominated by a 3S (sea, sand, sun) product. In the first place, the principles of Alternative Tourism can be applied to 3S tourism in order to minimize negative environmental impacts. Secondly, diversionary ecotourism opportunities can be promoted to diversify the tourism product, thus providing a nature-oriented alternative to resort-based tourists. Thirdly, regional ecotourism, catering to ecotourists, can be fostered in mountainous interiors, peripheral islands, undeveloped coastlines, rural agricultural areas and in offshore reefs. A fourth strategy, exemplified by Dominica, entails a comprehensive ecotourism approach for destinations in which 3S tourism is undesired or unsuited. Introdactien The concept of ecotourism has attracted a considerable amount of interest among both academics and non-academics since the term was first introduced in the mid-1980s (see for example Boo t990; Goriup 1991; Lindberg 1991; Nelson, Butler and Wall 1993; Whelan 1991; Ziffer 1989). In a frequently cited definition, Ceballos-Lascurain (1988) characterizes ecotourism as Tourism that involves travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific object of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural aspects (both past and present) found in these areas. While this definition is useful in stressing the environmental orientation of ecotourism, it is clear that the term has also come to be associated with a range o f characteristics which collectively define an "alternative tourism" (AT) paradigm (Dernoi 1981; Krippendorf 1987; Singh, Theuns and Go 1989). This paradigm has emerged as an alternative to "conventional mass tourism" (CMT), which has been criticized as an often inappropriate form of tourism, especially for smaller destinations. CMT characteristics, outlined and contrasted in Tab 1 with the AT model, tend to appear during the middle and later stages of a destination's cycle of evolution (Butler 1980; Christaller 1963; Stansfield 1978). With respect to accommodations, attractions, market and economic impact, the argument can be made that ecotourism and AT are merely other names for the early "exploration" stage of the resort cycle, when relatively unspoiled areas are opened up to further tourist incursions by a few pioneer travellers. However, as pointed out by Weaver (1991), what distinguishes this "circumstantial" AT from "deliberate" AT is the lack of regulations and policies which attempt to ensure that the activity is maintained at environmentally, economically and socially sustainable levels. "Deliberate" ecotourism, the subject of this paper, is therefore very" much associated with intentions of identifying and working within the carrying capacities of a particular area, and o f discouraging the emergence of a CM T product where it is deeme d to be undesirable or inappropriate. The recent proliferation of ecotourism case studies, based largely in the underdeveloped world, is not surprising in light of deliberate ecotourism's status as the fastest growing form o f tourism (Whelan 1991). For example, Dearden (1989) and Zurick (1992) examined the p h e n o m e n o n of mountain trekking in Nepal and northern Thailand respectively, while Boo (1990), and Fennell and
译文资料： 机器人 首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。 机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。 下面我简单介绍一下我国机器人发展的基本概况。由于我们国家存在很多其
外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
外文翻译 译文 标题：乡村旅游与可持续发展 资料来源: 亚诺什学院 - 布达佩斯经济科学大学 作者：塔玛拉拉茨 - 拉斯洛坡格左 引言 乡村旅游是旅游产业的一个部分，这在匈牙利显得尤为重要。在一个国家没有壮观的自然景观，没有海滨、高山、雨林、珍奇动物的情况下，迷人的村庄、温泉、河流和湖泊这些旅游资源可以利用起来。优美环境与当地人们传统的热情接待相结合，能够提供给游客愉快的体验，让游客在安静的环境中得到放松并且欣赏到文化景观。 一方面，乡村旅游业的发展使匈牙利旅游资源呈现多样化，使国家形象更加多姿多彩。另一方面，乡村旅游是刺激经济增长的一种手段，促进了欠发达地区的产业发展，并改善当地居民的生活水平。 如果乡村旅游要发挥其真正的作用，在某种程度上得到进一步的发展，那么在其自身发展的基础上，就要确保资源的长期可持续性发展。那么，什么是乡村旅游的可持续发展方式？如何对其可持续性进行监测来达到促进农村发展的目的？本文试图回答这些问题，并且通过提出匈牙利乡村旅游指标来了解被认为是这种类型的旅游的目前情况。 旅游业可持续发展 可持续发展的概念是由世界环境与发展委员会在1987年的布伦特兰报告中关提出来的，可持续发展定义为“发展，以满足当代人的需求又不损害子孙后代能满足自己的需要”。 旅游业是世界各地最重要的经济活动之一，1997年世界各地国际运送超过6.17亿人，年收益产生448亿美元（WTO，1998年），这是一个重要的经济力量。1996年产生生产总值3153.3亿美元，为255万人创造就业机会，参与生产应用程序。旅游业生产值占到世界10.7%的国内生产总值，766亿美元用于投资应用程序，每年都
生态旅游对环境的影响（节选） 原文来源：Environment Impacts of Ecotourism;Edited by Ralf Buckley International Centre for Ecotourism Research,Griffith University,Australia CAIB Publishing;Oct,2008 生态旅游由于其实际或潜在的积极影响受到社会和保护区以及公司和消费者广泛吹捧。例如，在讨论进入保护区方面，旅游说客和生态旅游经营者宣称他们不仅将会采取措施师环境影响减到最小,而且生态旅游还会产生利益。然而,保护区也为旅游业提供了非常重要的好处。 每年被人类消耗或污染的自然资源有很多。人类生存需要饮用水，可呼吸的空气和可用的生物多样性。自然生态系统是每个这些领域的主要的蓄水池。生态系统由于人类活动已被不同程度地广泛地修改了。近原始的荒野地区和其他小改造的地区的环境正在不断减少，像城市中心，垃圾堆放场，矿场和单一种植区几乎完全修改的环境在继续扩大。有很多没有完全修改而又很重要的地方，如农村住宅，布罗德埃克牧区和被采伐的原始森林在最少修改的地区也继续扩大。为制止和扭转这些趋势，只在人类的社会结构和人类行为发生大规模和深远的变化时才能成为可能。然而，如果在短期内没有这种变化，规模更大的混乱将逼近人类。 关于可持续能力和关乎人类生存的任何长期策略唯一最重要的组分，能够使世界各种各样的生态系统的代表性区域保持在一个合理的原封不动的和功能的状态。当然，这是保护区全局系统的主要目标，包括世界遗产地区、生物圈储备、国家公园和其他保护区域。然而，这些公园还不能独自地防止生物多样性持续损失：首先，因为他们是太小和不充分地代表性的；第二，因为他们不充分地被保护。目前，有公开和私有土地其他地区在被保护区系统之外的，它们对保护生物多样性和空气和水的质量有很大贡献。它们包括：像极地，高山，沙漠和海洋生态系一样很少人的地方；那些为木材和家畜产品使用的但其中很少使用牧场保留其原有的性质功能和生物多样性的森林地和牧场；人类的生活方式没有介入对自然环境的密集的修改的部族和社区土地。然后，随着人口和资源消耗量的继续增长，所有这些未保护的区域却受到越来越多的开发和修改，例如采伐，农业清除和类似的冲击加速。特别是，其中一些区域涉及保护和储备，而且逐渐增长的人口压力正在导致土地清除和移民直到储备界限，有时会在保护的过程中出现侵犯。在被保护区界限不是明确界定或没有发现的地区，这样侵犯也许一般包括偷猎，非法收获，小规模移民和时而的军事演习。然而，甚而在国家公园界限已建立和强制执行的区域，侵犯可能仍然发生。有时，相关的立法也许允许发展某些类在公园界限之外的可能在保护区的周长附近增加杂草、病原生物、野生动物、水污染和火来源的压力，并且这些能不再人类进一步的干涉下在保护区里得到传播。 因此，代表性的生态系统的保护不仅能够通过增加保护区财产，改进现存储备的有效保护率，而且通过减少对储备区以外土地的修改得到改进，以便改进它的保护价值。 用纯粹财政术语来说，以现在的市场价购买高保护价值所有剩余的区域，在更加富有的政府和公司看来是在世界范围内的，并且宣称他们作为保护区。然而，由于许多政治原因，这是不太可能发生得。许多保护区管理代办处没有足够的金钱来管理他们现有的财产，更不用说发展它。全世界国家公园和相似的储备总面积继续慢慢地增长，并且在最近几年里给保护区的管理代办处的一些资助增加显著。然而，在全球范围内，公共的保护区越来越资金短缺。同时，他们不断地受到人类的压力，这种压力同时来自于从在它们的边界之外的压力和游客的人数和期望增长的压力。结果，只有最大和最远的保
人工智能的形成及其发展现状分析 冯海东 （长江大学管理学院荆州434023） 摘要：人工智能的历史并不久远，故将从人工智能的出现、形成、发展现 状及前景几个方面对其进行分析，总结其发展过程中所出现的问题，以及发展现状中的不足之处，分析其今后的发展方向。 关键词：人工智能，发展过程，现状分析，前景。 一．引言 人工智能最早是在1936年被英国的科学家图灵提出，并不为多数人所认知。 当时，他编写了一个下象棋的程序，这就是最早期的人工智能的应用。也有著名的“图灵测试”，这也是最初判断是否是人工智能的方案,因此，图灵被尊称为“人工智能之父”。人工智能从产生到发展经历了一个起伏跌宕的过程，直到目前为止，人工智能的应用技术也不是很成熟，而且存在相当的缺陷。 通过搜集的资料，将详细的介绍人工智能这个领域的具体情况，剖析其面临的挑战和未来的前景。 二．人工智能的发展历程 1. 1956年前的孕育期 (1) 从公元前伟大的哲学家亚里斯多德(Aristotle)到16世纪英国哲学家培根(F. Bacon)，他们提出的形式逻辑的三段论、归纳法以及“知识就是力量”的警句，都对人类思维过程的研究产生了重要影响。 （2）17世纪德国数学家莱布尼兹(G..Leibniz)提出了万能符号和推理计算思想，为数理逻辑的产生和发展奠定了基础，播下了现代机器思维设计思想的种子。而19世纪的英国逻辑学家布尔（G. Boole）创立的布尔代数，实现了用符号语言描述人类思维活动的基本推理法则。 （3） 20世纪30年代迅速发展的数学逻辑和关于计算的新思想，使人们在计算机出现之前，就建立了计算与智能关系的概念。被誉为人工智能之父的英国天才的数学家图灵（A. Tur-ing）在1936年提出了一种理想计算机的数学模型，即图灵机之后,1946年就由美国数学家莫克利（J. Mauchly）和埃柯特（J. Echert）研制出了世界上第一台数字计算机，它为人工智能的研究奠定了不可缺少的物质基础。1950年图灵又发表了“计算机与智能”的论文，提出了著名的“图灵测试”，形象地指出什么是人工智能以及机器具有智能的标准，对人工智能的发展产生了极其深远的影响。 （4） 1934年美国神经生理学家麦克洛奇(W. McCulloch) 和匹兹(W. Pitts )建立了第一个神经网络模型，为以后的人工神经网络研究奠定了基础。 2. 1956年至1969年的诞生发育期 (1)1956年夏季，麻省理工学院（MIT)的麦卡锡（J．McCarthy）、明斯基（M. Minshy）、塞尔夫里奇（O. Selfridge)与索罗门夫(R. Solomonff)、 IBM的洛
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship Nowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment. The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects: 1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment; 2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment; 3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment. Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. The negative impact of tourism on the environment
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only
关于生态旅游的文献综述 摘要:生态旅游作为一项以保护性、教育性和责任性为主要特征的旅游活动，在生态环境问题日趋严重的今天，显示出越来越大的生命力，目前生态旅游已成为世界各国旅游者的一种时尚和旅游业的热点。生态旅游迅速的发展，已成为当今旅游发展的重要方向。本文对生态旅游的产生背景，概念内涵以及特性、国内为发展概况等研究文献进行了综述。 关键词：生态旅游内涵特性国内外发展 一．引言 在全球人类面临生存的环境危机的背景下，随着人类环境意识的觉醒，绿色运动及绿色消费已席卷全球。生态旅游作为一种绿色旅游消费，一经提出便在全球引起巨大反响，短短几十年的今天，生态旅游的概念迅速普及到全球，其内涵也得到了不断地充实，针对目前生态环境的不断恶化的状况，旅游业从生态旅游的对象是自然景物出发，将生态旅游定义为“回归大自然旅游”和“绿色旅游” [1]。作为一个综合性的服务部门和第三产业的重要构成部分，旅游业以其强大的关联和带动作用，在区域乃至国家经济社会发展中的作用日记重要，促使诸多地区将旅游业作为支柱性产业或主导性产业加以培育和发展，致使区域间旅游发展竞争日趋激烈[2]。针对现在旅游业发展中出现的种种问题，旅游业从生态旅游的对象不应受到损害出发，将生态旅游定义为“保护旅游”和“可持续发展旅游”。同时，世界各国根据各自的国情开展生态旅游，形成各具特色的生态旅游[3]。 二.生态旅游概述 当今世界经济中，服务业是增长最快的产业，也是提供就业机会最多的产业，美国学者约翰·奈斯比特在他的《2000年大趋势和全球问题》中提出，21世纪世界服务经济的领导产业，主要是电信业，信息技术产业和旅游业三种主要的服务业。1992年里约热内卢会议后，生态旅游在全球得到迅速发展，它作为旅游业中一种宣传主题明确，生命力旺盛的旅游形式，日益深入人心，为了更好的发展生态旅游，先对生态旅游做一回顾。 1生态旅游产生的背景 生态旅游英名为Ecotourism是Ecological Tourism的缩写，由国际自然保护联盟专家H．ceballos Lascurain于1983首次提出的。它不仅被用来表征所有观光景物的旅游，而且强调观光的对象不应受到损害，是在可持续管理的思想指导下开展的旅游活动[4]。它的产生有以下几种原因： (1)有可靠的理论基础。生态学和可持续发展的思想为生态旅游的产生奠定了深厚的基础，现生态学已超过了传统生物生态学的范畴，成为一种人类普遍的思想和原则。在生态利益优先的趋势下，在可持续发展理论指导下，人们开始注重用生态学原理，设计良性运转的旅游系统，实施生态工程，促进了生态旅游的
外文文献 RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Rural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages, thermal springs, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting. On one hand, rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations. If rural tourism is to fulfil all these roles, it has to be developed in a way that ensures the long-term sustainability of the resources and that of the development progress itself. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism ? How can sustainability be monitored and promoted in rural destinations ? This paper attempts to answer these questions by presenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world, having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 (WTO, 1998). It is a major economic force, having generated in 1996 an estimated 3,153.3 billion USD in gross output, creating employment for app. 255 million people, producing app. 10.7 per cent of world gross domestic product, investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities
人工智能 【摘要】：人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，但也是一门边沿学科。它属于自然科学和社会科学的交叉。涉及的学科主要有哲学、认知科学、数学、神经生理学、心理学、计算机科学、信息论、控制论、不定性论、仿生学等。人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等1。 【关键词】：人工智能；应用领域；发展方向；人工检索。 1．人工智能描述 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence) ，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学2。人工智能是计 算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智 能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人 类智能相似的方式作出反应的智能 机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语 言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和 专家系统等。“人工智能”一词最初 是在1956 年Dartmouth学会上提出 的。从那以后,研究者们发展了众多 理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识，心理学和哲学。人工智能是包括十分广泛的科学，它由不同的领域组成，如机器学习，计算机视觉等等，总的说来，人工智能研究的一个主要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人类智能才能完成的复杂工作。但不同的时代、不同的人对这种“复杂工作”的理解是不同的。例如繁重的科学和工程计算本来是要人脑来承担的，现在计算机不但能完成这种计算, 而且能够比人脑做得更快、更准确，因之当代人已不再把这种计算看作是“需要人类智能才能完成的复 1.蔡自兴，徐光祐.人工智能及其应用.北京：清华大学出版社，2010 2元慧·议当人工智能的应用领域与发展状态〖Ｊ〗．2008
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 学院：旅游与城市管理学院 专业：资源环境与城乡规划管理 二○一二年六月
外文翻译之一 Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development 作者： Suzanne Wilson, Daniel R.Fesenmaier, Julie Fesenmaier and John C,Van Es 国籍：US 出处：Journal of Travel Research 原文正文： Since the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of tourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.
文献出处：Cucculelli, Marco, and Gianluca Goffi. Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence from the Italian Destinations of Excellence [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production (2015)：1-13. 原文 Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence from Italian Destinations of Excellence Marco Cucculelli, Gianluca Goffib Abstract This paper extends the Richie, Crouch (2000) model on destination competitiveness by introducing a set of sustainability indicators and testing their role in explaining the competitiveness of a tourism destination. The model is tested on a unique dataset of small Italian “Destinations of Excellence”, i.e., outstanding tourist destinations recognized by prestigious national and international awards. Both a principal component analysis and a regression analysis are applied to test the empirical validity of the model. Empirical results show that factors directly referring to sustainability have a positive impact on all the competitiveness indicators used as dependent variables. Furthermore, the impact of sustainability variables is larger in value than other variables, thus confirming the role of sustainability as a crucial determinant of the competitiveness of a tourist destination. Keywords: Sustainability; Tourism; Destination competitiveness; Italy Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in many countries around the