(完整word版)博士英语课文翻译Unit6分栏.pdf
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学术英语(医学)教师版U n i t6课文翻译(总7页)--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Unit 6 Text A寻求临终护理数十年前,大多数人在自己家中去世,但是医疗方面的进步已经改变了这一情况。
如今,大多数美国人在医院或是疗养院中度过生命的最终时光。
他们中有些人是为了治疗疾病进了医院,有些可能是选择长期住在疗养院。
越来越多的人在生命的尽头开始选择临终关怀。
死亡没有一个称得上“合适”的地点。
何况,我们死亡的地方,大多数情况下也并非我们可以决定的。
但如果有选择的机会,每个人及其家属,都应该考虑究竟怎样的临终护理最为适合,在哪里可以享受到这样的关怀,家人和朋友能否提供帮助,以及他们应该如何支付相应的费用。
医院及疗养院64 岁的 George 有充血性心力衰竭病史。
一天晚上,他因为胸痛被送入医院。
他与他最亲近的人事先便已决定,在任何情况下都要让医生使用最大努力来延续他的生命。
所以当他需要相应的治疗时,他选择了医院,因为那里有全天候工作的医生和护士。
医院提供一整套的治疗、检查及其他医疗照护。
一旦 George 的心脏出现持续衰竭,医院的重症监护病房(ICU)或冠心病重症监护病房(CCU)就可以提供及时的救护。
尽管医院有相关的规定,在有些情况下执行具有一定的弹性。
如果 George 的医生认为他的病情并没有因为治疗有所好转,并濒临死亡,他的家属可以要求更加宽松的探视时间。
如果他的家属想从家中给他带一些私人物品,可以向工作人员询问物品的尺寸限制或是是否需要消毒。
不论 George 住在 ICU、CCU 还是两病床的病房,其家属都可以要求更多的私人空间。
在医院环境中,对临终病人来说,身边永远会有知道该如何照料他的医务人员。
这一点令病人及其家属得以安心。
已有越来越多的人在生命尽头的时候选择疗养院,因为在这里,护理人员是随叫随到的。
疗养院有时也被称为专业护理所,在临终护理方面有利有弊。
I'm Going to Buy the Brooklyn BridgeHow do some women manage to combine a full-time job with family responsibilities and still find time for doing other things? Adrienne Popper longs to be like them, but wonders whether it is an impossible dream.有些妇女何以能既做一份全职工作又能兼顾家庭的责任,并仍有余暇做其他事情?艾德丽安·波珀渴望能像她们一样,但又怀疑这会不会是一个根本无法实现的梦想。
Adrienne Popper1 Not long ago I received an alumni bulletin from my college. It included a brief item abouta former classmate:"Kate L. teaches part-time at the University of Oklahoma and is assistant principal at County High School. In her spare time she is finishing her doctoral dissertation and the final drafts of two books, and she still has time for tennis and horse riding with her daughters." Four words in that description undid me: in her spare time. A friend said that if I believed everything in the report, she had a bridge in Brooklyn she'd like to sell me.我要买下布鲁克林桥艾德丽安·波珀不久前,我收到母校一份校友简报。
Unit One核心员工的特征大卫·G.詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。
“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,"他说,“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人:其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
我们只招募核心员工."2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工.然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。
他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西.“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照.假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把.”只是这样有点儿冒险.3“这是一种有根据的猜测,”我的人事经理客户说.作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工.4特征1:无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。
关于这个特征,人们已经写了大量的文章。
它之所以值得被反复谈及,是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。
“这里需要合作,”费策尔说,“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
在企业环境中,没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。
”5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色,并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。
你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力:为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。
unit6Paul:嘿Roy,我校的项目主题是“小发明改变了世界。
”你能不能帮我想一个发明呀?Roy:我的荣幸!让我想想...嗯...我知道了!拉链!Paul:拉链?这个是不是真的是伟大的发明?Roy:想想它是如何经常在我们日常生活中使用。
你可以看看,衣服、裤子、鞋子、包包的拉链......几乎无处不在!Paul:好吧,你似乎有一点道理...Roy: 当然!我想过这个问题,因为上周我看到了一个网站,列出不同发明的先驱者。
例如,它提到,拉链是惠特科姆贾德森在1893年发明的,但在那个时候,它并没有被广泛使用。
Paul:真的吗?到那时才发现受人们欢迎?Roy:大概1917年左右。
unit72b桑迪:要看毕加索的名画,我真的很兴奋.吴兰:我也是!我很高兴史密斯先生今年选了美术馆作为我们学校旅行的地点.桑迪:我要带上我的新照相机拍得很多照片!吴兰:不行.史密斯先生说我们不准拍照.在美术馆里是不被允许的.桑迪:真可惜!如果我们不使用闪光灯,你认为我们可能会被允许拍照吗?吴兰:嗯……我想他们只是想保护那些油画.所以如果你不使用闪光灯,那么也许可以.桑迪:好,我想我们应该会被允许那样做.不管怎么样,我会带上我的照相机.3a妈妈最了解当我是个小宝宝整夜哭闹的时候,妈妈依偎在我身旁,唱歌送我入梦乡。
当我累了饿了的时候,妈妈给我食物和休憩的温暖怀抱。
当我两岁在田野里奔跑的时候,她确保我的安全,让我远离危险。
当我摔倒受伤的时候,她给我拥抱,扶我站好。
七岁的我剧烈咳嗽,她说我不该吃冰激凌。
我却大声反驳,“应该允许我吃一些!现在就给我!”九岁的我看恐怖电影,她说电影会带给我噩梦。
我却愤怒地回应,“应该允许我看!我不是小孩!”青少年的我和朋友外出闲逛,她说,“请在十点之前回来!”我却再次顶嘴——“不需要你告诉我什么该不该!我已经17岁了!”现在我已长大成人,回想那过去的时光。
吃了冰激凌让我咳嗽不止。
看了恐怖电影让我噩梦连连。
Leisure, Freedom and Liberal Education休闲,自由以及自由教育1. Generally speaking, a liberal education, as the name suggests, is an education for freedom. As one commentator describes it, “a liberal education ought to make a person independent of mind, skeptical of authority and received views, prepared to forge an identity for himself or herself, and capable of becoming an individual not bent upon copying other persons.” Accordingly, liberal education is often valued or justified as a means for acquiring the critical thinking skill that are necessary to attain individual autonomy as well as for meeting the demands of an ever changing world. Given this important yet broad purpose, no wonder there is such a vast array of subjects and disciplines that fall within the purview of liberal education.一般来说,顾名思义,通才教育是一种自由的教育形式。
Unit6 The Ties That Bind连结的纽带By Clanudia Kalb我们的血液藏有我们是谁的秘密。
人类的基因组有99.9%是一样的;我们的相似指出远远多于相异之处。
但是,这微小的0.1%的差异揭示了我们祖先的线索。
最近几年,声称能通过基因检测追溯某人来历的公司如雨后春笋般涌现,数以万计的人用拭纸拭抹他们的口腔,寄去DNA,想对自己的身世有更多的了解。
天各一方的远亲正在找到对方,家族传说正在被颠覆。
六年前“基因家谱”一词毫无意义,但现在引起了极大兴趣。
当个人追查其个人家族史时,群体遗传学家正在探寻着讲清关于整个人类的大故事。
离我们最近的共同祖先—基因上的“亚当”和“夏娃”—已经被追溯到非洲,在世界各地也发现了其他让人感兴趣的祖先。
一组科学家最近发现,40%的世界德系犹太人都是四个女人的后裔;另有报道,在爱尔兰西北部的五个男性中就有一个可能是一个传奇的五世纪军阀的后裔。
抱负最大的当属国家地理协会投资4,000万美元的基因地理工程,其目标是在接下来的五年内从全球土生土长的人口中采集10万份DNA样本。
其目标是:从目前开始追踪人类之根一直追踪到我们这个物种的起源。
项目总监斯宾塞·韦尔斯说,“我们的目标是创建人类历史的虚拟博物馆。
”基因测试工作是如何进行的呢?我们每个细胞中的DNA不仅决定了我们眼睛的颜色,而且含有我们先辈的足迹。
一个小孩的基因组几乎完全是其父母结合所产生的基因混合体。
只有两个部分的基因组保持者纯洁性,没有受到配偶DNA的影响:Y(由父亲传给儿子)和线粒体DNA(由母亲传给儿子和女儿)。
刮一下你的脸颊内壁,花上100多美元,检测公司就会把你的DNA标识置入你自己的基因型,即单倍型,然后告诉你你是来自人类谱系之树的哪个主要分支。
系谱学家凭借单体型的知识现在可以参与到互联网上的姓氏项目中。
这些网上社区使人们能够比较基因组。
如果你能找到匹配,就可能可以填补你的家族树的分支。
Unit 6:Death and JusticeHow Capital Punishment Affirms LifeBy Edward I. Koch死亡与司法死刑如何肯定生命Edward I. Kochst December a man named Robert Lee Willie, who had been convicted of raping and murdering an eighteen-year-old woman, was executed in the Louisiana state prison. In a statement issued several minutes before his death, Mr. Willie said: “Killing people is wrong… It makes no difference whether it’s citizens, countries, or governments. Killing is wrong.” Two weeks later in South Carolina, an admitt ed killer named Joseph Carl Shaw was put to death for murdering two teenagers. In an appeal to the governor for clemency, Mr. Shaw wrote: “Killing was wrong when I did it. Killing was wrong when you do it. I hope you have the courage and moral strength to stop the killing.”去年12月,一个名叫罗伯特.李.威利的罪犯在路易斯安那州的监狱中被处决,罪名是强奸和谋杀一名18岁的女子。
IV. Chinese Translation of Paragraphs1. 旅行好比私通:人总受到背叛自己国家的诱惑。
拥有想象力,必定意味着对自己生活的地方不再满意。
男人都有一种离心倾向,我们渴望旅行,恰似那些寻欢的情人。
2. 也只有在旅行之时,我们才赞赏古旧之物。
在国内——至少对美国人而言,所有东西都必须得是新近的。
但是我们走出国门的时候,却只对古老的东西感兴趣,因为我们想看看那些历经时间侵袭而保存下来的遗迹。
3. 我们旅行的时候,会放下戒备和忧虑,渴望回归过去;我们是向后倒退而非向前迈进;我们培养着自己的歇斯底里。
4. 我们旅行的时候会呈现出自己最好的一面,正如我们穿上自己最漂亮的衣服出行一般,只有我们的护照才会提醒我们,实际上自己是多么平淡无奇!我们出国去认识我们那个陌生的自己,那个诞生在飞机上且令人激动的陌生人。
我们去欧洲观赏那些借便利之名已经从我们的文化中废掉或剔除的一切:宗教、皇室、古雅、差异以及激情。
我们深信其他国家的人民比我们更加热情奔放。
5. 我们每个人都在伪装——不然缘何我们会戴上墨镜并在谈吐举止中尽力模仿另一个地方的本土居民呢?在家里,我们才做回自己;出国后,我们则尽力成为自己始终想做的人。
尽管最近大家都在谈论有关根的话题,但我们中的许多人都厌倦了自己的根,而这根本身也可能入土很浅,于是我们四处旅行,寻找无根的感觉。
6. 人变得好奇起来,旅行也就开始了。
教会的影响力、传统的生活方式、缺乏钱财、难得闲暇, 都制约了人们的好奇心。
直到17世纪,在科学发现的促进之下,物质世界的大门才被撬开。
也只有那时,人们才开始旅行,寻求世俗的快慰。
7. 旅行可增长见识,可洞悉本国或异域的文化,可造就现代人的厌倦感。
类似十字军东征的元素在现代旅行者身上依然存在,只不过他是个人出征,这是驱使他远离家乡,进行说不清道不明的精神征战的一种冲动。
8. 当然,旅行最普通的原因就是为了远离家乡。
弗洛伊德说我们旅行是为了逃离父亲和家庭,而我们也可以补充说是为了逃离我们熟悉的一切。
UNIT6What does it feel like to help dying patients through their final days? Experience it through the eyes of hospice nurse Jill Campbell, who does her job with grace, compassion, and gratitude.1.Outside, it's noisy on this busy block of row houses in Baltimore. But inside one tidy living room, all is quiet except for the sound of a woman's raspy breathing. The patient is huddled in an easy chair under a handmade pink-and-blue afghan, a knit cap on her head and booties on her feet. She has trouble staying warm these days. Her cancer has returned with a vengeance and she has only a few weeks to life. Hospice nurse Jill Campbell kneels down beside her patient, listens to her breathing, and then checks her blood pressure. Campbell has already hauled in oxygen tanks, showed family members how to work them, organized the medicine, and assessed how her patient has been eating and sleeping.2.But now is a moment to connect one-on-one. Campbell wraps her hands aro und the woman’s hands and rubs them together to warm them. She looks into her face. “are you feeling a little better?” she asks softly.3.Getting to know her patients and helping them through the toughest time of their lives is what Campbell, 43, appreciates most about being a hospice nurse. “I don’t know of another position where you can do more for people,” she says.4.Her patients have all been told that they have six months or less to live. Rather than continue with often-difficult or painful treatments that probably won’t extend their lives, they have decided to stop trying for a cure. Instead, with the help of hospice care, they’ll focus on comfort and on living whatever they have left of their lives to the fullest ---usually in their own home.5.Being able to die at home is a major part of the appeal of hospice, but patients and family members may not see it that way at first. “A lot of people still view hospice as giving up and letting the disease in,” says Campbell. That’s why the decision to c all in hospice care can be an incredibly difficult one for a family to make. Once they do, though, most patients and their families soon understand the value of having a team of dedicated professionals---including social workers, health aides, chaplains, and nurses---work together to provide not only physical but also emotional and spiritual support. 帮助即将离世的患者度过最后的时光会是怎样的感受呢?让我们借助吉尔·坎贝尔的所见经历这一切吧。
Leisure, Freedom and Liberal Education休闲,自由以及自由教育1. Generally speaking, a liberal education, as the name suggests, is an education for freedom. As one commentator describes it, “a liberal education ought to make a person independent of mind, skeptical of authority and received views, prepared to forge an identity for himself or herself, and capable of becoming an individual not bent upon copying other persons.” Accordingly, liberal education is often valued or justified as a means for acquiring the critical thinking skill that are necessary to attain individual autonomy as wellas for meeting the demands of an ever changing world. Given this important yet broad purpose, no wonder there is such a vast array of subjects and disciplines that fall within the purview of liberal education.一般来说,顾名思义,通才教育是一种自由的教育形式。
正如一名评论家所描述的,通才教育应当使人思想独立、敢于质疑权威和别人的观点,并为自己建立一个代表自己身份的观点,并能使人有能力成为独立个体,而不是去效仿他人。
因此,通才教育被证明或被评价为获得批判性思维,并以获得个人的自由独立以及适应多变世界需求的一种手段。
考虑到这种重要用途,毫无疑问,如此众多的学科和准则都属于通才教育的范畴。
2. While this understanding of liberal education as the acquisition of critical thinking skill and individual autonomy is currently in fashion, it is not the only understanding. Traditionally, the ultimate purpose of liberal education had been the pursuit of leisure not critical thinking skills. While developing a critical mind was included in liberal studies,the ultimate purpose was to cultivate a life of contemplation that transcends the workday world. Liberal education for leisure sought to break through a disenchanted view of the world and awaken wonder at mere being.将通才教育看作是获得批判性思维能力和个人的独立自由的观点在现在很流行,但这不是唯一的理解。
传统上,通才教育的最终目的是追求自由的思想,而不是批判性思维能力。
虽然发展批判性思想包括于通才教育中,但终极目标是要对生活的思考态度超越平凡的世界。
追求休闲的通才教育要打破不再对世界抱有幻想的观点,并唤醒人们的好奇心。
3. To contemporary eras, an education for leisurely contemplation may sound nostalgic, impractical, or even elitist. A Deweyan might regard the promotion of education for leisure as a reversion to an ancient and outdated hierarchical social stratum that promotes escapism and the status quo. And yet this was neither the intention nor the effect of leisure in the traditional understanding. Rather, leisure involved a humble and intense practice of self-examination so as to ensure a genuine freedom. Freedom, it was thought, was not simply the result of critical thinking but also required a vigilant receptivity—a stillness from the busy world of work and the restive probing of a discursive mind. Proponents maintained that this stillness was necessary for beholding and receiving the fullest disclosure of being, and they considered it the foundation of authentic freedom.对当代人来说,追求自由思想的教育听起来有些怀旧、不现实,更像是精英主义所为。
杜威把休闲看作是恢复到古代的、过时的社会等级制度,使人们更加逃避现实,安于现状。
然而,在传统理解上,这既不是休闲的意图也不是休闲的作用。
确切地说,休闲包括谦逊、认真的自我反省以确保真正意义上的自由,人们认为自由不仅仅是批判性思维的结果,还包括警惕的接受能力——从繁忙的工作中,回归内心平和、坚持探索的心灵。
支持者认为这种平和是领悟和接受最真实的现实所必需的,是真正自由的基础。
4. Today, the conditions of modern life suggest how out of place a call for leisure sounds. The preponderance of our attention, observes Abraham Heschel, is directed toward utilitarian pursuits, including the exploitation of our world’s resources. Surveying contemporary Western culture, Josef Pieper also notes the ascendancy of work for work’s sake. Max weber’s statement, “One does not only work in order to live, but on lives for the sake of one’s work,” captures, the prevailing mind-set of our time. This work-obsessed culture makes total claims on time and space, reducing learning to “the way of expediency,”wherein information and knowledge are accumulated for power and mastery. Universities, rather than being a space apart from the world of work, become engrossed by it.如今,现代生活的条件表明,追求休闲是多么地不合时宜。
由亚伯拉罕所观察到的,我们大部分的注意力都是对实用主义的追求,甚至包括对自然资源的利用上太过功利。
审视当代的西方文化,约瑟夫﹒皮珀也认为为工作而工作具有普遍性。
马克思﹒韦伯也指出,人不仅是为了活着而工作,而是为了工作而活着,这反映了所盛行的思维方式。
工作狂文化使所有的人都在争取时间和空间,学习已沦为一种权宜之计,信息和知识的积累只是为了未来的权利和控制。
大学现在不再是一个远离工作的场所,反而是过度关注它。
5. Given such conditions, leisure does contradict the values that drive modern life. However, it is in light of this hegemonic ethos of work that l submit educators should be interested in the historic association of liberal education and leisure. A liberal education for leisure offers a valuable defense against the world of work that a liberal education for critical thinking is vulnerable to. More important, leisure offers a valuable way of learning that ushers in an authentic freedom that a critical approach to learning and liberal education does not.从这种角度,休闲的确与现代生活的价值观相冲突。