Unit 1
"Wu Wei is a born artist, " said his best friend. "He's quiet and doesn't like to talk much, but his work shouts!" Wu Wei, the young artist, has impressed the whole country with his creative work. His sculptures for Sunshine Town Square have won high praise from the art community. "I want to share the best art with people, so I’m always searching for something better or different. This in itself is great fun," he said.
Su Ning gave up her job as an accountant five years ago and started to work for the sales department in a big company. “ I’m active and energetic, and I love working with people. However, in my last job, I could only work with numbers day after day. That made me unhappy." Su Ning is now the general manager of the company. "Life is like a race. You either take the lead or fall behind. I'm ready to take on new challenges any time,” she said.
Liu Hao is the chief engineer of the high-speed railway connecting Sunshine Town to Tianjin. "To us, a miss is as good as a mile. We can't afford to make any mistakes, " said Mr Liu. " All of us know that it's necessary to pay attention to every detail. " "He's serious and well organized, "one of his team members said. " He always works to high standards, but he's modest and easy to work with." Fang Yuan, head of Sunshine Hospital and a pioneer heart surgeon, is kind and patient. "As a doctor, you can't be too careful," she said. "Carelessness will be a disaster not only to ourselves but also to patients." "She's always willing to work extra hours, said another doctor. In fact, Doctor Fang often does operations for about ten hours a day. She has devoted most of her time to her work. All the people in the town respect her.
Unit 2
Colours and moods
Some people believe that colours can influence our moods. You may wonder whether it is true. In fact, colours can change our moods and make us feel happy or sad, energetic or sleepy. This article explains what colours can do and what characteristics they represent.
Calm colours Have you ever walked into a room and felt relaxed ? It could be because the walls were painted blue. Blue is a calm colour. It brings peace to our mind and body. Blue can also represent sadness, so you may say “I’m feeling blue” when you are feeling sad. White is another calm colour. It is also the colour of purity. Many women like to wear white on their wedding day. Warm colours Some colours , such as orange and yellow, can make you feel warm. People in cold areas prefer warm colours in their homes to create a warm and comfortable feeling. Orange represents joy. It can cheer you up when you are feeling sad. Yellow is the colour of the sun, so it can remind you of a warm and sunny day. Yellow is also the colour of wisdom. Some people prefer this colour when they hope for success.
Energetic colours When you feel tired or weak, you should wear energetic colours like green. Green can give you energy, as it is the colour of nature and represents new life. However, it is also the colour of envy, so we may say someone is “green with envy”.
Strong colours If you require strength in either body or mind, red may be of some help to you. Red is the colour of heat. It represents power and strong feelings. Wearing red can also make it easier to take action. This may help when you are having difficulty making a decision.
译林版九年级上册英语单元测试题全套（含答案）译林版九年级英语上册单元测试题及答案Unit 1 第二部分英语知识运用(两大题，30分) 五、单项填空(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分) 21. —Which team will win at last between them? —____side can win. I think ours is the best. A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither 22. After dealing with the problems of classmates，our teacher turned her____back to work again. A. attention B. memory C. manner D. progress 23. —I don't like to be____，madam，but the question here asks for your age. —I'm forty-nine. A. curious B. impatient C. active D. personal 24. Not only my friends but also I____interested in football and Messi is our favourite star. A. be B. am C. is D. are 25. He couldn't____an answer when I asked him why he was late. A. come over B. catch up with C. come out D. come up with 26. The young boy was____for his efforts in separating school rubbish into different groups. A. praised B. presented C. provided D. protected 27. —It's a pity that____my teachers____parents allow me to swim alone. —After all you are too young. Safety first. A. either; or B. neither; nor C. both; and D. not only; but also 28. She only bought that sports car to____and let everyone know she can afford one. A. pay off B. set off C. show off D. take off 29. My cousin is ____ organized and she always keeps her things ____. A. well; in a good order B. good; in good order C. well; in good order D. good; in a good order 30. —What do people do here? —____. From March to October they swim. From November to February they ski. A. It depends B. I don't know C. That's fine D. I mean it 六、完形填空(共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分) A Miss Chan，our class teacher, is my favourite teacher. We are going to__31__this school and I will miss her very much. Miss Chan is very patient. Whenever we__32__questions in class，she explains to us very carefully. She is also__33__because she cares much about us. She often says to us，“Tell me immediately if you feel unhappy. Share your__34__with me and do not just try to solve it by yourself. ”Miss Chan is very generous(慷慨的). One day，she gave each of us a book，Three Days
2014人民教育出版社九年级英语教科书课本课文目录 Unit1 how can we become good learners How I Learned to Learn English Last year, I did not like my English class. Every class was like a bad dream. The teacher spoke too quickly. But I was afraid to ask questions because my pronunciation was very bad. So I just hid behind my textbook and never said anything. Then one day I watched an English movie called Toy Story. I fell in love with this exciting and funny movie! So then I began to watch other English movies as I could not understand everything the characters said, their body language and the expressions on their faces helped me to get the meaning. I also realized I could get the meaning by listening for just the key words. My pronunciation also improved by listening to the interesting conversations in English movies. I discovered that listening to something you are interested in is the secret to language learning. I also learned useful sentences like “It’s a piece of cake” or “It serves you right.” I did not understand these sentences at first. But because I wanted to understand the story, I looked up the words in a dictionary. Now I really enjoy my English class. I want to learn new words and more grammar. Then I
Unit4 Section A 2d Alfred: This party is such a great idea! Gina: I agree.It's been three years since we last saw our primary school classmates. Alfred: It's interesting to see how people have changed. Gina: Billy has changed so much! He used to be so shy and quiet. Alfred: Yeah, his face always turned right when he talked to girls! Gina: I used to see him reading in the library every day. Alfred: That's because he was a really good student. He studied hard and got good scores on his exams. Gina. Did he use to wear glasses? Alfred: Yes, and he used to be thin, too. But look how big and strong he is now! Gina: He is so popular now. Look at all the girls around him! 3 a Read the passage and put the sentences A-D in the correct places. From Shy Girl to Pop Star 1 For this month's Young World magazine, I interviewed 19- year- old Asian pop star Candy Wang. Candy told me that she used to be really shy and took up singing to deal with her shyness. As she got better, she
九年级上册Unit1 吃光，吃完 有创造力的；创造性的adj 好奇的adj 精力充沛的adj 谦虚的adj 有条理的；有效率的adj * 顺序n 使……保持井然有序 炫耀 语法n 想出（主意） 两者之一不conj 也不conj 既不….也不….. ￥ 会计n 天生的adj 给……留下印象vt 雕塑，雕像n 赞扬，表扬n 销售部n 总的；普遍的adj 竞赛；赛跑n ) 不是…..就是…. 领先地位，榜样n 处于领先地位 落后 挑战n 主要的，首要的adj 高速的adj 连接vt ； 与….相连，连接 错误，过失n 和…..几乎一样，简直是 注意，专心n 注意 标准n 先锋，开拓者n 外科大夫n ! 粗心n 额外的，附加的adj 把…..贡献，把…..专用于vt 尊敬，尊重vt 合适的；适宜的adj 搭档，合作伙伴n 不耐烦的，急躁的adj 三思而行 ； 洗碗 月球的adj 日历；挂历n 生肖n 代表；象征vt 出现vi 固定的adj 循环n { 有力的；强大的adj 活泼的；生气勃勃的adj 实际的adj 忠诚的adj 总共总计 星座n 分开，分vt@vi 把….分成…. | 使成型，塑造vt 演讲，讲话，发言；台词n 缺席的adj 班长n 职位；位置；名次n 同意某人的看法 Unit2 靛蓝，靛青n & 紫罗兰色n 彩虹n 心情，情绪n 影响vt
是否conj 特征；品质n 平静的，沉着的adj 放松的；自在的adj ~ 安宁；和平；和睦n 悲哀；忧伤n 纯洁n 婚礼，结婚庆典n 宁愿选择，更喜欢vt 造成，引起；创造vt 感觉，感受n 使振作起来 ) 提醒；使想起vt 智慧n 因为conj 嫉妒；羡慕n 嫉妒的，眼红的 需要，要求vt 力量n 热n | 困难；费力n 做某事费劲 决定n 关系n 必定地，无疑地adv 每天的；日常的adj 个人的；私人的adj 合适vt … 庆祝；庆祝活动n 古代的，古老的adj 疗法；治疗n 发现，发觉vt 十几岁（13到19岁之间）n 承诺，允诺vi 否则conj 奏效，产生预期的效果vi ： 从事，执业vt 紧张的，有压力的adj 建议vt 宁愿，更喜欢 信任n 平静，镇静n 温暖；热情n 女用皮包，手提包n @ 相配；般配n 使…..平衡 Unit3 青少年的adj 分数n 发疯的；生气的adj 使人受不了 考试，测试n % 或许，可能adv 处理vi 处理，对付 选择n 处….外；只有conj&prep 熬夜 醒着的adj 几乎不adv > 想象，设想vt&vi 怀疑vt 值得；值….钱adj 值得做某事 建议n 原因n 严格的，严厉的adj 对某人要求严格 ！ 待在户外；不回家 课业n 宝贵的；贵重的adj 友谊n 清单n 算出；解决 根据prep 谁（宾格）prep - 安静；沉默n
九年级3A课文原文 How I Learned to Learn English Last year, I did not like my English class. Every class was like a bad dream. The teacherspoke too quickly. But I was afraid to ask questions because my pronunciation was very bad. So I just hid behind my textbook and never said anything. Then one day I watched an English movie called Toy Story. I fell in love with this excitin g and funny movie! So then I beganto watch other English movies too. Although I could not（couldn't）understand everything the characters said, their body language and the expressions on their faces helped me to get the meaning. I also realized I could get it by listening for just the key words.Mypronunciation also improved by listeningto the interesting conversations in English movies. I discovered that listening to something interesting is the secret to language learning. I also learned useful sentences like “It’s a piece of cake” or “It serves you right.” I didn’t understand these sentences at first. But because I wanted to understand the story, I looked up the words in a dictionary. Now I really enjoy my English class. I want to learn new words and more grammar. Then I can have a better understanding of English movies. Unit4 I used to be afraid of the dark A_3a From Shy Girl to Pop Star For this month’s Young World magazine, I interviewed 19-year-old Asian pop star Candy Wang. Candy told me that sheused to be really shy and took up singing to deal with her shyness. As she got better, she dared to sing in front of her class, and then for the whole school. Now she’s not shy anymore and lovessinging in front of crowds. I asked Candy how life was different after she became famous. She explained that there are many good things, like being able to travel andmeetne w people all the time. “I didn’t use to be popular in school, but now I get tons of attention everywhere I go.” However, too much attention can also be a bad thing. “I always have to worry about how I appear to others and I have to be very careful about what I say or do.And I don’t have much private time anymore.Hanging out with friends is almost impossible for me now because there are always guards around me.” What does Candy have to say to all those young peoplewhowant to become famous? “Well,” she b egins slowly, “you have to be prepared to give up your normal life. You can never imagine howdifficultthe road to success is. Many times I thought about giving up, but I fought on. You really require a lot of talent and hard work to succeed. Only a very small number of people make it to the top.”
2014人民教育出版社九年级英语教科书课本课文 目录 Unit1 how can we become good learners? (1) Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious! (3) Unit 3 could you please tell me where the restrooms are? (4) Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark (5) Unit 5 what are the shirts made of? (6) Unit 6 when was it invented? (7) Unit 7 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes (8) Unit 8 It must belong to Carla (9) Unit 9 I like music that I can dance to (10) Unit10 you’re supposed to shake hands (12) Unit11 sad movies make me cry (13) Unit 12 life is full of the unexpected (14) Unit13 we are trying to save the earth (15) Unit14 I remember meeting all of you in Grade 7 (16) Unit1 how can we become good learners? How I Learned to Learn English Last year, I did not like my English class. Every class was like a bad dream. The teacher spoke too quickly. But I was afraid to ask questions because my pronunciation was very bad. So I just hid behind my textbook and never said anything. Then one day I watched an English movie called Toy Story. I fell in love with this exciting and funny movie! So then I began to watch other English movies as well.Although I could not understand everything the characters said, their body language and the expressions on their faces helped me to get the meaning. I also realized I could get the meaning by listening for just the key words. My pronunciation also improved by listening to the
M7 U1 Mr.Jacks on:Hello,Betty.What’s up? Betty:Iwant to join an Internet group to discuss great books by great writers. Mr.Jackson:So,who are your great writers? Betty:Well,maybe Confucius and Shakespeare. Mr.Jackson:Really?I accept that they’re great because their works are still read bay many people today.But I think I’d describe Confucius more as a teacher and thinker than a writer.He was a very wise man.What do you have to do for the discussion? Betty:Well,each of us reads a favourite book and writes a review for the discussion. Mr.Jackson:I see.We’re still influenced by Confucius ideas,and Shakespeare’s plays also make a lot of sense to us today.People have always read,and will always read great books.By the way,what do you think of Mark Twain,the Great American writer in the nineteenth century? Betty:He wasn’t important,but I suppose he isn’t as well-know as Confucius or Shakespeare.
九年级外研版下册英语课文原文 Module 1 Unit 1 Listen and read. Lingling:Welcome back, everyone! Betty:Hi Lingling! How was your holiday? Lingling:Not bad! I went to Henan Province. But the trip back was very long. The train was full of people, and I had to stand for over six hours. Betty:Bad luck. Where's Tony? Daming:He's staying with his family in the UK, and flying back tomorrow. The flights were late today. Betty:Why is travel so difficult in winter? Lingling:Well, it's the busiest season in China because of Spring Festival. Where did you go, Daming? Daming:We flew to Hong Kong—and the flight was late! But we took the boat to Landau Island and went to Disneyland. Lingling:How about you, Betty? Betty:We had quite a good time in Beijing. We went sightseeing by bus and by taxi. And last weekend, we took a tour by coach to the Summer Palace and went for a long walk. Daming:And now, better get back to work ... We've got exams at the end of the term. Betty:Yes, but there are plenty of fun things to do this term ... the school trip ... Lingling:... and the school leavers' party ... Daming:... the visit to the English-speaking theatre in Beijing ... Lingling:And our trip to Los Angeles! We'll have a great time!
1.吃光，吃完（词组） 2.有创造力的；创造性的（adj.） 3.好奇的（adj.） 4.精力充沛的（adj.） 5.谦虚的（adj.） 6.有条理的；有效率的（adj.） 7.顺序（n.） 8.使···保持井然有序（词组） 9.炫耀（词组） 10.语法（n.） 11.想出（主意）（词组） 12.（否定句中）两者之一不（conj.） 13.也不（conj.） 14.既不···也不···（词组） 15.会计（n.） 16.天生的（adj.） 17.给···留下印象（vt.） 18.雕塑，雕像（n.） 19.赞扬，表扬（n.） 20.销售部（词组） 21.总的；普遍的；首席的（adj.） 22.竞赛；赛跑（n.） 23.不是···就是···，或者···或者···（词组） 24.领先地位；榜样（n.） 25.处于领先地位（词组） 26.落后（词组） 27.挑战（n.） 28.主要的，首要的（adj.） 29.高速的（adj.） 30.连接（vt.） 31.与···相连，连接（词组） 32.错误，过失（n.） 33.和···几乎一样，简直是（词组） 34. 注意，专心（n.）36.标准（n.） 37.先锋，开拓者（n.） 38.外科大夫（n.） 39.粗心（n.） 40.额外的；附加的（adj.） 41.把···贡献，把···专用于（vt.） 42.尊敬，尊重（vt.） 43.合适的；适宜的（adj.） 44.搭档，合作伙伴（n.） 45. 不耐烦的，急躁的（adj.） 45.三思而行（词组） 46.洗碗（词组） 47.月球的（adj.） 48.日历；挂历（n.） 49.生肖（n.） 50.代表；象征（vt.） 51.出现（vi.） 52.固定的（adj.） 53.循环（n.） 54.有力的；强大的（adj.） 55.活泼的；生机勃勃的（adj.） 56.实际的（adj.） 57.忠诚的（adj.） 58.总共，总计（词组） 59.星座（n.） 60.分开，分（vi.&vt.） 61.把···分成···（词组） 62.使成形，塑造（vt.） 63.演说，讲话，发言；台词（n.） 64.缺席的（adj.） 65.班长（n.） 66.职位；位置；名次（n.） 67.同意某人（的看法）（词组）
. .. . . . . . w 译林版牛津英语九年级上册Unit1单词默写表 1. 吃光，吃完（词组） 2. 有创造力的；创造性的（adj.） 3. 好奇的（adj.） 4. 精力充沛的（adj.） 5. 谦虚的（adj.） 6. 有条理的；有效率的（adj.） 7. 顺序（n.） 8. 使···保持井然有序（词组） 9. 炫耀（词组） 10. 语法（n.） 11. 想出（主意）（词组） 12. （否定句中）两者之一不（conj.） 13. 也不（conj.） 14. 既不···也不···（词组） 15. 会计（n.） 16. 天生的（adj.） 17. 给···留下印象（vt.） 18. 雕塑，雕像（n.） 19. 赞扬，表扬（n.） 20. 销售部（词组） 21. 总的；普遍的；首席的（adj.） 22. 竞赛；赛跑（n.） 23. 不是···就是···，或者···或者···（词组） 24. 领先地位；榜样（n.） 25. 处于领先地位（词组） 26. 落后（词组） 27. 挑战（n.） 28. 主要的，首要的（adj.） 29. 高速的（adj.） 30. 连接（vt.） 31. 与···相连，连接（词组） 32. 错误，过失（n.） 33. 和···几乎一样，简直是（词组） 34. 注意，专心（n.） 35. 注意（词组） 36. 标准（n.） 37. 先锋，开拓者（n.） 38. 外科大夫（n.） 39. 粗心（n.） 40. 额外的；附加的（adj.） 41. 把···贡献，把···专用于（vt.） 42. 尊敬，尊重（vt.） 43. 合适的；适宜的（adj.） 44. 搭档，合作伙伴（n.） 45. 不耐烦的，急躁的（adj.） 三思而行（词组） 46. 洗碗（词组） 47. 月球的（adj.） 48. 日历；挂历（n.） 49. 生肖（n.） 50. 代表；象征（vt.） 51. 出现（vi.） 52. 固定的（adj.） 53. 循环（n.） 54. 有力的；强大的（adj.） 55. 活泼的；生机勃勃的（adj.） 56. 实际的（adj.） 57. 忠诚的（adj.） 58. 总共，总计（词组） 59. 星座（n.） 60. 分开，分（vi.&vt.） 61. 把···分成···（词组） 62. 使成形，塑造（vt.） 63. 演说，讲话，发言；台词（n.） 64. 缺席的（adj.） 65. 班长（n.） 66. 职位；位置；名次（n.） 67. 同意某人（的看法）（词组）
Unit 1 Know Yourself 1)make sb do使某人做某事 2)feel good 感觉好feel well身体好 3)well organized 很有条理 4)people with different personalities 有不同品性的人 5)keep sth in good order 使...保持好的秩序 6)show off炫耀 7)patient enough足够耐心 8)repeat sth for sb为某人重复.. 9)be curious about sth对..充满好奇 10)come up with sth = think of sth想出... 11)get angry easily容易生气 12)12.a born artist一个天生的艺术家 13)make a good accountant= be a good accountant成为一个好的会计 14)impress sb with sth用..给某人留下印象 15)work without speaking all day long一整天不说话的工作 16)win high praise赢得高度表扬 17)give up sth/give up doing sth放弃某事/做某事 18)work for为..工作 19)day after day日复一日 20)make sb unhappy使某人不高兴 21)the general manger of ..的总经理 22)take the lead处于领先地位 23)fall behind 落后 24)take on new challenges 接受新的挑战 25)connect ...to/with 与..相连 26)afford to do负担的起.. 27)pay attention to sth/doing sth注意.. 28)work to high standards向着高标准工作 29)a pioneer heart surgeon 心外科带头人 30)can’t be too+形容词再..也不为过 31)work extra hours 额外工作 32)devote ...to sth /doing 致力于... 33)respect sb尊敬某人 34)accept sb’s advice 接受某人的建议 35)neither...nor既不..也不 36)either...or或者..或者 37)not only...but also 不但..而且 38)Chinese lunar calendar中国农历
[标签:标题] 篇一：苏教版译林九年级上册Unit 1重点归纳Unit1 重点归纳 1.eat up/use up/run up/be used up 2.Describe 描述n.description 3.Show off 炫耀 4.Be curious about 对……感到好奇 5.Get angry easily 易生气的 6.Active v. Actively adv.反：inactive 7.Impress sb with sth. 8.Be happy with 对……满意 9.Outstanding杰出的 10.Be born（adj.）……天生的…… 11.Impress……with 12.Win high praise 13.Search for something better or different 14.Be great fun 15.Give up放弃 16.Work for为……而工作 17.Day after day 日复一日 18.Generallyadv. 19.Either or 20.Take on接受21. In all总之 In general 总的来说 22.connect……to sp 23.As……as和……一样 24.Can’t afford to 25.Afford to do with 26.Pay attention tosth. doing sth 27.be easy to do sth 28.Devote to doing sth 29.Respect repeat 30.A work of art 31.Plan……well 把……计划好 32.Take part in=join in 33.Without doing sth 34.Spend……on…… in doing…… 35.be patient with……对……有耐心
Unit1 How can we become good learners? How I Learned to Learn English Last year, I did not like my English class. Every class was like a bad dream. The teacher spoke too quickly. But I was afraid to ask questions because my pronunciation was very bad. So I just hid behind my textbook and never said anything. Then one day I watched an English movie called Toy Story. I fell in love with this exciting and funny movie! So then I began to watch other English movies as well. Although I could not understand everything the characters said, their body language and the expressions on their faces helped me to get the meaning. I also realized I could get the meaning by listening for just the key words. My pronunciation also improved by listening to the interesting conversations in English movies. I discovered that listening to something you are interested in is the secret to language learning. I also learned useful sentences like “It’s a piece of cake” or “It serves you right.” I did not understand these sentences at first. But because I wanted to understand the story, I 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢1
九年级上册英语句型专练 Unit1: Know yourself (1). It makes generous people feel good __________________________(和他人分享). (2). Suzy is so well organized that she ______________________________(保持一切井然有序). (3). Samuel is creative enough _______________________________(想出新注意). (4). Did the born artist impress the whole art community and ______________________________(用她创造性的雕塑赢得赞扬) sculpture (5). Life is like a race. You_______________________________(要么领先要么落后). ! (6). Your star sign _______________________________(取决于) your date of birth. (7). Are you ready _______________________________(接受挑战) any time (8). Both the general manager and the chief engineer of the high-speed railway connecting our town to Xuzhou _______________________________(高标准工作). (9). Ms Fang, head of their hospital and a pioneer heart surgeon, ___________________(容易合作). (10). Carelessness will be a disaster______________________(不但对于我们自己，也对于病人). (11). We are writing to_______________________________(推荐Jim作为新的班长). (12). Not only the general manager of the sales department but also the chief engineer always__________________________(三思后行), so they are both suitable partners. (13). Would he help them with their lessons if they _______________________________(上学缺席) during those months $
Unit 1 A Unit 1 A A body language Debbie and Simon have looked up as an old lady entered their office. The lady looked at them both quickly, and then walked over to Debbie. Debbie greeted her cheerfully. Simon sighed and took some papers over to the fax machine. Chris, a senior member of staff, was standing there "What’s up, Simon? You don’t look very happy. " "Customers always prefer Debbie to me. I can’t understand it. " "I can. It’s the way you commun icate." "How can that be? " Simon said. "I don't even get a chance to speak to them." "Communicating is not just about speaking. Body language is important, too " "Body language?" "I mean your gestures and the expression on your face. Your whole appearance communicates things as well as your words." "The way you look at people doesn’t give them a good impression, Simon. You often rest your head on your hand. You look down. You never smile." "But look at Debbie. She holds her head up. She looks at pe ople’s eyes. She smiles before speaking to the. That’s why they go to her for help, and not you." After that, Simon tried to improve his body language. He sat up and smiled at people. This seemed to work. Minutes later, a beautiful girl entered. She looked at Debbie and then Simon. Without hesitating, she went to Simon and gave him a big smile. A few moments later, she left, still smiling. Chris came over at once and said, "Well done, Simon. You made a good impression on her." "That was my sister, " Simo n said.” She came to remind me that tomorrow is her birthday." B. Eye contact Throughout the history of mankind, people have communicated with body language. In many situations, the way you something is far more important than what you say Eye contact is sometimes the key to communication. It can signal friendliness or hostility, interest or boredom, and understanding or confusion In Western cultures, making eye contact in conversations is necessary. As a matter of fact, a westerner might consider a lack of eye contact as a lack of intertwine Spain, Italy and Greece,