高考英语语法专题复习
一、冠词The Article
知识要点:
冠词是一种虚词,放在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)和定冠词(The definite Article)两种。a (an) 是不定冠词,a用在辅音之前:如a book, a man; an用在元音之前,如:an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。
一、不定冠词的用法
1、指人或事物的某一种类(泛指)。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如:She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.
2、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:He borrowed a story-book from the library.
A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。
3、表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。如:
I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.
4、用于某些固定词组中。如:
a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。
5、用在抽象名词前,表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词,起具体化的作用。如:
This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。
It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。
It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会,对我来说是一种荣誉。
二、定冠词的用法:
1、特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如:
Beijing is the capital of China.
The pen on the desk is mine.
2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如:
Where is the teacher?
Open the window, please.
3、指上文提过的人或事物(第二次出现)。如:
There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.
The baby was thin.
4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:
the earth, the moon, the sun.
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5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。(副词最高级前的定冠词可省略)如:
He is always the first to come to school.
Bob is the tallest in his class.
6、用在某些专有名词前(由普通名词构成的专用名词)。如:
the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。
7、用在一些习惯用语中。如:
on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。
8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如:
the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas
9、用在报刊、杂志前。如:
the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。
10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如:
The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。
11、用在形容词前,表某一类人。如:
the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。
12、定冠词可以表示一事物部的某处。如:
The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).
三、零冠词(即不用冠词):
1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如:
China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。
2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如:
Go down this street.
3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如:
We are students.
I like reading stories.
4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如:
Teachers’ Day, Children’s Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。
Today is New Year’s Day.
It is Sunday.
March 8 is Women’s Day.
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5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前,尤其作表语、宾补时。如:
What’s the matter, Granny?
We elected him monitor.
6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如:
at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。
7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如:
She goes to school after breakfast every morning.
We are going to play football.
We usually have lunch at school.
8、科目前不加。如:
We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects.
【专项训练】:
1、We can’t live without air.
A.an B.×C.the D.some
2、——Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.
——Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A.a; the B.the; the C.the; a D.a; a
3、I’ve been waiting for him for hour and half.
A.×; ×B.the; a C.a; the D.an; a
4、What fine weather we have today!
A.a B.×C.some D.an
5、Have you ever seen as tall as this one?
A.a tree B.such tree C.an tree D.tree
6、Children usually go to school at age of six.
A.×; the B.a; an C.the; ×D.the; the
7、Himalayas is highest mountain in world.
A.×; the;×B.The; the; the C.A; a; a D.×;×;×
8、They each have __book. Li Hua’s is about writer. Wang Lin’s is on science.
A.a; a; ×B.the; ×; the C.×; the; ×D.a; the; a
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9、Physics is science of matter and energy.
A.The; ×B.×; ×C.×; the D.A; a
10、sun rises in east and sets in west.
A.A; an; a B.The;×;×C.The; the; the D.A; the; a
11、Many people agree that__knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.
A.a;×B.the; an C.the; the D.×; the
12、__Mr Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in bad
temper. A.×;a B.A;×C.The; the D.A; a
13、They were at dinner then. It was delicous one.
A.a; the B.×;×C.×;a D.a; a
14、what kind of car do you want to buy?
A.×B.the C.a D.an
15、Alice is fond of playing piano while Henry is interested in listening to music.
A.×; the B.×;×C.the; ×D.the; the
16、Beyond stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.
A.the; ×B.×; the C.×;×D.the; the
17、Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876.
A.×B.a C.the D.one
18、——Where’s Jack?
——I think he’s still in bed, but he might just be in bathroom.
A.×;×B.the; the C.the; ×D.×; the
19、Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in public places.
A.the; the B.×;×C.the; ×D.×; the
20、——I’d like information about the management of your hotel, please.
——Well, you could have word with the manager. He might be helpful.
A.some; a B.an; some C.some; some D.an; a
【答案】:
1、B air是不可数名词。
2、D 此题为97年高考题。根据句意,第一空是泛指,第一次出现;第二空仍是泛指,且表数量“-”。
3、D 元音前用an。
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4、B weather是不可数名词。
5、A 此题为85年高考题。泛指。
6、A go to school是固定短语。
7、B 山脉、形容词最高级及世界上的唯一的名词前加定冠词。
8、A 第一、二空泛指,第三空,science是不可数名词。
9、C 第一空,科目前不加冠词;第二空特指,有定语。
10、C
11、A 第一空,a + 不可数名词表具体的介绍;第二空,trade不可数。
12、D 第一空是指有一位琼斯先生在您不在的时候来访。(括号里说明,我们俩都不认识这个人,因此不是特指。)第二空是固定短语,情绪不好。
13、C 第一空at dinner正在吃饭,固定短语。
14、A 泛指
15、C 此题是89年高考题:乐器前加定冠词;music是不可数名词。
16、A 此题是90年高考题:stars前应加定冠词;space不可数。
17、C 此题是91年高考题:发明应是特指。
18、D 此题是92年高考题。in bed是固定短语,不加冠词。
19、C 此题是93年高考题。第一空后有定语,固是特指。第二空, public places,公共场所,泛指。
20、A 此题是95年高考题。information是不可数名词;have a word with sb.是固定短语。
二、名词Nouns
知识要点:
一、名词的种类:
1、专有名词:
1)China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack(不加冠词)
2)the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。(由普通名词构成的专有名词,要加定冠词。)
2、普通名词:
1)不可数名词
物质名词:,,,…
抽象名词:,,,,…
water rice oil paper
health trouble work pleasure honor
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注意:不可数名词前一般不加冠词,尤不加不定冠词:若加a(an)则使之具体化了。如:have a wonderful time.
不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
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不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时,可用复数形式。
如:fishes, newspapers, waters, snows……
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各种各样的鱼各种报纸河湖、海水积雪
有些抽象名词也常用复数,变为可数的具体的事物。如:times时代,works著作,difficulties困难
在表数量时,常用“of”词组来表示。如:
a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….
2)可数名词:
可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外,一般都要加冠词:A birdcaufly.
The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.
Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.
有复数形式:
a)规则变化——加“s”或“es”(与初中同,略)
b)不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),
woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),
phenomenon(phenomena)…
注意:c)单、复数同形:sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish(同一种鱼)……。如,
a sheep, two sheep
d)只用复数形式:thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…
e)形复实单:physics, politics, maths, news, plastics(塑料),means.
f)形单实复:people (人民,人们),the police, cattle等
g)集合名词如:family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时,为单数;当作为整体中的各个成员时,为复数。如: My family is a big one.
My family are music lovers.
h)复合名词变复数时,a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如:
sister(s)-in-law嫂子,弟妹;step-son (s)继子;editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。
b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如:grown-up(s)成年人,go-between(s)中间人
c)woman, man作定语时,要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如:a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors
二、名词的所有格:
1、表有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格,一般在名词后加“’s”。如:Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights….WORD资料.
注意:1)名词复数的词尾是-s或-es,它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如:Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home(工人疗养院),the students’ reading-room 2)复合名词的所有格,在后面的词后加“’s”。如:her son-in-law’s photo(她女婿的照片);anybody else’s book(其他任何人的书)
3)如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有,则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”;如果不是共有,则每个词后都要加“’s”。如:Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有). Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有)
4)表地点(店铺,某人的家等)的名词所有格后面,一般省去它所修饰的名词。如:
the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)
5)有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词,也可加“’s”表所有格。
如:half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程)
Chi na’s agriculture (中国的农业)
2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组,表示所有格。如:the cover of the book
3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of,特别是名词较长,有较多的定语时。如:
the story of Dr Norman Bethune
Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?
4、“of词组+所有格”的用法:
在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如:a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等)时,常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如:
a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。
some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明
those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。
【专项训练】:
1、There are only twelve in the hospital.
A.woman doctors B.women doctors
C.women doctor D.woman doctor
2、Mr Smith has two , both of whom are teachers in a school.
A.brothers-in-law B.brother-in-laws
C.brothers-in-laws D.brothers-in law
3、——How many does a cow have?
——Four.
A.stomaches B.stomach C.stomachs D.stomachies
4、Some visited our school last Wednesday.
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