The Injection Molding
The Introduction of Molds
The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment.
Mold Material
Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced.
A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM S). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier.
Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components produced by powder metallurgy, and possibly by hot isocratic pressing, than to sintered metals in the sense of porous, air-permeable materials.
Removal of air from the cavity of a mold is necessary with many different processing methods, and it has been proposed many times that this can be accomplished using porous metallic materials. The advantages over specially fabricated venting devices, particularly in areas where melt flow fronts meet, I, e, at weld lines, are as obvious as the potential problem areas: on one hand, preventing the texture of such surfaces from becoming visible on the finished product, and on the other hand, preventing the microspores from quickly becoming clogged with residues (broken off flash, deposits from the molding material, so-called plate out, etc.). It is also interesting in this case that completely new possibilities with regard to mold design and processing technique result from the use of such materials.
A. Design rules
There are many rules for designing molds. These rules and standard practices are based on logic, past experience, convenience, and economy. For designing, mold making, and molding, it is usually of advantage to follow the rules. But occasionally, it may work out better if a rule is ignored and an alternative way is selected. In this text, the most common rules are noted, but the designer will learn only from experience which way to go. The designer must ever be open to new ideas and methods, to new molding and mold materials that may affect these rules.
B. The basic mold
1. Mold cavity space
The mold cavity space is a shape inside the mold, “excavated” in such a manner that when the molding material is forced into this space it will take on the shape of the cavity space and, therefore, the desired product. The principle of a mold is almost as old as human civilization. Molds have metals into sand forms. Such molds, which are still used today in foundries, can be used only once because the mold is destroyed to release the product after it has solidified. Today, we are looking for permanent molds that can be used over and over. Now molds are made from strong, durable materials, such as steel, or from softer aluminum or metal alloys and even from certain plastics where a long mold life is not required because the planned production is small. In injection molding the plastic is injected into the cavity space with high pressure, so the mold must be strong enough to resist the injection pressure without deforming.
2. Number of cavities
Many molds, particularly molds for larger products, are built for only cavity space, but many molds, especially large production molds, are built with 2 or more cavities. The reason for this is purely economical. It takes only little more time to inject several cavities than to inject one. For example, a 4-cavity mold requires only one-fourth of the machine time of a
single-cavity mold. Conversely, the production increases in proportion to the number of cavities. A mold with more cavities is more expensive to build than a single-cavity mold, but not necessarily 4 times as much as a single-cavity mold. But it may also require a larger machine with larger platen area and more clamping capacity, and because it will use 4 times the amount of plastic, it may need a large injection unit, so the machine hour cost will be higher than for a machine large enough for the smaller mold.
3. Cavity shape and shrinkage
The shape of the cavity is essenti ally the “negative” of the shape of the desired product, with dimensional allowance added to allow for shrinking of the plastic. The shape of the cavity is usually created with chip-removing machine tools, or with electric discharge machining, with chemical etching, or by any new method that may be available to remove metal or build it up, such as galvanic processes. It may also be created by casting certain metals in plaster molds created from models of the product to be made, or by casting some suitable hard plastics. The cavity shape can be either cut directly into the mold plates or formed by putting inserts into the plates.
C. Cavity and core
By convention, the hollow portion of the cavity space is called the cavity. The matching, often raised portion of the cavity space is called the core. Most plastic products are cup-shaped. This does not mean that they look like a cup, but they do have an inside and an outside. The outside of the product is formed by the cavity, the inside by the core. The alternative to the cup shape is the flat shape. In this case, there is no specific convex portion, and sometimes, the core looks like a mirror image of the cavity. Typical examples for this are plastic knives, game chips, or round disks such as records. While these items are simple in appearance, they often present serious molding problems for ejection of the product. The reason for this is that all injection molding machines provide an ejection mechanism on the moving platen and the products tend to shrink onto and cling to the core, from where they are then ejected. Most injection molding machines do not provide ejection mechanisms on the injection side.
Polymer Processing
Polymer processing, in its most general context, involves the transformation of a solid (sometimes liquid) polymeric resin, which is in a random form (e.g., powder, pellets, beads), to a solid plastics product of specified shape, dimensions, and properties. This is achieved by means of a transformation process: extrusion, molding, calendaring, coating, thermoforming, etc. The process, in order to achieve the above objective, usually involves the following operations: solid transport, compression, heating, melting, mixing, shaping, cooling,
solidification, and finishing. Obviously, these operations do not necessarily occur in sequence, and many of them take place simultaneously.
Shaping is required in order to impart to the material the desired geometry and dimensions. It involves combinations of viscoelastic deformations and heat transfer, which are generally associated with solidification of the product from the melt.
Shaping includes: two-dimensional operations, e.g. die forming, calendaring and coating; three-dimensional molding and forming operations. Two-dimensional processes are either of the continuous, steady state type (e.g. film and sheet extrusion, wire coating, paper and sheet coating, calendaring, fiber spinning, pipe and profile extrusion, etc.) or intermittent as in the case of extrusions associated with intermittent extrusion blow molding. Generally, molding operations are intermittent, and, thus, they tend to involve unsteady state conditions. Thermoforming, vacuum forming, and similar processes may be considered as secondary shaping operations, since they usually involve the reshaping of an already shaped form. In some cases, like blow molding, the process involves primary shaping (pair-son formation) and secondary shaping (pair son inflation).
Shaping operations involve simultaneous or staggered fluid flow and heat transfer. In two-dimensional processes, solidification usually follows the shaping process, whereas solidification and shaping tend to take place simultaneously inside the mold in three dimensional processes. Flow regimes, depending on the nature of the material, the equipment, and the processing conditions, usually involve combinations of shear, extensional, and squeezing flows in conjunction with enclosed (contained) or free surface flows.
The thermo-mechanical history experienced by the polymer during flow and solidification results in the development of microstructure (morphology, crystallinity, and orientation distributions) in the manufactured article. The ultimate properties of the article are closely related to the microstructure. Therefore, the control of the process and product quality must be based on an understanding of the interactions between resin properties, equipment design, operating conditions, thermo-mechanical history, microstructure, and ultimate product properties. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation have been employed to obtain an understanding of these interactions. Such an approach has gained more importance in view of the expanding utilization of computer design/computer assisted manufacturing/computer aided engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE) systems in conjunction with plastics processing.
It will emphasize recent developments relating to the analysis and simulation of some important commercial process, with due consideration to elucidation of both thermo-mechanical history and microstructure development.
As mentioned above, shaping operations involve combinations of fluid flow and heat
transfer, with phase change, of a visco-elastic polymer melt. Both steady and unsteady state processes are encountered. A scientific analysis of operations of this type requires solving the relevant equations of continuity, motion, and energy (I. e. conservation equations).
Injection Molding
Many different processes are used to transform plastic granules, powders, and liquids into final product. The plastic material is in moldable form, and is adaptable to various forming methods. In most cases thermoplastic materials are suitable for certain processes while thermosetting materials require other methods of forming. This is recognized by the fact that thermoplastics are usually heated to a soft state and then reshaped before cooling. Theromosets, on the other hand have not yet been polymerized before processing, and the chemical reaction takes place during the process, usually through heat, a catalyst, or pressure. It is important to remember this concept while studying the plastics manufacturing processes and the polymers used.
Injection molding is by far the most widely used process of forming thermoplastic materials. It is also one of the oldest. Currently injection molding accounts for 30% of all plastics resin consumption. Since raw material can be converted by a single procedure, injection molding is suitable for mass production of plastics articles and automated one-step production of complex geometries. In most cases, finishing is not necessary. Typical products include toys, automotive parts, household articles, and consumer electronics goods,
Since injection molding has a number of interdependent variables, it is a process of considerable complexity. The success of the injection molding operation is dependent not only in the proper setup of the machine variables, but also on eliminating shot-to-shot variations that are caused by the machine hydraulics, barrel temperature variations, and changes in material viscosity. Increasing shot-to-shot repeatability of machine variables helps produce parts with tighter tolerance, lowers the level of rejects, and increases product quality ( i.e., appearance and serviceability).
The principal objective of any molding operation is the manufacture of products: to a specific quality level, in the shortest time, and using a repeatable and fully automatic cycle. Molders strive to reduce or eliminate rejected parts, or parts with a high added value such as appliance cases, the payoff of reduced rejects is high.
A typical injection molding cycle or sequence consists of five phases:
1 Injection or mold filling
2 Packing or compression
3 Holding
4 Cooling
5 Part ejection
Injection Molding Overview
Process
Injection molding is a cyclic process of forming plastic into a desired shape by forcing
the material under pressure into a cavity. The shaping is achieved by cooling (thermoplastics) or by a chemical reaction (thermosets). It is one of the most common
and versatile operations for mass production of complex plastics parts with excellent dimensional tolerance. It requires minimal or no finishing or assembly operations. In addition to thermoplastics and thermosets, the process is being extended to such
materials as fibers, ceramics, and powdered metals, with polymers as binders.
Applications
Approximately 32 percent by weight of all plastics processed go through injection molding machines. Historically, the major milestones of injection molding include the invention of the reciprocating screw machine and various new alternative processes, and the application of computersimulation to the design and manufacture of plastics parts.
Development of the injection molding machine
Since its introduction in the early 1870s, the injection molding machine has undergone significant
modifications and improvements. In particular, the invention of the reciprocating screw machine hasrevolutionized the versatility and productivity of the thermoplastic injection molding process.
Benefits of the reciprocating screw
Apart from obvious improvements in machine control and machine functions, the major development for the injection molding machine is the change from a plunger mechanism to a reciprocating screw. Although the plunger-type machine is inherently simple, its popularity was
limited due to the slow heating rate through pure conduction only. The reciprocating screw can
plasticize the material more quickly and uniformly with its rotating motion, as shown in Figure 1. Inaddition, it is able to inject the molten polymer in a forward direction, as a plunger.
Development of the injection molding process
The injection molding process was first used only with thermoplastic polymers. Advances in the
understanding of materials, improvements in molding equipment, and the needs of specific industrysegments have expanded the use of the process to areas beyond its original scope. Alternative injection molding processes
During the past two decades, numerous attempts have been made to develop injection molding
processes to produce parts with special design features and properties. Alternative processes derivedfrom conventional injection molding have created a new era for additional applications, more designfreedom, and special structural features. These efforts have resulted in a number of processes,including:
Co-injection (sandwich) molding
Fusible core injection molding)
Gas-assisted injection molding
Injection-compression molding
Lamellar (microlayer) injection moldin
Live-feed injection molding
Low-pressure injection molding
Push-pull injection molding
Reactive molding
Structural foam injection molding
Thin-wall molding
Computer simulation of injection molding processes
Because of these extensions and their promising future, computer simulation of the process has alsoexpanded beyond the early "lay-flat," empirical cavity-filling estimates. Now, complex programs simulate post-filling behavior, reaction kinetics, and the use of two materials with different properties, or two distinct phases, during the process.
The Simulation section provides information on using C-MOLD products.Among the Design topicsare several examples that illustrate how you can use CAE tools to improve your part and molddesign and optimize processing conditions.
Co-injection (sandwich) molding
Overview
Co-injection molding involves sequential or concurrent injection of two different but compatible polymer melts into a cavity. The materials laminate and solidify. This process produces parts that have a laminated structure, with the core material embedded between
the layers of the skin material. This innovative process offers the inherent flexibility of
using the optimal properties of each material or modifying the properties of the molded part.
FIGURE 1. Four stages of co-injection molding. (a) Short shot of skin polymer melt (shown in dark green)is injected into the mold. (b) Injection of core polymer melt until cavity is nearly filled, as shown in (c). (d)Skin polymer is injected again, to purge the core polymer away from the sprue.
Fusible core injection molding
Overview
The fusible (lost, soluble) core injection molding process illustrated below produces
single-piece, hollow parts with complex internal geometry. This process molds a core
inside the plastic part. After the molding, the core will be physically melted or chemically dissolved, leaving its outer geometry as the internal shape of the plastic part.
FIGURE 1. Fusible (lost, soluble) core injection molding
Gas-assisted injection molding
Gas-assisted process
The gas-assisted injection molding process begins with a partial or full injection of
polymer melt into the mold cavity. Compressed gas is then injected into the core of the polymer melt to help fill and pack the mold. This process is illustrated below.
FIGURE 1. Gas-assisted injection molding: (a) the electrical system, (b) the hydraulic system, (c) the control panel, and (d) the gas cylinder.
Injection-compression molding
Overview
The injection-compression molding process is an extension of conventional injection molding. After a pre-set amount of polymer melt is fed into an open cavity, it is compressed, as shown below. The compression can also take place when the polymer is
to be injected. The primary advantage of this process is the ability to produce dimensionally stable, relatively stress-free parts, at a low clamp tonnage (typically 20 to 50 percent lower).
Lamellar (microlayer) injection molding
Overview
This process uses a feedblock and layer multipliers to combine melt streams from dual injection cylinders. It produces parts from multiple resins in distinct microlayers, as shown in Figure 1 below. Combining different resins in a layered structure enhances a number of properties, such as the gas barrier property, dimensional stability, heat resistance, and optical clarity.
Live-feed injection molding
Overview
The live-feed injection molding process applies oscillating pressure at multiple polymer entrances to cause the melt to oscillate, as shown in the illustration below. The action of the pistons keeps the material in the gates molten while different layers of molecular or fiber orientation are being built up in the mold due to solidification. This process provides a means of making simple or complex parts that are free from voids, cracks, sink marks, and weld-line defects.
Low-pressure injection molding
Overview
Low-pressure injection molding is essentially an optimized extension of conventional injection molding (see Figure 1). Low pressure can be achieved by properly programming the screw revolutions per minute, hydraulic back pressure, and screw speed to control
the melt temperature and the injection speed. It also makes use of a generous gate size or
a n reduce umber of valve gates that open and close sequentially to reduce the flow length. The
packing stage is eliminated with a generally slow and controlled injection speed. The benefits of low-pressure injection molding include a reduction of the clamp force tonnage requirement, less costly molds and presses, and lower stress in the molded parts.
Push-pull injection molding
Overview
The push-pull injection molding process uses a conventional twin-component injection system and a two-gate mold to force material to flow back and forth between a master injection unit and a secondary injection unit, as shown below. This process eliminates
weld lines, voids, and cracks, and controls the fiber orientation.
Reactive molding
Processing
Major reactive molding processes include reactive injection molding (RIM), and composites processing, such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and structural reactive injection molding (SRIM).
The typically low viscosity of the reactive materials permits large and complex parts to be molded
with relatively lower pressure and clamp tonnage than required for thermoplastics molding. relatively For example, to make high-strength and low-volume large parts, RTM and SRIM can be used to include a preform made of long fibers. Another area that is receiving more attention than ever before is the encapsulation of microelectronic IC chips.
The adaptation of injection molding to these materials includes only a small increase in temperature in the feed mechanism (barrel) to avoid pre-curing. The cavity, however, is usually hot enough to initiate chemical cross-linking. As the warm pre-polymer is forced into the cavity, heat is added from the cavity wall, from viscous (frictional) heating of the flow, and from the heat released by the reacting components. The temperature of the part often exceeds the temperature of the mold. When the reaction is sufficiently advanced for the part to be rigid (even at a high temperature) the cycle is complete and the part is ejected.
Design considerations
The mold and process design for injection molding of reactive materials is much more complex
because of the chemical reaction that takes place during the filling and post-filling stages. For instance, slow filling often causes premature gelling and a resultant short shot, while fast filling
could induce turbulent flow that creates internal porosity. Improper control of mold-wall temperature and/or inadequate part thickness will either give rise to moldability problems during
injection, or cause scorching of the materials. Computer simulation is generally recognized as a
more cost-effective tool than the conventional, time-consuming trial-and-error method for tool and
process debugging.
Structural foam injection molding
Overview
Structural foam molding produces parts consisting of solid external skin surfaces surrounding an inner cellular (or foam) core, as illustrated in Figure 1 below. This process
is suitable for large, thick parts that are subject to bending loads in their end-use application. Structural foam parts can be produced with both low and high pressure, with
nitrogen gas or chemical blowing agents.
Thin-wall molding
Overview
The term "thin-wall" is relative. Conventional plastic parts are typically 2 to 4 mm thick. Thin-wall designs are called "advanced" when thicknesses range from 1.2 to 2 mm, and "leading-edge" when the dimension is below 1.2 mm. Another definition of thin-wall molding is based on the flow-length-to-wall-thickness ratios. Typical ratios for these
thin-wall applications range from 100:1 to 150:1 or more.
Typical applications
Thin-wall molding is more popular in portable communication and computing equipment, which
demand plastic shells that are much thinner yet still provide the same mechanical strength as conventional parts.
Processing
Because thin-wall parts freeze off quickly, they require high melt temperatures, high injectio speeds, and very high injection pressures if multiple gates or sequential valve gating are not an optimized ram-speed profile helps to reduce the pressure requirement.
Due to the high velocity and shear rate in thin-wall molding, orientation occurs more readily help minimize anisotropic shrinkage in thin-wall parts, it is important to pack the part adequately while the core is still molten.
Injection molding machine
Components
For thermoplastics, the injection molding machine converts granular or pelleted raw
plastic into final molded parts via a melt, inject, pack, and cool cycle. A typical injection molding machine consists of the following major components, as illustrated in Figure 1 below.
Machine function
Injection molding machines can be generally classified into three categories, based on machine
function:
General-purpose machines
Precision, tight-tolerance machines
High-speed, thin-wall machines
Auxiliary equipment
The major equipment auxiliary to an injection molding machine includes resin dryers, materials-handling equipment, granulators, mold-temperature controllers and chillers,
part-removal robots, and part-handling equipment.
中文翻译
注塑模设计
模具简介
模具型腔可赋予制品其形状，因此在塑料加工过程中模具处于非常重要的地位，这使得模具对于产品最终质量的影响与塑化机构和其他成型设备的部件一样关键，有时甚至更重要。
模具材料
根据成型方法和模具使用周期（即要生产的产品数量）的不同，塑料成型模具要满足不同的需求，模具可以由多种材料制成，甚至于可以使比较特殊的材料如纸张和石膏。然而，由于大多数成型过程需要高压，通常还有高温条件限制，金属迄今为止时最重要的材料，其中刚才居首位。很多时候，模具材料的选择不仅关系到性能和最佳性价比，还影响到模具的加工方法，甚至是整体设计。
典型的例子是金属铸造模具的材料选择，与机械加工模具相比，不同材料的金属铸造模具冷却系统存在很大的差异。另外，不同的制造方法也会对材料的选择产生影生产，原型模具的制造常常采用一些新技术，如计算机辅助设计和计算机集成制造，将固体毛配制成原型模具。与以前以模型为基础的方法相比，用CAD和CIM S方法会更经济，这是因为这类模具厂家自身就能制作，而用其他技术，只能由外面的供应商来加工生产。
总之，虽然模具生产中经常会用到一些高性能材料，但用得最多的仍然是那些常规材料。像陶瓷这类高性能材料几乎不能用于模具制造，这可能是因为其优点（如高温下性能不会改变）在模具中并不需要，相反，像烧结类陶瓷材料，具有低抗张强度和热传递性差的缺点，在模具中也只有少量应用。这里所用的零件不是采用粉末冶金和热等压工艺生产，而是指烧结成的多空、透气性零件。
在很多成型方法中，都必须将行腔中的气体排出去，人们已经多次尝试使用多孔金属材料排气。与专门设置的排气装置相比，其优点是显而易见的，尤其是在熔料前锋处如有熔接线的地方，这里是最容易出现问题的区域：一方面能防止在制品表面有明显的熔接线，还能避免溢流料等残余物堵塞微孔。采用这类材料制造模具时，在设计和成型工艺上都会出现新的问题。
A．设计原则
模具设计的原则很多，这些原则都是基于逻辑、以往经验、加工的方便性和经济性考虑，在设计、模具制造和模塑成型过程遵守这些规则是很有用的，但有时，忽略某一原则而遵守另一原则往往会更好些。本文将介绍最常用的设计原则，但设计人员只有从实践经验中才能有所收获。设计者应随时关注与这些设计原则有关的新观点、模塑方法、材料。
B．模具基础
1．模腔
模腔指的是通过机加工在模具材料内部挖出的空间，以供模塑材料，即塑料填充，并获取该空间形状得到需要的制品。模具的历史几乎与人类文明一样悠久，通过在沙型这类的模具中注入液体金属如铁、青铜，生产出工具、武器、钟、塑像和厨房用具，如今在铸造厂仍使用这类模具，为了取出固化后的制品，需要将模具打碎，因此这种模具只能用一次，我们一直在寻求可以反复使用的永久模具，现在可以用坚固耐用的材料如钢材、软质铝及其他合金材料生产模具，当生产量不是很大、模具寿命要求不是很高时，甚至可以用某些塑料制品模具。注塑生产时，熔料以高压注入型腔，因此就需要模具足够结实以抵御变形。
2．型腔数量
多数模具，尤其生产大型制品的模具多为单腔模，但是大批量生产时的模具，会有两个或更多型腔，这纯粹是出于经济考虑。注射多型腔的时间并不比单腔模多，例如四腔模注射一个产品的时间大约仅是单腔模的1/4，而产量却与型腔数成正比。多腔模比单腔模贵，并不是说要贵四倍，但需要带有大模板和锁模能力的注塑机，而且该例所需总的塑料量是单腔模的四倍，需要有较大的注射装置，较大设备的单位成本要比用小型模具的设备高。目前多型腔模大多选择2、4、6、8、12、16、24、32、48、64、96、128这样的数字。选择这些数字（偶数）的原因是为了方便在长方形区域内布置型腔，这样有利于设计、定尺寸以方便加工制造，也有利于围绕机器中心对称分布型腔，这种对称分布对保证每个型腔分配到相同的锁模力非常重要。也可以在圆形范围内设置较少量的型腔数，甚至于是3，5，7，9这样的奇数，还可用任意型腔数排布，但要注意围绕注塑机中心线投影面积对称分布。
3．型腔形状及收缩
型腔形状实际上是塑件形状的“反”形状。尺寸需要家上塑料的收缩量。型腔形状可以用切削设备或电火花、化学腐蚀及任何新型加工方法进行加工和制造，如电镀工艺，也可以将铜或锌基合金浇铸到具有制品形状的石膏模或硬塑料模如环氧树脂中，再机加工成规定形状。型腔可以直接在模板上切挖出来，也可做成嵌件攘入模板中。
C．型腔和型芯
通常模具的凹部叫型腔，与之相配的凸起部分叫型芯。大多塑料制品是杯状的，这并不是它们看起来像水杯，而是有内外两面，其外部由型腔成型，内部由型芯制得。另一种是平板状制品，模具没有明显的凸起，型腔有时看起来像镜面，这类制品有塑料小刀、游戏筹码、圆片状制品如唱片，产品外表看起来很简单，但注塑成型时却有很多严重问题出现。通常将型腔设置在注塑一侧的半模上，而将型芯设置在动模一侧。这样放的原因是所有注塑机在动模侧都设置有顶出机构，而且制品通常易于收缩并包覆在型芯上，随后被顶出。绝大多数注塑机在注射侧不安置顶出机构。
聚合物成型过程
聚合物成型加工是将固体(有时是液体状) 粉末、粒状、珠粒等形状的树脂转变成具有一定形状、尺寸和性能的固体塑料制品，通常包括：挤出、模塑、压延、涂布、热成型等。为了实现上述目标，成型过程通常包括一下步骤：国体物料输送、压缩、加热、熔融、混合、成型、冷却、固化、修饰。很显然，这些操作不一定顺序完成，其中有一些是同时进行的。
为了赋予塑料材料规定的几何形状和尺寸，需要通过成型加工来完成。还要综合考虑黏弹性形变和若传递，他们和溶体的固化有关。
成型加工包括下述两种方式：二维成型如口模成型、压延和涂布；三维成型。二维成型既包括连续稳定的操作也包括间歇式操作，连续式如薄膜和片材挤出、线缆包裹、纸张和片材涂布、压延、纤维纺丝、管材和异型材基础等，间歇式操作如挤出吹塑成型。通常，模塑成型是间歇式的，所以工作条件有时会不稳定。热成型、真空成型及其他类似方法常可以被看作是对已有的二次加工，例如在吹塑成型中，就包括预成型（型胚的生成）和二次成型（型胚的吹胀）两部分。
成型过程中既有同步的液体流动和热传递，也有交错的流动和热传递。在二维成型过程中，一般成型后再接着固化，而在三维成型时，固化和成型往往在模具内同时进行。根据材料的性质、设备和成型条件，结合流动面的情况（自由与否），流动通常包括剪切、拉伸及压缩流动（国内一般将流动形式只分为剪切和拉伸流动）。聚合物流动和固化时的热力学－机械性能决定了制品的微观结构变化如形态、结晶度和取向分布等，制品的最终性能与期微观结构密切相关。因此，只有了解树脂性能、设备、操作条件、热力学－力学性能、微观结构和制品最终性能之间的相互作用，才能更好的实现生产过程和制品的质量控制。已经运用数学模型和计算机模拟来研究它们之间的相互作用，鉴于CAD/CAM/CAE系统在塑料成型中应用越来越广泛，此种研究思路也越来越重要。
注塑成型
将粒状、粉末及液体塑料转变为制品有很多种方法，塑料材料处于可模塑状态并可适用于多种成型方法。大多数情况下，热塑性材料可以用某些方法成型，而热固性材料需要用其他方法。这是因为热塑性材料加热后会软化，冷却前可被重塑，而热固性材料在加工前未聚合，成型过程中会发生化学反应，这种反应通常是在热、催化剂或压力的作用下完成的，在进行塑料加工研究和应用时，了解这一点尤为重要。
注塑成型是迄今为止用得最多的一中热塑性材料的成型方法，同时也是历史悠久的一种方法，目前占到塑料成型总量的30%。由于原料可惜此一步成型，注塑方法适于大批量和一步自动成型复杂几何形状的塑料制品，大多数情况下不需要后续加工。典型制品有玩具、汽车配件、家庭用具和电子产品。
由于注塑成型时有很多相互关联的变量，这种方法是相当复杂的。成功的注塑生产不仅有赖于设备参数的正确设置，还在于要消除每次注射时的泼动，这种泼动是由液压
系统、料筒温度及材料黏度变化引起的。提高每次注射时设备参数的稳定性，可得到公差小、次品率低和质量高的产品。
任何成型加工最根本的目标都是：提高产品质量，缩短成型周期，采用重复性和自动化程度高的循环过程。模具人员在生产过程中总是想尽办法降低或消除不合格。用注塑法生产那些精度要求很高的化学产品，或者附加值很高的产品如电器外壳，降低次品率的好处很大。
典型的注塑成型过程由五个阶段组成：
1.注射与充模；
2.补料或压缩；
3.保压；
4.冷却；
5.顶出制品。
注塑概况
工艺
注射成型是一个塑料在压力下进入一个空腔中成为理想形状的的循环过程。塑造，是通过冷却（热塑性塑料）或由一个化学反应（热固性）来实现的。这是一个为大规模生产具有优良尺寸精度的复合塑料零部件最常见和最灵活方式。它需要极少或根本没有整理或装配作业。除了热塑性塑料和热固性，这个进程现在通过用聚合物粘结剂被扩展到象纤维，陶器，金属粉末这样的材料。
应用
按重量计算大约所有塑料加工的32%是通过注塑成型机器的。历史上，注入成型的主要里程碑包括往复移动螺丝机器和各种新的替代过程，和应用电脑仿真，以及设计和制造的塑料零部件的发明。
注射机的发展
从19世纪70年代初注入成型机器问世以来它已经经历了显著的修改和改进。尤其是往复移动螺杆机器的发明使热塑性塑料注塑成型过程的多功能性和生产力得到了彻底改革。
往复移动螺杆的好处
除在机器控制方面和机器起动功能上有明显改进外，注塑成型机器的一个主要发展是从一个活塞机器到一个往复移动螺丝杆的变化。虽然活塞机本身简单，它的普及受到限制归咎与它仅仅通过纯传导的缓慢的加热速度。往复移动螺杆用它旋转的运动能使材料塑化更迅速而均匀，如图1中所示使可塑材料。另外，它能把这个熔融的聚合物注入在一个向前的方向，就像一个活塞。
注塑成型过程的发展
注塑成型过程开始只与热塑性塑料聚合物一起使用在活性材料方面的发展，在塑造设备方面的改进，并且由于特殊工业的需要已经把工艺的用途扩展到超出了他原先的范围
供选择的注塑工艺
在过去二十年期间发展注射模塑已经被做出许多尝试，随着特殊设计发展道具生产零件的工序可用作替换过程，从传统的注射模塑中派生而来的应用策划新时代，它有更多自由设计和特殊结构上特征通过这些努力产生了许多类型，包括：
级进注射（夹心）成型
易熔芯注塑成型
气体辅助注塑成型
压缩注塑成型
层状（微）注射
交替供料的注塑成型
低压注入成型
推拉注塑成型
反应注塑成型
结构泡沫注塑成型
薄壁件成型
计算机模拟注塑成型过程
由于他们的扩展性和希望性,电脑仿真也已经扩展超出早期的"外行-扁平物" 现在,复杂程序在过程期间模仿填充后行为,反作用动力学和两材料的不同性质或者二维的使用。
仿真部分提供关于使用C-类型产品的信息在设计题目有中间几例子,其给你怎样能使用CAE工具改进你的部分和塑造设计和使处理状况最优化配上插图。
级进注射（夹心）成型
总体上说
级进注塑成型是通过两种不同的材料连续的和或同时地由同一浇口注射完成的。材料层板和凝固。这工艺生产零件,其随着在层皮材料之间把型芯材料嵌入有一层积的结
构中. 这项创新过程为用最优性能的每一种材料或修改模的一部分属性提供了固有的灵活性。
图1 四个阶段的级进注塑成型(a)短球的皮合物融化(显示在里深绿色)注入进那些模型
(b)核心聚合物的注射熔化，直到型腔被差不多填补如(c)中所示皮聚合物再次
被注入，以便把离开的这个核心聚合物从浇注系统中清除出去
熔心注射成型
熔芯工艺在单个产品中，空的部分用复杂内部结构的易熔(丢失，可溶)如下图。这个工艺在塑造核芯内部完成，核芯将自身融化或者化学消失，留下它的外部结构作为塑料部分的内部形状。
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
济南大学泉城学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目现代快速经济制造模具技术 专业机械制造及其自动化 班级专升本1302班 学生刘计良 学号2013040156 指导教师刘彦 二〇一五年三月十六日
Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds Ming-Shyan Huang & Ming-Kai Hsu Received: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 15 June 2010 / Published online: 25 June 2010 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds The Abstract: This work applies modular design concepts to designating beverage-container injection molds. This study aims to develop a method of controlling costs and time in relation to mold development, and also to improve product design. This investigation comprises two parts: functional-ity coding, and establishing a standard operation procedure, specifically designed for beverage-container injection mold design and manufacturing. First, the injection mold is divided into several modules, each with a specific function. Each module is further divided into several structural units possessing sub-function or sub-sub-function. Next, dimen-sions and specifications of each unit are standardized and a compatible interface is constructed linking relevant units. This work employs a cup-shaped beverage container to experimentally assess the performance of the modular design approach. The experimental results indicate that the modular design approach to manufacturing injection molds shortens development time by 36% and reduces costs by 19 23% compared with the conventional ap-proach. Meanwhile, the information on
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
Design Without Designers 网站截图： https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d1820316.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d1820316.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is
毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 学生姓名: 学号: 专业: 指导教师: 学院: 日期:
外文资料翻译要求 一、译文内容须与课题研究或调研内容高度一致。 二、译文翻译得当、语句通顺，不少于4000字。 三、译文格式要求：译文题目（即一级标题）采用小三黑体、二级 标题采用四号黑体、三级标题采用13磅黑体；图题和表题采用五号宋体，外文和符号采用五号Times New Roman；正文采用小四宋体，外文和符号采用小四Times New Roman，行间距为20磅；A4纸双面打印。 四、原文及译文一起装订，顺序依次为封面（背面为外文资料翻译 要求）、译文评阅（单面打印）、译文、外文原文。
译文评阅 评分：___________________（百分制）指导教师（签名）：___________________ 年月日
原文 Treating and the modern mould make high speed One, summarizes 1 the present situation that the mould makes at present and trend The mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods , electrical equipment electron , automobile , aircraft fabrication. The mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods , electrical equipment electron , automobile , aircraft fabrication. Industrial product part rough process 75%, the finish machining 50% and plastic part 90% will be completed from the mould. The Chinese mould market demand already reaches scale of 500 hundred million yuan at present. The automobile mould , the annual growth rate covering piece of mould especially will exceed 20 %; Also prompt building material mould development , various heterotype material the mould , wall surface and floor mould become new mould growth point , plastic doors and windows and plastic drain-pipe increase to exceeding 30 by in the upcoming several years %; The home appliance mould annual growth rate will exceed 10 %; The IT industry year increases % speed equally exceeding 20 , the need to the mould accounts for 20 of mould marketplace %.2004 annual Chinese machine tools implements industry output value will continue to increase. Our country mould fabrication market potential is enormous. The basis data counts , in recent years, our country mould year gross output value reaches 3 billion U. S. dollar , entrance exceeds 1 billion U. S. dollar, exceed 100 million U. S. dollar outlet. Increase by from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995. The expert foretells that abroad: Asia portion being occupied by in mould fabrication in the whole world, will from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995.
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）