British Survey Test
Part I Geography
1.The total area of the U.K. is __D___.
A. 211,440
B. 244,110
C. 241,410
D. 242,534
2.England occupies the __C___ portion of the U.K.
A. northern
B. eastern
C. southern
3.The most important part of the U.K. in wealth is __B___.
A. Northern Ireland
B. England
C. Scotland
4._A____ is on the western prominence between the Bristol Channel and the Dee
estuary.
A. Wales
B. Scotland
C. England
5.Wales was effectively united with England in the _A____ century.
A. 14th
B. 15th
C. 16th
6.By the Act of Union of ___C__ Scotland and the kingdom of England and
Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain.
A. 1707
B. 1921
C. 1801
7.Psysiographically Britain may be divided into ____A_ provinces.
A. 13
B. 12
C. 14
8.Mt. Ben Nevis stands in __A___.
A. the Scottish Highlands
B. Wales
C. England
9.The main rivers parting in Britain runs from __A___.
A. north to south
B. south to north
C. east to west
10.Cheviot hills lie along the border between _B____ and England.
A. Scotland
B. Wales
C. Vale of Eden
11.The longest river in Britain is __A___.
A. Severn
B. Clyde
C. Bann
12.London is situated on the River of _B____.
A. Parret
B. Thames
C. Spey
13.Edinburgh is the capital of ___B__.
A. England
B. Scotland
C. Wales
14.The rivers flowing into the _B____ are mainly short.
A. North Sea
B. English Channel
C. Dee estuary
15.Mt. Snowdon stands in ___B__.
A. Scotland
B. Wales
C. England
16.The source of the important River Thames is in the _A____.
A. Cotswolds
B. Oxford Clay
C. Pennines
17.Gaelic is mainly spoken in _A____.
A. Scotland
B. England
C. Northern Ireland
18.The three Germanic tribes that invaded Britain include the following except
___C__.
A. the Angles
B. the Saxons
C. the Picts
D. the Jutes
19.The second largest port in Britain is ___C__.
A. London
B. Belfast
C. Liverpool
20.The capital city of Northern Ireland is _B____.
A. Cardiff
B. Belfast
C. Leith
21.Celtic tribes began to settle in Britain from about __B___ B.C.
A. 410
B. 750
C. 300
22.The decrease of British population is caused by the following except __D___.
A. limitation of immigration
B. fall of the birth rate
C. fall of death rate
D. unemployment
23.The proportion of the English in the whole population is ___B__.
A. 60%
B. 80%
C. 70%
24.The Queen’s University is in the city of ___A__.
A. Belfast
B. Edinburgh
C. Manchester
25.The contribution made by the Normans to Britain is the following except
__D___.
A. final unification of England
B. foundation of aristocracy
C. great administrative progress
D. some peculiarities of dialect
26.About _A____ percent of the population live in cities or towns.
A. 80
B. 85
C. 90
27.The land available for farming in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern
Ireland does not exceed _A____ million acres.
A. 30
B. 25
C. 40
28.The highest mountain in England is _C____.
A. Mt. Mourne
B. Mt. Snowdon
C. Mt. Scafell
29.The second largest city in England is _B____.
A. Glasgow
B. Birmingham
C. Manchester
30.The modern Scots and Irish are the descendants of _A____.
A. Gaels
B. Britons
C. Anglo-Saxons
31.Scotland occupies the ___B__ portion of Great Britain.
A. southern
B. northern
C. western
32.__C___ has its own national church and its own system of law.
A. Wales
B. Northern Ireland
C. Scotland
33.The __B___ End includes Westminster, St. James’ Palace
A. East
B. West
C. North
34.__D___ includes London, the centre of government for the whole nation.
A. Scotland
B. Northern Ireland
C. Wales
D. England
1.The U.K. is situated in _Northwestern____ Europe.
2.The full title of the U.K. is the United Kingdom of _Great____ _Britain____ and
_Northern____ _Ireland____.
3.The U.K. consists of England, _Scotland____, _Wales____ and Northern Ireland.
4.The largest part of U.K. is__England__.
5.The capital of England and of Great Britain is _London____.
6._Northern____ _Ireland____ is composed of six Irish counties that elected to
remain in the union with Great Britain.
7.The highest mountain in Britain is _Ben____ _Nevis____.
8.The “Backbone of England” refers to the __Pennines___.
9.The most important river is the River of __Thames___.
10.The political centre of the Commonwealth is _London____.
11.Belfast Lough and Lough Neagh lie in __Northern___ __Ireland___.
12.The climate of Britain is moderated by the _Atlantic____ _Gulf____
Stream_____ and is much milder than that of many places in the same latitude.
13.Britain’s Industrial Revolution took place between __1750___ and __1850___.
14.The population of the U.K. is more than ____57_ million.
15.The population of the U.K. consists of the English, the Welsh, the Scottish and
the _Irish____.
16.In Wales many people speak _Welsh____.
17.People sing the national anthem in ___English__.
18.The earliest invasion is that by the _dark____-haired Mediterranean race called
the Iberians.
19.The modern _Scots____ and _Irish____ are the descendants of the Gaels of the
Celtic tribes.
20.The Britons of the Celtic tribes were the forefathers of the modern __Welsh___.
21.The International festival of music and the arts is held every year in the city of
_Edingburgh____.
22.The British national anthem is God_ __Save___ __the___ __Queen___.
23.The U.K. lies to the __north___ of France.
24.Westminster, the area of central government administration is situated in the
__West___ End.
25.River Clyde_____ flows through Glasgow.
26.Mt. Scafell stands in _England____.
27.The source of the River _Thames____ is in the Cotswolds.
28.The capital city of Wales is _Cardiff___.
29.Define the Following Terms
30.“Backbone of England”
31.Celts
I.Answer the Following Questions
1.What are the major factors influencing the British weather characterized by a
moderate temperature and plenty of rainfall?
History
1.Julius Caesar invaded Britain _B____.
A. once
B. twice
C. three times
2.King Arthur was the king of __B___.
A. Picts
B. Celts
C. Scots
D. Jutes
3.The first “King of the English” was _B____.
A. Alfred
B. Egbert
C. Bede
D. Ethelred
4.The three great Germanic tribes: the Anglos, the _A____ and the Jutes which
invaded Britain form the basis of the modern British people.
A. Saxons
B. Scots
C. Welsh
D. Wessex
5.The ___B__ invaded England in the earliest time.
A. Danes
B. Iberians
C. Romans
D. Celts
6.The Vikings who invaded England at the turn of the 8th century came from
__D___.
A. Norway
B. Denmark
C. France
D. both A and B
7.Edward was known as the “__A___” because of his reputation for saintliness.]
A. Confessor
B. Conqueror
C. Protector
8.Norman Conquest began in __B___.
A. 1016
B. 1066
C. 1035
9.In history __A___ was nicknamed “King of Lackland”.
A. John
B. Henry I
C. Henry II
10.The Great Charter contained _C____ sets of provisions.
A. two
B. four
C. three
11.The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the ___A__.
A. factory of the world
B. expansion of markets
C. social upheaval
12.The American Revolution (the American War of Independence) broke out in
_A____ and ended in _____.
A. 1775, 1783
B. 1774, 1782
C. 1786, 1784
13.The Battle of Hastings took place in __C___.
A. 1606
B. 1042
C. 1066
14.The Great Charter was signed by _C____ in 1215.
A. King Henry II
B. King Richard
C. King John
15.In the early 14th century feudalism began to _C____ in England.
A. grow
B. flourish
C. decline
D. end
16.It was ___B__ who published the book “The Rights of Man”.
A. Thomas More
B. Thomas Paine
C. Thomas Jefferson
17.The first Prime Minister was __A___.
A. Wilminton
B. George Grenville
C. Robert Walpole
18.The Parliament of 1265 which is known as the “_A____”is considered the
“beginning of parliament”.
A. All Estates Parliament
B. Model Parliament
C. Long Parliament
19.The Anglo-French hostility which began in 1337 and ended in 1453 was known
as _B____.
A. the Wars of Roses
B. the Hundred Years’ War
C. Peasant Uprising
20.In the first half of 17th century _B____ grow rapidly in England.
A. feudalism
B. capitalism
C. Catholicism
21.Prime Minister __A___ resisted any reform that could be resisted.
A. Palmerston
B. Robert Peel
C. Gladstone
22.By the end of the Hundred Years’ War only the port of _C____ remained under
English rule.
A. Troyes
B. Gascon
C. Calais
23.In the 14th century took place the B_____, the severest of many plagues in the
middle ages.
A. Earthquake
B. Black Death
C. Drought
24._A____ and his followers, known as Lollards, provided ideological preparation
for the labour movement of the 14th century.
A. John Wycliffe
B. Watt Tyler
C. Somerset
25.By the end of the Wars of the Roses the House of __A___ began.
A. Tudor
B. Lancaster
C. Plantagenet
26.In the Wars of the Roses the Lancastrians wire badges of __B___ rose.
A. white (the Yorkists)
B. red
C. pink
D.
yellow
27.William Shakespeare is mainly a ___B__.
A. novelist
B. dramatist
C. poet
28.In 1337 the hostility between England and ___A__ resulted in the Hundred Years’
War.
A. France
B. Spain
C. Russia
29.England first became a sea power in the time of _B____.
A. Henry VII
B. Elizabeth I
C. Victoria
30.The Industrial Revolution first started in _B____.
A. the iron industry
B. the textile industry
C. the coal industry
31.From 1688 to 1783 English Parliament was mainly controlled by the party of
____B_.
A. Tory
B. Whig
C. Labour
32.The English Prime Minister during the Second World War was ___A__.
A. Churchill
B. Chamberlain
C. Baldwin
33.At the End of __B___ century, the East India Company was formed.
A. 15th
B. 16th
C. 14th
34.___A__ contrasted the first successful steam locomotive.
A. George Stephenson
B. Samuel Crompton
C. James Hargreaves
35.The Victorian Age was over the ___A__ began.
A. Edwardian Age
B. Georgian Age
C. Elizabethan Age
36.The Great Charter was essentially a _C____.
A. Culture Movement
B. colonial document
C. feudal document
37.__B___ broke out two years after the Hundred Years’ War with France.
A. The Bore War
B. The Wars of the Roses
C. Queen Annes’ War
38.The greatest dramatist of the English Renaissance was __A___.
A. Shakespeare
B. Milton
C. Chaucer
D. Bacon
39.The English Revolution marks the beginning of the _B____ period of capitalism.
A. feudal
B. modern
C. colonial
D. medieval
40.By the _B____ in 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the US.
A. Declaratory Act
B. Treaty of Paris
C. Treaty of Montgomery
41.The Chartist Movement began in __C___ and reached its height in _____.
A. 1845, 1858
B. 1828, 1835
C. 1839, 1848
42.In 1840 Britain launched an aggressive war against __C___.
A. France
B. India
C. China
D. America
43.__A___ formed a coalition government in 1940.
A. Winston Churchill
B. Lloyd George
C. Neville Chamberlain
44.During WWII, Britain, America, France, Soviet Union and other antifascist
countries formed a united international alliance which was called __B___.
A. Locarno Treaty
B. Grand Alliance(协约国)
C. Statute of Westminster
45.When Germany invaded ____C_ which was neutral, Britain declared war on
Germany on 4 August, 1914.
A. Austria
B. Russia
C. Belgium
D. Poland
1.At about 3000 BC, some of the _Iberians____ settled in Britain.
2.About 122 AD, in order to keep back the Picts and Scots, the _Romans____ built
Hadrian’s Wall.
3.The real Roman conquest began in __43A.D.___.
4.Beowulf, considered the greatest Old English poem, is assigned to
_Anglo-Saxon____ Times.
5._Alfred____ was considered the first national hero.
6.On Christmas Day 1066 Duke _William____ was crowned in Westminster
Abbey.
7.In history John was nicknamed King of __Lackland___.
8.John signed the document in 1215, which in history was called the Great Charter
or __Magna___ _Carta____.
9.In 1086 William had his official to make a general survey of the land, known as
__Domesday___ Book.
10.The most famous scholar during Anglo-Saxon Times was _Bede____.
11.The Battle of _Hastings____ paved the way for the Norman Conquest to England.
12.The Norman Conquest increased the process of _feudalism____ which had begun
during the Anglo-Saxon Times.
13.Duke William was known in history as William the _Conqueror____.
14.Along with the Normans came the __French___ language.
15.The Wars of the Roses broke out between the __Lancastrians___ and the
_Yorkists____.
16.The Enclosure Movement began in the _15th____ century.
17.By the treaty of __Paris___ in 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the
US.
18.The East India Company formed at the end of the 16th century was one of
_Chartered____ companies.
19.The nature of the Wars of the Roses was a _feudal____ _civil____ war.
20.By the beginning of the Tudor reign the manor system was replaced by the
_money____ system.
21.During the Civil Wars (1642 –1648) the supporters of Parliament were called
_Roundheads____ while the supporters of the King Charles I were called _Cavaliers____.
22.The first two parties appeared in England were the _Tory____ and the
__Whig___.
23.The basic point of the People’s Charter is _universal____ __suffrage___.
24.After Charles I was beheaded in 1649 England was declared a
_Commonwealth____.
25.In September 1939 Germany invaded _Poland____, thus Britain and France
declared war on Germany.
26.The Industrial Revolution started during the last part of the __18th___ century.
27.Upon the completion of the _Industrial____ ___Revolution__ by 1850 England
became the workshop of the world.
28.On the eve of WWI the Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and
__Italy___ was formed.
29.The First World War was an imperialist war as well as a __world___ war because
it was not confined only to Europe. It lasted ___4__ years.
30.At the _Paris____ _Peace____ __Conference___, the League of Nations was
established and the Treaty of Versailles was signed.
31.On May 7, 1945, _Germany____ surrendered unconditionally.
Explain the Following Terms
1.The Norman Conquest
2.The Chartist Movement
3.The Hundred Years’ War
4.Black Death
Answer the Following Questions
What importance did King Alfred hold in British history?
Culture
Multiple Choice
1.All children in the UK must, by law, receive a full-time education from the age of
__A___ to _____.
A. 5, 16
B. 6, 17
C. 7, 18
2.Public schools belong to the category of the __B___ schools.
A. state
B. independent
C. local
3.Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest universities dating from __A___ and _____.
A. 1167, 1284
B. 1234, 1325
C. 1335, 1427
4.There are over ___B__ universities in Britain.
A. thirty
B. forty
C. fifty
5.The two features of Oxford and Cambridge are the college system and the
__C___.
A. records of attendance
B. governing council
C. tutorial system
6.The universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh are called the
four ___C__ universities.
A. old
B. new
C. Scottish
7.The _A____ university offers courses through one of BBC’s television channels
and by radio.
A. open
B. new
C. middle aged
8.Buckingham University is and _A____ university which was established in 1973.
A. independent
B. open
C. old
9.The second centre of the British press is in _C____.
A. London
B. the Fleet Street
C. Manchester
10.In Britain great majority of children attend __A___ schools.
A. state
B. independent
C. religious
11.In Britain education at the age from 5 to 16 is __B___.
A. optional
B. compulsory
C. self-taught
12.The oldest university in Britain is ___C__.
A. Cambridge
B. Edinburgh
C. Oxford
13.British newspapers possess the following features except ___D__.
A. freedom of speech
B. fast delivery
C. monoplied by one of the five large organization
D. no difficulty for independent newspapers to survive
14.The earliest newspaper in Britain is ___C__.
A. Daily Mail
B. Daily Telegraphs
C. The Times
D. Guardian
15.___B__ is the oldest Sunday newspaper in Britain.
A. Sunday Times
B. The Observer
C. The people
D. News of the World
16.The most humorous magazine is __C___.
A. New Society
B. Private Eye
C. Punch
D. Spectator
17.In the UK there are about __A___ dailies and over _____ weeklies.
A. 130, 1000
B. 200, 800
C. 160, 1200
18.There are ___A__ national daily newspapers which appear every morning except
on Sundays.
A. nine
B. seven
C. eight
19.The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph support the __C___.
A. Liberal Party
B. Labour Party
C. Conservative Party
20.The Economist, New Statesman, Spectator are __A___.
A. journals
B. daily newspapers
C. local papers
21.BBC was founded in __A___ and chartered in _____ as an independent public
corporation.
A. 1922, 1927
B. 1292, 1297
C. 1822, 1827
22.The Exchange Telegraph Co. Ltd. is a _D____ news agency.
A. public
B. governmental
C. local
D. private
23.The BBC is mainly financed by _A____.
A. payment from all people who possess TV sets
B. the income from advertisements
C. some large corporations
D. British government
24.The most famous broadcasting company in Britain is __A___.
A. British Broadcasting Corporation
B. Independent Broadcasting Authority
C. Reuters
25.Reuters was founded in the year of _C____.
A. 1518
B. 1815
C. 1851
26.The new headquarters’ building of _B____ is at 85 Fleet Street, London.
A. BBC
B. the Press Association Ltd.
C. the Exchange Telegraph Co. Ltd.
27.__A___ is regarded as the most English of games.
A. Cricket
B. Soccer
C. Rugger
28.__B___ claims the highest popular attendance in Britain.
A. Rugby football
B. Association football
C. Baseball
29.___A__ “pools” provide amusement for millions of people who bet on the results
of matches.
A. Association football
B. Baseball
C. Cricket
30.The annual ___B__ championships at Wimbledon, in London, are the most
famous in the world.
A. hockey
B. tennis
C. netball
31.__A___ racing is chiefly a betting sport.
A. Horse
B. Boat
C. Dog
32.Hurdle or steeplechase racing takes up the winter months, leading to its climax in
the Grand National Steeplechase at __C___ in March.
A. London
B. Edinburgh
C. Liverpool
英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案 1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ? 1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores…. 2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ? 2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again. Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. 3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain. 3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation. 4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ? 4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. 5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there? 5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊
英美文化概况之英国篇 英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西
[0035]《英美国家概况》 1 The River Thames is the famous "mother" river in Britain. Also known as the Thame River, which originated in the Cotswold Hills in southwest England, it has a total length of 346 kilometers. It spans over 10 cities in London, the UK capital, and along rivers. The basin covers an area of 13,000 square kilometers and changes in the downstream river in London. Wide, forming an estuary with a width of 29 kilometers, into the North Sea. Upstream in London, there are many places of interest along the Thames, such as Eaton, Oxford, Henry and Windsor. The estuary of the Thames is full of Britain’s busy merchant ships, but its upstream river is known for its static beauty. In the history of the United Kingdom, the Thames River Basin occupies a pivotal position. 2 It is changeable. 3 The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize 6 The Comprehensive Secondary School system, instituted before 1960, has been developing rapidly. The system requires children to start receiving school education at the age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they a re eleven years old. But the “eleven plus” is no longer required. All pupils from primary schools can be admitted into this kind of secondary schools. After 6 years of study at these secondary schools, pupils reach the school-leaving age 16. All of them are required to sit for national examinations conducted by public examining boards. Those who do not want to receive higher education take easier examinations to win the General Certificate of Secondary Education with which they can leave school and look for full-time paid jobs. Those who want to attend university are required to take different public examinations and the examination papers are more difficult. 7 The Comprehensive Secondary School system, instituted before 1960, has been developing rapidly. The system requires children to start receiving school education at the age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they are eleven years old. But the “eleven plus” is no longer required. All pupils from primary schools can be admitted into this kind of secondary schools. After 6 years of study at these secondary schools, pupils reach the school-leaving age 16. All of them are required to sit for national examinations conducted by public examining boards. Those who do not want to receive higher education take easier examinations to win the General Certificate of Secondary Education with which they can leave school and look for full-time paid jobs. Those who want to attend university are required to take different public examinations and the examination papers are more difficult 9：The Mississippi river, also known as “old man river”, is the most important and largest river of theUnited States. Nearly all the rivers west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Rockies flow toward each other and empty into this largest river, the “father of waters”, ofAmerica. The
该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。 一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格。它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。 另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。 这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。 但是，这4个组成部分之间的区别的国家只有一个，也许是最简单的，不同的是分裂联合王国。有人已经指出，英国现在是一个多种族社会，这些移民是最近才集团带来了自己的文化，这与他们并肩坐在一起，与生活更加传统的英国方式方方面，例如，许多穆斯林，而大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实，人和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可能夸大了这个阶级的重要性，因为结构的过程中，大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度，但它确实可以说，对英国社会的阶级结构是比较明显的。一名工厂工人，他的父亲是工厂的工人很可能会从股票经纪，父亲是一名股票经纪人，不同的文化：他们将倾向于读不同的报纸，看不同的电视节目，用不同的说话口音，在做不同的事情他们的自由时间，对自己的孩子有不同的期望。 另一个不同之处，这标志着英国社会就是区域。即使在四个国家，每个地区的不同：高地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文化不同，但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而，有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础，南部平均较富裕的北方。 部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中，但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。伦敦是在该国南部，并在英国占主导地位的各种方式。这是迄今为止该国最大的城市，约占全国人口的七分之一，它是政府的所在地，它是文化中心，这里是所有的主要报纸，电视台，与遥遥领先的最广泛选择画廊，剧院和博物馆。此外它是商业中心，在英国大公司总部的绝大多数，是国家的金融中心，三个主要的国际金融中心之一。因此，它结合了北京，上海，广州，还是纽约，华盛顿和洛杉矶的职能，在一个城市。并鉴于其长期在英国的历史作用，
英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府 伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。 The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。 玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革： Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。 亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。 文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。 英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。 王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。 光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。 辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories） 两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party
America The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立 First Inhabitants：American Indians Discovery of the New World： 1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America (Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support 1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America. reached the mouth of Amazon River America—the New World Europe—the Old World 13 colonies： New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies: Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York Maryland New Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South Carolina Georgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont 建立原因： Virginia, 1607 Virginia Company For foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England 105 men (no women) Jamestown in honor of the king Massachusetts In 1620 102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to America First in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then Boston Seek religious freedom Mayflower Compact <五月花号公约>：self-government Hardships when arrived the help of the Indians Thanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protection The next three colonies Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Reasons: 1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified 2. more immigrants
期末考试 一、单项选择题 1. The UK is bordered on the _____ by the English Channel. A. east B. west C. north D. south 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK), 2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called _____. A. the Straits of Dover B. Chunnel C. Strait of Gibraltar D. Marroqui 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK),
3. The UK has a _____ climate. A. arid climates B. semi-humid C. continental D. maritime 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK has a maritime climate.参见教材P88。本题知识点：Climate(UK), 4. The UK is an island country which lies between latitude _____ north. A. 50° to 60° B. 30° to 40° C. 40° to 50° D. 60° to 70° 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50° to 60° north.参见教材P88。 本题知识点：Climate(UK), 5. The UK has a _____ throughout the whole year.
《英美国家概况(英文版)》是专为各类高职高专院校(包括电大、成人教育学院、自考等)英语专业一、二年级学生编写的教材。通过介绍英国和美国的地理、历史、政治、经济、教育、文化等背景知识，帮助学生提高对文化差异的敏感度，提升商务语言在工作情境中的综合运用能力;拓展有关知识从而深化语言基础、提高阅读效果和写作效果，提升有效交际能力;帮助学生以史为鉴，对东西方文化差异进行思考和分析，提高文化修养和公民意识;综合运用其他语言和商务课程的知识和技能进行团队合作，提升创新思维能力和有效解决问题能力。《英美国家概况(英文版)》集时代性、实用性、趣味性为一体，以能力培养为主线，以易教与易学的思路设计学习模块，整体编排从课堂教学实际出发，充分发挥学生的主观能动性，促使学生思考，鼓励学生积极参与教学活动，锻炼学生运用语言知识的实际能力。 英美法系包括：英国（不包括苏格兰）、美国（路易斯安那州除外）外，主要是曾是英国殖民地、附属国的国家和地区，如印度、巴基斯坦、新加坡、缅甸、加拿大（魁北克省除外）、澳大利亚、新西兰、马来西亚等。中国香港地区也属于英美法系。 目录： Part One The United Kingdom (Chapter 1 Geography3 I. The Nation4
II. England5 III. Scotland5 IV. Wales6 V. Northern Ireland6 VI. The Land7 VII. The People9 Work Sheet11 (Chapter 2 History15 I. Prehistory to the Norman Conquest16 II. The Norman Conquest and the Middle Ages18 III. The Sixteenth Century19 IV. The Seventeenth Century—Civil War21 V. The Eighteenth Century22 VI. The Nineteenth Century24 VII. The Twentieth Century26 VIII. The Cold War28 IX. Towards the 21st Century29 Work Sheet34 (Chapter 3 Monarchy and Government39 I. The Monarchy40 II. The House of Lords42 III. The House of Commons43
一、概况 1.50 States Its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. 2.Races and Population 在东部时间2006年10月17日早晨7点46分，美国人口总数突破三亿大关，这是美国人口史上具有里程碑意义的一刻。3.06188亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名，次于中国、印度） 3.The Composition of American Population 1)The Majority:the descendants of immigrants from European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Spain;“Pilgrim Fathers”;Potato famine 2)The Minorities:The African Americans: black slaves from Africa;Indians: the number of native Americans has been falling, no more than a million;The Hispanics: immigrants or descendents of immigrants from Latin America, such as Cuba and Mexico (Mexicans are the most numerous among them);Asian-Americans, from China, Japan and Korea;More than a million Chinese-Americans, most of whom live in Hawaii, on the West Coast and in some big cities;5 million Jews in America, many of whom went there during the Second World War and achieved great success in America. 3)“The Melting Pot”:It means immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.“old immigrants”: came to America before 1860;“new immigrants”, after 1860.The Immigration Quota Law was passed by the American government in 1924. 二、Early History 1.Columbus：1492 Christopher Columbus arrived at Salvador Island, thus discovered the “New World”.(Amerigo V espucci: named “America”) 2.The first English permanent settlement:1607 The first group of English colonies came to America and built their settlement of Charleston which later was expanded into the first English colony known as Virginia. 3.Pilgrim Fathers:1620 Some English immigrants (Puritans) sailed into Plymouth on a ship called the “Mayflower”.102 Puritans, 60 days.Mayflower Compact, “one man one vote”, “one-man rule” 4.The values of Puritans:hard work; commercial success; the importance of education 5.Thanksgiving:1621 Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated by the pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony. 三、American Revolutionary