英美概况
课程名称：英美概况
课程类型：必修课
授课对象：英语专业本科三年级学生
学时学分：周学时3，总学时48，学分3
教学目的：英美概况是是英语专业必修的一门知识性基础课。通过教师授课与学生演讲相结合；课堂讨论与课后阅读相结合；理论与实践相结合；并辅以多媒体手段的全方位教学方法，使学生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、经济、文化、社会习俗以及该国人民的宗教、家庭和生活方式有一个整体的概观，扩大学生的知识面，从而为缩小中西方文化差异奠定了基础，让学生切身感受到成功的交际仅有语言是远远不够的，文化方面的因素有时所起的作用远远大于语言本身，必将为英语学习者更有效地进行国际合作与交流打下坚实的文化基础。同时，通过对英美国家的深入了解，使学生能够辩证的对待西方社会与文化。
教学内容：通过本课程的学习，使学生全面了解英美国家的地理、历史、政治、经济、社会、文化和生活等方面的基本情况和制度，同时本课程要求学生熟记专用名词并解释相关事件，促进学生英语听说读写译技能的提高，为学生今后在各个领域里的交流打下牢固基础。
教材：《英美概况》，吉林科学技术出版社，2007
考核方式：考试（闭卷笔试）
一、教学条件
1．教学方法灵活使用的形式与目的
本课程属于文化理论课，授课以课堂教学为主，但传统的以教师为中心的理论讲解无疑会使学生产生枯燥乏味之感，久而久之失去对本课程的学习兴趣，因此在教学过程中，我们采用以教师为教学主导的教学方法，课堂教学中注重启发式教学方法的运用，积极引导学生
用客观的思维方法和辩证的学习态度去看待西方的文化，政治和经济，注意把教材体系与我国相应的实际情况进行对比，注重理论联系实际教学；同时，精心组织和设计学生的课外学习活动，采用合作式学习方式，要求学生课后分小组方式进行交流、讨论、小讲座等以求达到良好的教学互动效果；除此之外，定期举办一些讨论会、辩论大赛、专题讲座等教学活动。总之，我们着眼于对学生运用知识的能力培养，采用了灵活多样的教学方法，尽可能地调动学生的学习积极性，促进他们积极思考，激发学习潜能，提高教学效果。
2．现代教育技术应用
在教学过程中我们充分认识到现代教育技术是教育教学的有力支持，是教育教学改革的动力，因此，本课程采用电脑、投影、电视、录像、VCD/DVD等多媒体手段进行教学，为学生创造了声像并茂，真实生动的图形资料、视频素材。同时，为了体现教材内容的生动性和趣味性，我们又购置了有关英美文化的音像资料和补充教材，帮助学生学习英语国家国情，使学生对相关知识点的理解从文字发展到形象，从单纯抽象的思维上升到感性与理性的结合，从而较好地实现学习目的。随着课程建设力度的加大，我们将进一步完善多媒体课件的制作和使用。
3．教学改革
1）改革教学方法。
在教学方法上采用教师授课与学生演讲相结合；课堂讨论与课后阅读相结合；理论与实践相结合；并辅以多媒体手段的全方位教学方法，要求英语专业学生能够了解主要英语国家的社会与文化。
2）改革教学内容。课程内容有一般与重点之分，但两者密切联系，不可分离，不掌握全面就不可能深入重点。教师指导学生全面系统地学习教材，引导学生把全面理解与重点深入结合起来。
3）充分利用现代化教学手段。教师要利用现代化的教学手段，尽可能向学生提供和介绍与课文有关的背景资料，指导学生查工具书，进行网上阅读，以拓宽学生的知识面，提高教学效果。
4）改革考试方法。学生期末成绩的评定由课堂参与、课后作业、课外活动、学期论文、口头报告、期末考试等综合决定。
4．实践性教学环境
1）布置一些与讲授的主题相关的内容让学生自己动手去查找资料、制作相关主题的课件，强调学生的主动意识，让他们自己去搜集最新的有关英美文化各方面的资料，然后进行总结和表达，以达到培养方法、增加知识的目的，而不再是被动地、消极地去接受那些可能已经过时的信息和知识。
2）收听和收看有关英语国家社会与文化情况的英语讲座、报告和广播、电视节目，然后组织学生用英语进行相关的交谈、讨论、辩论和评论。
二、课程评价
1．校内教学督导组评价
2．校内学生评教指标和近三年学生评教结果
3．本课程主要特色
《英美概况》课程最大特色在于其专业性、针对性、指导性和应用性，是培养学生成为英语专业水平高，同时又懂得如何恰当运用英语的复合型专业人才的必备课程。本课程旨在使学生通过对英语国家地理、历史、政治、经济、文化、社会生活的专业学习，能够比较全面地了解英美等国的各种情况，培养学生正确分析认识有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，把学生培养成为高素质的复合型人才，同时通过比较学习不同文化中具有特殊文化涵义的词语与表达式，可以促使学生掌握一些特殊词语的深层次
意义，是对词汇的学习以及翻译水平的提高有益的补充；通过开展中外文化的比较，培养学生对文化的敏感性和宽容性，增强跨文化交际的能力，有便于学生毕业以后能较快适应各个领域里的对外文化交流，在各行各业中发挥积极的作用，以更好满足社会主义市场经济对人才的要求。
英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案 1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ? 1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores…. 2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ? 2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again. Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. 3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain. 3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation. 4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ? 4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. 5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there? 5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
英美文化概况之英国篇 英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西
[0035]《英美国家概况》 1 The River Thames is the famous "mother" river in Britain. Also known as the Thame River, which originated in the Cotswold Hills in southwest England, it has a total length of 346 kilometers. It spans over 10 cities in London, the UK capital, and along rivers. The basin covers an area of 13,000 square kilometers and changes in the downstream river in London. Wide, forming an estuary with a width of 29 kilometers, into the North Sea. Upstream in London, there are many places of interest along the Thames, such as Eaton, Oxford, Henry and Windsor. The estuary of the Thames is full of Britain’s busy merchant ships, but its upstream river is known for its static beauty. In the history of the United Kingdom, the Thames River Basin occupies a pivotal position. 2 It is changeable. 3 The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize 6 The Comprehensive Secondary School system, instituted before 1960, has been developing rapidly. The system requires children to start receiving school education at the age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they a re eleven years old. But the “eleven plus” is no longer required. All pupils from primary schools can be admitted into this kind of secondary schools. After 6 years of study at these secondary schools, pupils reach the school-leaving age 16. All of them are required to sit for national examinations conducted by public examining boards. Those who do not want to receive higher education take easier examinations to win the General Certificate of Secondary Education with which they can leave school and look for full-time paid jobs. Those who want to attend university are required to take different public examinations and the examination papers are more difficult. 7 The Comprehensive Secondary School system, instituted before 1960, has been developing rapidly. The system requires children to start receiving school education at the age of 5. After six years of study at primary schools, they are eleven years old. But the “eleven plus” is no longer required. All pupils from primary schools can be admitted into this kind of secondary schools. After 6 years of study at these secondary schools, pupils reach the school-leaving age 16. All of them are required to sit for national examinations conducted by public examining boards. Those who do not want to receive higher education take easier examinations to win the General Certificate of Secondary Education with which they can leave school and look for full-time paid jobs. Those who want to attend university are required to take different public examinations and the examination papers are more difficult 9：The Mississippi river, also known as “old man river”, is the most important and largest river of theUnited States. Nearly all the rivers west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Rockies flow toward each other and empty into this largest river, the “father of waters”, ofAmerica. The
英美文学专业开题报告 引导语：各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事,但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品,而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统。以下 是的为大家找到的英美文学专业开题报告。希望能够帮助到大家! 论文题目theApplicationandInnovation 一、选题的意义和研究现状 1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义长时期以来,人们视艾米莉?勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论,因而往往是旧谜刚解,新谜又出,解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉,指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统,同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力,将现实 与超现实融为一体,给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜 活力,达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一,使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”,又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”,从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事,但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品,而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统
(Gothictradition)。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20世纪二三十年代,到70年代以后,由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响,该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。 根据在国际互联网上的搜索,到2000年9月为止,英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外,还至少出版专著达184部,其中1970年以后为126部,仅90年代就达59部,几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加,更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展,并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲)研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉,指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统,同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力,将现实与超现实融为一体,给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力,达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一,使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”,又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”,从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果(大纲): 1.ASurveyofGothic1.1DefinitionofGothic 1.2theOriginofGothicNovels
英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府 伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。 The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。 玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革： Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。 亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。 文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。 英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。 王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。 光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。 辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories） 两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party
期末考试 一、单项选择题 1. The UK is bordered on the _____ by the English Channel. A. east B. west C. north D. south 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK), 2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called _____. A. the Straits of Dover B. Chunnel C. Strait of Gibraltar D. Marroqui 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK),
3. The UK has a _____ climate. A. arid climates B. semi-humid C. continental D. maritime 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK has a maritime climate.参见教材P88。本题知识点：Climate(UK), 4. The UK is an island country which lies between latitude _____ north. A. 50° to 60° B. 30° to 40° C. 40° to 50° D. 60° to 70° 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50° to 60° north.参见教材P88。 本题知识点：Climate(UK), 5. The UK has a _____ throughout the whole year.
山东经济学院2010--2011学年第 1学期期末试题 英美文化概况（110126）试卷（5） 注意事项：所有的答案都必须写在答题纸上，答在试卷上一律无效 Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). （本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 1. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. 2. The divine right of the king means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects. 3. In Britain, Grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education. 4. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy. 5. The origin of Bowling lies in the victory celebration ceremony by the ancient warriors. 6. Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public office. 7. The Clinton Administration made national security, economic prosperity and promotion of democracy the three pillars of the American foreign policy. 8.It takes at least fours years to get a bachelor’s degree from an institution of higher learning in the US. 9. In Britain, Grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education. 10. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives. 11.The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay for the work of the federal government. 12.Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called “Gaelic” 13. When George W. Bush became President, his foreign policy has two prominent elements: isolationism and faith in military strength. 14. Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials. 15. There are about 60 members of the Commonwealth. 16. The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers. - 1 - （共页）
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
《英美国家概况(英文版)》是专为各类高职高专院校(包括电大、成人教育学院、自考等)英语专业一、二年级学生编写的教材。通过介绍英国和美国的地理、历史、政治、经济、教育、文化等背景知识，帮助学生提高对文化差异的敏感度，提升商务语言在工作情境中的综合运用能力;拓展有关知识从而深化语言基础、提高阅读效果和写作效果，提升有效交际能力;帮助学生以史为鉴，对东西方文化差异进行思考和分析，提高文化修养和公民意识;综合运用其他语言和商务课程的知识和技能进行团队合作，提升创新思维能力和有效解决问题能力。《英美国家概况(英文版)》集时代性、实用性、趣味性为一体，以能力培养为主线，以易教与易学的思路设计学习模块，整体编排从课堂教学实际出发，充分发挥学生的主观能动性，促使学生思考，鼓励学生积极参与教学活动，锻炼学生运用语言知识的实际能力。 英美法系包括：英国（不包括苏格兰）、美国（路易斯安那州除外）外，主要是曾是英国殖民地、附属国的国家和地区，如印度、巴基斯坦、新加坡、缅甸、加拿大（魁北克省除外）、澳大利亚、新西兰、马来西亚等。中国香港地区也属于英美法系。 目录： Part One The United Kingdom (Chapter 1 Geography3 I. The Nation4
II. England5 III. Scotland5 IV. Wales6 V. Northern Ireland6 VI. The Land7 VII. The People9 Work Sheet11 (Chapter 2 History15 I. Prehistory to the Norman Conquest16 II. The Norman Conquest and the Middle Ages18 III. The Sixteenth Century19 IV. The Seventeenth Century—Civil War21 V. The Eighteenth Century22 VI. The Nineteenth Century24 VII. The Twentieth Century26 VIII. The Cold War28 IX. Towards the 21st Century29 Work Sheet34 (Chapter 3 Monarchy and Government39 I. The Monarchy40 II. The House of Lords42 III. The House of Commons43
英美概况（英国篇5:大英帝国的兴衰 ) I. Whigs and Tories 辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. 辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在 19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。 The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。 I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18世纪末的农业革命 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "open-field" system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的"开放田地"制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存： （1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 由于大农场兼并了小农场，农场成为越来越在的生产单位； （2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富； （3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。 （4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。 II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) 工业革命（1780-1830） 1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。
英美文化概况简答论述 简答： 1.The Functions of Parliament ① First and foremost, it passes laws. ②provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. ③scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day. ④There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. However, it does not assert its supremacy, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 2.George Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States. 3.The Open University The Open University ―founded in the 1960’s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher educarion for economic and social reasons.It’s open to everybody and doesn’t demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. Universities courses are following through TV, correspondence,videos and a net work of study centers. Ath the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree. Universities in the UK. 4.The strategy of Preemption In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption（先发制人）, which is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in Sept. 2002. By preemption, the US means that when it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction（大规模杀伤性武器）or has the potential to possess such weapons, the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the Us is attacked. This is known as Bush Doctrine. 5. Comprehensive schools Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking. 6. The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.