冷冲模具使用寿命的影响[1]
冷冲模具的使用寿命是以冲制出的工件数量来计算的。影响冷冲模寿命的因素很多。主要有模具结构设计、制造模具所用凸模和凹模的材料、模具的热处理质量与表面强化、冲模零件的制造精度和冷冲压材料的选取。除此之外，还有冲模的安装、调整、使用以及维修等。
1．模具设计对寿命的影响
(1)排样设计的影响排样方法与搭边值对模具寿命的影响很大，过小的搭边值，往往是造成模具急剧磨损和凸、凹模啃伤的重要原因。从节约材料出发，搭边值愈小愈好，但搭边值小于一定数值后，对模具寿命和剪切表面质量不利。在冲裁中有可能被拉人模具问隙中，使零件产生毛刺，甚至损坏模具刃口，降低模具寿命。因此，在考虑提高材料利用率的同时，必须根据零件产量、质量和寿命，确定排样方法和搭边值。
(2)凹模结构的影响对容易产生应力集中而开裂的凹模结构，可以采用组合结构或镶拼结构，以及预应力结构，从而提高模具使用寿命。
(3)间隙的影响当间隙过小时，压缩挤压利害，摩擦力增大，磨损增大，侧面的磨损加剧，冲裁后卸料和推件时，材料与凸、凹模之间的摩擦还将造成刃口侧面的磨损比端面的磨大大，同时也容易造成凸、凹模温度很高，把金属碎屑吸附在刃口侧面，形成金属瘤，使凸、凹模出现崩刃或胀裂现象。因此，过小的间隙对模具寿命极为不利。间隙太大，会增加凸模与凹模端面边缘的集中应力，致使压应力急剧增加，于是刃口边很快屈服变形而失去棱角。因此又增加了冲裁力，进而使刃口边更快磨损，降低模具寿命。但为了减小凸、凹模的磨损，延长模具使用寿命，在保证冲裁件质量的前提下，设计时适当采用较大间隙是十分必要的。
(4)模具导向结构对寿命的影响可靠的导向对于减小工作零件的磨损，避免凸、凹模啃伤是非常有效的。特别对无问隙或小问隙冲裁模、复合模和多工位级进模更为重要。为提高模具寿命，必须根据工序和零件精度要求，正确选择导向形式和导向精度，所选择导向精度应高于凸、凹模的配合精度。
(5)冷冲压材料选取的影响冷冲压材料应满足制件的设计要求和冲压工艺要求，否则容易损伤模具，降低模具使用寿命。冷冲压材料表面质量不好，冲压时制件易破裂，也易擦伤模具。冷冲压材料塑性不好，变形量小，冲压时制件易破裂，也易擦伤模具。另外，材料的厚度公差应符合国家标准。因为一副冲模适用于一定材料的厚度，成形、弯曲、翻边、引伸模具的凸、凹模结构间隙是直接根据材料厚度来确定的。所以材料厚度不均匀，会导致废品产生和模具损坏。2．模具材料对模具寿命的影响
模具材料对模具寿命的影响是模具材料性质、化学成分、组织结构、硬度和冶金质量等的综合反映。其中，材料性质和热处理质量影响最为明显。模具材料性质对模具寿命的影响是很大的。如将同一种工件，使用不同的模具材料做弯曲试验，试验结果：用9Mn2V材料，其寿命为5万次；用Crl2MoV渗氮，其寿命可达40万次。因此，在选用材料时，应根据制件的批量大小，合理选用模具材料。模具工作零件的硬度对模具寿命的影响也很大。但并不是硬度愈高、模具寿命愈长。这是因为硬度与强度、韧性及耐磨性等有密切的关系。有的冲模要求硬度高，寿命长。如采用T10钢制造冲模，硬度为54～58HRC，只冲几千次，制件毛刺就很大。如果将硬度提高到60～64HRC，则刃磨寿命可达2～3万次。但如果继续
提高硬度，则会出现早期断裂。有的冲模硬度不宜过高，如采用Crl2MoV制造凹模硬度为58～62HRC时，一般寿命为2—3万件，失效形式是崩刃和开裂以及如果将硬度降到54～58HRC，寿命提高到5～6万件，但硬度降低到50～53HRC会出现凹模刃口易磨钝现象。由此可见，模具硬度必须根据材料性质和失效形式而定。应使硬度、强度、韧性及耐磨性、耐疲劳强度等达到特定冲压工序所需要的最佳配合。
3．模具的热处理质量与表面强化对寿命的影响
模具的热处理质量对模具的性质与使用寿命影响很大。实践证明，模具工作零件的淬火变形与开裂，使用过程中早期断裂，虽然与材料的冶金质量、锻造质量、模具结构及加工有关，但与模具的热处理关系更大。根据模具失效原因的分析统计，热处理不当引起的失效占50％以上。实践证明，高级的模具材料必须配以正确的热处理工艺，才能真正发挥材料的潜力。模具工作零件表面强化处理的目的，是获得外硬内韧的效果，从而得到硬度、耐磨性、韧性、耐疲劳强度的良好配合。模具表面强化处理方法很多，表面处理的新技术工艺发展很快。除氮碳共渗和离子氮化、渗硼、渗铌、渗钒、表面镀硬铬和电火花强化外，化学气相沉积(CVD)和物理气相沉积(PVD)已逐步采用。经CVD和PVD处理后，模具表面覆盖一层超硬物质，如TiC、TiN等。硬度极高、耐磨性、耐蚀性、抗黏合性很好，可提高模具寿命几倍到几十倍。
4．冲模零件的制造精度对模具寿命的影响
冲模制造的精度与使用寿命关系很大，特别是模具表面粗糙度对模具影响很大。如用Crl2MoV钢制造落料模，如果表面粗糙度值R =1．6 m时，其寿命为3万件左右。如经精抛光，表面粗糙度值R =0．4 m，寿命可提高到4—5万件。因此，对模具工作零件表面，一般都要经过磨削、研磨、抛光等精加工和精细加工。
5．其他方面对模具寿命的影响
(1)压力机的精度不高，也易使冲模损坏。
(2)冲模在压力机上安装的正确与否及操作者的技术水平高低，对模具寿命也有很大影响。
(3)冲模的保管和维护好坏，以及使用润滑剂的情况，也影响模具使用寿命。
冷冲模凸凹模间隙控制和调整方法
冷冲压模具凸、凹模间隙的大小和均匀程度直接影响冲裁件的质量和模具的使用寿命的长短。在保证冲裁件间隙时装配也是模具制造中十分重要的环节，而且装配质量将直接影响凸、凹模的间隙是否均匀。比如加工时凸、凹模的尺寸精度虽已达到要求，但是在装配时如果调整不好，就会造成间隙不均匀，冲出的零件有毛边。甚至会冲出不合格的零件。模具装配的关键是要控制凸、凹模的相对位置，以保证凸、凹模的间隙正确、均匀并能冲出合格的零件。
1.模具在装配前应关注的问题[2]
凸、凹模间隙既与模具本身零件的精度有关，也与装配时的装配工艺是否合理有关。为了保证凸、凹模的位置正确和间隙均匀，模具从设计、加工到装配整个环节要注意的问题如下：
（1）凸、凹模的正确设计和制造
设计模具时首先应根据冲裁件的断面质量、模具使用寿命等因素选择合理的凸、凹模间隙。并要考虑到模具在使用过程中的磨损使间隙增大，一般在设计模具时采用最小合理间隙。并在制造过程中保证模具零件的加工质量和精度，在装配过程中确保凸、凹模间隙均匀，这对于加工复杂形状零件十分关键。
（2）装配方法的选择要合理
冲模装配方法大致包括直接装配法和配合装配法。装配前必须仔细研究模具装配图，充分考虑和分析冲模的结构特点、冲模零件加工工艺和加工精度等，以选择方便、准确、可靠的装配方法以保证冲裁件质量。
2.凸、凹模间隙的控制与调整的方法【3】
凸、凹模的间隙控制，应根据冲模结构、间隙大小、冲裁件的质量和实际装配条件来选定。凸、凹模间隙的控制与调整方法有以下几种。
（1）透光法
将凸、凹模合模后，用光照射底面，观察凸、凹模刃口周围透过的光线和分布情况来判断间隙的大小和均匀性。如果不均匀，重新调整至间隙均匀后再固定，此法适用于薄板小间隙冲裁模。
（2）塞尺法
将凸、凹模合模后，用凸、凹模单边间隙厚度的塞尺塞入凸、凹模各方向间隙中。然后拧紧上模固定螺钉。最后放纸试冲，最后将上模座与固定板配钻、铰定位销孔，并打人销钉定位。
（3）垫片调整法
垫片调整间隙法简便、应用广泛。如图1所示，合模后垫好等高垫铁，将垫片包在凸模上使凸模进入凹模内，观察凸、凹模的间隙状况。如果间隙不均匀，用敲击凸模固定板的方法调整间隙，然后拧紧上模固定螺钉。最后放纸试冲，观察切纸上四周毛刺均匀程度，从而判断凸、凹模间隙是否均匀，再调整间隙直至冲裁毛刺均匀为止。最后将上模座与固定板配钻、铰定位销孔，并打入销钉定位。这种方法广泛适用于冲裁材料较厚的大间隙冲模和弯曲、拉深成形模具的间隙控制。
（4）化学法
当凸、凹模的形状复杂时，用上述几种方法调整间隙较困难时，这时可用化学方法来控制间隙，常用的是电镀法。电镀法是在凸模工作端表面镀上一层铜或锌来代替垫片。镀层厚度与单边隙相同，刃人凹模孔内，检查上下移动无阻滞现象即可装配紧固。镀层在冲模使用过程中会自然脱落，无需去除。此法镀层均匀，可提高装配间隙的均匀性。
（5）工艺措施调整法
采用工艺措施调整模具间隙主要有2种方法：
1.尺寸法
加工凸模时，将凸模前端适当加长，加长段截面尺寸加工到与凹模型孔尺寸相同。装配时，使凸模进入凹模型孔，自然形成冲裁间隙，然后将凸模连同凸模固定板一起与上模座配作销钉固定，最后将凸模前端加长段去除即可形成均匀间隙。
2.定位孔法
工艺定位孔法就和级进模里面的原理差不多。加工时，在凸模固定板和凹
模相同的位置上加工两定位孔，可将定位孔与模具型腔一次割出。装配时，在定位孔内插入定位销来保证间隙。
（6）标准样板法
根据零件图预先在线切割机床上加工一标准样板或采用合格冲压零件，装配调整时将其放在凸、凹模之间，使上、下模相对运动时松紧程度适当即可。（7）测量法
测量法采用的测量工具有塞尺。塞尺测量法调整后的凸、凹模间隙均匀性好，是常用的方法。装配时，在凸模刃口放入凹模孔内后，根据凸、凹模间隙的大小选择不同规格的塞尺插入凸、凹模间隙中，检查凹模刃口周边各处间隙，并根据测量结果进行调整。调整时只要敲击凸模固定板直至调整好为止。
(8)调整修配法
冲模在使用一段时间后，由于凸、凹模的正常磨损。要对所加工的零件进行检查，若制品产生毛刺，凸、凹模刃口变钝和崩刃因素，则是因为凸、凹模间隙因磨损发生了变化，即变大或不均匀。为使凸、凹模恢复到原来的间隙值冲出合格零件可采用以下方法进行修配。
1. 凸、凹模间隙变大的修配方法
一般冲模在使用一段时间后，由于正常磨损会使凸、凹模间隙逐渐增大，从而使工件产生毛刺等一系列的问题。这种情况下，可先用厚度等于单面间隙值的块规插入凸、凹模刃口之间，若凸、凹模间隙不太大，修磨工作部分的刃口继续使用，可改善冲件质量。当间隙值过大时，则可采高温加热后局部锻打的方法重新修正凹模尺寸使其恢复到原来的间隙值。工件冷却后，再用压印锉修法重新修整间隙值，并用火焰表面淬火的方法来提高刃口表面的硬度。
2. 凸、凹模间隙不均匀的修配方法
冲模使用一段时间后，间隙不均匀会使冲件局部边缘产生毛刺或刃口被咬坏。在冲模正常磨损情况下，由于导向装置磨损后精度降低使得凸、凹模相对发生偏移，应分别在导柱和导套上镀一层铬使其恢复到原来的尺寸，再通过压印锉修法将高点去除。如果是由于定位销松动失去定位作用而致使凸、凹模不同心，从而引起凸、凹模间隙不均匀。应先将凸、凹模间隙调整好，重新配作销钉固定。
我国模具工业现状[4]
由于历史原因形成的“封闭式”、“大而全的企业特征，我国大部分企业均设有模具车间，处于本厂的配套地位，自70年代末才有了模具工业化和生产专业化这个概念。生产效率不高，经济效益较差。模具行业的生产小而散乱，跨行业、投资密集，专业化、商品化和技术管理水平都比较低。
据不完全统计，全国现有模具专业生产厂、产品厂配套的模具车间（分厂）近17000家，约60万从业人员，年模具总产值达200亿元人民币。但是，我国模具工业现有能力只能满足需求量的60％左右，还不能适应国民经济发展的需要。目前，国内需要的大型、精密、复杂和长寿命的模具还主要依靠进口。据海关统计，1997年进口模具价值6.3亿美元，这还不包括随设备一起进口的模具；1997年出口模具仅为7800万美元【5】。目前我国模具工业的技术水平和制造能力，是我国国民经济建设中的薄弱环节和制约经济持续发展的瓶颈。
1.模具工业产品结构的现状
按照中国模具工业协会的划分，我国模具基本分为10大类，其中，冲压模和塑料成型模两大类占主要部分。按产值计算，目前我国冲压模占50％左右，塑料成形模约占20％，拉丝模（工具）约占10％，而世界上发达工业国家和地区的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具产值的40％以上。
我国冲压模大多为简单模、单工序模和符合模等，精冲模，精密多工位级进模还为数不多，模具平均寿命不足100万次，模具最高寿命达到1亿次以上，精度达到3～5um，有50个以上的级进工位，与国际上最高模具寿命6亿次，平均模具寿命5000万次相比，处于80年代中期国际先进水平。
我国的塑料成形模具设计，制作技术起步较晚，整体水平还较低。目前单型腔，简单型腔的模具达70％以上，仍占主导地位。一模多腔精密复杂的塑料注射模，多色塑料注射模已经能初步设计和制造。模具平均寿命约为80万次左右，主要差距是模具零件变形大、溢边毛刺大、表面质量差、模具型腔冲蚀和腐蚀严重、模具排气不畅和型腔易损等，注射模精度已达到5um以下，最高寿命已突破2000万次，型腔数量已超过100腔，达到了80年代中期至90年代初期的国际先进水平。
2.模具工业技术结构现状
我国模具工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。
在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技术设计与制造模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。在应用CAD技术设计模具方面，仅有约10%的模具在设计中采用了CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用CAE进行模具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；在应用CAM技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备（包括近10多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（IBM微机及其兼容机、HP工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率较低，只有5%左右的模具制造设备近年来才开展这项工作；在应用CAPP技术进行工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方面的CAD/CAM技术应用在我国才刚起步。计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低水平，需要知识和经验的积累。我国大部分模具厂、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗高。设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技术进步力度不大。虽然近年来也引进了不少先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有25%左右，设备的一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。
缺乏技术素质较高的模具设计、制造工艺技术人员和技术工人，尤其缺乏知识面宽、知识结构层次高的复合型人才。中国模具行业中的技术人员，只占从业人员的8%~12%左右，且技术人员和技术工人的总体技术水平也较低。1980年以前从业的技术人员和技术工人知识老化，知识结构不能适应现在的需要；而80年代以后从业的人员，专业知识、经验匮乏，动手能力差，不安心，不愿学技术。
近年来人才外流不仅造成人才数量与素质水平下降，而且人才结构也出现了新的断层，青黄不接，使得模具设计、制造的技术水平难以提高。
Die Life of cold stamping die and influence[1] Die with the life of the workpiece by punching out the number of terms. Many factors affect the life Die. There are die structure design, manufacture molds used in the punch and die materials, die quality and surface hardening heat treatment, precision die manufacturing parts and cold stamping materials selection. In addition, there are die installation, adjustment, use and maintenance.
1. Die Design on Life
(1) Layout design of layout methods and take the boundary value a great impact on the die life, too small to take the boundary value, often causing rapid wear and convex mold, die bite wounds on the. Starting from material savings, take the boundary value smaller the better, but take the edge is less than some value, the cut surface of the mold and the quality of life adversely. There will be left behind in the blanking die Q-gap were to produce spare parts glitch, or even damage the die edge, reduce die life. Therefore, consider increasing the material utilization of the same time, parts must yield, quality and life expectancy to determine the layout methods and take the boundary.
(2) die structure prone to stress concentration on the cracking of the die structure, composite structure can be used or mosaic structure, and prestressed structure to enhance the mold life.
(3) the impact of clearance when the gap is too small, compressed extrusion of interest, increased friction, increased wear, the wear side of aggravated discharge and push pieces after blanking time, materials and convex, the friction between die will cause wear and tear than the end edge on the side of the grinding much, but also easily lead to convex, concave mold temperature is high, the adsorption of metal debris in the side edge to form a metal tumor, so that male and female die chipping or expansion occurs crack phenomenon. Therefore, the gap is too small to Die Life very bad. Gap is too large will increase the punch and the die face the edge of the concentration of stress, resulting in a sharp increase in stress, so blade edge quickly lose angular yield deformation. Therefore, addition of blanking force, thereby enabling faster edge edge wear, reduce die life. But in order to reduce the male and female die wear, extending mold life, while ensuring quality of stamping pieces under the premise that larger space designed properly it is necessary.
(4) Die-oriented structure of the life of a reliable guide for the working parts reduce wear, prevent male and female die bite wound is very effective. In particular, non-small-Q gap Q gap or Die, compound die and multi-position progressive die even more important. To improve the die life, must be based on processes and the demand
of precision, the correct choice-oriented form and orientation accuracy, the choice should be higher than the accuracy-oriented convex, concave mold with precision. (5) the impact of cold stamping materials, cold stamping materials selected should meet the design requirements of workpieces and stamping process requirements, or easy to mold damage and reduce mold life. Poor surface quality of cold stamping, punching, cracking when the workpiece is also easy to scratch mold. Bad cold stamping plastic materials, deformation is small, easy to press when the workpiece rupture, but also easy to scratch mold. In addition, the material thickness tolerances shall comply with national standards. Die because of a certain thickness of material suitable for forming, bending, flanging, drawing die of the male and female die structure gap is directly determined by the thickness of the material. Therefore, uneven thickness, will result in waste generation and mold damage.
2. Die Die Life of
Die Die Life of a mold material properties, chemical composition, structure, hardness and comprehensive reflection of metallurgical quality. Among them, the material properties and heat treatment affect the quality of the most obvious. Mold material properties on the impact of die life is great. If the same workpiece, using a different mold material of the bending test, the test results: The 9Mn2V material, the life of 5 million; with Crl2MoV nitriding, the life of up to 40 million. Therefore, the choice of materials, the batch size should be based on workpiece, rational use of mold materials. The hardness of the die parts to Die Life a great impact. But not the higher hardness, longer die life. This is because the hardness and strength, toughness and abrasion resistance are closely related. Some die demands of high hardness, long life. Such as the use of T10 steel dies, hardness 54 ~ 58HRC, only washed thousands of times a burr on the workpiece great. If the hardness to 60 ~ 64HRC, the grinding life of up to 2 to 3 million. However, if continue to improve hardness, fracture occurs earlier. Some die hardness should not be too high, as the die manufacturing using Crl2MoV 58 ~ 62HRC hardness, the general life of 2-3 million, invalid form of chipping and cracking, and if the hardness down to 54 ~ 58HRC, life expectancy increased to 5 ~ 60 000, but decreased to 50 ~ 53HRC hardness appears easy to blunt the die edge phenomenon. Thus, mold hardness must be based on material properties and failure modes may be. Should enable the hardness, strength, toughness and wear resistance, resistance to fatigue strength needed to achieve a particular stamping process the best match.
3. The surface of the mold heat treatment to strengthen the quality and impact on life
Mold heat treatment the nature and quality of life of the mold a great impact. Practice shows that the die parts of the quenching distortion and cracking, early fracture during use, while the metallurgical and materials quality, forging quality, mold structure and process related, but related more to die of heat treatment. According to statistical analysis of failure causes of mold, heat treatment failure due to improper accounting for more than 50%. Practice shows that the mold material must be accompanied by high heat treatment process properly, can really play a material's potential. Parts surface hardening mold work purpose is to obtain the effect of external hard tough
inside, so be hardness, wear resistance, toughness, good resistance to fatigue with. Many ways to die surface hardening, surface treatment technology of new technologies developed rapidly. In addition to Nitrocarburizing and ion nitride, boride, seepage niobium, vanadium permeability, hard chrome plated and spark strengthening, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been gradually adopted. By CVD and PVD treatment, the mold surface covered with super-hard material, such as TiC, TiN, etc.. High hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, adhesion is very good, can improve the die life several times to several times.
4. Manufacturing precision of the die parts of die life
Precision die manufacturing and life in it in particular, mold surface roughness on the mold a great impact. If using Crl2MoV steel blanking die, if the surface roughness value R = 1.6 m, its life span is about 30,000. Such as polished by the precision, surface roughness value R = 0.4 m, life can be increased to 4-5 million. Therefore, the working parts of the mold surface, the general must go through grinding, grinding, polishing and other finishing and fine processing.
5. Other aspects of the impact of die life
(1) Press the accuracy is not high, but also easy to make die damage.
(2) die in the press or not installed properly and the operator's technical level, on the tool life is also greatly affected.
(3) dies in the custody and maintenance of good and bad, and the use of lubricant condition also affects mold life.
Cold die clearances between control and adjusting method Cold stamping mould convex, concave die size and distribution of the clearance degree directly affect the quality of the blanking pieces and the length of the service life of the die. In guarantee blanking pieces space is mould manufacturing assembly very important link, and assembly quality will directly influence the convex, concave die if the clearance between the uniform. Such as the process of convex, concave die size precision although already meet the requirements, but in assembling if adjustment is bad, can cause clearance does not even, rushed out of the spare parts of the raw edges. Even rushed out of unqualified parts. The mold assembly is key to control convex, concave die of relative positions, in order to ensure that the convex, concave die, uniform and the clearance between the right to rush out of qualified parts.
1.Die before assembly the problems that should be paid attention[2]
Convex, concave die and mould parts itself is clearance of the precision, and the assembly of the assembly process is reasonable. In order to ensure that the position of the convex, concave die correctly and gaps even, mould design, processing to assembly from the whole link should pay attention to the following questions：
（1）Convex, concave die design and manufacture of the right
Design should be based on the above all when die cutting the section of a quality, service life of die factors such as the reasonable selection of convex, concave die clearance. And to consider the mould in the process of using that gap wear increases, general in the design the least reasonable clearance when mould. And in the manufacturing process can ensure the parts processing precision and quality, in the assembly process ensure convex, concave die gap even, this for processing complex shape is very key parts.
（2）Assembly method the choice should be reasonable
Die assembly method include roughly assembly method and direct with assembly method. Before the assembly must be carefully study mold assembly drawing, full consideration and analysis of the structure characteristics of punching die, die parts processing technology and processing accuracy etc, in order to choose convenient, accurate and reliable assembly method to ensure the quality of blanking pieces.
2.Convex, concave die gap between the control and adjustment of the method[3]
Convex, concave die clearance control, should according to die structure, clearance size, blanking pieces of quality and practical assembly condition to selected. Convex, concave die gap between the control and adjustment method have the following kinds.
（1）Pervious to light method
Will convex, concave die after molmerged, shone a light on the underside, observe the convex, concave die around through light and distribution to judge the size of the clearance and uniformity. If not even, to adjust to evenly between fixed again, this method is suitable for small gap plate stamping die.
（2）Feeler method
Will convex, concave die after molmerged, convex, concave die into the thickness of unilateral clearance feeler convex, concave die gaps in each direction. Then tighten the screw on mode. Finally put paper to stamping and will last mould seat and fixed on board with drilling, reaming positioning pin hole, and at a pin location.
（3）Gaskets DiaoZhengFa
Gasket adjustment method is simple, convenient, clearance is used widely. As shown in figure 1 shows, the mat with good contour mat iron, will gaskets wrapped in the punch to the punch into the concave mould, observe the convex, concave die clearance condition. If clearance does not even, with striking the protruding models of fixed plate method clearance adjustment, then tighten the screw on mode. Finally put paper to stamping, observation on paper cutting around burr and even rate to judge whether clearance convex, concave die even, to adjust the gap until cutting burr uniform so far. Finally the mould seat and the plate with drilling, reaming positioning
pin hole, and enter the pin location. This method widely used cutting materials focusing thick large clearance and bending stamping, deep drawing mould clearance control.
(4) Chemical method
When the convex, concave die complex shape, the use of the above several methods more difficult to adjust the gap, the chemical method can be used to control the gap, the plating method is used. Plating method is the punch in the work surface coated with copper or zinc instead of washers. The plating thickness and unilateral gap is same, blade people concave die hole, and check the move without block phenomenon can assembly tighten. Coating in use process will die fall off naturally, need not removed. This uniform coating, can improve the uniformity of assembling clearance.
(5) Technology DiaoZhengFa measures
The main technological measures to adjust the gap between two kinds of the mould method:
1. Size method
Processing of the punch, will the punch front-end appropriate lengthen, extended period of section size and sunken model hole processing to the same size. Assembly, make the punch into female model hole, natural form the cutting clearance, and then to the punch with fixed together with the punch mould seat on board with the pin for fixed and will last longer period of the punch front can remove form even clearance.
2. Positioning hole method
Process positioning hole method and the inside of the progressive die principle about. Processing, the punch in fixed board and concave die on the same position processing two positioning hole, can will locate hole and the mold cavity a cut out. Assembly, in the positioning hole insert pins to ensure that gap.
(6) Standard model method
According to the drawing wedm in advance in processing a standard model or the qualified stamping parts, to adjust the assembly put it in between convex, concave die, upper and lower die relative motion can be reasonable degree when appropriate.
(7) Measurement method
Measuring method of the measuring tool have feeler. A feeler method after the adjustment convex, concave die clearance good uniformity, it is the commonly used method. Assembly, the punch in the concave die in the hole, convex, concave die according to the size of the clearance choose different specifications of the feeler insert convex, concave die clearance, inspection concave die around the blade gap everywhere, and according to the measured results adjustment. If the adjustment of the punch fixed board knock until adjust good so far.
(8) Adjustment method of repair match means
Die in use after period of time, because the convex, concave die normal wear and tear. To working parts inspection, if products produce burr, convex, concave die dull and collapse the blade factors, it is because of the convex, concave die clearance for wear changed, namely bigger or not even. To make the convex, concave die restored to the original gap value out of parts can use the following method to qualified for repair match means.
1. Convex, concave die clearance greaten repair match means method
General dies in use after period of time, because normal wear will make convex, concave die gap increase gradually, thus to make the work and so on a series of problems produced burr. This kind of circumstance, can use first thickness is equal to one of the KuaiGui insert gap between the convex, concave die, if convex, concave die clearance does not too big, the grinding work part of the blade continue to use, can improve the quality of stamping. When gap value too big when, the recoverable high temperature heat of local forging the modification methods female die size make it restored to the original gap value. Workpiece cooling followed by the pressure seal the law to file to trim gap value, and with the flame hardening method to improve the blade surface hardness.
2. Convex, concave die clearance does not even repair match means method
Dies after a period of using, clearance does not even can make blunt a local produce burr or the blade was edge chewed. In normal wear punching die, because after wearing precision guide device that reduce convex, concave die happen relatively migration, respectively in the guide pin and a guide to cover on the plating chromium layer the restored to its original size, again through the pressure seal the law will remove file high. If it is due to the pins loosening lose positioning function and cause different convex, concave die heart, and cause convex, concave die clearance does not even. Should first will convex, concave die gap adjusting well, to match for taper pin.
China's mold industry[4]
Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.
According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600
000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.
1. Research on the Structure of industrial products mold
In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.
Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.
China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.
2 .mold Present Status of Technology
Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.
The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10%
of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.
Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.
参考文献
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[2]谢昱北. 《模具设计与制造》.2005年北京北京大学出版社.
[3]薛兽翔. 《冲压模具与制造》.2004年北京北京化学工业出版社.
[4]洪丽华.陈永禄.中国模具工业现状和模具技术发展趋势[J] 机电技术.2007年第二期 96-98
[5] CHEN Zhi-ming ZHANG Hai-ou WANG Gui-lan. China's mold industry current situation and development[J] Forging & Stamping Technology. 2004年 05期 1-2
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
文献综述1 引言冲压模具是冲压生产必不可少的工艺装备，是技术密集型产品。冲 压件的质量、生产效率以及生产成本等，与模具设计和制造有直接关系。模具设计与制造技术水平的高低，是衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志之一，在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。2005 年—2008 年，我国冲压模具产品均出口较大幅度的增长。2009 年在全球高压锅炉管市场总需求量下降的情况下，国际采购商通过国内某网站采购冲压模具的数量仍逆势上扬。我国冲压模具的国际竞争力正在不断提升。根据我国海关统计资料显示，2005 年—2008 年，我国冲压模具产品均出口较大幅度的增长。2008 年，即使遭受全球金融危机，我们冲压模具出口金额达4.11 亿美元，比2007 年的3.26 亿美元增长了26 。另外，2009 年在全球高压锅炉管市场总需求量下降的情况下，国际采购商通过国内某网站采购冲压模具的数量仍逆势上扬。从全年采购情况来看，总体趋于上涨的趋势。其中，2009 年下半年回暖明显，国际采购商借此网站采购频次约616 频次，比上半年的288 频次增长了114％。虽然近年来我国模具行业发展迅速，但是离国内的需要和国际水平还有很大的差距。差距较大主要表现在：（1 ）标准化 程度低。（2）模具制造精度低、周期长。解决这些问题主要体现在模具设计上，故改善模具设计的水平成为拉近差距的关键性问题。若要很好的设计出一副冲压模具，就必须去了解冲压模具的历史、现状以及发展趋势。2 主体2.1 冲压模具的发展历史我国考古发现，早在2000 多年前，我国已有冲压模具被用于制造铜器，证明了中国古代冲压成型和冲压模具方面的成就就在世界领先。1953 年，长春第一汽车制造厂在中国首次建立了冲模车间，该厂于1958 年开始制造汽车覆盖件模具。我国于20 世纪60 年代开始生产精冲模具。在走过了温长的发展道路之后，目前我国已形成了300 多亿元（未包括港、澳、台 的统计数字，下同）各类冲压模具的生产能力。浙江宁波和黄岩地区的“模具之乡”；广东一些大集团公司和迅速崛起的乡镇企业，科龙、美的、康佳等集团纷纷建立了自己的模具
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 冲压模具设计 对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形）经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。 如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。 而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。 图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯
拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。板料成形的原理如图2所示。 拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。 图2 板料成形原理 弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。 在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
济南大学泉城学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目现代快速经济制造模具技术 专业机械制造及其自动化 班级专升本1302班 学生刘计良 学号2013040156 指导教师刘彦 二〇一五年三月十六日
Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds Ming-Shyan Huang & Ming-Kai Hsu Received: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 15 June 2010 / Published online: 25 June 2010 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds The Abstract: This work applies modular design concepts to designating beverage-container injection molds. This study aims to develop a method of controlling costs and time in relation to mold development, and also to improve product design. This investigation comprises two parts: functional-ity coding, and establishing a standard operation procedure, specifically designed for beverage-container injection mold design and manufacturing. First, the injection mold is divided into several modules, each with a specific function. Each module is further divided into several structural units possessing sub-function or sub-sub-function. Next, dimen-sions and specifications of each unit are standardized and a compatible interface is constructed linking relevant units. This work employs a cup-shaped beverage container to experimentally assess the performance of the modular design approach. The experimental results indicate that the modular design approach to manufacturing injection molds shortens development time by 36% and reduces costs by 19 23% compared with the conventional ap-proach. Meanwhile, the information on
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9813264864.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9813264864.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9813264864.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
Design Without Designers 网站截图： https://www.doczj.com/doc/9813264864.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9813264864.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is