园林设计图纸文字部分英语表达
园林设计图纸文字部分英语表达
1．设计文本documentation
设计说明design description / design brief
概念规划concept planning
规划结构planning structure
总体规划master plan
分区规划district planning （zone planning，area planning，division planning）
控制性详细规划regulatory plan（controlled plan，detailed plan，controlled and detailed plan）修建性详细规划site plan（detailed planning for reconstruction，detailed reconstructive plan）2．设计图纸drawing schedule
基地位置site location plan
现状分析图existing site analysis plan
土地利用分析图land use plan
地块划分图parcel plan
总平面图master plan
交通分析图traffic analysis plan
车流分析图vehicular circulation plan
人流分析图pedestrian circulation plan
视线分析图view analysis plan
建筑布局图building allocation plan
竖向设计图vertical elevation plan
种植设计图planting plan
设计图plan
平面图plan
立面图elevation
剖面图section
透视图perspective / view
鸟瞰图bird’s eye
意向图image
详图detail
草图draft
模型model
比例scale
局部…图part…
3．技术经济指标technological and economic index 用地面积development Std / parcel area
容积率floor area ratio
绿地率open space ratio
停车率parking ratio(stall per unit)
水体面积water area
道路面积road area
建筑面积building area
铺地面积paving area
4．景观设施分类
硬质铺地paving
户外家具site furniture
景观小品和构筑物landscape feature and structure
休闲娱乐设施recreational amenities
照明灯具landscape lighting
休憩区bench / sitting area
儿童游乐区children’s play area
绿化系统afforested system
5．常用词
图例legend
附录appendix
地块parcel
入口entrance
主入口main entrance
次入口secondary entrance 停车场parking lot
节点node
标志landmark
视线sight
景亭pavilion
跌水water cascade
喷泉water fountain
木平台timber deck
观景平台viewing deck
钓鱼平台fishing deck
观景点view point / lookout 荷花池lotus pond
围墙fence wall
护栏fence
档土墙retaining wall
栏杆railing
栏杆的支柱baluster
庭院courtyard
楼梯stair
台阶step
儿童戏水池kid’s play pool 幼儿园kindergarten
篮球场basketball courtyard 警卫室/门卫gatehouse
路面标高RL road level
水面标高WL water level
池底标高BOP bottom of pool
主干道primary street / backbone street 次干道secondary street
大道thoroughfare
滨水路waterway
林荫道greenway / boulevard
漫步道trail / pedestrian trail
慢跑道jogging trail
人行道pedestrian sidewalk
森林小径forest walk
木板道boardwalk 木板铺成的散步道退让绿化带green setback
…景view to
景观视线view line
别墅villa
联排别墅townhouse
遮荫乔木canopy tree
常绿乔木evergreen tree
落叶乔木d eciduous tree
开花乔木flowering tree
灌木shrub
草坪lawn
地被植物ground cover plant
运河canal
半岛peninsular
海湾gulf/bay
海港harbor
船库boathouse
6．句式
被作为.. / 定位为be envisioned to be
建筑专业常用英语词汇
建筑专业常用英语词汇 A design basis 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design B stage of design 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing C climate condition 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning
The practice and theory of Landscape Architecture 景观规划设计理论 【1】Landscape Architecture involves the five major components:They are natural process，human factors，methodology，technology，and values，whatever the scale or emphasis of operation，these five components are consistently relevant.Social and nature factors clearly permeate every facet of a profession that is concerned with people and land. Problem solving，planning，and design methods apply at all scales.Good judgment is consistently required. 风景园林设计包含五个主要方面:自然进程、社会进程、方法论、技术、价值观,无论规模尺度或运作的重点各不相同,这五个要素一贯是相关的。社会因素和自然因素的因子充斥着这个关系到人与土地的领域的方方面面。解决问题,规划、设计方法都会用到所有的尺度。正确的判断判断是一贯必须的。 【2】Consider how natural factors data are relevant to both planning and design.At the regional scale，the impact of development or change in use on a landscape must be known and evaluated before a policy to allow such action is set.An inventory of the natural factors，including geology，soils，hydrology，topography，climate，vegetation and wildlife，and the ecological relationships between them is fundamental to and understanding of the ecosystem to which change is contemplated.Equally important is an analysis of visual quality .Land use policy can thus be made on the basis of the known vulnerability of resistance of the landscape.In other circumstances the natural processes which add up to a given landscape at a give moment in its evolution may，as at Grand Canyon and other unique places，be considered a resource to be preserved，protected，and managed as a public trust.On a smaller scale，soil and geological conditions may be critical in the determination of the cost and the form of building foundations: where it is most suitable to build and where it is not.Sun，wind，and rain are important factors of design where the development of comfort zones for human activity or the growth of plants is a primary objective.Thus，in many ways natural factors influence land use，site planning，and detailer design. 自然因素的考虑与规划和设计都有关系。在区域尺度上，关于利用方面的开发变化的影响，在政策制定之前，必须了解和评估景观的脆弱性和敏感性。详细的自然因素,包括地质的、土壤的、水文的、地形地貌的、气候的、植被的和野生动物的、以及它们之间的生态关系是理解它将要改变的生态系统的基础。同样重要的是视觉质量的分析。土地利用政策的基础是由于了解到景观的脆弱性和抗损性的基础上建立的。在某些发展进化的过程中，一些在特定的时刻作用到特定的景观的自然进程会产生一些公共资源,比如科罗拉多大峡谷，让我们后人去保护它和管理它。在小尺度上，土壤和地质条件是决定建筑的成本和建筑基础形态的关键要素——哪里适宜建立以及哪里不适宜。设计是为人类发展活动找到适宜的空间或者以植物的生长为主要目标，因此，阳光,风和雨是设计最重要的要素。因此,场地和区域的自然要素在景观规划和设计的许多过程当中相互作用。 【3】The social factors apply equally at various scales.In site planning and landscape design，cultural variation in the use and appreciation of open space and parks and the physical and social needs of the young and old are some of the many variables to be considered in a design process that aims to be responsive to social values and human needs.In decisions relates to appropriation of landscape for recreation and aesthetic value people’s perception of t he environment and the
园林景观设计中绿地效果图的表现形式与作用 城市园林设计效果图的形式 好养护总结了园林景观设计效果图的几种形式混合式园林景观设计：园林景观设计中，如果规则式与自然式比例差不多的园林，可称为混合式园林景观设计。在园林景观设计规则中，原有地形平坦的可规划成规则式，原有地形起伏不平，丘陵、水面多的可规划自然式，树木少的可搞规则式，大面积园林，以自然式为宜，小面积以规则式较经济。四周环境为规则式宜规划规则式，四周环境为自然式则宜规划成自然式。林荫道、建筑广场的街心花园等以规则式为宜。居民区、机关、工厂、体育馆、大型建筑物前的绿地以混合式为宜。 园林景观设计效果图在阳台花架效果图上放上一张小桌子，两把小椅子是不少北欧阳台的惯用设计。红色的木质椅子，是夏日纳凉的不错选择，悬挂式小花坛是提升阳台品质的漂亮手笔，并不占丝毫阳台空间，园林树木的分类、生态习性、生长发育规律，园林树木生产发育与环境的关系、美化功能。园林绿化树种规划与选择、栽植和整形修剪以及养护管理。花卉的分类与分布。花卉栽培与环境条件的关系。花卉装饰，花卉生产等，园林景观植物配植的原则、方式和总体效果，植物配置的基本手法，草坪、水景、园路、建筑环境的植物配植设计等。道路景观植物、小区景观植物、庭院景观植物、建筑外环境景观植物、高速公路景观植物、广场景观植物配植的不同则和特点。 园林景观设计效果图中的生态用地公园化，是将所有园林景观设计规划为绿地统筹管理，合理进行规划，按照公园的旅游规划模式建设和经营管理，连点成片，公园绿地要有特色，通过特色的 建设，赋予公园以灵魂，公园绿地的植物配置要美化、彩化和香化，合理植物配置，创造宜人的游览化境，公园文化的多元发展，将文化引入公园当中，使公园不再是一个仅供人们观赏美
建筑工程行业英语词汇大全 综合分析判断comprehensive analysis and judgement 变压器transformer 抽芯loose core 过道aisle 三相电容three phase capacitance 芯棒core rod 都市规划与土地开发Urban g and Land Development 社区开发及工业区开发 Community Development and Industry Park Development 开发许可申请Development Permit 土地使用变更计划Land Use Rezoning Plan 主要计划及细部计划Master Plan and Detail Plan 都市计划更新计划Urban Renewal Plan 都市设施Urban Design 建筑设施Architecture Design 大地工程Geotechnical Engineering 工址调查Site Investigation 现地试验与室内试验In-Situ and Laboratory Test 基础工程Foundation Design 深开挖工程及建物保护Deep Excavation and Building Protection
新生地及软弱地层改良Reclamation and Soft Ground Improvement 山坡地开发与水土保持Slope land Development, Soil and Water Conservation 潜盾隧道与岩石隧道Shield Tunnel and Rock Tunnel 大地工程施工顾问Geotechnical Construction Consultant 土壤材料试验Soil and Material 结构工程Structural Engineering 各类钢筋混凝土、预力混凝土、钢结构及钢骨钢筋混凝土结构Structures of R.C., Prestressed Concrete, Steel, and SRC 桥梁、高层建筑、地下结构物、隧道、深开挖挡土结构Bridges, High-Rise Buildings, Underground Structures, Tunnels, Retaining Structures for Deep Excavations 桥梁安全检测、评估及维修补强Bridge Inspection, Assessment, and Rehabilitation 钢结构细部设计及制造图Steel Structural Detail Design and Shop Drawings 厂房工程Industrial Plant 工业厂房-石化工厂、钢厂、电厂、气体厂、科技工业厂房、一般性厂房Industrial Plants--Petroleum and Chemical, Steel, Power, Gas, High-Technical and General Plants 环保设施工厂-垃圾焚化厂、垃圾掩埋场、污水处理厂及相关管线Environment Protecting Plants--Incineration Plants, Garbage Disposal
园林景观专业英语词汇 园林景观专业英语词汇 规划planning 草图sketch；rough map 平面plan 剖面section 立面elevation 透视perspective 示意图diagram 容积率coverage 城市设计urban design; civic design 区域规划regional planning 步行轴ped axis 总体规划general planning; master planning 分区规划district planning 近期建设规划immediate plan 城市详细规划detailed planning 控制性详细规划control detailed planning 修建性详细规划site plan 居住区规划residential district planning 城市化urbanization
城市生态urban ecology 可持续发展sustainable development 历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities 旧城改建urban redevelopment 开发区development area 城市化水平urbanization level 城市群agglomeration 城镇体系urban system 卫星城satellite town 城市基础设施urban infrastructure 居民点settlement 市municipality; city 生态基础设施ecological infrastructure 牧场pasture 市域administrative region of a city 商业区commercial district 行政中心administration center 商业街commercial street 科技园technological region 校园规划campus planning 城市中心区urban center district
A acceptable quality 合格质量 acceptance lot 验收批量 aciera 钢材 admixture 外加剂 against slip coefficient between friction surface of high-strength bolted connection 高强度螺栓摩擦面抗滑移系数 aggregate 骨料 air content 含气量 air-dried timber 气干材 allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of masonry wall or column 砌体墙、柱容许高厚比 allowable slenderness ratio of steel member 钢构件容许长细比 allowable slenderness ratio of timber compression member 受压木构件容许长细比allowable stress range of fatigue 疲劳容许应力幅 allowable ultimate tensile strain of reinforcement 钢筋拉应变限值 allowable value of crack width 裂缝宽度容许值 allowable value of deflection of structural member 构件挠度容许值 allowable value of deflection of timber bending member 受弯木构件挠度容许值allowable value of deformation of steel member 钢构件变形容许值 allowable value of deformation of structural member 构件变形容许值 allowable value of drift angle of earthquake resistant structure 抗震结构层间位移角限值 amplified coefficient of eccentricity 偏心距增大系数 anchorage 锚具 anchorage length of steel bar 钢筋锚固长度 approval analysis during construction stage 施工阶段验算 arch 拱 arch with tie rod 拉捍拱 arch—shaped roof truss 拱形屋架
风景园林专业毕业设计图纸类型及内容要求 一、现状分析图 根据已掌握的全部资料，经分析、整理、归纳后，形成若干空间，对现状作综合评述。可用圆圈或抽象图型将其粗略地表示出来。如对四周道路、环境分析后，可划定出入口的范围；再如，某一方向居住区集中、人流多、四通八达，则可划为比较开放、活动内容比较多的区。 二、功能分区图根据规划设计原则和现状图分析，根据不同年龄段游人活动规划，不同兴趣爱好游人的需要，确定不同的分区，划出不同的空间，使不同的空间和区域满足不同的功能要求，并使功能与形式尽可能统一。另外，分区图可以反映不同空间、分区之间的关系。该图属于示意说明性质，可以用抽象图形或圆圈等图案予以表示。 三、总平面图(园林总体规划设计图)。包括总平面图、总立面图、剖视图、整体或重要景区局部鸟瞰透视图。 总平面图是表现规划范围内的各种造园要素(如地形、山石、水体、建筑及植物等)布局位置的水平投影图，它是反映园林工程总体设计意图的主要图纸，也是绘制其它图纸及造园施工的依据。其绘制内容与要求如下： 1．园林要素表示法 (1)地形：地形的高低变化及其分布情况通常用等高线表示。设计地形等高线用细实线绘制，总平面图中等高线可以不注高程。 (2)园林建筑：在小比例图纸中(1：1000以上)，只须用粗实线画出水平投影外轮廓线。建筑小品可不画。 (3)水体：水体一般用两条线表示，外面的一条表示水体边界线(即驳岸线)，用特粗实线绘制；里面的一条表示水面，用细实线绘制。 (4)山石：山石均采用其水平投影轮廓线概括表示，以粗实线绘出边缘轮廓，以细实线概括绘出皴纹。 (5)园路：园路用细实线画出路缘，对铺装路面也可按设计图案简略示出。 (6)植物：园林植物由于种类繁多，姿态各异，平面图中无法详尽地表达，一般采用“图例”作概括地表示，所绘图例应区分出针叶树、阔叶树；常绿树、落叶树、乔木、灌木、绿篱、花卉、草坪、水生植物等。 2.编制图例说明 图例，应在图纸中适当位置画出并注明其含义。为了使图面清晰，便于阅读，对图中的建筑应予以编号，然后再注明相应的名称。 3.标注定位尺寸或坐标网 采用坐标网格法标定工程的平面位置时，应用细实线绘出定位轴线，在其一端部绘制出直径为8mm的圆圈。定位轴线的编号横向用阿拉伯数字，从左至右顺序编号，竖向用大写拉丁字母（除I、O、Z不采用，以避免误解为1、0、3数字），从下至上顺序编写。每一网格边长可为5m、lOm、20m（也可为30-100），按需要而定。并按测量基准点的坐标，标注出纵横第一网格坐标。
清单第1课 Site Clearance 场地清理 Workmanship 工艺 Preambles To Trades 工程量计算原则 preamble / primbl/ n [C, U] ~ (to sth) opening statement explaining the purpose of the book, document, lecture, etc that follows （书籍﹑文件﹑讲演等的）前言, 序言, 开场白: He launched into his statement without any preamble. 他开门见山地发表言论. 清单第2课 Site Clearance场地平整，场地清理 Wash trough 洗车槽，洗槽，洗涤池，冲洗槽 Booster 美 ['bust] n. 升压机；支持者；扩爆器 booster pump增压泵 sprinkle 美 ['sprkl] n. 撒，洒；少量 vt. 洒；微雨；散置
vi. 洒，撒；下稀疏小雨；喷 sprinkler head喷头，(喷水装置的)喷嘴， stop cock止水阀 outfall排水口，出水口 run-off channel径流通道 hardcore硬底层（碎砖垫层） mesh reinforcement钢筋网 UC Beam工字钢梁 reinforcement bar Y25 at 75mm centers钢筋中心距 crusher run 或crusher run road碎石道路 Consolidate 使固结，巩固，加强 consolidated thickness 压实厚度 cambers, gradients and crossfalls拱形曲面、坡面、横向放坡camber路拱 crown （车道横断面的）路拱顶点
Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2010, V ol. 19, pp. 319–340 ? 2010 A B Academic Publishers—Printed in Great Britain Which role for the non farm-sector in a forested landscape? lessons from Krui, indonesia Koen Kusters* University of Amsterdam and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) abstract this article explores two interrelated premises. the first is that the non-farm sector is of increasing importance to rural household. the second is that non-farm growth reduces the pressure on natural resources. the article reports on an analysis of income trends in three villages in the Krui area, sumatra, Indonesia, by comparing household survey data from 1995 and 2004. Between these two years, neither the farm sector nor the non-farm sector showed sustained growth.Although the contribution of remittances to local incomes remained marginal, migration of unemployed and unmarried youngsters to urban areas has a positive effect on per capita incomes in the Krui area by decreasing the household size. With regard to the second premise the analysis shows that increased engagement in local non-farm activities does not automatically result in smaller landholdings. Increased engagement in ex-situ non-farm activities, however, helps to reduce pressure on local forest resources. introduction the mainstream debate on conservation and development is based on the assumptions that agriculture is both the main threat to conservation and the main engine for rural development. Consequently, a large body of literature exists on the possibilities to reform agriculture in such a way that it better fits conservation goals. two main approaches are promoted. the first is to support environmentally friendly agricultural systems such as agroforests, in addition to protected areas (scherr and Mcneely, 2003; Ashley et al., 2006). the second approach is to encourage agricultural intensification and to decrease pressure on protected areas by increasing the returns on existing agricultural land (Mellor, 2002; Green et al., 2005). Both approaches have practical problems. Agricultural systems with high biodiversity tend to be less productive than intensive agricultural systems (Van noordwijk et al., 1997) and may not be competitive when the opportunity cost of land and labour increases (Belcher et al., 2005). on the other hand, increasing the income per hectare of land through intensification can act as an incentive for agricultural expansion (Angelsen and Kaimowitz, 2001) and may create other environmental damage as well, for example through the overuse of *e-mail address: K.Kusters@uva.nl
土建专业常用英文词汇回填；回填土 backfill 回填物料 backfill material 逆火back-fire 本底噪声；背景噪声 background noise 垫板；背板 backing plate 后勤地区；辅助埸地 back-up area 隔板；挡板 baffle 遮挡板 baffle plate 遮挡墙 baffle wall 调节池；均衡槽 balance tank 平衡锤 balance weight 平衡载重 balanced load 平冲器 balancer 平衡水管 balancing pipeline 露台 balcony 滚珠轴承 ball bearing 浮球阀；球形阀；波阀 ball valve 球窝接头 ball-and-socket joint 道碴ballast 竹枝棚架 bamboo scaffolding 带式制动器 band brake 带夹 band clamp 尖啸警报 banshee alarm
钢筋 bar tendon 驳运地点 barging area 营房barrack 管筒；芯管 barrel 方形桩barrette 路障；障碍物 barricade 栏栅；护栏；障碍物；屏障 barrier 路障 barrier block 路闸 barrier gate 阻挡板 barrier plate 基座 base 路面下层；承重层；路基层 base course 基架 base frame 基架绝缘器 base insulator 底板；垫板 base plate 底部密封胶 base sealing 平底板base slab 底座支架 base support 基线；底线；基准线 baseline 基线计划 baseline programme 地库；地窖；地下室 basement 混凝土混和机；配料厂 batching plant 斜桩 batter pile 蓄电池battery
专业英语 目录：Cover封面 Content目录 Design Explanation设计说明 Master Plan总平面 Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析 Function Analysis功能分析 Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图 Traffic Analysis交通分析 Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图 Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图 Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图Plan平面图 Hand Drawing手绘效果图 Section剖面图 Detail详图 Central Axis中心公共主轴 Reference Picture参考图片 Planting Reference Picture植物选样材料类： aluminum铝 asphalt沥青 alpine rock轻质岗石 boasted ashlars粗凿 ceramic陶瓷、陶瓷制品 cobble小圆石、小鹅卵石 clay粘土 crushed gravel碎砾石 crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土 crushed stone碎石 cement石灰 enamel陶瓷、瓷釉 frosted glass磨砂玻璃 grit stone/sand stone砂岩 glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃 granite花岗石、花岗岩 gravel卵石 galleting碎石片 ground pavement material墙面地砖材料 light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢 light slates轻质板岩 lime earth灰土 masonry砝石结构 membrane张拉膜、膜结构 membrane waterproofing薄膜防水
工程词汇大全合同技术用语1.3
Project suggestion 项目建议一保证guaranteeProject general situation 1.11项概性能保performance guarantee qualification资时间保time guarantee prequalification
预备资交货保delivery guarantee commercial terms and condition商务条款与条建造保workmanship guarantee commercial 商生产能capacity technical 技质quality technical specification技术说消耗consumption proposal book建议原材feedstock information price 资料原raw material estimated price估辅助原sub-raw material quoted price 报产品product quotation报价书副产品by-product 中间产intermediateQuotation documen报价资 1.2公用工utility process description工艺说燃料fuelprocess feature工艺特点化学chemicalexperience record经验记界区battery limitsprocess performance 工艺性界区（进料）incomingequipment list 设备界区（出料outgoing specification说明，规定，规格界区条battery limits conditionshort specification 简要说（配管图）分界match linesketch drawing条件图工厂、装置plantflow diagram流程设equipmentbalance diagram平衡图关键设critical equipmentblock diagram 方框专利设备proprietary equipmentP&I diagram P&有位号设itemized equipment single line diagram 单线无位号设non-itemized equipmentlayout布置散装材bulk material plot plan 平面布置图施工材material of constructiongeneral plot plan (general layout)总图仪instrumentappendix附spare parts 备品备件documentation
园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture 园林garden and park 绿化greening, planting 城市绿化urban green, urban planting 城市绿地urban green space 公园绿地public park 公园park 儿童公园children park 动物园zoo 植物园botanical garden 墓园cemetery garden 盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape 盲人公园park for the blind 花园garden 历史名园historical garden and park 风景名胜公园famous scenic park 纪念公园memorial park 街旁绿地roadside green space 带状公园linear park 专类公园theme park 岩石园rock garden 社区公园community park 生产绿地productive plantation area 防护绿地green buffer, green area for environmental protection 附属绿地attached green space 居住绿地green space attachéd to housing estate, residential green space 道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square 屋顶花园roof garden 立体绿化vertical planting 风景林地scenic forest land 城市绿地系统urban green space system 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 绿地覆盖面积green coverage 绿地覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage 绿地率greening rate, ratio of green space 绿带green belt 楔形绿地green wedge 城市绿地boundary line of urban green space 园林史landscape history, garden history 古典园林classical garden 囿hunting park 苑imperial park 皇家园林royal garden 私家园林private garden 寺庙园林monastery garden
第九章园林工程图--园林总平面图 园林设计的五阶段 1、任务书阶段 2、基地调查和分析阶段 3、方案设计阶段 4、初步设计阶段 5、施工图设计阶段 方案设计阶段 * 设计图纸： * 1、场地现状图 * 2、总平面图 * 3、功能分区图 * 4、种植设计总平面图 * 5、主要景点的大平面图 * 6、主要景点的立面图或效果图 * 7、设备管网与场地外线衔接的示意图或文字说明 初步设计阶段 * 设计图纸（园林景观专业） * 1、总平面图 * 2、竖向布置图 * 3、种植设计总平面图 * 4、水景设计图 * 5、铺装设计图 * 6、园林景观建筑、小品设计图 * 7、设备管网与场地外线衔接的示意图或文字说明 施工图设计阶段 * 设计图纸（园林景观专业） * 1、总平面图、平面分区图及分区放大平面图 * 2、竖向布置图 * 3、种植设计总平面图及种植详图 * 4、水景设计图及详图 * 5、铺装设计图及详图 * 6、园林景观建筑、小品设计图及详图 * 7、设备管网与场地外线衔接的示意图或文字说明 园林工程图根据内容和作用的不同可分为： 园林设计图：包括园林总平面图、竖向设计图、种植设计图。 园林施工图：建筑施工图：园林建筑施工图、假山工程图、园路工程图、驳岸工程图。 结构施工图
设备施工图 总平面图是园林总体规划设计图的简称，它表明了一个区域范围内园林总体规划设计的内容，反映了组成园林各个部分之间的平面关系及长宽尺寸，它是反映园林工程总体设计意图的主要图纸，也是绘制其它图纸及造园施工的依据。 第一节总平面图的内容 总平面图是表现整个规划区域范围内各造园要素及周围环境的水平正投影图。总平面图图纸上应反映出地形现状、山石水体、道路系统、植物的种植位置、建筑物位置、风景透视线、定点放线的依据等。主要内容有： 一、图名、图例。 二、规划用地区域现状及规划的范围。 二、对原有地形地貌等自然状况的改造和新的规划。 四、以详细尺寸或坐标网格标明山石、建筑物、道路、水系系统及地下或架空管线的位置和外轮廓，并注明其标高。 五、以图例符号表示的园林植物及其种植位置等。 六、比例尺、指北针或风向频率玫瑰图。 七、标题栏和会签栏。 八、设计说明。 总平图主要为展现绿化的全貌，应简单、清楚、明了，细部可省略，以免造成因过于繁琐复杂而杂乱无章。 第二节总平面图的绘制要求与方法 由于园林设计总平面图的比例较小，设计者不可能将构思中的各种造园要素以其真实形状表达于图纸上，而是采用一些经国家统一制定的或"约定俗成"的简单而形象的图形来概括表达其设计意图，这些简单而形象的图形叫做"图例"，常用图例参考附表《风景园林图例图示标准》。 一、总平面图的绘制要求 （一）园林要素的表示法 城市园林绿地的类型较多，功能性质各不相同，但其组成要素基本上是一致的，即由园林植物、园林建筑、园林小品、园路、园桥、园石、水景等所组成。了解园林组成要素的特性、分类、以及在图上的表示方法，是我们学习园林制图必不可少的基础。 1、地形 在总平面图中要表明设计地形和原有地形的状态。 （1）地形的高低变化及其分布情况通常用等高线表示。等高线是以某个参照水平面为依据，用一系列等距离假想的水平面切割地形后获得的水平正投影（标高投影）图来表示地形的方法。 （2）在总平面图中，设计地形等高线用细实线绘制，原有地形等高线用细虚线绘制，等高线的高程可以标注，也可以不标注，如图1-1所示。 2、园林建筑 园林建筑是园林与建筑有机结合的产物，在园林中的地位比较高。在总平面图中一般要表示建筑工程的形状、位置、朝向以及建筑的附属设施等。 （1）熟悉总平面图中建筑工程的图示方法（见附表《风景园林图例图示标准》），绘制时要遵守图例要求。 （2）在大比例尺图纸中，对有门窗的主要建筑，可采用通过窗台以上部位的水平剖面
1 Why Pagodas Don't Fall Down In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood. Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo - Japan's first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968. Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks? The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan. 为什么宝塔不会倒塌 在这片被台风席卷、地震撼动的土地上，日本最高、看起来最脆弱的老建筑——500多座木制宝塔——是如何屹立了几个世纪的?记录显示，在过去的1400年里，只有两处坍塌。那些失踪的人由于闪电或内战而被大火烧毁。1995年灾难性的阪神大地震造成6400人死亡，高架路倒塌，办公大楼夷为平地，神户港口地区被毁。然而，尽管它夷平了附近的一些建筑，但却毫发未损。 多年来，日本学者一直对这些细长的建筑为何如此稳定感到困惑。直到30年前，建筑行业才有足够的信心，用钢铁和钢筋混凝土建造超过12层的办公大楼。位于东京市中心的36层楼高的霞关大厦(Kasumigaseki)是日本第一座摩天大楼，1968年建成时，人们认为它是 现代工程学的杰作。 然而，在826年，建筑大师Kobodaishi只用木栓和楔子来保持木结构的直立，毫不犹豫地将他宏伟的东寺宝塔高耸入云，高达55米——几乎是1100年后建成的霞关摩天大楼的一半高。显然，当时的日本木匠知道一些让建筑摇摆和稳定的技巧，而不是对抗自然的力量。但是什么样的技巧呢?