1 Why Pagodas Don't Fall Down
In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood.
Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo - Japan's first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.
Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks?
The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.
为什么宝塔不会倒塌
在这片被台风席卷、地震撼动的土地上，日本最高、看起来最脆弱的老建筑——500多座木制宝塔——是如何屹立了几个世纪的?记录显示，在过去的1400年里，只有两处坍塌。那些失踪的人由于闪电或内战而被大火烧毁。1995年灾难性的阪神大地震造成6400人死亡，高架路倒塌，办公大楼夷为平地，神户港口地区被毁。然而，尽管它夷平了附近的一些建筑，但却毫发未损。
多年来，日本学者一直对这些细长的建筑为何如此稳定感到困惑。直到30年前，建筑行业才有足够的信心，用钢铁和钢筋混凝土建造超过12层的办公大楼。位于东京市中心的36层楼高的霞关大厦(Kasumigaseki)是日本第一座摩天大楼，1968年建成时，人们认为它是
现代工程学的杰作。
然而，在826年，建筑大师Kobodaishi只用木栓和楔子来保持木结构的直立，毫不犹豫地将他宏伟的东寺宝塔高耸入云，高达55米——几乎是1100年后建成的霞关摩天大楼的一半高。显然，当时的日本木匠知道一些让建筑摇摆和稳定的技巧，而不是对抗自然的力量。但是什么样的技巧呢?
这座多层宝塔于六世纪从中国传入日本。与中国一样，它们最初是随着佛教传入的，并附属于重要的寺庙。中国人用砖或石头建造宝塔，里面有楼梯，后来几个世纪主要用作瞭望塔。宝塔到达日本的时候,然而,其架构是自由地适应当地条件,他们建造了那么高,通常5而不是9层,主要是木材和楼梯是摒弃因为日本宝塔没有任何实际使用但变得更像一个艺术对象。由于夏季袭击日本的台风，日本建筑商学会了将建筑物的屋檐延伸到墙外更远的地方。这样可以防止雨水从墙上涌下来。中国和韩国的宝塔没有像日本宝塔那样的悬挑。
The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.
But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira - simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the Shinbashira actually carries no load at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda - hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.
And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the Shinbashira's role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr. Ishida, known to his students as 'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a 'shake- table' in his laboratory. In short, the Shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance - with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column. Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.
日本寺庙建筑的屋顶可以使建筑的侧面超出建筑总宽度的50%或更多。出于同样的原因，日本宝塔的建造者似乎进一步增加了他们的重量，他们没有选择用许多中国宝塔的瓷砖来覆盖这些延伸的屋檐，而是用更重的陶瓷瓷砖。
但这并不能完全解释日本宝塔的韧性。答案是，就像一棵高大的松树，日本宝塔——其巨大的树干状中央支柱被称为心柱——只是在台风或地震中弯曲和摇摆?几个世纪以来，许多人都这么认为。但答案并不那么简单，因为令人吃惊的是，新ira实际上根本没有负载。
事实上，在一些宝塔的设计中，它甚至不停留在地面上，而是悬挂在宝塔的顶部——松散地悬挂在建筑的中间。建筑的重量完全由12根外柱和4根内柱支撑。
心柱的作用是什么?要了解新船的作用，最好的方法是看一段由京都理工大学结构工程师石田修三制作的视频。由于对宝塔的热爱，石田先生被学生们称为“宝塔教授”。他已经建立
了一系列模型，并在实验室的“振动台”上进行了测试。简而言之，新ira就像一个巨大的静止的钟摆。这些古代工匠显然没有借助非常先进的数学，似乎掌握了1000多年后应用于日本第一座摩天大楼建设中的原理。早期的工匠们通过反复试验发现，在压力下，宝塔松散的楼层可以独立地前后滑动。从侧面看，这座宝塔就像在跳蛇舞——每一层楼都朝着上下相邻楼层相反的方向移动。“心柱”从建筑中心的一个洞里钻出来，限制了每层楼的移动距离，因为在移动了一定距离后，它们会撞进去，把能量沿着柱子传递出去。
日本宝塔的另一个奇特之处是，由于建筑呈锥形，每一层的平面都比下面的小，所以没有一根垂直的柱子能承载建筑的重量，并与上面相应的柱子相连。换句话说，一座五层楼高的宝塔甚至连一根柱子都没有，而这一根柱子要穿过整座建筑，把结构的荷载从顶部带到底部。更令人惊讶的是，日本宝塔的每一层与其他地方的宝塔不同，实际上并没有相互连接。它们就像一堆帽子一样简单地摞在一起。有趣的是，按照日本现行建筑法规，这种设计是不允许的。
And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker's balancing pole. The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. 'With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles,' says Mr Ishida, 'the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking.' Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write：TRUE if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1.Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.
2.The Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple.
3.The other buildings near the Toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years.
4.The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions.
5.easy interior access to top
A. both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
B. only Chinese pagodas
C. only Japanese pagodas
6.tiles on eaves
A. both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
B. only Chinese pagodas
C. only Japanese pagodas
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d19241383.html,e as observation post
A. both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
B. only Chinese pagodas
C. only Japanese pagodas
8.size of eaves up to half the width of the building
A. both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
B. only Chinese pagodas
C. only Japanese pagodas
9.original religious purpose
A. both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
B. only Chinese pagodas
C. only Japanese pagodas
10.floors fitting loosely over each other
A. both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
B. only Chinese pagodas
C. only Japanese pagodas
11.In a Japanese pagoda, the shinbashira
A. bears the full weight of the building.
B. bends under pressure like a tree.
C. connects the floors with the foundations.
D. stops the floors moving too far.
12.Shuzo Ishida performs experiments in order to
A. improve skyscraper design.
B. be able to build new pagodas.
C. learn about the dynamics of pagodas.
D. understand ancient mathematics.
13.The storeys of a Japanese pagoda are
A. linked only by wood.
B. fastened only to the central pillar.
C. fitted loosely on top of each other.
D. joined by special weights.
那加宽的屋檐呢?把它们想象成走钢丝者的平衡杆。钢管两端的质量越大，走钢丝的人就越容易保持平衡。宝塔也是如此。石田先生说:“屋檐像平衡杆一样向四面伸展，即使是地震中最强烈的震动，建筑也能做出优雅的晃动，而不是突然的晃动。”在这里，一千年前的日本建筑大师们再次预见到了现代结构工程的概念。
下面的陈述与作者在阅读第一段时的观点一致吗?在答题纸箱子1 - 4,写:如果声明同意作者的主张虚假如果陈述与作者的主张没有如果是不可能说出作者的思考
1.1400年来，日本只有两座宝塔倒塌。
2.1995年的阪神大地震摧毁了东寺的宝塔。
3.东寺宝塔附近的其他建筑是在过去30年建成的。
4.宝塔的建造者知道如何吸收恶劣天气条件产生的部分能量。
5.方便的内部访问顶部
A.中国和日本的宝塔都有。
B.只有中国的宝塔。
C.只有日本的宝塔
6.瓷砖在屋檐
A.中国和日本的宝塔都有。
B.只有中国的宝塔。
C.只有日本的宝塔
7.用作观察哨
A.中国和日本的宝塔都有。
B.只有中国的宝塔。
C.只有日本的宝塔
8.屋檐的大小可达建筑物宽度的一半
A.中国和日本的宝塔都有。
B.只有中国的宝塔。
C.只有日本的宝塔
9.原始宗教目的
B.只有中国的宝塔
只有日本宝塔
10.地板彼此之间松松垮垮地搭在一起
A.中国和日本的宝塔都有。
B.只有中国的宝塔。
C.只有日本的宝塔
11.在日本的宝塔里，叫做心柱
A.承担整个建筑的重量。像树一样在压力下弯曲。连接地板和地基。停止地板移动太远。
12.石田修三做实验是为了
改进摩天大楼的设计。能够建造新的宝塔。了解宝塔的动态。理解古代数学。
13.日本宝塔的楼层是
答:只有木头连接。只固定在中间的柱子上。C.彼此松散地搭在一起。D.加入特殊重量。
2 Leaf-Cutting Ants and Fungus
A ）The ants and their agriculture have been extensively studied over the years, but the recent research has uncovered intriguing new findings about the fungus they cultivate, how they domesticated it and how they cultivate it and preserve it from pathogens. For example, the fungus farms, which the ants were thought to keep free of pathogens, turn out to be vulnerable to a devastating mold, found nowhere else but in ants’ nests. To keep the mold in check,the ants long ago made a discovery that would do credit to any pharmaceutical laboratory.
B ）Leaf-cutting ants and their fungus farms are a marvel of nature and perhaps the best known example of symbiosis, the mutual dependence of two species. The ants’ achievement is remarkable — the biologist Ed ward O. Wilson has called it “one of the major breakthroughs in animal evolution” —because it allows them to eat, courtesy of their mushroom’s digestive powers, the otherwise poisoned harvest of tropical forests whose leaves are laden with terpenoids,alkaloids and other chemicals designed to sicken browsers.
C ）Fungus growing seems to have originated only once in evolution, because all gardening ants belong to a single tribe, the descendants of the first fungus farmer. There are more than 200 known species of the attine ant tribe, divided into 12 groups, or genera. The leaf-cutters use fresh vegetation; the other groups, known as the lower attines because their nests are smaller and their techniques more primitive, feed their gardens with detritus like dead leaves, insects and feces. In 1994 a team of four biologists, Ulrich G. Mueller and Ted R. Schultz from Cornell University and Ignacio H. Chapela and Stephen A. Rehner from the United States Department of Agriculture, analyzed the DNA of ant funguses. The common assumption that the funguses are all derived from a single strain, they found, was only half true.
2切叶蚁和真菌
)蚂蚁和农业都已经被广泛地研究过了多年来,但最近的研究发现了有趣的新发现的真菌培养,如何驯化以及他们如何从病原体培养它,保护它。例如，真菌农场被认为是蚂蚁不受病原体感染的地方，结果却很容易感染一种毁灭性的霉菌，这种霉菌只存在于蚂蚁的巢穴中。为了控制霉菌，蚂蚁们很久以前就有了一项新发现，这对任何一家制药实验室来说都是一项荣誉。
B)切叶蚁及其真菌农场是大自然的奇迹,也许最著名的共生的例子,两个物种的相互依赖。蚂蚁的成就是非凡的,生物学家爱德华·o·威尔逊称之为“动物进化的一个重大突破”,因为它允许他们吃的蘑菇的消化能力,否则毒收获的热带森林的树叶是拉登萜类、生物碱和其他化学品旨在患病浏览器。
C)真菌生长似乎是只有一次的进化,因为所有园艺蚂蚁属于一个部落的后裔第一真菌农民。有超过200种已知的attine蚁族，分为12组，或属。切叶工人使用新鲜的植物;另一种被称为低齿蚁，因为它们的巢穴更小，技术也更原始，用落叶、昆虫和粪便等碎屑来喂养它们的花园。1994年，康奈尔大学的乌尔里希·g·穆勒(Ulrich G. Mueller)和特德·r·舒尔茨(Ted R. Schultz)、美国农业部的伊格纳西奥·h·查贝拉(Ignacio H. Chapela)和斯蒂芬·a·雷纳(Stephen a . Rehner)组成了一个由四名生物学家组成的团队，分析了蚂蚁真菌的DNA。他们发现，通常认为真菌都来自单一菌株的假设只有一半是正确的。
D ）The leaf-cu tters’ fungus was indeed descended from a single strain, propagated clonally, or just by budding, for at least 23 million years. But the lower attine ants used different varieties of the fungus, and in one case a quite separate species, the four biologists discovered.Cameron R. Currie, a Ph.D. student in the University of Toronto, it seemed to Mr. Currie,resembled the monocultures of various human crops, that are very productive for a while and then succumb to some disastrous pathogen, such as the Irish potato blight. Monocultures,which lack the genetic diversity to respond to changing environmental threats, are sitting ducks for parasites. Mr. Currie felt there had to be a parasite in the ant-fungus system. But a century of ant research offered no support for the idea. Textbooks describe how leaf-cutter ants scrupulously weed their gardens of all foreign organisms. “People kept telling me, ‘You know the ants keep their gardens free of parasites, don’t you?’” Mr. Currie said of his efforts to find a hidden interloper.
E ）But after three years of sifting through attine ant gardens, Mr. Currie discovered they are far from free of infections. In last month’s issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, he and two colleagues, Dr. Mueller and David Mairoch, isolated several alien organisms, particularly a family of parasitic molds called Escovopsis. Escovopsis turns out to be a highly virulent pathogen that can devastate a fungus garden in a couple of days. It blooms like a white cloud, with the garden dimly visible underneath. In a day or two the whole garden is enveloped.“Other ants won’t go near it and the ants associated with the garden just starve to death,’’Dr. Rehner said. “They just seem to give up, except for those that have rescued their larvae.”
F ）Evidently the ants usually manage to keep Escovopsis and other parasites under control. But with any lapse in control, or if the ants are removed, Escovopsis will quickly burst forth.Although new leaf-cutter gardens start off free of Escovopsis, within two years some 60 percent become infected. The discovery of Escovopsis’s role brings a new level of understanding to the evolution of the attine ants. “In the last decade, evolutionary biologists have been increasingly aware of the role of parasit es as driving forces in evolution,” Dr. Schultz said.There is now a possible reason to explain why the lower attine species keep changing the variety of fungus in their mushroom gardens, and occasionally domesticating new ones — to stay one step ahead of the relentless Escovopsis.
G ）Interestingly, Mr. Currie found that the leaf-cutters had in general fewer alien molds in their gardens than the lower attines, yet they had more Escovopsis infections. It seems that the price they pay for cultivating a pure variety of fungus is a higher risk from Escovopsis. But the leaf-cutters may have little alternative: they cultivate a special variety of fungus which, unlike those grown by the lower attines, produces nutritious swollen tips for the ants to eat.
H ）Discovery of a third partner in the ant-fungus symbiosis raises the question of how the attine ants, especially the leaf-cutters, keep this dangerous interloper under control. Amazingly enough, Mr. Currie has again provided the answer. “People have known for a h undred years that ants have a whitish growth on the cuticle,” said Dr. Mueller, referring to the insects’ body surface. “People would say this is like a cuticular wax. But Cameron was the first one in a hundred years to put these things under a microscope. He saw it was not inert wax. It is alive.” Mr. Currie discovered a specialised patch on the ants’ cuticle that harbours a particular kind of bacterium, one well known to the pharmaceutical industry, because it is the source of half the antibiotics used in medicine. From each of 22 species of attine ant studied, Mr.Cameron and colleagues isolated a species of Streptomyces bacterium, they reported in Nature in April. The Streptomyces does not have much effect on ordinary laboratory funguses. But it is a potent poisoner of Escovopsis, inhibiting its growth and suppressing spore formation.Because both the leaf-cutters and the lower attines use Streptomyces, the bacterium may have been part of their symbiosis for almost as long as the Escovopsis mold. If so, some Alexander Fleming of an ant discovered antibiotics millions of years before people did. Even now, the ants are accomplishing two feats beyond the powers of human technology. The leaf-cutters are growing a monocultural crop year after year without disaster, and they are using an antibiotic apparently so wisely and prudently that, unlike people, they are not provoking antibiotic resistance in the target pathogen.
D) leaf-cutters的真菌确实是从一个应变,无性生殖,传播或通过出芽,至少2300万年了。但这四名生物学家发现，低等蚂蚁使用了不同种类的真菌，其中有一种是完全独立的物种。在柯里看来，多伦多大学(University of Toronto)的博士生卡梅伦r柯里(Cameron R. Currie)就像各种人类作物的单一栽培方式，这些作物在一段时间内产量很高，然后会屈服于一些灾难性的病原体，比如爱尔兰马铃薯枯萎病(Irish potato blight)。单一栽培缺乏应对不断变化的环境威胁的遗传多样性，是寄生虫的活靶子。柯里先生觉得蚂蚁-真菌系统里一定有寄生虫。但是一个世纪以来对蚂蚁的研究并没有支持这个观点。教科书上描述了切叶蚁如何小心翼翼地清除花园里所有外来生物的杂草。“人们总是对我说，‘你知道蚂蚁的花园没有寄生虫吧?’”柯里谈到他努力寻找一个隐藏的闯入者时说。
E),但是经过三年的筛选attine ant花园,柯里先生发现他们远离自由的感染。在上个月的《美国国家科学院院刊》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)上，他和他的两位同事穆勒博士(Dr. Mueller)和戴维?Escovopsis原来是一种高毒性病原体，可以在几天内摧毁真菌花园。花开得像一朵白云，下面隐约可见花园。一两天后，整个花园就被围起来了。“其他蚂蚁不会靠近它，而与花园有关的蚂蚁只会饿死，”博士说。rehn说。“它们似乎只是放弃了，除了那些救了它们幼虫的。”
F)显然蚂蚁通常设法控制Escovopsis和其他寄生虫。但是一旦控制不当，或者蚂蚁被移走，Escovopsis病毒就会迅速爆发。尽管新的切叶菜园开始时没有埃斯科沃西斯病，但在两年内，大约60%的人感染了埃斯科沃西斯病。Escovopsis角色的发现为attine ants的进化带来了一个新的理解水平。舒尔茨博士说:“在过去的十年里，进化生物学家越来越意识到寄生虫在进化中所起的推动作用。”现在有了一个可能的原因来解释为什么低attine物种不断地改变他们蘑菇园中真菌的种类，并且偶尔驯化新的真菌——以领先于无情的Escovopsis一步。
G)有趣的是,柯里先生发现leaf-cutters外星模具在他们的花园在一般少于attines越低,但是他们有更多Escovopsis感染。似乎他们为培育一种纯粹的真菌所付出的代价是更高的
Escovopsis风险。但是切叶蚁可能别无选择:它们培育了一种特殊的真菌，这种真菌不同于那些生长在较低的齿尖上的真菌，能够产生营养丰富的膨大尖端供蚂蚁食用。
H)发现的第三个合作伙伴ant-fungus共生关系提出了一个问题:如何attine蚂蚁,尤其是leaf-cutters控制这种危险的闯入者。令人惊讶的是，柯里再次给出了答案。“一百年前，人们就知道蚂蚁的角质层呈白色，”穆勒博士说，他指的是蚂蚁的体表。“人们会说这就像角质层的蜡。但卡梅隆是一百年来第一个把这些东西放在显微镜下的人。他看出那不是惰性蜡。它还活着。柯里在蚂蚁的角质层上发现了一块特殊的补丁，里面含有一种特殊的细菌，这种细菌是制药行业所熟知的，因为它是医学中一半抗生素的来源。今年4月，卡梅隆和同事们在《自然》(Nature)杂志上报道，他们从研究的22种attine ant中各分离出一种链球菌。链霉菌对普通的实验室真菌没有多大影响。但它是一种剧毒的Escovopsis，抑制其生长和抑制孢子的形成。因为切叶蚁和下齿弓蚁都使用链霉菌，所以这种细菌可能是它们共生关系的一部分，其历史几乎与Escovopsis霉菌一样长。如果是这样的话，一些蚂蚁的亚历山大·弗莱明在人类发现抗生素之前的数百万年就已经发现了抗生素。即使是现在，蚂蚁正在完成两项人类技术无法企及的壮举。切叶蚁年复一年地在没有灾难的情况下种植单一文化作物，它们显然非常明智和谨慎地使用抗生素，因此与人类不同，它们不会在目标病原体中引发抗生素耐药性。Write the appropriate letters, A-C, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.
A Leaf-cutting ants
B Lower attine ants
C Both leaf-cutting ants and lower attine ants
14 can use toxic leaves to feed fungus
15 build small nests and live with different foreign fungus
16 use dead vegetation to feed fungus
17 raise a single fungus which do not live with other variety of foreigners
18 normally keep a highly dangerous parasite under control
19 use special strategies to fight against Escovopsis
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet.
20 Dangerous outcome of Escovopsis
21 Risk of growing single fungus
22 Comparison of the features of two different nests for feeding gardens
23 Discovery of significant achievements made by ants earlier than human
24 Advantages of growing a new breed of fungus in the ant farm
Questions 25-26
25 What does the author think of Currie’s opinion on the saying “ants keep their gardens free of parasites”?
A His viewpoint was verified later.
B His earlier study has sufficient evidence immediately.
C There is no detail mentioned in the article.
D His opinion was proved to be wrong later on.
26 What did scientists find on the skin of ants under microscope?
A some white cloud mold embed in their skin
B that wax is all over their skin
C a substance which is useful to humans
D a substance which suppresses growth of all fungus
在答题卡的14-19栏中，写出适当的字母A-C。注意:任何字母都可以使用不止一次。
A切叶蚁B下调音蚁C切叶蚁和下调音蚁
可以用有毒的叶子来喂养真菌
建小巢，和不同的外来真菌一起生活
用枯死的植物来喂养真菌
培养一种真菌，这种真菌不能和其他种类的外国人生活在一起
通常情况下要控制高度危险的寄生虫
使用特殊的策略来对抗埃斯科普西斯
阅读文章2有8段，A-H。哪个段落包含以下信息?
把正确的字母A-H写在答题纸上20-24框内。
Escovopsis的危险结局
生长单一真菌的风险
比较两种不同饲养花园巢的特征
发现蚂蚁比人类更早取得重大成就
在蚂蚁农场种植一种新的真菌的优势
问题25 - 26
作者如何看待居里对“蚂蚁使他们的花园没有寄生虫”这句话的看法?
他的观点后来得到了证实。B他早期的研究立即有了充分的证据。C文章中没有提到细节。D他的意见后来被证明是错误的。
科学家在显微镜下在蚂蚁的皮肤上发现了什么?
这句话的主干是:some white cloud mold embed in their skin, B that wax is all over their skin, C 是一种对人类有用的物质，D是一种抑制所有真菌生长的物质
3 Crop-growing Skyscrapers
By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth's population will live in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming methods continue as they are practised today. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. What can be done to ensure enough food for the world's population to live on?
The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing cutting-edge technologies. One such proposal is for the 'Vertical Farm'. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to operate. If successfully implemented, proponents claim,
vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.
It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts. Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.
The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface. Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non- edible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.
A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system. Single- storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light: even so, many still need artificial lighting. A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more. Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.
3种植摩天大楼
到2050年，全球近80%的人口将居住在城市中心。按照目前人口趋势的最保守估计，到
那时人口将增加约30亿。据估计，如果传统农业方法继续沿用至今，将需要109公顷的新土地(比巴西大20%)来种植足够的粮食来养活他们。目前，世界上80%以上适宜种植农作
物的土地正在利用中。从历史上看，其中约15%是由于管理不善而浪费掉的。我们能做些什么来确保世界人口有足够的食物来生活?
室内种植的概念并不新鲜，因为温室种植西红柿和其他农产品已经流行了一段时间。现在的新情况是迫切需要扩大这项技术的规模，以容纳另外30亿人。许多人认为，需要一种全新的室内农业方法，采用尖端技术。其中一个提议就是建立“垂直农场”。其概念是在环境
控制条件下种植粮食作物的多层建筑。它们位于市中心，将大大减少运送食品给消费者所需的交通量。垂直农场需要高效、廉价和安全运营。支持者声称，如果成功实施，垂直农场将带来城市更新、可持续生产安全多样的粮食供应(通过全年生产所有作物)以及最终修
复因水平农业而牺牲的生态系统的希望。
人类花了1万年的时间才学会如何种植我们现在认为理所当然的大部分农作物。一路上，我们掠夺了大部分的土地，经常把翠绿的自然生态区变成半干旱的沙漠。在同样的时间框架内，我们进化成一个城市物种，其中60%的人口现在垂直地生活在城市里。这意味着，对大多数人来说，我们人类有躲避恶劣天气的庇护所，但我们却要让我们的食物作物经受户外严酷环境的考验，只能寄希望于来年天气好。然而，现在，由于气候的迅速变化，这种情况往往不会发生。大规模的洪水、长期的干旱、飓风和严重的季风每年都会造成损失，摧毁数百万吨有价值的农作物。
垂直农业的支持者声称该系统有许多潜在的优势。例如，作物将全年生产，因为它们将被保存在人工控制的最佳生长条件下。不会因为干旱、洪水或害虫而导致与天气有关的农作物歉收。所有的食物都可以有机种植，不需要除草剂、杀虫剂和化肥。该系统将大大减少在农业界面上获得的许多传染病的发病率。尽管该系统将消耗能源，但它将通过堆肥植物不可食用部分产生的甲烷将能源回馈给电网。它还将通过减少对拖拉机、犁和船运的需求，大幅减少化石燃料的使用。
然而，垂直种植的一个主要缺点是，这些植物需要人工光照。没有它，那些离窗户最近的植物将暴露在更多的阳光下，生长得更快，降低了系统的效率。单层温室拥有自然采光的优势:即便如此，许多温室仍然需要人工照明。没有自然光的多层建筑需要更多。除非有廉价的可再生能源可用，否则生产足够的光的成本可能会高得令人望而却步，而这似乎只是未来的愿望，而不是近期的可能性。
One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight. This system is already in operation, and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it is not certain, however, that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.
Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy. While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
27Some food plants, including , are already grown indoors.
28Vertical farms would be located in , meaning that there would be less need to take them long distances to customers.
29Vertical farms could use methane from plants and animals to produce .
30The consumption of would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.
31The fact that vertical farms would need light is a disadvantage.
32One form of vertical farming involves planting in which are not fixed.
33The most probable development is that food will be grown on in towns and cities.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 33-38 on your answer sheet, write TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN
33.Methods for predicting the Earth's population have recently changed.
34.Human beings are responsible for some of the destruction to food-producing land.
35.The crops produced in vertical farms will depend on the season.
36.Some damage to food crops is caused by climate change.
36.Fertilisers will be needed for certain crops in vertical farms.
38.Vertical farming will make plants less likely to be affected by infectious diseases.
垂直农业发展的一个变化是种植植物在堆叠托盘上移动轨道。移动托盘可以让植物获得足够的阳光。这个系统已经投入使用，在一个单层温室内，当光从上面照射到它时，它可以很好地工作:但是，不确定它是否可以在没有头顶自然光的情况下工作。
垂直农业是一种尝试，旨在解决我们在为不断增长的人口生产足够粮食方面所面临的毫无疑问的问题。但是，目前需要做更多的工作来减少它对环境的有害影响，特别是在使用能源方面。虽然未来我们的食物有可能在摩天大楼里种植，但目前大多数专家认为，我们更有可能只是利用城市屋顶上可用的空间。
从短文中为每个答案选择不超过两个单词。把你的答案写在答题纸的27-33栏里。
包括在内的一些食用植物已经在室内种植。
28个垂直农场将落户其中，这意味着将不需要把它们带到很远的客户那里。
垂直农场可以利用动植物的甲烷来生产。
由于农业车辆将是不必要的，消费将被削减。
垂直农场需要光照这一事实是不利的。
32垂直农业的一种形式是不固定的种植。
最有可能的发展是在城镇里种植粮食。
下面的陈述与阅读文章1中的信息一致吗?
在答题纸33-38框内，写出未给出的真假
33.预测地球人口的方法最近发生了变化。
34.人类对粮食生产地的一些破坏负有责任。
35.垂直农场生产的作物将取决于季节。
36.气候变化对粮食作物造成了一些损害。
36.垂直农场的某些作物将需要化肥。
38.垂直农业将使植物不太可能受到传染病的影响。1T
2F
3Ng
4T
5B
6A
7B
8C
9A
10C
11D
12C
13C
14.A
15.B
16.B
17.A
18.A
19.C
20.E
21.D
22.C
23.H
24.F
25.A
26.C
27 tomatoes
28 urban centres
29energy
30 fossil fuel
31 artificial
32 （stacked）trays
33 （urban）rooftop
34NG
35T
36F
37T
38F
39T