高考总复习——英语必考语法汇总
虚拟语气
1）概念
表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等。可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句,非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况.通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。
2）虚拟语气的使用范围
主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。
3）法则：“后退一步法”
从句：①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。
②与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。
③与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。
主句：用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与
从句一致的动词形式。
例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out. 4）If虚拟语气的具体分析：
1. 表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的用动词的过去式(或were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。
1) If places ______ a like, there would be little need for geographers(地理学家).（are）
2) If I _____ the meaning of the word, I wouldn't have to look it up.(know)
2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。
We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _____ him,
A) would have telephoned B) must have telephoned
C) would telephone D) had telephoned
3. 表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If 从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用动词过去式/were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。
Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often. (get)
4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句
if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，将had , should, were等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。（这种结构在口语中很少使用）。
Had he worked harder, he _____ the exams. (get through)
5）宾语从句中的虚拟语气
一、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气。按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。
二、表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成
三、would rather ＋从句,在这种结构中，从句的位于动词用过去形式表示虚拟。
6）主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、It be + 形容词+ that ．．．（should）．．．
二、It be + 过去分词+ that ．．．（should）．．．．
三、It is time（about time，high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．
7）表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，advice，decision等表语从句、同位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。
翻译练习
1. Why is she looking at me （像是她认识我似的）? I have never seen her before in my life.
2. I avoided mentioning the sensitive subject lest (触犯他)。
3.But for his wife’s help, he _________________（是不会成功的）
4. ______________（要不是因为我生病了）, I would have lent him a helping hand.
5. We are all for your proposal that _____________________（延迟讨论）.
6. we did not know his phone number, ______________ （否则我们会给他打电话的）.
倒装
倒装结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指整个谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分（情态动词或助动词）放在主语之前。
如：now comes the chance. has he come?
一：表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词有：here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then,
There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.
In each room are ten students.
注意：在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down 等副词开头的句子中，且谓语是come, go, be等动词时，句子一般要全部倒装。如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语不须倒装。例如：
Now, here goes the story.
There he comes.
Away they hurried. 他们急忙走开了。
二：当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。这类词包括：not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time,
by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only …but also…。
Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much.
Not until he came back did I leave. (注意：只能是主句的主谓倒装)
On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.
三：as +adj. / adv. 以及“to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒装。
To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.
So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.
四：虚拟语气中，省去if 后，从句需要倒装。
五：“only + 状语”放在句首时，句子需要倒装。
Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.
Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.
六：由as 或though 引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。
Patient though / as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours.
Child as / though he was, he had a good command of English.
Try as he might, he couldn’t the box.
七.：so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，作“确实如此”讲要用正常语序。
He went to the film last night, so did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了，我也去了。
His mother told him to go to the film, so he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。
“he is a tall thin man.”“so he is.”“他又高又瘦。”“确实如此。”
翻译练习：
1. Only by working at evenings and weekeds________________ (他才能完成报告) by the deadline.
2. Not until Alice had a baby of her own （她才了解）how hard it was for her mother to have brought up her sister and her on her own.。
3. Scarcely _______________ (她看见报纸上的广告)when
she booked a package tour with Bright Travel Service.
4. Under no circumstance ____________ her proposal that they take a vacation to Australia together.
5._________________________（吵闹的音乐不仅惹人讨），it could also be the cause of accidents.
定语从句
1. 定义：
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。
2. 非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，关系代词不能用that，先行词指{人：用who、whom；物：which }
This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very
nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
3. 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago=This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?= Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
4. 关系代词that 的用法
1）先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词修饰的时候
2）先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词修饰的时候3）先行词既有人又有物，宜用that
4）先行词是all, much, little，few，something, anything, everything, nothing,none, the one等
5）先行词被不定代词修饰,如all, any, every, few, little, no, some，no sooner等。例如:
6）先行词前面Only, one of，the only，the same, the very，the last 等词修饰的时候。
7）主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候
8）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.
五：区分定语从句与其相似句型。
在实际运用中，要分清到底是定语从句，还是并列句、状语从句、强调句或其它句型，然后再来确定关联词。
1. Mr Wu has two sons, and both of them are fond of playing golf.（这里and连接的是并列句，不能用whom 代替them。如去掉and，就必须用whom代替them构成定语从句。）
2. It was last night that the terrible fire broke out. （这里是"It was+被强调部分+that... "构成的强调句型，故连接词不用when。）
同位语从句
典型例子：
1.John,my old friend, came this morning.
2.I have no idea what he is doing now.
3.The question who should do the work requires
consideration
定语从句与同位语从句都可位于名词之后，而且都可用that，when，where，why，who等词引导，但它们是两种性质完全不同的从句，不可混淆。
区别：
一、定语从句是形容词从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，
是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词
从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进
一步解释的。
1．We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。
2．We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。
二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等
同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。
1. A plane is a machine that can fly.
2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced.
三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时，可以省略或被其他词代替；
同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略，更不能被代替。
1. The news （that）she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。
2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。
3. The reason （why =for which或that）he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。
4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。
四、而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位，一般没有复数形式,如：news, fact, promise, idea, word(消息), message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information，conception,notion，ability, advice, belief, doubt, discovery, , fear, , possibility, problem, question, story, theory, thought。
1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed
very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。
2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school.
五、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引导定语从句, 它们分别指前面先行词所表示的时间、地点、原因、方式、人和物，否则引导的就是同位语从句。
I still remember the day when he was killed. 我还记得他被害的那一天。
I have no idea when he was killed. 我不知道他什么时候被害的。
主语从句
1．主语从句主要有三类：
（1）由连词that引导的主语从句。
That she survived the accident is a miracle. 她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。
（2）用连接代词或连接副词if, whether 引导的主语从句。
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic. 他们什么时候来还不知道。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much. 她来不来都无关紧要。
（3）用关系代词引导的主语从句。
例如：What you need is more practice. 你所需要的是更多的训练。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这事。注意：
主语从句可以直接放在主语位置上，也可以用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末（尤其是当谓语较短时）。
例如：That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 光沿直线传播，这是众所周知的事。
=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines. 众所周知光沿直线传播。
2．固定用法和译法
（1）It is +名词+从句
It is a fact that…/ It is good news that ……/ It is a question that ……/ It is common knowledge that ……类似的名词还有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing；no wonder；surprise等。
例如：It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. 鲸鱼不是鱼，这是常识。
（2）It is +形容词+从句
It is necessary that……/ It is clear that……/ It is likely that …/ It is important that …
类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good;
wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.
例如：It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you . 他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。
（3）It is +过去分词+从句
It is said that …/ It is reported that …/ It has been proved that …/ It must be proved that…
类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.
例如：It is thought that he is the best player. 大家都认为他是最好的选手。
（4）It +不及物动词+从句
It seems that …好像是/ It happened that…碰巧/
It follows that …由此可见/ It has turned out that …结果是…
类似的不及物动词还有：seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc.
例如：It now appears that they are in urgent need of help. 看起来他们急需帮助。
当“及物动词+ 宾语”较短时，也可用这种结构。例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was. 让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。
It +某些固定结构+ 主语从句。
例如：It does not make any difference whether it rains or not . 下不下雨没什么分别。
It does not make the least difference to me what you do. 对我来说你做什么都无关紧要。
宾语从句
定义：一个句子在复合句中作动词或介词的宾语，在主句与从句之间有一个引导词
结构：“主语+谓语动词+引导词+从句
一：引导词
1. that常被省略。
She said (that) she would leave the book on his desk. 她说她会把那本书放在他的桌子上。
2. 当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，用if或whether来引导从句，意为“是否”。
Alice wanted to know if / whether her grandmother liked the bag.
在下列几种情况下，只能用whether, 不能用if:
●当or not 紧随连词之后时。如：
I don't know whether or not he will come on time. 我不知道他能否按时来。
●从句用作介词宾语时。如：
I am interested in whether he joined the army. 我对他是否入伍很感兴趣。
●在带to的动词不定式前。如：
She doesn't know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home. 她不知道是去看电影还是在家看电视。
●当宾语从句移至句首表强调时。如：
Whether this is true or not, I'm not sure. 这是否真实，我不敢肯定。
3. 宾语从句具有特殊疑问含义时用连接代（副）词引导，它们在宾语从句中充当一定成分，因此不能省略。如：Did you hear what he said? 你听见他说的话了吗？（作宾语）
I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的。（作表语）
Could you tell me how I get to the post office? 你能告诉我到邮局怎么走吗？（作状语）
二：宾语从句的语序：宾语从句一律用陈述语序，即“引导
词+主语+谓语+其它”。
Could you tell me where Wei Fang lives?
三：宾语从句的时态
●如果主句是祈使句或主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或将来时，则宾语从句可根据句意的需要而选用任何一种时态；若主句是一般过去时，宾语从句用表示过去的某种时态。
I know he lives here. / I know he lived here ten years ago.
●如果宾语从句表示客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、现阶段存在的客观事实、现在经常性或习惯性的动作、谚语、格言等，不论主句用何种时态，从句一律用一般现在时。如：
The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音传播快。
He said time is money. 他说时间就是金钱。
四：宾语从句的否定转移
当主句谓语动词为think, suppose, guess, believe等词时，并且主语为第一人称时，从句的否定词应转移到主句谓语动词上来。如：
I don't believe that he will come tomorrow. 我相信他明天不会来。
五：宾语从句中的虚拟语气
一、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。
二、表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should 可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest等。
注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。
The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.
He insisted that he was honest.
表语从句
一：定义：表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。
结构：主语＋连系动词＋表语从句
连系动词：be, look, remain, seem, sound, appear become……..
二：连接词：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how. （that常可省略）
常用的还有the reason is that…和It is because 等结构
三注意：
A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。
False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.
Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。
False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
C 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.
D that在表语从句中不可以省掉。
从句翻译练习：
1. __________________（我想强调的）is not the process
（1）表语从句 1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1．连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释： 1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that
Grammar Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. (A) Since early times, people (25) ______ (fascinate) by the idea of life existing somewhere else besides earth. Until recently, scientists believe that life on other planets was just a hopeful dream. But now they are beginning to locate places where life could form. In 1997, they saw other evidence of planets near other stars like the sun. But scientists now think that life could be even (26) ______ (near) in our own solar system. One place scientists are studying closely is Europa, a moon of Jupiter. Space probe has provided evidence (27) ______ Europa has a large ocean under its surface. The probe has also made scientists think that under its surface is a rocky core (地核) (28) ______ (give) off volcanic heat. Water and heat from volcanic activity are two basic conditions (29) ______ (need) for life to form. A third is certain basic chemicals like carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Scientists believe that there may be such lyi ng at the bottom of Europa’s ocean. They may already create life or may be about to. You may wonder (30) ______ light is also needed for life to form. Until recently, scientists thought that light was essential. But now places have been found on earth, (31) ______ are in total blackness such as caves several miles beneath the surface. And bacteria, primitive forms of life, have been seen there. So the lack of light in Europa’s sub-surface ocean doesn’t automatically rule out life forming. (B) Conversation is an important part of life to everyone. However, some people are afraid of starting a casual conversation with a stranger (32) ______ ______ a fear of not having anything interesting to say. Fear of rejection is also a reason for keeping silent. Small talk in a conversation can serve as a way of warming up and getting to know each other. Most people, (33) ______ ______ ______ successful they are at work, will find the process of making small talk uncomfortable, even pointless. However, you (34) ______ (have) a pretty small world if you refuse to let others in. Starting off with (35) ______ usual comment or question will make others comfortable, and even just greeting them with a simple “hello” will often be enough. (36) ______ you have made the first move, there is no turning back. You need to keep things going before you can gracefully say goodbye. Think about what you would like to share with a new friend and that is (37) ______ you can ask the other person about. Work, family, hobbies or interests are some general points of discussion. (38) ______ (keep) the ball rolling, you can show that you are really interested in what they are saying. Once you find common points of interest, things will definitely take off from there. Small talk (39) ______ turn out to be a pleasant experience. The conversation should be brief and casual without turning into a long and boring discussion. Do not let yourself control the conversation. Let (40) ______ talk too. Stop worrying about how big of a fool you may appear to be. You may even find out later on that you have the “talent” of getting people to open up to you by engaging them in small talk.
2019年高考一轮复习语法综合训练（十 五） 一语法填空 A 篇 【2019届湖南长沙市雅礼中学、河南实验中学高三联考】 Our parakeet (长尾鹦鹉) Chip and Goldie，a stray tortoiseshell kitten we took in，42．(grow) to be best friends，eating and playing together. I was a member 43．a bird conservation organization at the time，so we often took care of injured 44．(bird). Goldie helped raise dozens of injured and orphaned native birds，45．(act) as a watchful guardian. One day，it was Chip who needed Goldie’s supervision. I had left a large bowl of pancake batter (面糊)46．(cover) in the kitchen. But while I was out of the room，Chip climbed onto the bowl to have 47．taste but soon fell in and sank.48．(luck)，Goldie was on hand and stuck her face in the bowl to fish Chip out. She cleaned his face and beak so he could breathe before running to alert me with a loud meow. I followed Goldie，49．was also covered in batter，back into the kitchen 50．found a battered budgie on the floor. After being washed，dried and warmed，Chip made a full 51．(recover). Bowls were always covered in future and Goldie and Chip remained the best of friends. 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。作者家里养了两只宠物，Chip 和Goldie，有一次Chip掉进碗里被Goldie捞了上来。他们逐渐成长为最好的朋友，一起吃饭，一起玩耍。 42．考查时态。句意：我们的长尾小鹦鹉Chip 和Goldie，我们收养的一只龟甲色的流浪猫，后来成长为最好的朋友，一起吃饭，一起玩耍。讲述过去发生的事情用一般过去时态，故答案为grew。 43．考查介词。句意：当时我是一个鸟类保护组织的成员，所以我们经常照顾受伤的鸟类。此处表示所有，“……的”，故答案为of。 44．考查名词复数。句意：当时我是一个鸟类保护组织的成员，所以我们经常照顾受伤的鸟类。此处用名词复数，故答案为birds。 45．考查现在分词。句意：Goldie帮助饲养了几十只受伤的和孤立的本土鸟类，充当了一名警惕的守护者。此处Goldie和act之间是一种主动关系，做自然的结果状语，故答案为acting。 46．考查过去分词做宾语补足语。句意：我在厨房里留了一大碗露在外面的煎饼面糊。根据后文Chip偷吃面糊可知，面糊是没盖，故用uncover，再根据与pancake batter是被动关系，故用过去分词做宾语补足语，故答案为uncovered。 47．考查不定冠词。句意：Chip爬上了碗，尝了一口，但很快就掉进去并沉了下去。结合句意，可知答案a。 48．考查副词。句意：很幸运，Goldie就在身边，把脸贴在碗里把Chip捞上来。此处是副词修饰整个句子，
历年高考语法填空真题 1. (2018全国卷I)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形 式。 According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 61 (long) than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 63 ________ (die) early by running. While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it 64 (be) more effective at lengthening life 65 walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause). The best exercise is one that yo u enjoy and will do. But otherwise ... it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 68 (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉)，avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always 69 (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 70 a try. 2. (2018全国卷II)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形 式。 Diets have changed in china-and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country 61____ (grow) more corn than rice。 Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __62 __ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent. A taste for meat is 63 _____(actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 64_________(improve) water quality. Corn uses less water _65_____ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥)runoff. This switch has decreased 66________ (pollute)in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total 67______(globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government 68______ (start) a soil-testing program 69_________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers- and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排 放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while 70 _____ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the bank's Juergen Voegele. 3. (2018全国卷III)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正 确形式。 I'm not sure 61 is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第０１章名词性从句 第0２章“Iｔ”用法及其句型与固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中得省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第０8章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第１1章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用得句子叫名词性从句(Ｎｏun Cｌaｕsｅs)。名词性从句得功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同得语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句、一. 主语从句 主语从句就是在复合句中充当主语得从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语与ｉt引导强调句得比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要就是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句得连接词没有变化、而i ｔ引导得强调句则就是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调得就是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/ｗｈｏｍ、例如: ａ) It isａpitｙｔhaｔyoｕｄidn’t go ｔo seｅｔhｅｆilm.您不去瞧那场电影真可惜。 b) It doeｓn’tｉntereｓt me whethｅrｙou sｕｃceed or not、我对您成功与否不感兴趣、 c) Ｉｔisｉn thｅｍoｒnｉng thaｔｔｈe ｍurder took place. 谋杀案就是在早上发生得、(强调句型) d) Ｉt is Joｈn tｈat broke ｔｈeｗｉｎdow。就是Joｈn打碎得窗户。(强调句型) 2、用ｉt 作形式主语得结构 (1)It is + 名词＋从句 It is ａfaｃt tｈat…事实就是… Ｉt ｉs an honor ｔhat …非常荣幸 It ｉｓｃommon knowlｅdge ｔhat …就是常识 (2)Ｉt is + 形容词+从句 It is naturａl thａt…很自然… It ｉｓstrａｎｇe that…奇怪得就是…(3) It ｉｓ＋不及物动词+ 从句 Ｉｔｓｅems thａｔ…似乎… Ｉt ｈappeneｄthat…碰巧… Iｔappeaｒs that…似乎…
2019届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--语法 填空 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、用单词的适当形式完成短文 Chinese actress Fan Bingbing has been fined for tax evasion, state media reported. It is the first public pronouncement about the star 1．she mysteriously disappeared from public view in June. According to state-run news agency Xinhua, Fan has been ordered to pay almost $130 million, after she misreported how much money she2．(receive) for certain film projects, using so-called "yin-yang contracts" to conceal3．the authorities her true remuneration (薪酬) and avoid millions of dollars in taxes. Fan and companies related to her were ordered to pay around $42 million in late taxes and fees, along with a fine of $86 million. Because she was 4．first-time offender, the government said criminal charges would not be filed against her if she pays all the money by an undisclosed deadline, Xinhua reported. Fan's disappearance from public view sparked widespread speculation 5．she had been detained by the authorities. Xinhua said she had been under investigation by tax authorities in Jiangsu province, but 6．didn't provide any details on her current whereabouts. In a letter 7．(post) on social media, Fan, 37, apologized profusely and repeatedly to the public and government. "As a public figure, I should have abided by laws and regulations, and been a role model in the industry and society," she said. "I shouldn't have lost self-restraint or become lax in managing my companies, 8．led to the violation of laws, in the name of economic interests." "Without the favorable policies of the Communist Party and state, without the love of the people, there 9．have been no Fan Bingbing," she added. Her case was clearly designed as a warning to other high profile celebrities, with the State Administration of Taxation saying it had launched a campaign 10．(recover) all back taxes in the entertainment industry. Of the many factors that contribute to poor performance on standardized tests like the SAT, nerves and exhaustion, surprisingly, 11．not rank very high. In fact, according to a new
河南省专升本英语语法专项练习题19
1. The color of the skirt does not （） that of the coat. A、balance B、match C、corresponding D、accord 参考答案： B 参考解析： 【精析】B句意：裙子的颜色和上衣的颜色不搭。词义辨析。match:匹配，相称；balance:平衡；corresponding：对应的，一致的；accord：使适合，符合。 2. Thank you for your letter of May 6, in which you _____ about the bicycles of Model 897. A、ask B、feel C、know D、think 参考答案： A 参考解析： 【精析】A句意：感谢您5月6日的来信，在信中您询问了型号为897的自行车的一些情况。词义辨析题。ask：询问，要求；feel：感觉；know：知道；think：想，认为。根据句意可知，A正确。 3. The defense computers calculate way to （） the enemy missiles.
A、spoil B、harm C、destroy D、damage 参考答案： C 参考解析： 【翻译】防御计算机计算出了摧毁敌人导弹的路径。 ［考点］词义辨析 【精析】C四个选项的意思分别为：spoil溺爱；harm伤害，损害；destroy破坏，毁坏；damage损害。根据题意可知应选C项。 4. I love thinking of new designs. It keeps my mind clear and active and fills my retired life with （）. A、joy B、anxiety C、sorrow D、anger 参考答案： A 参考解析： 【翻译】我喜欢思考新设计。这会使我的头脑保持清醒活跃，还会让我的退休生活充满乐趣。 ［考点］词义辨析
历年高考语法填空真题 1. （2017全国Ⅰ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 2. （2017全国Ⅱ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and __________62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day. Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public. 3. （2017全国Ⅲ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to challenge of her new A-level course .But unlike school friends ,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61 ________ (rest). Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 __________ model in New Y ork. Sarah 63 __________ (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earni ng a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter 44,wants her to give up school to model fulltime But Sarah, 64 _______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants 65_________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 66_________ (educate).
高中英语语法大全之形容词和副词 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 （错）He is an ill man. （对）The man is ill. （错）She is an afraid girl. （对）The girl is afraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词 1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错：(错）She sang lovely. （错）He spoke to me very friendly. （对）Her singing was lovely. （对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 用形容词表示类别和整体 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope. 2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building
上海高考英语语法填空解题技巧 上海高考英语学科改革，推出语法填空新题型．这种题型能全面检测学生在英语词汇、语法，甚2014至是句法上的运用能力，能更科学地反映学生的英语综合水平。本题型分两种情况：一种为已给单词提示，一种为不给单词提示。本人就这种题型进行了分析，总结出十条语法填空的解题技巧。 一、已给单词提示题型的技巧：此类题可以考查学生对代词、动词、形容词等形式变化的掌握程度。 技巧一：，时态、语态、语气、情态动词)动词形式变化。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化(。学生复习时需要花一定的功夫对动词部分的语法不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)有非谓语的变化( 知识进行一次全面复习。1：例是整句的谓语，所以横线所在的动．句中的is (give)tomorrow is written by Professor ZhangA talk 动作的承受可以看出，报告是“将来”作的，故用不定式；且报告是give词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow to be given。者，故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式—— ：考点聚焦知识体系 时态：考纲要求的11 种时态 谓语动词语态：主动语态和被动语态be+过去分词 动词情态动词 动词不定式一般式、进行式、完成式主动与被动 非谓语动词动名词一般式、完成式主动与被动 现在分词一般式、完成式主动与被动 分词 过去分词 技巧二：代词形式变化。代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类，即人称代词(主格和宾格)、物主代词(形容词性和名词性)、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如no one／none、other／another等。 例2：The king decided to see the painter by (he)． 由介词by可以看出，横线处应填反身代词himself。 考点聚焦知识体系