从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，是一个特殊句子，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。
根据从句语法功能的不同可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。
前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；
定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；
而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句和时间状语从句。
主语从句（Subject Clause）
用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。
表语从句（Predicative Clause）
用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词很多都一样。
宾语从句（Object Clause）
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
同位语从句
是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名
词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系就是同位关系，即主表关系。
定语从句
是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
状语从句
可分为：
(1)时间状语从句：(adverbial clause of time)
(2)地点状语从句：(adverbial clause of place)
(3)原因状语从句：(adverbial clause of cause)
(4)条件状语从句：(adverbial clause of condition)
(5)目的状语从句：(adverbial clause of purpose)
(6)让步状语从句：(adverbial clause of concession)
(7)比较状语从句：(adverbial clause of comparison)
(8)方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner)
(9)结果状语从句：(adverbial clause of result)
德语中的从句
状语从句和宾语从句均用Dass 来引导
3主语从句编辑
在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。
（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.
（6）Whatever you did is right.
（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.
（8）What we need is time.
（9）What we need are good doctors.
主语从句小结:
（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。
（2）连词位于句首不能省略。
（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9）
注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究，并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。
4表语从句编辑
连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等。还有如because, as if, though等。
He has become a teacher.
他已经成为一名教师。
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
他已经成为了他10 年前想成为的一名教师。
His suggestion is good.
他的建议是好的。
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。
The question is confusing.
这个问题令人困惑。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。
5宾语从句编辑
定义
宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后。Tell him which class you are in.
Do you know what he likes？
宾语从句的分类
A 、作动词的宾语：
e.g．I heard the news.
I (主语) heard (谓语动词) the news.名词作宾语
I (主语) heard (谓语动词) that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从
句
B 、作介词的宾语：
e.g．He said nothing about the plan.
He (主语) said (谓语动词) nothing (代词作动词的宾语) about (介词) the plan. 名词作介词的宾语
C、做有动词意义的形容词的宾语
e.g.I'm afraid that I can't win.
6宾语从句三要素编辑
1：语序
宾语从句必须用陈述语序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
【注】否定前移，及完成反义疑问句；
在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，可以转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注：否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
I don't think you are right,are you？
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they？
【注】在表示建议suggest,advise；要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；决定decide; 命令order、command; 坚决主张insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）。
I suggested that you（should）study hard．
He ordered that we should go out at once．
【注】如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置。
You may think it strange that he would live there．
2：连接词
带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how。
1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。
【注】that常在以下情况下不能省略：
（1. 当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时；
（2．当宾语从句较长时；
（3．当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时；
（4．当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时；
（5．当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that 不可以省略；
（6．当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时；
（7．当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；
（8．当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；
（9．当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时；
（10．当宾语从句有it做其先行词时；
（11．在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时。
2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在wheth er…or not结构中不能用if
替换。
【注】if/whether区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介词后一般不用if
②少数动词，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。
④在不定式前只能用whether。
如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
⑤避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if.
3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,why，who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他
3：时态
1．主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变。
He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
They know (that) he is working hard.
2．主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。
He answered that he was listening to me.
3．主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）。
4. 当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不是定理。
He told me that he was a boy. （虽然性别是客观存在的，但“男”“女”也是人为定义
的，故非第4种情况）
Father told me that practice makes perfect. （所叙述的事实为一个定理，用一般现在时）例题
1. The teacher told the children that the sun ____ round.
A. was
B. is
C. were
D. are
选B，因其陈述为无可争议的客观事实。
2. I believe that our team ____ the basketball match.
A. win
B. won
C. will win
D. wins
选B或C ，这既是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测，也是对未来发生动作的肯定。
3. The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school.
A.which;where
B.what;which
C.where;which
D.what;where
选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语。（注：use sth. as译为“把…用作”）
注意
A. 有时候可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
B.带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
C.False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
7连接词编辑
①从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，而if 和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。
例句：
He told me that he would go to the college next year.
他告诉我他下一年上大学。
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否还会有公交车。
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没人知道他是否会通过考试。
②连接代词
连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。
连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。
例句：
Do you know who has won ‘Red Alert’ game？
你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗？
I don’t know whom you should depend on.
我不知道你该依靠谁.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗？
③连接副词
连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。
例句：
He d idn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
Could you please tell me how you use the new software?
你能给我展示怎么用这个新的软件吗?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没人知道这些的新的零件在哪里能买到。
8同位语编辑
与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。
同位语从句用法比较"固定",把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）：
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容，如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词中有连词that，whether，连接副词how,when,where 等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1．同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消
息。）
2．引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
1) 非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前
Bruce Lee (姓名)李小龙
Graf Schmidt (称号，浑名) 施密特伯爵
Doctor Wang (职称，头衔) 王博士
Uncel Liu (亲戚的称呼) 刘叔叔
die Stadt Shanghai (类属名称) 上海市
the Province Hebei (类属名称)河北省
das Jahr 2000 (类属名称) 2000 年
three Kilo tomato (度量名称) 三公斤西红柿
the University Bremen (专有名词) 不来梅大学
国际上另一种分法为关系从句
关系从句（relative clause)
关系从句的理解与翻译
人们习惯称由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where 等引导的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我们先看一例：
Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.
若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点，该句子就可能会被译为：
“肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。”
译文听上去荒谬可笑，仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”，这显然有悖原意。这里“where”起过渡连接的作用，相当于“and there”，在语义上属另一新层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进一步交待了事情发展的结果。可见，这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚，深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系。所以，例1应译为：
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院，在那里他很快就死了。
让我们再多看几个例子：
1．When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.
杰克·伦敦还是小孩时，他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏。
(不宜译为：……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文。)
2．I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.
我遇到了那位船夫，他将我渡到对岸。
(不宜译为：我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫。)
3．While they were waiting there,a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild,hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him. 他们正在那儿等时，从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止，直到有人出来喝住，它才停下来。
(不宜译为：……一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠。)
4．In the torchlight，he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines,our local grocer.
借着电筒的亮光，他看见一个人影，马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯。
(不宜译为：……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子。)
我们知道，汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段，通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子，对语序的依赖性极大，如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如：
5．The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.
遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子，汉语只有以简驭繁：断句。译为：
蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子。
此外，读者也许注意到了：在1、2、3、4、5例中，抛开关系代词等结构不管，我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致，这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础，只需在关系代词处断句，省掉关系代词，必要的话重复一下名词，照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？请看例句：
6．He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.
他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。
7 All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,for they were unlike any people had ever known.
这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。
以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另一侧面加以补充描述，或提供某种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另一层次，我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。
有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如：
8．In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed. (wh o… ≈ when he…)
1906年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了。
9．Dr. Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once. (who was… ≈ though he was)
白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累，但他立即便开始工作。
10．We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)
我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。11．He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. (who…≈ if he…)
(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看，(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。
12．There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (that… ≈ so that the Plan…)
此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，(所以)他们都喜欢。
以上五例中，关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系，意义上相当于状语从句，翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外，11、12两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑，这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。
传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念，以关系代词前有无逗号为准，机械地将关系从句分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”，这是很不全面的。我们应该深入理解原文的深层意思，尊重汉语的习惯，才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。
9定语从句编辑
用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。
①引导定语从句的关联词有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why 和which. 在非限制定语从句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整个句子，多用which.
例句：
The dog that/which was lost has been found. （失踪的狗已经找到了。）
Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting. （有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）
There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless. （存在着许
多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）
The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed. （那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）
Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low. （空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）
This is the reason why he refused to help us. （这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）
He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country. （他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）
They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us. （他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。）
② 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all,any,no,little,much,very first等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all,anything,nothing,something,everything时，从句的引导词只能用that.
The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday. （孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假？）
These are the very points that puzzle me. （真正困扰我的是这些观点。）
Is there anything that bothers you? （有什么事烦着你吗？）
This is the best film that was ever produced by the company. （这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）
③as 可做引导词引导定语从句，多和such,the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头.
例句：
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）
As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）
We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）
④介词+which/whom/whose从句
The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。）
Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）
Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane整整一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）
例题：
Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.
a. where
b. that
c. with which
d. as soon as
⑤代/名+介词+which 从句
He is needing a book,the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）
In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都
有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）
To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串问题唯一的答案。）
⑥同位语从句和定语从句
The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）
The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的这个消息真的是很激动人心。）
⑦ 难句：
NO.1 He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。）
NO.2 He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）
NO.3 I shall never forget the day when we first met.（我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。）
NO.4 I remember the morning when he first came to school.（我记得早上，当他第一次来到学校的时候。）
NO.4 I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.（我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的日子。）
NO.5 The room where he lived is kept in good repair.（他住的房间保持着良好的状态。）NO.6 Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.（馆长在地窖里找到一个地方使用,作为他第一次实验的实验室。）
NO.7 The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.（以何种方式/这就是你回答的他所提出的问题，令人钦佩。）
10状语从句编辑
用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较状语从句等。
时间状语从句
1) 常见连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when），while，as long as,as soon as…
例句：
As you look at yourself in a mirror,you’ll se en an identical image of yourself.
It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.
It was not until…that
Not until…did he…
Not until I received the letter,did I know he had gone to America.
It was not until….
When I got to the airport,I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.
I was about to leave,when something occurred which attracted my attention. Whenever we have difficulty,he’ll come to help us.
2) no sooner…than,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when: 刚做…就….
No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.
She had scarcely news when she fainted.
定语从句教学设计 赵红 教学目标：1. 学生能掌握关系代词的正确使用。 2.学生能正确掌握理解整个句子的意思。 教学重点：定语从句中关系代词who ,that, which 的正确使用。 教学难点：学生能正确掌握并运用定语从句 学情分析：学生以前学过的宾语从句和状语从句，在此基础上学习定语从句能容易些。 教学过程： Step1.Lead—in 定语：形容词修饰名词，限定名词的范围，做定语 ↓I have a cute boy. 从句：1.整个句子充当每个句子的成分 ↓I think you are right. 2.公式：连+主+谓 定语从句是本质：整个句子去充当另一个句子的成分，相当于一个形容词，去修饰主句中的名词，作定语 I have a son who loves me very much. Step 2 1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 Mary is a beautiful girl. Mary is a girl who has long hair. 2.Mary is a girl who has long hair. ↓↓↓ 先行词关系词定语从句 ↓↓ 关系代词关系副词 Who,whom,that,which where,when,why 关系词的作用：1.连接主从句 2.指代先行词 3.在从句中作成分 关系代词的实质：Join the two sentences: A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. ↓that \which A plane is a machine that\which can fly. 3.关系代词的用法： （1）who 指人，作主语或宾语（做宾语可省略） The man (who) I talked with is our teacher. (2)whom 指人，作宾语（可省略） The man(whom) I nodded to is Mr Li. (3)which 指物，作主语或宾语（作主语可省略） There are trees which were planted last year. (4)that 指人，物作主语或宾语（作宾语课省略）
状语从句 状语从句用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状 语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让 步状语从句。 1. 时间状语从句 ⑴时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as 等连词来引导。例如： It was raining hard ( rain hard 下大雨) when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telepho ne rang. As he walked along (沿着走) the lake, he sang happily. He had lear ned a little Chin ese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory. (2) 在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： I ' ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everyth ing whe n he comes back. He won ' t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes. (3) 在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是一直到……时” 谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是直到……才……”,在…??…以前不……”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如： The young man read till the light went out (熄灭) Let ' s wait until the rain ops. We won' t start until Bob comes. Don' get off (从下来) until the bus stops. 【Till是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候，而在那个时刻之后，该事情或状况仍将持续。Until是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候，而讲话的人在自己心里认为，在那个时刻之后，该事情或该状况将中止 (不怎么可能持续)。固定组合里from morning till night，till/until是不能替换的，】 2. 条件状语从句 (1) 条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如： What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don' t leave the buildi ng uni ess I tell you to. (2) 在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： I ' ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow. He won ' t be late uni ess he is ill. (3) 祈使句+ and (or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如： Hurry up, or you ' ll be late. =If you don ' t hurry up, you ' ll be late. Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 3. 原因状语从句
一地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 二. 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。 1）as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2）as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如： They pletely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。 三. 原因状语从句 比较：because, since, as和for 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 四. 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：
初中英语语法宾语从句讲解 小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词；主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时；陈述转化that引，一般疑问用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一．基本讲解来源：直接引语变间接引语 概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 Eg: He said,“I am good at drawing”. He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) 1.引导词 (1) that引导宾语从句时，通常用陈述句充当, that可省略。 Eg: She said,“I want to go there ”She said (that) she wanted to go there. (2) whether 或if 引导的宾语从句,由一般疑问句/选择疑问句充当，陈述语序。 Eg: “Are you interested in geography?” she said. She asked if/whether I was interested in geography. I wonder if /whether she has told the new to Li Lei . I’m not sure whether he will come or not. 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外 a. 介词短语后只用whether 不用if eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the panic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether. eg:I can’t say whether or not he will come on time c. if当如果讲时,引导的是条件状语从句，表示‘如果’，不能用whether. Eg: If you want to be a good teacher, it will take times. Whether you can succeed depends on how much effort you pay. (3).特殊疑问词引导宾语从句时，不可省略，陈述句语序。 特殊疑问词为：how , when, where, why ,which whose. E.g. ‘What do you want?’ He asked. He asked me what I wanted. I have no idea where he is now. I don’t know how to deal with it. He asked whose handwriting is the best in the class. 2.宾语从句时态 a.主句为一般现在时，从句不受主句的限制 eg: Do you know if/whether he has seen the film? I’m sorry to hear that your father is ill. She says she is going to go to Beijing next week. He tells me that his sister came back yesterday. b.当主句是一般过去时，从句用过去的相应某种时态 She didn’t know why the boy was late again. (过去一般) I didn't know if/whether he had seen the film.（过去完成） I wondered when she was going to America.（过去将来） 注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如： Eg: He said （that the earth moves round the sun. / that light travels much faster than sound.）The teacher told us （seeing is believing.）
定语从句优秀教案设计 所谓定语从句,就是在复合句中起定语作用以修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句。分享了定语从句的教案设计给大家参考！ 1．初步掌握及运用定语从句，如让学生用定语从句来完成对人物喜欢的人物进行描述，如I like music that I can dance to. She is the only one who’s studying French.等。 2．本课的学习任务就是能初步掌握及运用定语从句，为了使学生顺利地完成教学任务，教师以学生为主体，为学生设计了几个以他们的认知水平出发的符合生活实际的他们感兴趣的一环扣一环的子任务，每个子任务紧紧围绕总任务展开，再深入，在一个一个完成任务的活动中培养学生的能力。 语言目标：能用定语从句较自如地描述及谈论人和物。在活动中训练学生的听力，口头表达能力，培养学生的观察，想象和创造力。 情感目标：促进同学间积极合作交流，发展同学间的友谊。 2．教学方法：多媒体的运用能创设真实的语言情景，学生也很感兴趣，极大地鼓动了学生学习英语的积极性，而且呈现在课堂上能使教学更生活化，也更直观和具体。
以学生为主体，用多媒体辅助教学，通过帮助学生理解、归纳、总结、讨论等方式学习定语从句，由于本节课是学生第一次系统学习定语从句，要达到让学生初步掌握定语从句这一目的。 优点：本节课教学目标明确，条理清楚，板书设计合理，教学内容紧扣学生生活实际，学生在教师的引导下自主学习、合作学习，较好地归纳了定语从句的特殊用法，并能用定语从句写文章，完成了学习任务。 不足： 1、在引入部分没有充分引导学生把他们描述图片的简单句用关系词合并为定语从句。 2、最后一个环节用定语从句翻译文章时间安排不足，应多用二至三分钟的时间对学生的翻译进行进一步分析总结，让学生提出更多的修改意见。教学机智：本节课学生在归纳特殊用法时，提出了设计内容之外的规律，教师能给予肯定，并提出在下一教学环节进一步讨论。能够放手让学生发表不同的意见，并适时进行点播。 再教设计：第一环节讨论图片，把学生说出的简单句写在黑板上让学生改为复合句，使引入部分目标更明确。最后翻译文章留出十分钟时间让更多学生展示范文，师生共同提出修改意见。
TheAdverbialClauses 抚宁一中王艳 I.Teachingtopic：TheAdverbialClauses II.Teachingtype：Grammar III.TeachingObjectives: 1Inknowledge： Enhancestudents’proficiencyandaccuracyinusingthe adverbialclauses. StepI ooseonekindoftheclausesandanswerquestionstogetpoints. 1.AdverbialClausesofTime(时间状语从句) 1）Askstudentstodomultiple-choicetoknowthedifferenceamong“when”,“while”and“as”. 2)Askstudentstothinkaboutotherconjunctionsandwritesentencesbythemselves.Thenaskst udentstocorrectmistakesbythemselvesandexplaintheimportantanddifficultpoints. 3)Askstudentstotranslatethreesentencestoknowdifferentmeaningsof“before” 2.AdverbialClausesofConcession(让步状语从句) 1）Askstudentstofillintheblanksaccordingtothepicture. 2)Askstudentstodomultiple-choicetoacquiretheimportantpoints. 3.AdverbialClausesofManner(方式状语从句)
英语中的九大状语从句 状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，按意义可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等状语从句。 一．时间状语从句。 通常由从属连词when, whenever, as, while, before, after, as soon as, till, until, since, once (一旦), hardly……when…, no sooner…….than…; 等引导。例如： The cyclist started just as the lights changed to green. Whenever we met with difficulties , they cam to help us. He didn’t leave his office until he had finished the day’s work. 应注意的问题 1．在时间状语从句中，通常要用动词的一般现在时态表示一般将来时态，用一般过去时态表示过去将来时态。但when 引导一般疑问句或名词性从句时不受上述语法规则的限制，因此，应该加以区分。例如： When China will enter WTO depends on the bilateral (双边的)joint efforts. Once you understand the rules of the game, you’ll enjoy it. 2.when , while, as 的不同用法。一般说来，当主、从句的动作是同时发生的事，三者可以换用。when 既可以引导一个持续动作，也可以引导一个短暂动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作；while 引导的动作必须是持续性的，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比；as 用于引导“在某行为的继续中发生某事”的“继续之行为”，所以多与过去进行时连用，翻译成“一边……一边……”或者表示动作的变化，翻译成“随着……”。 例如： I hope you’ll think of my words as/when/while you drive on the busy roads. When he realized it, the chance had been lost. When he came home, I was cooking dinner. I was fat when I was a child. He took a bath while I was preparing dinner. As I was walking down the street, an American asked me for the directions to the nearest station. He sang songs as he was taking a bath. As he gets older he gets more optimistic.
Teaching Plan Grammar ：Attributive Clauses ⅠTeaching goals: 1. Students are able to choose proper relative pronouns or adverbs for attributive clauses. 2. Students are able to apply attributive clauses to describing and writing. ⅡTeaching important and difficult points: Enable students to learn how to use attributive clauses and relatives ⅢTeaching methods: Student-centered method ⅣTeaching procedures and ways Step 1 Leading in 1.Show students a song “Seasons in the Sun” including an attributive clause 2.Translate the following three sentences into Chinese. 翻译下边三个句子 ①Hewho does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. ②He who does not visit Hainan is not a wise man. ③不努力学习的学生并非一个好学生。 Step 2 Find out antecedents. 找出先行词 1. April Fool’s Day is the day wh en people play jokes on friends. ________ 2. It is now a children’s festival, when they can dress up and ask for sweets. ________ 3. The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. ________ 4. India has a national festival to honor Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’sindependence. Step 3 Grammar 1.Fill in the blanks with the proper relatives.用适当的关系词填空 (1)①This is the Array supermarket is near our school. ②This is the supermarketwe often do some shopping. (2) ①We can’t accept the reasonhe gave yesterday. ②We can’t accept the reasonhe was late again. (3) ①April Fool’s Day is the daypeople celebrate on April 1st . ②April Fool’s Day is the day people play jokes on friends.
初中英语―条件状语从句 一．条件状语从句的概念 条件状语从句，即在某种条件下，一件事情可能发生。在英语中由连接词if或unless 等引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件是指某一件事情实现之后（状语从句中），一件事情（主句）才能发生，通常译作“假如，只要，如果”等意思。条件状语从句中，主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即，主句是将来时态时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时态。 二.条件状语从句的引导词 1.If conj . 如果，假如 If you ask him，he will help you．如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam，you will let him down． 如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。 2.unless conj.除非,若不,除非在……的时候（if ...not...） You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier. 如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。 Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。 3.so/as long as conj.只要 You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。 三．关于条件句的时态，常见的有以下三种情况： 1、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时。 When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients. 我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人。 2、如果主句是祈使句，那么从句通常要用一般现在时。 If you want to have a chat ,call me up. 如果你想聊天，打我电话。 3、如果主句是含有情态动词时，根据需要从句多用一般现在时。
T e a c h i n g D e s i g n Grammar — The Attributive Clause (I) (who, whom, which, that, whose) 淅川二高贾丽君 I. Teaching aims: 1. Help students understand what the Attributive Clause is and its function. 2. Enable students to use relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that, whose) in the Attributive Clause properly. 3. Encourage students to express their love to fathers using the Attributive Clause. II. Teaching important and difficult points: Enhance students’ proficiency and accuracy in using the relative pronouns to write the Attributive Clauses. III. Teaching methods: Task-based teaching method; Audio-lingual method; Cooperative learning; Group discussion IV. Teaching steps: Step I：Lead in 1. Guess a riddle. This is a man who loves us very much. This is a man whose love is as great as a mother’s.
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除状语从句之时间状语从句 一．概念及分类名。复合句中从句可分为定语从句，和句子可以分为简单句，并列句复合句词性从句和状语从句。 用来修饰谓语动词，其他动词，定语，状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句。 DaMing is a brave boy. DaMing is a brave boy and he always does something special. DaMing is a brave boy, who always does something special.
可编辑word 资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除二，时间状语从句 When, while, as, before, after, since, 引导时间状语从句的连接词一般有等。，until/tillas soon as When 观察下面例句，总结其用法 1.When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。 2. When she came into my room, I was just reading a book. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。 3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？ 4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 对不起，你打电话来的时候我出去了。 总结：从句表示动作可以______________也可以_________________,主句和从句的先后关系_______________________________________ When从句一般用于过去时比较多，主句无时态限制。 练习 Eg: When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。 可编辑word 资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除When he had finished his
初中英语状语从句知识点总结（一） 用来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等而充当状语的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句常用从属连词来引导，与主句连接起来。若置于句末，则前面不加逗号。根据意义和作用，状语从句可分为时间原因条件等几种。下面我们就来分析一下这几种状语从句。 1时间状语从句 时间状语从句常用从属连词when,after,until,as soon as,等来引导。 当主句是祈使句或谓语动词是一般将来时态或情态动词时，其时间状语从句中的谓语动词常用一般现在时态表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。这就是我们常说的“主将从现”。 如：Please call me when you get there.当你到那时，请给我打个电话。 I will write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.我一到北京就给你写信。 <温馨提示>since引导时间状语从句表示“自从…以来”，从句中的动词一般表示动作的起点，用过去时;而主句的动作延续的情况则用一般现在时或现在完成时。常用的句型为： It has been/is+一段时间+since+过去时。 如：I has been/is three years since we met last time.自从我们上次见面，已经三年了。 2条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的连词或词组有：if(如果),unless(除非),as long as(只要)等。如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句也用一般现在时来表示。 如：I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨，我就待在家。 You can’t learn English well unless you wo rk hard. 除非你努力学习，否则是学不好英语的。 <温馨提示>由if引导的条件状语从句，若从句表达的是与现在事实相反的事实，则常用虚拟语气，即用过去时态表示(如果涉及到be动词，一律都用were)。此时，主句则用过去将来时。
英语高考专题复习讲与练13 状语从句 一、考点聚焦 1、时间状语从句 （2）引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有： ①till, not … until …, until, before, since Don’t get off the bus unt il it has stopped. He waited for his father until(till)it was twelve o’clock. before 的有关句型 It will be +段时间+before+从句（一般现在时）“要过…..才” It will be five years before he returns from England. It won’t be long before +从句（一般现在时）“不久…就会” It won’t be long before he recovers from the injury. It was 3 years before he regained the love from his parents. It wasn’t long before the whole nation rose up to drive the enemy out of their country. He rang off before I could answer it. ②hardly / scarcely … when, no sooner … th an, as soon as once表示“一……就” As soon as I have finished it , I’ll give yu a call. Once you show any fear, he will attack you. We had hardly got / Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain. No sooner had he arrived / He had no sooner arrived than she started complaining. ③directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that… 一……就 He made for the door directly he heard the knock. ④each time, every time, next time, any time ,by the time Each time he came to my city, he would call on me. ⑤the day, the time, the first(second, third …)time, the spring (summer, autumn, winter)
英语宾语从句练习题20篇及解析 一、初中英语宾语从句 1．— Mike, can you explain ______? —I’m sorry, Mum. I was listening to music and didn’t hear it. A．why everything in the house was in a mess B．why nobody answered the phone when I called you C．how you could finish the homework in such a short time D．how you can make the robot work since there is no power 【答案】B 【解析】 句意：——迈克，你能解释一下我打电话给你时，为什么没有人接电话吗？——对不起，妈妈，我在听音乐，没听到。根据can you explain ______？可知本题考查宾语从句。宾语从句要用陈述句的语序，结合选项，可知语序都正确。根据下文I was listening to music and didn’t hear it.可知选项B“当我打电话的时候，为什么没有人接电话”符合题意，故答案选B。 2．一Why does Jane seem worried? 一She is uncertain about she can get a good job even though she's an excellent student. A．if B．that C．whether D．不填 【答案】C 【解析】 句意：——为什么简似乎很担心？——她不确定她是否能得到一份好工作，尽管她是一名优秀的学生。be uncertain about表示不确定，后面接的宾语从句，用疑问句，位于介词about后，故用whether引导，故选C。 3．---Judy, do you know_______? ---Sure, two days. A．when did the sports meeting begin B．where the sports meeting was held C．how often the sports meeting is held D．how long the sports meeting will last 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：句意：朱迪，你知道运动会将持续多长时间吗？当然，两天。在宾语从句中只能使用陈述句语序，不能使用疑问句语序，结合答语中Sure, two days.可知该选D。 考点：考查宾语从句的用法 4．一Could you please tell me ? 一In two hours.
1对3辅导讲义 学员姓名：学科教师： 年级：高二辅导科目：英语 授课日期时间 主题第1讲让步状语从句及目的状语从句 1.掌握让步状语从句及目的状语从句的常用连接词； 学习目标 2.熟练让步状语从句重点连接词。 教学内容 1、上次课后巩固作业复习； 2、互动探索 教学建议： 1.用例句和图片内容引导学生理解让步状语从句和目的状语从句的概念。 2.鼓励学生做最简单的让步状语从句和目的状语从句的造句。 什么是让步状语从句呢？ 想想汉语中，何为让步呢？ “虽然，尽管，即使，不管……” 其实，英语也是相同的，ALTHOUGH/THOUGH/EVEN IF/NO MATTER WHAT…. Although Jack fell in love with Rose, they didn’t survive the wreck together in the end.
Can you make a sentence? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 通过这个小例子，让学生体会何为让步状语从句，汉语是为了更好地帮助学生理解。下面的例句和图片是结合到一起的，加深学生的印象。 什么是目的状语从句呢？ 想想汉语中，何为目的呢？ “为了，目的是……” 在英语中，往往体现为SO THAT，IN ORDER THAT I opened the window so that the fresh air could come in. Can you make a sentence? ____________________________________________________________
宾语从句 一、考点、热点回顾 【词汇辨析】 1.look, see, watch看 1). look: 看 look at sth. 看某物，look at the blackboard看黑板 I am looking at the picture. 我正在看图。 2). s ee: 看见，看的结果 see a film看电影，see a doctor看医生 I looked but saw nothing. 我看了看，但没看到什么。 3). watch: 注意看的对象 watch TV看电视，watch a movie看电影，watch a football game看球赛 I am watching the boy. 我注视着这孩子的行动。 4). 其他看的表达 看书: read a book，看杂志: read a magazine 2. look for, find, find out 1). look for寻找：I am looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。 2). find找到：My English book is lost. I have look ed for it everywhere, but I still can’t find it. 3). find out查明：The police found out the thief at last. 警察最终查出了小偷。 【固定搭配】加-ing enjoy / like doing sth. 喜欢做……eg: I do enjoy playing with you. try doing 试着做……eg: He tries doing the math problems in many ways. finish doing sth. 完成做……eg: You must finish doing your homework first. spend…(in) doing sth.在做……花费……eg: How long do you spend doing your homework? 【宾语从句】 （一）宾语从句的种类 宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。 根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。 1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语 和非正式文体中可以省略。例如： He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill. I am sure (that) he will succeed. 2.由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。 这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如： He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I don’t know why the train is late. 3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：