Chapter One
British
Section one :the country and its people
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html, and position :
name : The United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K)
position：To the west and off the European Continent, containing the Great Britain and the northern part of Ireland.
Territory proportion: approximately 240,000 square km.
Population : 62.262million
Three political parts: England, Wales and Scotland England (capital city: London):the biggest ,the most developed as well as the most populated country in the U.K (capital city: London)
Scotland (capital city:Edinburgh):
Wales :smallest part
Ireland :Henry VIII was the first king to bring Ireland under control; gain its independence in 1927.
2.Geographic Features:
Northeast to the European Continent and east to the
Atlantic, to its northeast is a channel called English Channel between the U.K and France.
Neighboring country that share border : Ireland only Britain is an island country, more than1,000kilometres from south to north and 500kilometres form east to west. High Land zone：in north and west
Low Land zone: in the south and east (including London).
3.English Tunnel
Finished in 1994,was build up by private companies from U.K and France.
4. Climate and Weather :
Climate : maritime climate .
Main character : abundant and evenly
distributed rainfall. Autumn is the rainiest
season
Influential factors: North Atlantic Drift(warm)
Southwesterly wind(warm and wet.
winter)
Weather: changeable
5.inland water :
Longest river : Severn River
Most important and second longest river: Thames River Lakes :in the Lake District
6.People and languages :
Main peoples: Celts and Anglo-Saxons
Languages :English is overwhelming, some people in speaks Geltic Language
7.Religion:
The majority of the British people believe Christianity. Religious education and collective worship are required by British law.
8.national flag :
The Union Jack or Union Flag
Section two : the British Government
1.Political system：Constitutional Monarchy
Definition : it means the head of state is
monarch with limited powers.
The monarch reigns(统治),
but does not rule（统制）https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html,ernment Component:
Central government :consists of Monarch, Parliament and Cabinet
Local governments
3.Structure of the British government:
The head ---- monarch
Legislature institution : Parliament(consists House of Commons and House of Lords)
Executive Institution: Cabinet(consists of Prime Minister and Ministers of Civil service)
Judicial Institution: court of appeal(supreme
court)subordinate to House Of Lord
4.Definations:
The general idea of government :
Technically speaking, British government or refers to the Cabinet(nuclear).This kind of government is called Parliamentary government or Cabinet government.
The queen (Victoria ,Elizabeth….) ：
Reigns but does not rule
personifies the country,
the symbol of unity
Appoint the Prime Minister and other Ministers,
the bills need her approval before going into effect
The parliament :
Law making body ,
need the approval of the monarch
Consists of three parts: the monarch, the House Of Lord and the House of Common,
It don?t have the executive power.
The House Of Lord:
The upper house of the Parliament ,unelected, consist of clergy(神职人员) and members of peerage.
Debating place:the Palace of Westminster
Bestowed with judicial power.
The Lord Chancellor:
the presider of The House Of Lord as well as a member in Cabinet, he works in Department for Constitutional Affairs. head of the judiciary of England and Wales,
serving as the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales.
The house of common:
The centre of the parliamentary power
Main function:
to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament
to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government
to influence the future government policy
Definition :
democratically elected body
the source of the vast majority of government ministers There is a elected speaker
bills normally originate in the House of Commons.
Only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or Supply
The cabinet :
responsible to Parliament for the administration of national affairs.
The Cabinet is the most powerful and it serves as the nucleus of the Government.
Debate place :Downing street.
No 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family.
Establishment time：1856
supreme decision-making body
The Prime Minister :
monarch's principal advisor
appointed by monarch
No 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family.
Local government :
The English government is a three-tiered government: central government, county government and district government. The central government enforces laws through local governments.
Section 3:British Laws and Politics
Laws :judiciary &constitution
Judiciary :
In the structure of the U.K central government, the Court of Appeal, which is subordinate to the House of Lord, is in charge of the judiciary issues.
British judiciary consists of 2 branches-------civil law（citizen s? duties and obligations）criminal law
(define and enforce obligations of a person)，
It?s not necessary to pick up jury in the course of the civil trail while criminal trails have to be held in open court for the criminal law assume the innocent of the accused until he was proved to be guilty by a smoking gun.(reasonable doubt) In the process of the criminal trail
by jury. The judge pass the result issued by the jury.
Jury system(mostly used in criminal trial)
Definition :
In the United kingdom the court is open to the public and the jury is used during the trial.
12members,
random selection,
obligation, chosen by both side(the plaintiff and the defendant)
Unanimous verdict
Constitution :
No written constitution in U.K, it?s function is embodied by several separate laws
Four elements of the British legal ：
acts of the parliament/Statutory Law（国内成文法）, common law(公民法),
convention(惯例、习惯法),
EU legislation（欧盟法）
Barrister -------inn court, bar examination
Politics :
Politic system :
a two-party political system.
?political parties:
?the Whig Party—Liberal Party
?the Tory Party—Conservative Party
majority seats in the Parliament means the power to form a government (government party, opposition parties )
Government policies are initiated by whips
There is no need to apply for membership in a party.
The conservative party ----right wing---old
Main support----middle and upper-middle class. Advocation :
privatization of the state owned firms
free enterprise
advocate :
pragmatism
individualism.
Margaret Thatcher
The labor party------left wing/the left
Created by trade union
Mixture of the two parties
Doctrine of Socialism
Main support :
Working class
Advocation :
Establish a welfare state
Nationalized industry
Exercise control over the private industries to revive the primary industry
Liberal Democratic-----minority party
advocates policies based on freedom of the individual and supports the adoption of
Propositional Representation at elections(代议制选举)
Election:
Prime Ministers are elected from national Constituency (选区)
Period：5 years
Government :the party has the majority seats of the parliament.
Prime Minister :the leader of the majority party.
Section 4:national economy and major cities
1. General Survey :
first country to start industrial revolution; comprehensive industry system
mineral production：mainly exhausted, others are mainly oil and gas
economy model :
one of the most essential market economy in the world.
Industry :
?comprehensive industry system
?one of the seven major industrialized countries of the
Western World
finance :
London is one of the financial centre of the world?s business
trade:
long coastline ,limited domestic market ,inadequate raw material ,trading nation, petroleum trade
As for Sino-British trade:
China: raw materials, sideline products
Britain: technical equipment
Britain is China's 4th biggest European trade partner economic influence :
one of the seven major industrialized countries of the Western World, the member of the G8 summit
Framework of economy :
Economy system : capitalism ,including Public Sector and Private Sector.
GDP: The world?s sixth largest economy
Currency: sterling
Mining :
Oil(.self sufficient .North sea,1975) ,Gas, and Coal (be kept for future use)
Manufacturing Industry:
Iron and steel industry is the largest manufacturing
industry.
A large auto-vehicle industry------Aston Martin, Land
Rover, Dodge, and Rolls Royce.
Agriculture :
favorable condition : mild climate ,Highly mechanized , Important department :
Dairy farming and fishing
animal husbandry
Poultry ['p??ltr?]meat
Energy production
Major Energy Companies: Shell, British Petroleum
[p?'tr??l??m](BP), British Gas (BG)
Transportation
Well-known merchant marine
One of the busiest railways in the world
Developed highways and airlines (the major airline are mainly operated by the British airways(state-owned)
Communication (all state-owned)
One of the largest and most developed in the world “999”for police, fireman and ambulance
Largest telecommunication provider-----BT(British Tele communication)
Finance
Central bank of the UK：
controls the currency and acts
maintain the integrity and value of the currency
Economy structures
Services industries, especially, business and financial services—the strongest performing sector in the UK economy with London being the most developed area in the whole country.
major cities
London
?南岸，伦敦眼摩天轮
?杜莎夫人蜡像馆／天文馆（Madame Tussaud's/Planetarium）?伦敦塔
?伦敦地牢
?敞篷巴士伦敦观光游（The Original London Tour）
?议会大厦（Houses of Parliament）夏季对外开放
?西区和威斯敏斯特大教堂（Westminster Abbey）观光
?达利的世界展览馆（Dali Universe）
?汉普顿宫（Hampton Court Palace）?肯辛顿宫（Kensington Palace）
Belfast
Manchester
Cardiff Edinburg
Birmingham
Chapter two
Section 5 :Origin of the English Nation The native Celt :
Celt are considered to be the natives of Great Britain and the ancestors of the Scots, Irish and Welsh people
Originate from：Eastern and central Europe
Roman Conquest：
Brought about Christianity.
Occupied England until 410 A.D
Later on, the Jutes and Angles landed, the Angles(the winner) gave the name to England and English people..
Alfred the Great.
First (Anglo-Saxon )king of (all) England
“The father of the British navy.”
The battle of Hastings
Harold Godwinson
Brave and respectful, but not the direct heir of the throne. But he managed to crown himself the king by wining the support of the Witan
William the Conqueror
Edward?s cousin
Set out from Normandy to English south coast Battlefield :Build up a fort and camped in Hasting, southeastern England.
Result : William won, battle abbey mourn for the dead Be crowned in Westminster on Christmas day of 1066,becoming the first Anglo-Norman king of England.
Influence :
Sped up the development of feudalism in Britain, after the war, the feudalism system was established.
Build up the tower of London
Feudal aristocracy was established.
Open up a bi-lingual period in English history
Last invasion of England initiated by foreigners
Feudalism system:
Established by William the great.
The throne provides the land and castles
The monarch will need the support from the barons
Definition :feudal system - giving land in return for service.
Section 6: the decline of feudalism in England
Henry II and His Reform :
William consolidated the feudalism and he took all kinds of measures to strengthen the king?s power, which intensify the conflicts between the monarch and his barons Henry the 2nd came into power and become the first king of Plantagenet (金雀花)dynasty.
Measures：
force the foreign mercenaries to leave the England,
demolish the illegal castles built by the barons,
abolish the land tax based on hide
create the circuit courts and the jury system
the king?s court have the right to try the guilty clerk
My feelings for the class of survey of Britain In terms of this class, I have gained a general understanding of the British society from the exploration into every corner , which is ranging from rel- igion, education, architecture, holidays and so on. This broadens my visi- on to a much larger extent. Generally speaking, they can be summarized as follows: First of all, a preliminary social scene has been shown to us during the class. The UK is a great nation all around the world and people speaking native English must have something different from us Chinese. Classmat- es from different majors have shown me the Britain society from their own view, which I think is very interesting. For example , someone gave his lecture by the way of listing lots of pictures. The moment was watc- hing the pictures I got a lot of information, besides , it seems not very boring. Secondly, it is《The Rise of Great Powers》.This is the twice I have wat- ched this documentary. While, I regard it as a reflection of the history of the Britain . It is also a showcase of the Empire of the Sun and a brainst- orm to me. Someone maybe whisperd, we China also does have a history as brilliant as Britain. However, from a foreigner’s view , it is fresh enoug- h and exciting enough.Perhaps, we may get lots of lessons from Britain. Finally, the teaching form is novel and lively. During my showtime, I am the reporter of the class. People sitting in the classroom are all listeners
The United Kingdom I. Multiple Choice 1. The was “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants—giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning”(Engels). a. Renaissance b. Industrial Revolution c. Reformation d. Bourgeois Revolution 2. is regarded as the first English Prime Minster. a.D uke of Willington b.William Gladstone c.Benjamin Disraeli d.Sir Robert Walpole 3. The official head of Parliament is . a. the Prime Minister b. the Monarch c. the Speaker d. the Chancellor 4. The present sovereign of Britain is . a. Elizabeth I b. Elizabeth II
c. Elizabeth III d. Edward II 5. is a day to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. a. Christmas b. Good Friday c. Easter Monday d. Boxing Day 6. published his book On the Origin of Species which caused a stir in Victorian times. a. Adam Smith b. Charles Darwin c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon 7. The largest section of Great Britain is . a. Scotland b. Wales c. England d. Northern Ireland 8. The Lake District is well known for . a. its wild and beautiful scenery b. its varied lakes c. the Lake Poets
Part One: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and People Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (500BC~AD1066) Chapter 3 The Shape of the Nation (1066~1381) Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455~1688) Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688~1990) Chapter 6 The Economy Chapter 7 Government and Administration Chapter 8 Justice the Law Chapter 9 Social Affairs Chapter 10 Cultural Affairs Chapter 1 Land, People and Language ?1 Different Names for Britain and its Parts The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The geographical names are the British Isles, Great Britain and England. People just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. ?People England is the largest and most populous, almost a quarter of the people lives in England’s prosperous and fertile southeast, with over 7 million in the capital. The majority of the population are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe who went to England between the 5th and 7th centuries.These people settled in England and drove the native Celtic people to the mountainous areas of Wales and Scotland. Their language became the official language of the country. Most people in W ales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people who were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. The Irish people were also of Celtic origin. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and a quarter of the world’s land area. ?Geographical Features There are 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. The island of Ireland is divided into 2 parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with the North-W est slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; the east and south-east are mostly lowlands. There are 3 natural zones of Scotland: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.
英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府 伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。 The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。 玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革： Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。 亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。 文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。 英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。 王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。 光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。 辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories） 两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party
America The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立 First Inhabitants：American Indians Discovery of the New World： 1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America (Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support 1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America. reached the mouth of Amazon River America—the New World Europe—the Old World 13 colonies： New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies: Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York Maryland New Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South Carolina Georgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont 建立原因： Virginia, 1607 Virginia Company For foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England 105 men (no women) Jamestown in honor of the king Massachusetts In 1620 102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to America First in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then Boston Seek religious freedom Mayflower Compact <五月花号公约>：self-government Hardships when arrived the help of the Indians Thanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protection The next three colonies Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Reasons: 1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified 2. more immigrants
英美概况（英国篇5:大英帝国的兴衰 ) I. Whigs and Tories 辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. 辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在 19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。 The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。 I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18世纪末的农业革命 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "open-field" system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的"开放田地"制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存： （1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 由于大农场兼并了小农场，农场成为越来越在的生产单位； （2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富； （3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。 （4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。 II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) 工业革命（1780-1830） 1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。
英语专业考研英美概况自测题（一） British Survey Test Part I Geography 1. The total area of the U.K. is _____. A. 211,440 B. 244,110 C. 241,410 D. 242,534 2. England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K. A. northern B. eastern C. southern 3. The most important part of the U.K. in wealth is _____. A. Northern Ireland B. England C. Scotland 4. _____ is on the western prominence between the Bristol Channel and the Dee estuary. A. Wales B. Scotland C. England 5. Wales was effectively united with England in the _____ century. A. 14th B. 15th C. 16th 6. By the Act of Union of _____ Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain. A. 1707 B. 1921 C. 1801 7. Physiographically Britain may be divided into _____ provinces. A. 13 B. 12 C. 14 8. Mt. Ben Nevis stands in _____. A. the Scottish Highlands B. Wales C. England 9. The main rivers parting in Britain runs from _____. A. north to south B. south to north C. east to west 10. Cheviot hills lie along the border between _____ and England. A. Scotland B. Wales C. Vale of Eden 11. The longest river in Britain is _____. A. Severn B. Clyde C. Bann 12. London is situated on the River of _____. A. Parret B. Thames C. Spey 13. Edinburgh is the capital of _____. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales 14. The rivers flowing into the _____ are mainly short. A. North Sea B. English Channel C. Dee estuary 15. Mt. Snowdon stands in _____. A. Scotland B. Wales C. England 16. The source of the important River Thames is in the _____. A. Cotswolds B. Oxford Clay C. Pennines 17. About _____ of the water requirements are obtained from underground sources. A. 50% B. 38% C. 42% 18. Gaelic is mainly spoken in _____. A. Scotland B. England C. Northern Ireland 19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____. A. 1964 B. 1946 C. 1694
填空题 Chapter 1 1.The British Isles are situated in the northwest of Europe. They are cut off from the continent by the English Channel. On the north and the east the Isles face the North Sea,and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean. The full title of the United Kingdom is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 3.Before the early 20th century, Northern Ireland was part of Ireland as a whole. In 1920, it become part of the United Kingdom, with a separated parliament and self-government. There were originally six countries in Northern Ireland. But since 1973 it has a single-tier system of 26 administrative districts. 4.The climate in Britain is moderated by the Atlantic Gulf Stream, and is much milder than that of many places in the same latitude. The climate is generally equable, but the day to day conditions are changeable. Chapter 2 1.The Welsh, the Scots, the Irish are the descendants of Celts who came from Europe to the British Isles centuries before the Roman invasion. It was these people whom the Germanic Anglos and Saxons conquered in the5th and 6th centuries AD. These Germanic conquerors were conquered in turn by the Norman French, when
英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分） 英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分） Chapter 1第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5. The monwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has about 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931 年，至1990年止已有约50个成员国。 Chapter 2 第二章 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）
期末考试 一、单项选择题 1. The UK is bordered on the _____ by the English Channel. A. east B. west C. north D. south 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK), 2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called _____. A. the Straits of Dover B. Chunnel C. Strait of Gibraltar D. Marroqui 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK),
3. The UK has a _____ climate. A. arid climates B. semi-humid C. continental D. maritime 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK has a maritime climate.参见教材P88。本题知识点：Climate(UK), 4. The UK is an island country which lies between latitude _____ north. A. 50° to 60° B. 30° to 40° C. 40° to 50° D. 60° to 70° 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50° to 60° north.参见教材P88。 本题知识点：Climate(UK), 5. The UK has a _____ throughout the whole year.
1.Off the coast of mainland Western Europe lie two islands called the British Isles of which the big one is the island of ___ , or ___ , and the small one is the island of __ . 2.Britainis divided into three par ts: ___ . and . 3.LondonGMT is s hort for, which i s the time o n the line o f __ (deg r ee) longitu de, which pa sses through ____ , a d istrict of s outheast, u sed as a bas is for calcu lati ng time throughout t he world in d iff ere nt ti me zon es. 4.United KingdomThe national fl ag of thei s also calle d ____ or __ . 5.Englandwas once conquer ed by , ____ z and . 6.EnglandOf the fou r nations,feel mo st British,is the most confid ent of its o wn identity’and__ i s most clos ely related to. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html,Monetary unit of is __ . https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html, , __ , and are majo r industries in. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html, __ , ___ , and __ a re major tr ading partne rs of. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html,is k nown as"； due to its decline s in economy . 11.National Ho liday of UK is ___ ? 12.and weakened the European monarchies,and introdu ced the age of con stitut ional mon arc hy, a mon arc hy with powe rs limited b y Parliame nt ? 13?UKThree major national pa rties of ar e ___ , and . 14. Depe nding on the rela tive st re ngt hs of the pa rties in the House of Co mmons, the 0 pposition ma y try to ove rthrow the G overnment by defeating i t on a vote. 25.The Prime Minis ter's offici al reside nee is ______ ,which is the symbol of t he British G overnment. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html,In , Ministers are appoint ed by the Qu een on the r ecommendatio n of __ ? 17.EnglandAs the langu age of, Eng lish is a la nguage belon ging to the branchofthe family. 18.S tandard Engl ish is vario usly known a s ___ …__ a nd ___ or __ . https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html, and are very p opular Chris tian festiva Is in. 20. a system n ow in gen era I use of arr an ging the m on ths in the year and th e days in th e mon th, int roduced by P ope Gregory X III (1502-85). 21.The only re ally importa nt patriotic festival is ____ on w hich __ are remember ed in specia I church ser vices and ci vicceremoni es. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html,The popul ation ofis nearly million. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html, , and __ are the main language us ed in. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f517666929.html, is nationa I nickname o f. 25?The Engli sh have a mi xed cultural heritage co mbining , ____ 〃and element s. 26.The Englis h have many differences in regional speech. The Chief divisi on is betwee n _ and __ . 27.WalesThe ancestors of the Welsh w ere _________ ,who escaped to the wild mountains of form the i n vadi ng Angl es and Sax on s. 28.Today abou t_____ % of the Welsh p opulation st ill speak We Ish as their first Iangu age and abou t ______ % of the Welsh p eople speak only Welsh,and
Terms 1. Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for "Great Charter", literally "Great Paper"). In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal Barons (男爵，贵族) and the church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British Constitutionalism（立宪制度）and it provides the basic principles（基本原则）for the protection of individual rights in both Britain and the United States. 2. The Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, Territory（领土）, security（安全）and the throne（王权）. The Hundred Years’ War promoted the concept of English Nationalism（民族主义）and the development of the textile industry because it reduced the export of English wool （羊毛）. The war raised the social position of the bourgeois（资产阶级）class. All these factors contributed to the decline of feudalism（封建制度）in England. 3. The Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争 Between 1455 and 1485 a series of battles were fought between the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and the House of York, symbolized by the white rose, ended with the failure of the House of York. 4. Black Death Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly（致命的）bubonic plague（黑死病）, an epidemic disease(流行病) spread by rat fleas（鼠疫跳蚤）. It was a fierce and widespread outbreak of plague(瘟疫) that ravaged（毁坏）the whole of Europe in the 14th century. It hit England first in 1349 with subsequent waves between 1360 and 1375 . The plague killed perhaps up to one-third of the British population. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. 5. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization(机械化) of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile （纺织）industry.