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墓园挽歌：
托马斯·格雷（Thomas Gray，1716-1771）是感伤主义诗歌的代表诗人。他最著名的诗歌是便是《墓园
挽歌》，并因此同写过《夜吟死亡》（Nitht-Piece on Death,1721）的托马斯·帕达尔（Thomas Parnell, 1679-1718）,
写过
《坟墓》（The Grave, 1743）的罗伯特·布莱尔（Robert Blair，1699-1746）和写过《夜思》（Night Thoughts，
1742）的爱德华·杨格（Edward Yong,1683-1765）等人一道被称为“墓园派诗人”。《墓园挽歌》是“感伤主义”的代表作，常被批评家誉为十八世纪乃至英国历来最好的诗歌。这首诗有
着这样独特的地位，主要是因为它凝聚了每个时期中的某种社会情绪，用比较完美的形式表达了这种情绪，
在一定程度上解决了如何革新旧传统的问题，具有较高的艺术成就。
这首诗写诗人流连在乡村的墓园里，望着一座座平民百姓的墓石，他思考了狠毒。这些人默默无闻，劳
作终身，死后埋葬简陋的墓地里，他们身前也有过报复，经历过悲欢离合。回忆中，诗人对他们寄予深切的
同情，对骄奢淫逸的权贵做了温和的批评，并指出：不论身前多么荣华富贵，死亡对于每个人来说都是平等
的。既然大家殊途同归，人们就应该以一种豁达的态度来面对人生。
这首诗共32 节，每节有四行五步抑扬格组成，以abab 押韵。总体上来说，这首诗在形式上采用了古典主
义的格式，但在内容上却显示了感伤主义和浪漫主义的新特征。
诗人在晚钟时分步入墓园：
晚钟殷殷响，夕阳已西沉。
群牛呼叫归，迂回走草径。
农夫荷锄犁，倦倦回家门。
唯我立狂野，独自对黄昏。
（The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea,
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.）
开头一段描写了天黑时分牧人赶着牛群徐徐入村，农人们经历了一天的劳累拖着疲惫的步伐回家的景象，
把恬静的乡村生活如风景画般的呈现在了我们面前。除了视觉上的感受之外，这四句诗同时也提供了宁静乡
村傍晚的交汇声响：在暮霭中回荡的晚钟，清脆悦耳的牛铃，组成了令人心宁神怡的交响乐。墓园里覆盖着
杉树，幽静而又肃穆。诗人在坟墓和碑牌中漫步，哀悼这些逝去的农人，感叹他们再也不能享受生前的简朴
无华而又充满亲情的生活：
熊熊炉中火，不为先人焚，
不复有主妇，殷勤理家政。
无复小儿女，趋奔迎父亲。
竞上慈父膝，偎爱又接吻
（For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,
Or busy housewife ply her evening care:
No children run to lisp their sire's return,
Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share,）
这些乡村居民生来就愚笨无能吗？诗人感叹命运的不公：
多少珍宝石，灿烂放光芒。
埋藏大海底，美好无人赏。
多少鲜花朵，开在荒野上，
娇艳无人见，空自扬芬芳。
（Full many a gem of purest ray serene
The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear:
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.)
他们中有出色的诗才，也有超过克伦威尔的领袖才能，但他们只是生不逢时，没有获得早就的机遇和条
件。在为他们操劳的一生感叹的时候，格雷笔锋一转，指出人世间的功名利禄只不过是过眼云烟，称赞这些
默默无闻的人们不受诱惑，诚实劳作：
岂似市朝人，纷争似癫狂。
纯朴爱宁静，安分守规章。
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闲居幽谷中，穷乡又僻壤。
孤独寡见闻，默默度时光。
（Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife,
Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray;
Along the cool sequester'd vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenour of their way.）
但是诗人不会忘记他们，虽然墓碑上面都刻的是简单朴实的词句。有朝一日某个路人也许会像诗人一样
对他们感兴趣，会询问这些坟墓里的让你活着时候的情形。他会从某个“村中白发老翁嘴里得到这些农人一
生的故事：
“东方天欲晓，山头频见君。
足履青草露，快步向前行。
登上小山丘，来把朝阳迎。
“山上有老树，枝叶迎风摇。
树根成怪形，蜷曲有盘绕。
日中君困倦，树荫卧逍遥。
静看小溪水，潺潺起浪涛。
“山麓树林畔，时时独遨游。
遐想露笑容，低吟乐悠悠。
有时怀忧伤，面容见消瘦。
偷弹相思泪，黯暗怀春愁。
“某日晨光中，不见君行踪。
草原无人影，树下亦空空。
今日复明日，河边不相逢。
山上人杳然，不见入林中。
“亲友穿丧父，徐向教堂行。
作诗寄哀伤，送君如坟茔。
墓地老树下，黄土石碑新。
行人请一读，碑上有姓名。”
《墓园挽歌》之所以世代传颂，魅力不减，就在于他所涵盖的深刻的人生哲理以及洋溢于笔端、沁于心田的
对劳动众生的博爱之情。格雷不愧是世纪之交从古典主义是个向浪漫主义诗歌国度的重要任务之一。
The poem has been ranked among the best of the 18th century English poetry.In order to create the atmosphere of melancholy, Gray uses his own techniques:
1 Nature as a background for the display of emotion. (first 3 stanzas: a picture if twilight)----all the natural objects, either directly or by contrast, reflect the
mood of man----romantic melancholy.
2 Employment of some long vowels and diphthongs to create its own melancholic tone which permeates the whole elegy.(1st line)
3 Use of end-stopped lines which sound firm and finished. The termination of the end-stopped lines beautifully enacts the completion of the things. This tech
nique of writing here hints that the lives of the poor come to an end.
Throughout the whole poem, the author shows his great sympathy for the poor, the lowly and the unrenowned in these graves, while he expresses his unmist
akable censure upon the great, the powerful and the wealthy who in their lifetime have contempt for the common people or brought havoc to the country.
He stresses the fact that death is inevitable and that everyone is equal before death no matter who he is.
Theme: It is a meditation on human mortality, the tragic dignity it gives to all mankind, & the stability & serenity of rustic life. The Elegy lies in Gray's perf
ect expression of what all men feel about life & death. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life & the mysteries of human life with a touch of
his personal melancholy. The poet compares the ordinary people with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the c
hance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor & the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor & bring havoc on them
1. What is Gray’s opinion of high-born persons vis-a-vis the low-born?：the fate of those who once held important offices, who have enjoyed beauty,
wealth and power will be the same as that of those ordinary, humble people when they die.Because of poverty or other handicaps, many talented people
never receive the opportunities they deserve. Every person–no matter how important, powerful, or wealthy–ends up the same, dead.
2. Comment on Gray’s line, “The paths of glory lead but to the grave.” The fate of those who once held important offices, who have enjoyed beauty,
wealth and power will be the same as that of those ordinary, humble people when they die. Every person–no matter how important, powerful, or
wealthy–ends up the same, dead.
4 Do you believe his dead brothers and sisters influenced him in the writing of his poem? Yes.he will cheish the life, there will always be grief atmosphere when he wrote poet. 5. What is an “animated bust” (line 41)? the phrase carries some note of irony, what is the special nature of the irony, Animated bust: life-like marble
figure. It elaborate funeral monuments can not bring back the dead to life
丁登寺—华兹华斯
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翻译
五年过去了，五个夏天，还有
五个漫长的冬天！并且我重又听见
这些水声，从山泉中滚流出来，
在内陆的溪流中柔声低语。——
看到这些峻峭巍峨的山崖，
这一幕荒野的风景深深地留给
思想一个幽僻的印象：山水呀，
联结着天空的那一片宁静。
这一天到来，我重又在此休憩
在无花果树的浓荫之下．远眺
村舍密布的田野，簇生的果树园，
在这一个时令，果子呀尚未成熟，
披着一身葱绿，将自己掩没
在灌木丛和乔木林中。我又一次
看到树篙，或许那并非树篱，而是一行行
顽皮的树精在野跑：这些田园风光，
一直绿到家门；袅绕的炊烟
静静地升起在树林顶端！
它飘忽不定，仿佛是一些
漂泊者在无家的林中走动，
或许是有高人逸士的洞穴，孤独地
坐在火焰旁。
这些美好的形体
虽然已经久违，我并不曾遗忘，
不是像盲者面对眼前的美景：
然而，当我独居一室，置身于
城镇的喧嚣声．深感疲惫之时，
它们却带来了甜蜜的感觉，
渗入血液，渗入心脏，
甚至进入我最纯净的思想，
位我恢复恬静：——还有忘怀己久的
愉悦的感觉，那些个愉悦
或许对一个良善者最美好的岁月
有过远非轻微和平凡的影响，
那是一些早经遗忘的无名琐事，
却饱含着善意与友爱。不仅如此，
我凭借它们还得到另一种能力，
具有更崇高的形态，一种满足的惬意，
这整个神秘的重负，那不可理解的
世界令人厌倦的压力，顿然间
减轻；一种恬静而幸福的心绪，
听从着柔情引导我们前进，
直到我们的肉躯停止了呼吸，
甚至人类的血液也凝滞不动，
我们的身体进入安眠状态，
并且变成一个鲜活的灵魂，
这时，和谐的力量，欣悦而深沉的力量，4
让我们的眼睛逐渐变得安宁，
我们能够看清事物内在的生命。
倘若这只是
一种虚妄的信念，可是，哦！如此频繁——在黑暗中，在以各种面目出现的
乏味的白天里；当无益的烦闷
和世界的热病沉重地压迫着
心脏搏动的每一个节奏——
如此频繁，在精神上我转向你，
啊，绿叶葱笼的怀河！你在森林中漫游，我如此频繁地在精神上转向你。
而如今，思想之幽光明灭不定地闪烁，
许多熟悉的东西黯淡而述蒙，
还带着一丝怅惘的窘困，
心智的图像又一次重现；
我站立在此，不仅感到了
当下的愉悦，而且还欣慰地想到
未来岁月的生命与粮食正蕴藏
在眼前的片刻间。于是，我胆敢这样希望，尽管我已不复当初，不再是新来乍到的
光景，即时我像这山上的一头小鹿，
在山峦间跳跃，在大江两岸
窜跑，在孤寂的小溪边逗留，
听凭大自然的引导：与其说像一个
在追求着所爱，倒莫如说正是
在躲避着所惧。因为那时的自然
（如今，童年时代粗鄙的乐趣，
和动物般的嬉戏已经消逝）
在我是一切的一切。——我那时的心境
难以描画。轰鸣着的瀑布
像一种激情萦绕我心；巨石，
高山，幽晦茂密的森林，
它们的颜色和形体，都曾经是
我的欲望，一种情愫，一份爱恋，
不需要用思想来赋予它们
深邃的魅力，也不需要
视觉以外的情趣。——那样的时光消逝，一切掺合着苦痛的欢乐不复再现，
那今人晕眩的狂喜也已消失。我不再
为此沮丧，哀痛和怨诉；另一种能力
赋予了我，这一种损失呀，
已经得到了补偿，我深信不疑。
因为我已懂得如何看待大自然，再不似
少不更事的青年；而是经常听到
人生宁静而忧郁的乐曲，
优雅，悦耳，却富有净化
和克制的力量。我感觉到
有什么在以崇高的思想之喜悦
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让我心动；一种升华的意念，
深深地融入某种东西，
仿佛正栖居于落日的余晖
浩瀚的海洋和清新的空气，
蔚蓝色的天空和人类的心灵：
一种动力，一种精神，推动着
思想的主体和思想的客体
穿过宇宙万物，不停地运行。所以，
我依然热爱草原，森林，和山峦；
一切这绿色大地能见的东西，‘
一切目睹耳闻的大千世界的
林林总总，——它们既有想象所造，
也有感觉所知。我欣喜地发现
在大自然和感觉的语言里，
隐藏着最纯洁的思想之铁锚，
心灵的护士、向导和警卫，以及
我整个精神生活的灵魂。
即便我并没有
受到过这样的教育，我也不会更多地
被这种温和的精神所腐蚀，
因为有你陪伴着我，并且站立
在美丽的河畔，你呀，我最亲爱的朋友，亲爱的，亲爱的朋友；在你的嗓音里
我捕捉住从前心灵的语言，在你顾盼流转的野性的眼睛里，我再一次重温了
往昔的快乐。啊！我愿再有一会儿
让我在你身上寻觅过去的那个我，
我亲爱的．亲爱的妹妹！我要为此祈祷，我知道大自然从来没有背弃过
爱她的心灵；这是她特殊的恩典，
贯穿我们一生的岁月．从欢乐
引向欢乐；因为她能够赋予
我们深藏的心智以活力，留给
我们宁静而优美的印象，以崇高的
思想滋养我们．使得流言蜚语，
急躁的武断，自私者的冷讽热嘲，
缺乏同情的敷衍应付，以及
日常生活中全部枯燥的交往，
都不能让我们屈服，不能损害
我们欢快的信念，毫不怀疑
我们所见的一切充满幸福。因此，
让月光照耀着你进行孤独的漫游，
让迷蒙蒙的山风自由地
吹拂你；如此，在往后的岁月里
当这些狂野的惊喜转化成
冷静的低意，当你的心智
变成一座集纳众美的大厦，
你的记忆像一个栖居的家园招引着
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一切甜美而和谐的乐音；啊！那时，
即令孤独．惊悸，痛苦，或哀伤成为
你的命运，你将依然杯着柔情的喜悦
顺着这些健康的思路追忆起我，
和我这一番劝勉之言！即便我远走他方
再也听不见你可爱的声音，
再也不能在你野性的双眸中
看见我往昔生活的光亮一一你也不会
忘记我俩在这妩媚的河畔
一度并肩站立；而我呀，一个
长期崇拜大自然的人，再度重临，
虔敬之心未减：莫如说怀着
一腔更热烈的爱情——啊！更淳厚的热情，
更神圣的爱慕。你更加不会忘记，
经过多年的浪迹天涯，漫长岁月的
分离，这些高耸的树林和陡峻的山崖，
这绿色的田园风光，更让我感到亲近，
这有它们自身的魅力，更有你的缘故
the beginning of the poem goes like this”five years have passed….”what impression do these lines give you? ：The poem opens with the speaker’s
declaration that five years have passed since he last visited this location, encountered its tranquil, rustic scenery, and heard the murmuring waters of the river.
Wordsworth emphasizes the act of returning by making extensive use of repetition. He also uses the phrase "once again" twice, both times in the middle of a
line, breaking the flow of the text. It is in this manner that the reader is introduced to the natural beauty of the Wye River area.
what attitude does the speaker have toward nature?：wordsworth advocates a return to nature. According to him, society and the crowded unnatural life of
cities tend to weaken and pervert humanity; and a return to natural and simple living is the only remedy for human wretchedness. He shows sympathy to the
common people. It is sympathy goes to the very small children suffering from poverty and misery.
Three stages of his growing up, defined in terms of his evolving relations to the nature secen:a.the young boy’s purely physical responsiveness. b the
post—adolescent’s aching.dizzy,and equivocal passions love which is mo re like dread; this was the state of mind on the occasion of his first visit. C. his
present state in which for the first time he adds thought to sense. All his knowledge of human suffering, so painfully acquired in the interior chastens him
while it enriches the visible scene like a chord of music and he has gained also awareness of an‖ immanent‖ which links his mind and all the elements of the
external world.
Theme：Wordsworth traced the progress of his love of nation from coarse physical pleasures of his boyhood, through the aching joys and dizzy raptures
of his adolescence, to his present nature reflective contemplation informed by expericance and knowledge of suffering
！The full title of this poem is ―Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798.‖
Published in 1798 in Lyrical Ballads, this poem is widely considered to be one of Wordsworth's masterpieces. It is a complex poem, addressing memory,
mortality, faith in nature, and familial love. The poem's structure is similarly complex, making use of the freedom of blank verse as well as the measured
rhythm of iambic pentameter. The flow of the writing has been described as that of waves, accelerating only to stop in the middle of a line (caesura). The
repetition of sounds and words adds to the ebb and flow of the language, appropriately speaking to the ebb and flow of the poet's memories. Form:
―Tintern Abbey‖ is composed in blank verse, which is a name used to describe unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter. Its style is therefore very fluid and
natural; it reads as easily as if it were a prose piece. But of course the poetic structure is tightly constructed; Wordswort h’s slight variations on the stresses of
iambic rhythms is remarkable. Lines such as ―Here, under this dark sycamore, and view‖ do not quite conform to the stress-patterns of the meter, but fit into
it loosely, helping Wordsworth approximate the sounds of natural speech without grossly breaking his meter. Occasionally, divided lines are used to indicate
a kind of paragraph break, when the poet changes subjects or shifts the focus of his discourse.
！Divided into five stanzas of different lengths, the poem begins in the present moment, describing the natural setting. Wordsworth emphasizes the act of
returning by making extensive use of repetition: "Five years have passed; five summers, with the length / Of five long winters! and again I hear / These
waters..." He also uses the phrase "once again" twice, both times in the middle of a line, breaking the flow of the text. It is in this manner that the reader is
introduced to the natural beauty of the Wye River area.
！Second stanza, Wordsworth departs from the present moment to describe how his memories of the scene inspired and sustained him over the
past five
years. Life away from nature is described as being "in lonely rooms, and mid the din / Of towns and cities." Meanwhile, nature is described with almost
religious fervor: Wordsworth uses words such as "sublime," "blessed," and "serene." Wordsworth refers to a "blessed mood" twice, emphasizing his spiritual
relationship with nature. Interestingly, while Wordsworth uses many words related to spirituality and religion in this poem, he never refers to God or
Christianity. It seems that nature is playing that role in this poem, especially at the end of the second stanza, when Wordsworth describes a sort of
transcendent moment:
！Nature, it seems, offers humankind ("we") a kind of insight ("We see into the life of things") in the face of mortality ("we are laid asleep"). Wordsworth
lays emphasis on the last line by making it only eight syllables (four iambs) long, as opposed to ten.
！Third stanza, Wordsworth returns to the present and acknowledges
that his faith might be in "vain," but reiterates how important his memories of this
landscape have been to him, addressing the river directly: "O sylvan Wye!" As in many of his other poems, Wordsworth personifies natural forms or nature
as a whole by addressing them directly (apostrophe).
！Wordsworth seems to value this period of his life, and remembers
it with a somewhat nostalgic air, although he admits that in this simpler time ("The
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coarser pleasures of my boyish days"), he was not so sophisticated as he is now. In the present, he is weighed down by more serious thoughts. He alludes to a
loss of faith and a sense of disheartenment. This transition is widely believed to refer to Wordsworth's changing attitude towards the French Revolution. As
France and Britain entered the conflict, Wordsworth lost his faith in humanity's capacity for harmony. He turns to nature to find the peace he cannot find in
civilization.
！Wordsworth goes on to describe a spirit or a being connected with nature that elevates his understanding of the world: This "presence" could refer to God or
some spiritual consciousness, or it could simply refer to the unified presence of the natural world. In the interconnectedness of nature, Wordsworth finds the
sublime harmony that he cannot find in humankind, and for this reason he approaches nature with an almost religious fervor:
！In this key passage, Wordsworth outlines his understanding of consciousness. Like other Romantic poets, Wordsworth imagines that consciousness is built
out of subjective, sensory experience. What he hears and sees ("of all that we behold... / of all the mighty world/ Of eye and ear") creates his perceptions and
his consciousness ("both what they half-create, / And what perceive"). The "language of the sense"--his sensory experiences--are the building blocks of this
consciousness ("The anchor of my purest thoughts"). Thus, he relies on his experience of nature for both consciousness and "all [his] moral being."
！Last stanza, Wordsworth returns to the present to address his sister Dorothy, and explains that like his memory of this natural place, her presence offers a
kind of continuity in his life. Although he experiences anxiety about his own mortality, the idea that Dorothy will remember him and remember this moment
英文诗歌赏析方法 英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。 诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。 一、诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“－”或“?”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“?”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格式： 1. 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。 As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass， So deep / in luve / am I ： And I / will luve / thee still，/ my dear，Till a` / the seas / gang dry： Robert Burns（1759-1796）：My Luve Is like a Red，Red Rose 注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go 上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：?－／?－／?－／（?－） 2.扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。 下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－?／－?／－?／－ Tyger！/ Tyger！/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night William Blake：The Tyger 3. 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot：每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格??－／??－／??－ Like a child / from the womb， Like a ghost / from the tomb， I arise / and unbuild / it again. 4. 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot：每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格－??／－?? ?Touch her not / ?scornfully， ?Think of her / ?mournfully. - Thomas Hood 5. 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格?－?／?－?／?－?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。 O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight. 在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。 二、诗的押韵
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
英美诗歌鉴赏——T o H e l e n,致海伦
英美诗歌鉴赏——To Helen，致海伦 To Helen Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks1 of yore,2 That gently, o'er a perfumed3 sea, The weary4, wayworn5 wanderer6 bore To his own native shore. On desperate seas long wont to roam7, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece And the grandeur 8that was Rome. Lo! in yon brilliant window-niche9 1平底船 2很久以前 3芳香的 4疲倦的 5旅行累了的 6漫游者，旅行者 7漫步，漫游 8壮丽，宏伟
How statue-like10 I see thee stand, The agate11 lamp within thy hand! Ah, Psyche, from the regions which Are Holy Land! The writer Edgar Allen Poe was born in 1809. His father deserted the family, and his mother died when Poe was three. Poe was taken into the home of his uncle. In 1826, he entered the University of Virginia, only to drop out later . He was sent to West Point and dismissed, too. Then he turned to fiction writing to support himself. He worked as an editor throughout his life. His wife’s death in 1847, drove Poe to heavy drinking occasionally. One day in 1849, he was found unconscious on a Baltimore street and then died. Poe established himself as a successful short story writer and literary critic. He succeeded in formulating influential literary theories and in demonstrating mastery of the forms he favored_hinghly musical poems and short prose narratives. His theory of short fiction is best exemplified in Ligeia and The Fall of The House of Usher, which was to become one of his most famous stories. 10向雕像一样
“英美诗歌选读”课程教学大纲 教研室主任：王莉执笔人：曹英慧 一、课程基本信息 开课单位：外国语学院 课程名称：英美诗歌选读 课程编号：04188043 英文名称：Selected Readings of British and American Poetry 课程类型：专业方向限选课 总学时：36 理论学时：实验学时： 学分：2 开设专业：英语专业 先修课程：英国文学史及选读（04102613） 二、课程任务目标 （一）课程任务 《英美诗歌赏析》是一门英语专业文学方向限选课程。对于英语专业学生来说，诗歌作为英语语言学习的重要组成部分，是英语知识结构的一个不可或缺的部分。诗歌所包含的语言特征、修辞手段和细腻的感情都是英语语言丰富表现能力的集中体现。另外，诗歌也是增进英语语言能力的重要途径。诗歌的字里行间都充满了意义，弦外之音、话外之语，它对语言的超常使用将使人们对英语的多种表现手法更加敏感，对英语的特殊表达习惯更加熟悉。总之，学习诗歌是英语专业学生提高英语水平、提高人文素养以及丰富自己的语言和思想的重要手段。 本课程按照诗歌主题为脉络，介绍诗歌基本知识，梳理英美诗歌的不同流派及其风格，使学生掌握相关韵律法则，引导学生品味诗歌之美，挖掘诗歌内涵，感受诗人寄托在诗中的思想和情愫，进而能够独立进行诗歌阅读、欣赏甚至诗歌翻译及创作。 （二）课程目标 具体来说，本课程的教学应达到以下目的和要求： 1. 基本诗歌阅读能力：使学生初步了解英、美诗歌的特点、常见修辞手法，英语诗歌的基本要素、相关知识； 2. 初步鉴赏能力：能读懂难度适中的英文诗歌，理解字面意思，并能指出主题、韵律形式等，帮助学生进一步感受诗歌中的象征、意象等，挖掘诗歌内涵，领会诗歌的奥妙。
The commentary of The Passionate Shepherd to His Love This term, we took the English Poem course, in which Mr. Luo guided us fling in the poem world to appreciate the beauty of poems. In all of the poems we have learnt, I appreciate The Passionate Shepherd to His Love most. Yet I really don’t know how to appreciate a poem. Indeed, I haven’t got to the level to appreciate poems. So, I just write my own understanding to this beautiful poem. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, was written by Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593○)who was an English dramatist and poet，translator of the Elizabethan area, born in Canterbury，England, died in Deptford, England. Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian until his mysterious early death. Marlowe greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was born in the same year as Marlowe and who rose to become the eminent Elizabethan playwright after Marlowe’s death. Marlowe’s plays are known for the use of blank verse, and their overreaching protagonists. Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. He brought to the English stage a new concept of tragedy, one in which the drama centers around the struggles of a man overwhelmed by his passions and ambitions. ○2This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature. It derives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern. The first time I read the poem, I just thought it was too directly for the shepherd to express his love to the girl he loved. For me, if I were the girl, I would not accept the shepherd’s love because his love was so intensely that I don’t know how to respond his love. But the second I read it carefully, almost word by word. I was deeply moved by the shepherd’s real and pure love. In the world he created for himself and his love, the girl lived an ease life like a princess. He showed a picture on what he would promise if she accepts to be his love. There was a heavenly like scene in the picture, he imagined them sitting upon the rocks, watching the other busy shepherd who had to work hard, and they relaxed themselves by listening to the birds' singing, and seeing the river falls. The shepherd also ensured her that he is willing to do whatever it takes to please her. He was so infatuated with the girl that I am a little jealous of her. The girl was so lucky to be loved by such a infatuated and romantic man. The structure of the poem is very clear. The poetry started out with a direct initiation. The speaker showed his purpose clearly, which is asking the woman he admired to be his lover. The following stanza showed a picture on what he would promise if she accepts to be his love. Then he drew different scenes when they were together. The shepherd also ensured her that he is willing to do whatever it takes to please her. This could be seen from the line 9~18. He made promises on difficult mission such as making bed of roses, thousand fragrant posies, and leaves of myrtle, coral clasps and amber studs…ext. From line 19, it responded to the idea of the first stanza that is to persuade the woman to be his love and to live with him. The repeating sentences "come live with me and be my love," may work as the function of emphasizing, and expression of eagerness. The style and writing type of the poem is very good. This poem is a typical pastoral, that is, a type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life. It sings
《英美诗歌赏析》课程教学大纲 课程代码：071032021 课程英文名称：Appreciation of English and American Poetry 课程总学时：24 讲课：24 实验：0 上机：0 适用专业：英语 大纲编写（修订）时间：2017. 10 一、大纲使用说明 （一）课程的地位及教学目标 《英美诗歌赏析》是为英语专业大二学生开设的专业基础选修课，旨在帮助学生了解英国和美国在不同历史时期所出现的有代表性的诗人与诗歌作品，通过对诗人的生平介绍和经典诗歌的分析，让学生能欣赏原作的思想内容、风格、语言等，了解英美文学史上各时期诗歌流派的特征，从而拓宽学生的知识面，帮助学生更好的理解英语语言的特点，培养学生高尚的审美品位。 （二）知识、能力及技能方面的基本要求 具备基本的阅读，欣赏能力，掌握诗歌用词、韵律的基本知识。对英语中的典故有基本的了解，能够在教师的指导下独立欣赏诗歌的各个基本要素。 （三）实施说明 根据教学计划，本课程是安排在第三学期进行，总学时24。教学以教师讲座为主，结合学生的讨论与问答。并采用多种教学手段，最大限度的调动学生的学习热情与积极性，培养学生独立分析问题思辨能力，并鼓励学生积极参与分析作品。辅助相关作家的影音材料。 （四）对先修课的要求 无 （五）对习题课、实践环节的要求 无 （六）课程考核方式 1.考核方式：考查 2.考核目标：在考核学生对本学期所学知识掌握程度的基础上，重点考核学生对诗歌赏析的能力。 3.成绩构成：平时成绩30%（包括考勤、课堂测验），期末测试成绩70%。 （七）参考书目 《英美诗歌名篇选读》，黄宗英编，高等教育出版社，2007.6 二、中文摘要 本课程主要选用英美各个时期代表诗人的名作，涉及对诗人生平、主要成就、创作风格以及英美诗歌史上的主要流派和运动。通过为学生介绍诗歌史上著名的诗歌名篇，希望学生能了解英美诗史的脉络，讲述格律与语言的运用，希望学生能够提高对英语语言的感受力和欣赏文学作品的鉴赏能力，从而拓展英语文学与文化常识，增强英语学习的文化意识，陶冶情操。 三、课程学时分配表
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd; But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. (莎士比亚的第十八首十四行诗，也是非常有名的一首。全诗诗意浓郁、音韵流畅，非常适合吟诵。这也是我能够背诵的为数不多的英文诗之一。我喜欢伴着轻柔的音乐轻轻念着这些经典的诗节，感受诗中所描述的那些亘古常新的主题：关于夏日之柔美，关于时间之流逝，关于诗篇之不朽，以及爱之永恒。 以上给出的译本一在意思上比较忠实于原作, 而译本二则显得更富有诗意。但跟莎翁的原作比起来都差得远。原作优美考究的韵律和音步实在无法在译作中加以体现。所以说，诗歌是不可翻译的，实在很有道理。) The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Array [ 2006-10-23 17:05:00 | By: chenshaolin ] The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by Christopher Marlowe（1564-1593） 热情的牧人对他的爱人 Come live with me and be my love, And we will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves, hills, and fields, Woods, or steepy mountain yields. 请与我同栖，为我最爱 让我俩印证一切的欢悦—— 不论生於深谷之中，高峰之上 不论来自山涯水湄，林间效野 And we will sit upon rocks, Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks, By shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals.
All the world's a stage, （William Shakespeare ） And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. At first the infant, Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school. And then the lover, Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier, Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard, Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel, Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice, In fair round belly with good capon lined, With eyes severe and beard of formal cut, Full of wise saws and modern instances; And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,With spectacles on nose and pouch on side, His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, Turning again toward childish treble, pipes And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all, That ends this strange eventful history, Is second childishness and mere oblivion, Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. 世界是一个舞台，一切的男女都不过是演员：他们有他们的登场和退场，而且一个人在他的时代里扮演许多的角色，他的角色的扮演分七个时期。最初婴孩在乳母怀抱里啼哭呕吐。于是带着书包啼哭的学童，露着早上明澈的脸，像一只蜗牛般很勉强地爬向学校。于是长吁短叹的恋人以哀伤的短歌呈献给他的情人的娥眉。于是爱好离奇的咒骂的军人，胡须长得像一只豹，爱惜名誉，急于争吵，甚至于在炮口内觅取如泡沫幻影的名誉。于是法官饱食了困难，挺着美观的圆肚子，张着庄严的眼睛，留着规规矩矩的胡须，他的发言充满着聪明的格言和时新的例证，他这样扮演他的角色。第六个时期转入消瘦的，穿着拖鞋的丑角，鼻上架着眼镜，身边挂着钱袋，好好节省下来的青年时代的袜子，穿在他的瘦缩的小腿上，大得难以使人相信，他的壮年的洪声转成小孩子尖锐的声音，在他的声音里充满竹笛的尖声。最后一幕结束这怪事层出的传记是第二个婴孩时期，并且仅令是湮没无闻，没有牙齿，没有眼睛，没有味觉，没有一切的东西。 Sonnets from the Portuguese: 43 ------ How do I love thee? She Walks in Beauty 伊人倩影by George Gordon Byron 拜伦1788-1824 罗德拜伦She Walks in Beauty她在美中穿行 She walks in beauty, like the night， Of cloudless climes and starry skies； And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes； Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies． One shade more, one ray less, Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly lightens o’er her face； Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling-place． And on that cheek, and o’er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent The smiles that win, the tints that glow． But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent! 她在美中徜徉，
VI. Introduction on Poetry Analysis ●How to analyze a poem? ●What is metre and rhythm? ●What is foot? ●Rhyme & Rhyming scheme ●What is blank verse? How to Analyze a Poem? ●如果一首诗的重读呈现某种节奏格式,结果就有了韵律,”韵律分析”（scansion)就是计算一行诗中的重读音节,以确定其韵律格式.最普通的方法是在重读音节上方标“′”,而在非重读音节上方标“︶”。在某种意义上说,重读符号等同于按音乐节拍踏步。音律分析是颇深的学问。但熟悉常见的英诗的韵律格式,有助于一般水平的人更好地理解诗人是如何获得声韵效果的。 What is metre & rhythm? ●构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律(metre)。在希腊语中，“metre”这个字是“尺度(标准)”的意思。英诗就是根据诗行中的音节和重读节奏作为“尺度(标准)”来计算韵律的。 ●……音节重读(stressed)，非重读(unstressed)。……这就是一种正规的重读形式，在诗歌中即体现为韵律。 What is Foot (音步) ? 英诗中重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫做音步，音步是衡量一行诗的韵律的单位。一个音步通常由一个重读音节和一个或两个非重读音节构成。但不能少于两个或多于三个音节，而且其中只有一个必须重读。 Foot ●分析英诗的格律就是将它划分成音步，并区分出是何种音步以及计算音步的数量。这种音步划分叫scansion。 ●音步单位用一条垂线分隔: e.g. “The clock︳struck one.” 可见，以上这句话是由两个音步构成,每个音步的格式是抑扬格。 音步格式 ●英诗的音步格式主要有以下四种： ●音步格式例子 ●抑扬格(iamb) ︶′a/way ●扬抑格(trochee) ′︶love/ly ●抑抑扬格(anapest) ︶︶′un/der/stand ●扬抑抑格(dactyl) ′︶︶des/pe/rate ●iambic (adj.)抑扬格的trochaic(adj.)扬抑格的anapestic(adj.)抑抑扬格的 ●dactylic(adj.)扬抑抑格的 ●四种普通韵律格式如下：
A Brief Analysis Of The Wild Honey Suckle It was written by Freneau in 1786. He is the first American-born poet, and was one of the earliest who cast their eyes over the natural surroundings of the New Continent and American subject matter. Honey suckle, instead of rose or daffodil became the object of depiction; it is “wild” just to convey the fresh perception of the natural scenes on the new continent. The flowers, similar to the early Puritan settlers, used to believe they were the selects of God to be arranged on the abundant land, but now have to wake up from that fantasy and be more respectful to natural law. Time is constant but the time of a life is short; any favor is relative but change is absolute; with or without the awareness, nature develops: flowers were born, bloomed and declined to repose, and human beings would exist in exactly the same way. A philosophical meditation is indicated by the description of the fate of a trivial wild plant. In this poem, the poet writes with the strong implication that, though in the work no one is presented in person, human beings may at times envy the flower. This is seen not because the "roving foot" would "crush"; nor that the "busy hand" would "provoke a tear”; nor because of the "vulgar eye”, but b ecause of the fact that the human being has the ability to foresee his death. Whereas, the flower, with its happy ignorance, lacks this consciousness and is completely unaware of its
“英美诗歌欣赏”课程教学大纲 课程编号：16 课程名称：英美诗歌欣赏课程类别：选修 学分： 2 总学时：32 一、教学对象 《英美诗歌欣赏》是针对大学英语非英语专业三、四年级学生开设的文化素质课选修课程。 二、教学目的和要求 1）该课程的开设一方面是为了让非英语专业学生对英美诗歌发展的历史轨迹、英美诗歌的形式及其语言特点、英美重要诗人及其作品的风格（包括语言、艺术创作手法、主题）等有一定的了解，对诗歌中所反映的各种异域文化有所了解，另一方面是为了提高非英语专业学生的整体诗歌鉴赏水平和综合文化素养。 2）该课程要求非英语专业学生对中国诗歌有一定的鉴赏水平。 三、教学内容 1．A General Introduction to English Poetry 1) General Differences between Poetry and Other Forms of Literature 2) General knowledge about English Poetry: A. Rhythm; Meter/Foot; Rhyme and Rhyme Scheme; Stanza B. Imagery C. Figures of Speech D. Types of Poetry 3) General Functions of English Poetry A. Social Functions: Confucius’ Poetics “xing(兴)”, “guan(观)”, “qun(群)” and “yuan(怨)” B. Individualistic Functions 4) English Poetry Appreciation Methods—A Combination of the Following Methods A. Author-centered B. Reader-centered C. The Text-centered 2．Geoffrey Chaucer 1) A Brief Introduction to Chaucer and the Social Background he lived in 2) Appreciation of The Canterbury Tales: The Prologue 3．William Shakespeare 1)A Brief Introduction to the English Renaissance 2)A Brief Introduction to Shakespeare and his Masterpieces 3)Appreciation of Sonnets 18, 29 and 65 4)Appreciation of Monologues from his famous plays: Macbeth and Hamlet 4．William Wordsworth 1)A Brief Introduction to English Romanticism
1.A Red, Red Rose Robert Burns 1)总分析it is a very popular poem for his beautiful words and sound, using many key poetic devices to describe his eternal and passionate love. He describes his passion and emotion using a lot of imagery, symbolism, rhyme, and repetition which appeals to the senses including the heart 2)Theme: The speaker loves the young lady beyond measure through vivid similes and hyperbolic comparisons.Love:—express speaker's powerful, undying love-is lasting,real,awesomely awesome. Nature: Rocks, seas, sand, roses—many nature.Time: "A Red, Red Rose" has time on its side. 3)Structure: a)Stanza1: compare his sweet heart as a red rose and sweet music.b)Stanza2-3 : swear that he will love her for ever, and assure that he will never change his heart.c)Stanza4: assure his lover that he will leave for a short time but will come back no matter how far it is. 4)Form: Scottish Folklore, short lines, strong rhythm. The first and third lines have 8 syllables and the second and fourth lines have 6 syllable in the first two stanzas and 7 syllables in the second two stanzas. Rhyming abab. Use simile to express the strong affection which can not be controlled. And use repetition to intensify his emotion. 5)Meter:This one's a classic, so it's no wonder it uses some of the most classic forms in all of poetry and music. "A Red, Red Rose" is written partly in ballad meter (the first eight lines) and partly in common meter (the last eight lines). It alternates between iambic tetrameter in the odd-numbered lines and iambic trimeter in the even-numbered ones. A line of iambic tetrameter consists of four (tetra-) iambs, a foot that contains an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Line 5 is a great example: As fair art thou, my bonn-ie lass. Iambic trimeter, as you might have already guessed, is the same as iambic tetrameter, except there are three (tri-) iambs instead of four, as in line 2: That's new-ly sprung in June. But line 10, It has seven syllables, when it should have six. Let's assume the line's first foot is not an iamb but an anapest. If we scan the line in the following way, we have a line of neat, flowing trimeter: And the rocks melt wi' the sun. 2.I Wondered Lonely as A Cloud William Wordsworth 1)Theme:N ature's beauty uplifts the human spirit. Lines 15, 23, and 24 specifically refer to this theme;P eople sometimes fail to appreciate nature's wonders as they go about their daily routines. Lines 17 and 18 suggest this theme;N ature thrives unattended. The daffodils proliferate in splendor along the shore of the lake without the need for human attention. 2)Genre：Lyric poem 3)Rhyme Skill:ababcc, efefgg, hihikk, lmlmnn Rhetoric(修辞）:Simile明喻，personification拟人，hyperbole夸张，alliteration头韵。 4)Structure:Meter of the poem is in Iambic Tetrameter:each lines has four iambs(unaccented syllable/accented syllable)four stanzas, each including 6 lines:Summary, Stanza1:Wandering like a cloud, the speaker happens upon daffodils fluttering in a breeze on the shore of a lake, beneath trees. Daffodils are plants in the lily family with yellow flowers and a crown shaped like a trumpet. Click here to see images of daffodils.Summary, Stanza 2The daffodils stretch all along the shore. Because there are so many of them, they remind the speaker of the Milky Way, the galaxy that scientists say contains about one trillion stars, including the sun. The speaker humanizes the daffodils when he says they are engaging in a dance. Summary, Stanza 3 In their gleeful fluttering and dancing, the daffodils outdo the rippling waves of the lake. But the poet does not at this moment fully appreciate the happy sight before him. In the last line of the stanza, Wordsworth uses anastrophe, writing the show to me had brought instead of the show brought to me. Anastrophe is an inversion of the normal word order. Summary, Stanza 4 Not until the poet later