2014山大考博英语
2014-04-07
语法词汇题比较难，30个单选题，一个0.5分，基本上是考查词意的
完型题20个，一个0.5分，01年考研真题
阅读理解4篇，每个题1.5分，30分，都是六级和考研原题（最近两年阅读没出专八题）7选5，共10分，关于奥巴马的
英译汉五个，一个3分，长句子翻译比较难，费得时间比较长
作文20分，关于children surfing the net
2013山大考博英语
Part I Grammar and Vocabulary
1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments.
A. at large
B. at intervals
C. at ease
D. at random
2. When traveling, you are advised to take tr avelers’ checks, which provide a
secure__________ to carrying your money in cash.
A. substitute
B. selection
C. inference
D. alternative
3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.
A. gracious
B. suspicious
C. unique
D. particular
4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and
this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it.
A. absorption
B. transition
C. consumption
D. interaction
5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.
A. Indistinctly
B. separately
C. irrelevantly
D. independently
6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ.
A. in accordance with
B. in terms of
C. in favor of
D. in honor of
7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must __________the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.
A. improve
B. enhance
C. guarantee
D. gear
8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing.
A. specimens
B. inspections
C. samples
D. specifications
9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.
A. bring forward
B. give rise to
C. feed up with
D. result from
10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily__________for a month or a year as for a single day.
A. put up
B. stay up
C. speed up
D. make up
11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.
A. infrequently
B. irregularly
C. unsteadily
D. uneverny
12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set of actions to protect its offspring.
A. hastens
B. releases
C. devises
D. initiates
13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be__________to tourist spending?
A. attributed
B. applied
C. contributed
D. attached
14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.
A. ingredient
B. reliance
C. shelter
D. inclination
15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to
__________wonderful bargains in the market.
A. pick up
B. bump into
C. pile up
D. bring back
16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.
A. lively
B. alive
C. living
D. live
17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City __________shock and anger throughout the world.
A. tempted
B. provoked
C. summoned
D. enveloped
18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.
A. enrolling
B. assigning
C. involving
D. consenting
19. The UN official said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.
A. multiplied
B. arrested
C. spanned
D. suspended
20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world.
A. confession
B. identification
C. acknowledgement
D. compliment
21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now
__________much of their food.
A. deliver
B. import
C. produce
D. develop
22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or the striking workers, both aides admire his journalistic
A. criticizes...acumen
B. attacks…neutrality
C. confronts…aptitude
D. dismisses…flair
23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers.
A. imitating
B. condoning
C. instructing
D. acknowledging
24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere
A. oriinal… cliches
B. banal… beliefs
C. dubious… habits
D. philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable__________, when weight loss if not stops.
A. moods… accelerates
B. feasts… halts
C. holidays… contracts
D. plateaus… slows
26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, sh e was surprised that her__________were recognized.
A. laudatory… styles
B. obvious… anecdotes
C. oblique… allusions
D. critical… eulogies
27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy?
A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse
28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________, and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.
A. learned… immune to
B. innate… unaffected by
C. intricate… belong to
D. specific… confused with
29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy
__________at any price.
A. order
B. emancipation
C. hope
D. liberty
30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her duties
with__________as well as zeal.
A. levity… resignation
B. enthusiasm… meticulousness
C. vitality… willingness
D. empathy… rigor
PartⅡClose
The study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits," says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can be crossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with a potato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desired property or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some call the gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise ne w(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial (50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.
31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises
32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses
33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve
34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist
35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As
36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons
37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually
38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect
39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case
40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken
41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence
42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary
43. A. what B. where C. as D. so
44. A. combines B.contributes https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c1445721.html,mands D. breaks
45. A. that B.because C. if D. when
46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is
47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical
48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals
49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme
50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinations
Part ⅢReading Comprehension
Passage 1
The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. ―The report conclud es that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is
that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.‖
51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para. 1) it aims to
________.
A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously
B) focus on training students in various skills
C) encourage students to take as many courses as possible
D) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends
52. By saying that ―in too many academic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare.
1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.
A) ignores the actual situation
B) is not based on the right perspective
C) only focuses on an integrated core of common learning
D) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students
53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that
________.
A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many colleges
B) students don’t have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learn
C) skills are being taught as a means to an end
D) students are only interested in obtaining credentials
54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because ________.
A) most of them lack high-quality faculties
B) the interests of most faculty members lie in research
C) there are not enough incentives for students to study hard
D) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching
55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________.
A) putting academic work in the proper context
B) a commitment to students and effective teaching
C) the practice of putting leaning to productive ends
D) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge
答案
51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. B
Passage 2
Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s environments
are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection.
Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.
Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction.
Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施) and support by the people and the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segments of society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.
56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?
A Human beings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.
B Some endangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.
C The development of human society has gr eatly affected natural ecology systems.
D The world’s climate has changed so greatly that most species cannot survive.
57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers to
A the lands that are completely surrounded by water.
B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by law
C the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.
D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.
58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinction of man species except
A natural selection of species.
B various natural disasters.
C commercial trade and killing.
D destruction of natural surroundings.
59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?
A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.
B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.
C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.
D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.
60 How does the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?
A Worried.
B Optimistic.
C Indifferent.
D Confident.
Passage 3
Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.
Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.
The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to
stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.
A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.
61. All boys and girls in large families know that
A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together
B) people tend to be together more than they used to be
C) a lot of people being together makes fights likely
D) Railway leads the world to peace
62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except .
A) the railway enables people travel fast
B) the railway brings comfort to people
C) the railway makes the world peaceful
D) the railway leads the world to war as well.
63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .
A) tunnels are dangerous to public health
B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves
C) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs
D) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die
64. We may safely conclude that .
A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group
B) the author belongs to the for-railway group
C) the author speaks highly of the railway
D) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers
65. What is the tone of this passage?
A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated
答案
61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C Passage
Passage 4
The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinking about going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely related to college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly two thousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread out over four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.
Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:
Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to make collect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.
Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on. The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books, then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have to stay in college for the rest of your life.
It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college, I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets other than John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember that the other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.
Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my wife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of brain cells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose a major, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does not involve Known Facts and Right Answers.
This means that you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major in mathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, and extrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up with exactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same is true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, your professor
will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and all the other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.
68. When should the college students choose a major?
A. The moment they go to college
B. After they have been in college for nearly two years
C. After they have been in college for a year or so
D. When they become a senior
69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph means
A. float
B. fail
C. ridicule
D. dupe
70. What is the beat title for the passage?
A. The Myth of College
B. What Can You Learn in College?
C. How to Enjoy Your College Life
D. The Importance of College
Part ⅣUse of Language
The psychology of warranties保单心理学
Protection racket保护之诈
If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular? CUSTOMERS tend to agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods such as digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.
Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond the term covered by the manufacturer’s guar antee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72 l.
So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun of Carnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailer for over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .
If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. This is because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless of the actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likely to buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.
75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotional tranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value, even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖.
A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpected bargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.
B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one and four years.
C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to do with a shopper’s mood.
F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood of a product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.
G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billion annually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal
答案
B G E A F
Part ⅤTranslation
1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people wi ll have to accept more ―unnatural food.‖
2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up in your body.
3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.
4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.
Part ⅥWriting
As the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena
019|数学学院(盖章) 制表日期：2018-05-25 考生编号考 生 姓 名 考试方式 初试成绩 复试 成绩 最终 成绩 是否 拟录取 录取专业 导师 姓名 录取类别备注外语 业务 课一 业务 课二 研究方向 导师 ID 104228101101484王永利公开招考65.082.075.3是(070101)基础数学扈培础非定向 68.073.0(02)复分析 104228101101485李汝森公开招考65.080.069.7是(070101)基础数学吕广世非定向 52.061.0(01)解析数论 104228512300024赵文嘉硕博连读80.080.0是(070101)基础数学刘建亚非定向 (01)解析数论2007990 104228512300025温婷婷硕博连读80.080.0是(070101)基础数学刘建亚非定向 (01)解析数论2007990 104228512300026胡广伟硕博连读80.080.0是(070101)基础数学吕广世非定向 (01)解析数论 104228512300027王梦迪硕博连读80.080.0是(070101)基础数学赵立璐非定向 (01)解析数论0190701 104228512300028杨海宁硕博连读85.085.0是(070101)基础数学秦静非定向 (06)密码学与安全协议 104228512300433李玲玉硕博连读80.080.0是(070101)基础数学胡锡俊非定向 (05)泛函分析与数学物理 104228101101483吴亚运公开招考67.00.00.0否(070101)基础数学扈培础非定向 68.060.0(02)复分析 104228101101491唐荣公开招考55.064.067.0是(070102)计算数学付树军非定向 81.071.0 (04)计算机图像与视频处理 104228101101492韩如意公开招考53.094.078.0是(070102)计算数学付树军非定向 72.062.0 (04)计算机图像与视频处理 104228512300029白希贤硕博连读84.684.6是(070102)计算数学芮洪兴非定向 (01)偏微分方程数值解法2007990 104228512300030杨志伟硕博连读85.085.0是(070102)计算数学王宏非定向 (01)偏微分方程数值解法019- 104228512300431宋军澎硕博连读71.671.6是(070102)计算数学芮洪兴非定向 (01)偏微分方程数值解法2007990 104228512300031李敏硕博连读93.293.2是(070103)概率论与数 理统计 吴臻非定向 (02)金融数学2007990 104228512300032孟维君硕博连读89.689.6是(070103)概率论与数 理统计 史敬涛非定向 (02)金融数学 104228512300033刘颖硕博连读89.489.4是(070103)概率论与数 理统计 赵卫东非定向 (04)金融计算 104228101101490王桢东公开招考62.074.077.0是(070104)应用数学叶杨波非定向 94.085.0(05)医用数学019- 104228101101495赵晓宇公开招考60.094.081.0是(070104)应用数学李国君非定向 75.070.0(02)生物信息 104228512300034贾俊青硕博连读86.486.4是(070104)应用数学蒋晓芸非定向 (04)分形动力学及其应用2007990 104228101101498赵元元公开招考55.090.080.5是(070105)运筹学与控 制论 刘华文非定向 78.080.0(06)不确定性推理 104228101101499宋雪公开招考52.082.073.8是(070105)运筹学与控 制论 马树萍非定向 85.060.0(04)控制理论与应用 104228512300035李頔硕博连读94.094.0是(070105)运筹学与控 制论 王光辉非定向 (01)图论及应用2009990 104228512300036王悦硕博连读94.094.0是(070105)运筹学与控 制论 吴建良非定向 (01)图论及应用2007990 学院复试领导小组组长签名：
山东大学2008博士病理生理试题（专业基础）顺序有点乱啊，凭记忆，参考书为八年制版病生 1 细胞信号转导异常的原因 2 呼吸性酸中毒的原因和对机体的影响 3 水中毒的原因和对机体的影响 4 低张性缺氧的原因和血氧变化特点 5 钙超载在心肌再灌注损伤中的作用 6 心衰兴奋－收缩偶联机制7 癌基因致癌的机制8 DIC的临床表现及机制9病例分析大体是一名45岁女性，哮喘22年，近一月来呼吸困难，出现情绪不稳，头晕等症状，血气示PCO2 70、 PCO2 50,分析其中的病理现象机制 10 病例分析大体是胆囊炎病人应用庆大霉素4周后出现呕心呕吐、尿少、食欲降低等不适，血气示PCO2 28、PH 7.35（？）、血钾6.5 BE -15,SB12 （数据？），问发生了什么病理生理情况，并解释如何发生的影像：名词：高千伏摄影、IVDSA、PET、PACS、TR、lacunar infarction、脑膜尾征、气胸、薄壁空洞、MRCP、肠套叠三联征、库欣综合征、干骺端、骨软化、MSCT、MI、增益、无回声区、假肾征、HIFU 简答：垂体微腺瘤ct、mri；浸润肺结核x、ct；食管癌分型、特征；肝硬化超声问答：急性骨髓炎x、ct、mr；卵巢癌超声、ct、mr 病理：名词：凋亡、栓塞、炎性介质、转移、心肌病、肺肉质变、气球样变、RS细胞、侵袭性葡萄胎、原发综合症鉴别题：肉芽肿-肉芽组织；原发-继发结核；弥漫增生性-新月体性肾炎简答：骨折愈合过程、影响因素；血栓结局、对机体影响问答：非浸润乳腺癌分型、组织特点；何杰金分型、各型共同特点断层：填图题：内囊层面、颅底动脉环、主动脉三大分支层面、第二肝门平面、股骨头层面（男女各一张）、椎间盘平面（模式图）、手&足冠状层面，膝失状面（模式图）名词：AC-PC；半卵圆中心、翼腭间隙、鞍上池、Heubner动
考博详解与指导 题为英语语言文学下的翻译 上午为翻译理论： 1，Describe your understanding of“Translation norms” 2，Describe the linguistic approaches to translation studies 3，Describe the relationship between translation criticism and translation studies 4，Describe your understanding of descriptive translation studies 下午为经典作品翻译和译本赏析 I Passage one汉译英 枯叶蝴蝶 峨眉山下，伏虎寺旁，有一种蝴蝶，比最美丽的蝴蝶还要美丽些，是峨眉山最珍贵的特产之一。〃当它阖②起两张翅膀的时候，像生长在树枝上的一张干枯了的树叶。谁也不去注意它，谁也不会瞧它一眼。 它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛，停止它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁③的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。 它这样伪装，是为了保护自己。但是它还是逃不脱被捕捉的命运。不仅因为它的美丽，更因为它那用来隐蔽它的美丽的枯槁与憔悴。 它以为它这样做可以保护自己，殊不知它这样做更教人去搜捕它。有一种生物比它还聪明，这种生物的特技之一是装假作伪，因此装假作伪这一种行径是瞒不过这种生物——人的。 人把它捕捉，将它制成标本，作为一种商品去出售，价钱越来越高。最后几乎把它捕捉得再也没有了。这一生物品种快要绝种了。 到这时候，国家才下令禁止捕捉枯叶蝶。但是，已经来不及了。国家的禁止更增加了它的身价。枯叶蝶真是因此而要绝对的绝灭了。我们既然有一对美丽的和真理的翅膀，我们永远也不愿意阖上它们。做什么要装模作样，化为一只枯叶蝶，最后也还是被售，反而不如那翅膀两面都光彩夺目的蝴蝶到处飞翔，被捕捉而又生生不息。 我要我的翅膀两面都光彩夺目。 我愿这自然界的一切都显出它们的真相。 Passage Two为汉译英 宰予昼寝。子曰：“朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可圬①也！于予与②何诛③？”子曰：“始吾于人也，听其言而信其行；今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。于予与改是⑤。” II，长篇翻译，奥巴马胜选演讲英译汉
1998年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1.食管切除的并发症? 2.尿道损伤的并发症? 3.直腿抬高实验的方法及意义? 4.甲状腺大部切除术的适应症? 5.改良乳腺癌根治术的适应症? https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c1445721.html,e手术适应症? 7.病例分析：肝内8.4cm包块超声示强光团为何病变? 1999年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、休克的监测及诊断? 2、乳腺癌的淋巴结引流途径? 3、甲状腺大布切除术的术前检查? 4、肝内胆管结石的手术治疗原则及方法? 5、尿道损伤的并发症? 6、ct发现胰腺头部占位后还应行哪些检查? 7、肝癌的定性诊断？? 8、孕期阑尾炎的诊断治疗原则? 2000年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、食管切除术的并发症? 2、高钾血症的治疗原则? 3、乳腺良恶性病变的钼靶x线表现? 4、甲状腺结节的处理原则? 5、急性尿储留的常见类型? 6、脊柱周围脓肿的流注途径? 7、肝外伤的手术处理原则? 8、急性胰腺炎的病理生理改变? 9、胆总管囊肿的分型? 10、手外伤的处理原则? 2001年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词 1.微小胃癌 2.Tipps 3.重症感染 4.瓷胆囊 二、休克时加重心肌损伤的因素有那些? 三、肿瘤的外科治疗有哪些方法? 四、一个良好的肿瘤标志物应该具有何特性，举例说明? 五、结肠癌的早期诊断? 六、梗阻性黄疸的检查方法有哪些? 七、肝内胆管结石的处理原则及治疗方法? 八、气胸的分类及治疗? 九、骨盆骨折的并发症有哪些? 十、后尿道损伤的临床表现及治疗? 2004年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词解释 二、问答每个10分 1、骨折功能复位的标准 2、右半结肠癌与左半结肠癌的临床表现的不同点 3、什么是“不可切除的乳腺癌”如何治疗 4、原发性肝癌的手术指征禁忌症 5、对于创伤病人的影响愈合的因素如何处理 6、食管胃底静脉曲张普破裂出血的特点 三、论述20分 恶性肿瘤的关键的生物学特性 2005年山东大学医学院普通外科学（博士） 一、名词解释（2分/个） 1.胃肠间质通 2.炎症反应综合症 3.壶腹癌 4.ACST 5.Glisson鞘 二、问答题（10分/个） 1.胃癌的手术发式 2.肝移植的适应症和手术方式 3.甲状腺结节的处理原则 4.闭合性腹部损伤非手术治疗期间应观察哪些指 标 三、论述题（20分/个） 1.针对乳癌高发率世界著名的临床实验NSABP B-04经过长期观察得到哪些重要结论 2.作为合格的外科医生，随着外科治疗的进展，除掌握手术治疗方法外，还有哪些综合治疗方法 四、多选题（5分/个）共两个题干和选项都是英文1．手术病人最低的血小板数 2．低血容量性休克 每个题后写着：The answer is____,and why?
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题 完形填空 A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior.As a(an)__3__in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem.She was so__5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing.She’s just__6__you out.” A leading cause of the__7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to__8__effectively.They don‘t listen to each other.Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other. In__10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and__11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly__13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them.In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves.The following is a true story：At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__a speech.When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech.He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M.Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__with the statement that he“was repeatedly__20__by applause.” 1.[A]scarce[B]little[C]rare[D]poor 2.[A]malignant[B]deficient[C]ineffective[D]feeble 3.[A]case[B]example[C]lesson[D]suggestion 4.[A]audio[B]aural[C]hearing[D]listening 5.[A]believing[B]convinced[C]assured[D]doubtless 6.[A]turning[B]tuning[C]tucking[D]tugging 7.[A]rising[B]arising[C]raising[D]arousing 8.[A]exchange[B]interchange[C]encounter[D]interact 9.[A]relates[B]refers[C]responds[D]resorts 10.[A]like[B]alike[C]likely[D]likewise 11.[A]nominated[B]selected[C]appointed[D]supported 12.[A]connection[B]reach[C]association[D]touch 13.[A]leading[B]representing[C]delegating[D]supporting 14.[A]legislative[B]legitimate[C]legalized[D]liberal 15.[A]distributed[B]awarded[C]handed[D]submitted 16.[A]present[B]publish[C]deliver[D]pursue 17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on 18.[A]joy[B]enjoyment[C]amusement[D]delight 19.[A]conclude[B]to conclude[C]concluding[D]concluded 20.[A]disrupted[B]interfered[C]interrupted[D]stopped 阅读理解 第一篇
山东大学学位论文规范(试行) 为提高学位工作水平和学位论文的质量，保证学位论文在结构和格式上的规范与统一，特作如下规定。 一、学位论文的基本要求 硕士学位论文一般应用中文撰写，提倡并鼓励用中、外文撰写。理学、工学、医学类博士学位论文须用中、外文撰写，人文社科类博士学位论文提倡并鼓励用中、外文撰写。博士学位论文字数一般3-10万字，摘要为3000字以上；硕士学位论文字数一般2-5万字，摘要为1000字左右。 二、学位论文的结构要求 博士、硕士学位论文一般应由以下几部分组成，依次为：（1）论文封面;（2）扉页;（3）原创性声明和关于论文使用授权的声明；（4）中、外文论文目录; （5）中文摘要;（6）外文摘要;（7）符号说明;（8）论文正文（包括文献综述）;（9）附录、附图表;（10）引文出处及参考文献;（11）致谢;（12）攻读学位期间发表的学术论文目录；（13）学位论文评阅及答辩情况；（14）外文论文。 三、学位论文的格式要求 （一）论文封面：采用研究生院统一印制的封面。封面的论文题目需要中、外文标示。用小二号加重黑体字打印封面的中文论文题目，用三号加重打印封面外文论文题目，四号加重黑体字打印脊背处论文题目和封面作者姓名、专业、指导教师、合作导师姓名和专业技术职务、论文完成时间、密级、学校代码、学号、分类号等内容。论文题目不得超过30个汉字。分类号须采用《中国图书资料分类法》进行标注。 （二）扉页：论文设扉页，其内容与封面相同，送交校学位办公室、图书馆
和档案馆的论文其扉页由本人用碳素钢笔填写。 （三）原创性声明和关于学位论文使用授权的说明：论文作者和指导教师在向校学位办公室、图书馆、档案馆提交论文时必须在要求签名处签字。 （四）论文目录：论文需要有中外文目录各一份。目录应将文内的章、节标题依次排列，并注明页码。标题应简明扼要。中文的“目录”标题字用小三号加重黑体字打印，目录内容用小四号宋体打印。外文的“目录”标题字用加重小三号字体大写字母打印，目录内容用小四号字体小写字母打印。 （五）中文摘要：中文摘要应以最简洁的语言介绍论文的内容要点，其中包括研究目的、研究方法、结果、结论及意义等，并注意突出论文中的新论点、新见解或创造性的成果，并在摘要后列出3-5个关键词，之间用分号相隔。关键词应体现论文的主要内容，词组符合学术规范。“中文摘要”标题字用小三号加重黑体字打印，摘要内容用小四号宋体打印。 （六）外文摘要：外文摘要内容应与中文摘要基本一致，要语句通顺，语法正确，准确反映论文的内容，并在其后列出与中文相对应的外文关键词。“摘要”标题字用加重小三号字体大写字母打印，摘要内容用小四号字体小写字母打印。 （七）符号说明：介绍论文中所用符号表示的意义。 （八）论文正文：正文是学位论文的主体和核心部分。论文应在前言中包含必要的文献综述，并用小标题标明。论文中的计量单位、制图、制表、公式、缩略词和符号必须遵循国家规定的标准。其行文方式和文体的格局，研究生可根据自己研究课题的表达需要不同而变化，灵活掌握。论文题目用小三号黑体字打印，内容用小四号宋体打印，一般每行32～34字，每页29～31行。每页要有页眉，其上居中打印“山东大学博（硕）士学位论文”字样，页码标注在页面低端（页
2013年山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 Part I Grammar and Vocabulary 1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for deferments. A. at large B. at intervals C. at ease D. at random 2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’checks, which provide a secure to carrying your money in cash. A. substitute B. selection C. inference D. alternative 3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character. A. gracious B. suspicious C. unique D. particular 4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this produces artificial cold surrounding it. A. absorption B. transition C. consumption D. interaction 5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. A. Indistinctly B. separately C. irrelevantly D. independently 6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th the birth of Jesus Christ. A. in accordance with B. in terms of C. in favor of D. in honor of 7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand. A. improve B. enhance C. guarantee D. gear 8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed and means of packing. A. specimens B. inspections C. samples D. specifications 9. Many of the conditions that population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction. A. bring forward B. give rise to C. feed up with D. result from 10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily for a month or a year as for a single day. A. put up B. stay up C. speed up D. make up 11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region. A. infrequently B. irregularly C. unsteadily D. uneverny 12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird a set of actions to protect its offspring. A. hastens B. releases C. devises D. initiates 13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be to tourist spending? A. attributed B. applied C. contributed D. attached 14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.
山东大学考博英语试题分析 应某网友的要求，现在对山东大学的考博英语试题做一下分析： 近三年山大的考博英语试题的题型是比较固定的，主要包括以下部分： 第一部分听力15%（15题） 第二部分词汇 15% （30题） 第三部分阅读理解 30%（4篇20题） 第四部分选择句子填空7选5 10% 第五部分英译汉10% 第六部分作文 20% （命题作文） 总的来说山大的考博英语还是很有难度的，首先考听力而且听力的录音一般都直接来自VOA 等的常速英语，这对在工作中很少接触英语或者多年未进行听力考试的考生来说是很有难度的。第二个难点是词汇题。因为没有词汇大纲，词汇题的出题范围很广，而且经常是把容易弄混的词语放在一起考，考的是对词语特别准确的记忆，因此词汇题是很有难度的。第三个难点是阅读理解，一般来说阅读理解应该是考试中拿分的题目，但是山大的考博英语阅读文章有时会选择一些比较有难度的文章，比如会选择专八考试中的文章，这无疑增加了难度，一个是在词汇量上遇到的生词会比较多，另外一方面是文章中的常难句也会更难理解一些。最后一个难点是作文，虽然山大的考博英语在作文上出的都是大众化的命题作文，但因为考生在平时很少真正的动手练习，因此在作文上得到高分也是不容易的。 对于备考山东大学考博英语的考生提几点建议： 一、重视听力。从现在开始就坚持每天听，泛听和精听相结合，主要是练习听原版的听力材料，可以从简单的新闻听起，再慢慢增加难度。 二、提高词汇记忆的范围。为很好的应对词汇和阅读理解题，记忆词汇是必须的，而且光记忆一般性的考博英语词汇是远远不够的，建议记忆一下ＧＲＥ词汇。 三、阅读理解从培养好的英语文章阅读习惯入手。对于英语文章要学会从整体上把握文章主旨的习惯和能力，而不要一句话一个字地去读那样做会造成只见树木不见森林，对于文章的理解往往是有偏颇的。 四、作文在考试之前应该做好充分的练习，把记忆的模版应用熟练，只有这样在考试中才能得心应手。
山东大学考博英语2014年真题 (总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and V(总题数：30，分数：15.00) 1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy.（分数：0.50） A.will B.disposal C.request D.convenience 2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50） A.engaged B.occupied C.absorbed D.concentrated 3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数： 0.50） A.exposure B.disclosure C.contact D.connection 4.And we maintain a reflexive, ______ affection for Uncle Ralph, the boring fellow with interminable stories of a time we never knew.（分数：0.50） A.hateful B.distanced C.loving D.close glaring 5.______ a delay, the train will arrive in Shanghai at 6:30 a.m.（分数：0.50） A.Except B.Barring C.Apart from D.On account of 6.If something very substantial is not done next month, he cannot ______ his office.（分数： 0.50） A.obtain B.secure C.have D.retain 7.Stores and supermarkets have been ______ with each other to attract customers.（分数：0.50） A.striving B.vying C.conquering D.sprouting 8.The boy was very naughty, his mother ______ punishment to make him obey.（分数：0.50） A.took advantage B.made use C.resorted to D.turned for
2008年山东大学经济学院考博真题--经济学 一、名词解释 1、古诺模型和斯塔克尔伯格模型的比较 2、社会福利函数理论 3、新剑桥模型理论 二、计算题 2、已知生产函数：Y=K-0.2K^2，Y为人均产出，K为人均资本存量，平均储蓄倾向S=0.1，人口增长率=0.05，求：均衡资本--劳动比率；均衡人均储蓄；均衡人均消费；均衡人均产出。 三、论述题 1、公共产品与私人产品相比有哪些特点？公共产品的这些特点怎样使其生产上的市场失灵？ 2、封闭经济与开放经济的国家宏观政策在操作上有哪些不同？开放经济下浮动汇率与固定汇率条件下货币政策有哪些不同？ 2009 年山东大学博士考试现代经济学前沿试题 1.论述新增长理论（内生增长理论）产生的原因和背景，并阐明其主要观点。 2.新凯恩斯主义的主要观点是什么？比较新凯恩斯主义与传统凯恩斯主义的异同。 3.论述孔多塞的投票悖论。 4.阐述非对称信息博弈论与微观经济学的发展，并论述信息经济学的主要观点。 5、论述2008 年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献。 6、论述诺斯与马克思关于制度变迁的主要内容。 7、用经济学理论（如克鲁格曼的萧条经济学、马克思的危机论、凯恩斯的经济学）解释当前的金融危机。 上述题目中1-4 任选二题，5-7 任选二题，每题25 分。 95 年 一.名词解释(5?×4) 1 边际替代率 2 资本边际效率 3 挤出效应 4 生产可能性曲线(边界)
二.简答(15?×2) 1 需求曲线一般是一条由左上方向右下方倾斜的曲线,但也有例外情况,,请举例说明至少三种特殊的需求曲线 2.简述”有效需求原理”的基本内容 三.论述(25?×2) 1 作图并证明,非线性需求曲线上任何一点的需求价格弹性等于该点沿切线到横轴的距离与到纵轴的距离之比 2 试述LM 曲线的推导过程并说明ISLM 分析的意义 96 年 一.名词解释(5?×4) 1 规模收益 2 完全垄断 3 通货膨胀 4 法定准备率 二.简答(15?×2) 1 公开市场业务通过哪些传导机制来影响货币供应量 2 为什么说完全垄断市场是经济效率最底的市场 三.论述(25?×2) 1 完全竞争市场条件下厂商的短期均衡和长期均衡是如何实现的 2 为什么说国民收入流量的决定是宏观经济学的核心问题(试用二部门,三部门和四部门经济模型说明) 97 年 一.名词解释(5?×4) 1 需求收入弹性 2 等产量线 3 投资乘数 4 边际消费倾向 二.简答(15?×2) 1 无差异曲线主要有那些性质 2 如图所示,请说明IS-LM 模型中从非均衡点A 到均衡点E 的调整过程 三.论述(25?×2) 1 试述购买替代品的最大效用原则 2 论述”内在稳定器”的主要内容和作用
Passage Four（2004年6月） Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms. Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will. As an example of what’s going on, consider . Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits. With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. . Bancorp collected a share of
2008年山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题（记忆版） 一、听力（1分×15=15分） 1-4长对话，四个问题。（一般考试一开始都是一个问题的短对话，做的时候差点吐血）5-7、8-10两篇新闻，语速中等。一个是关于布什，一个是关于篮球明星。11-15一篇演讲 二、语法和词汇（0.5分×30=15分） 三、阅读（2分×15=30分） 1、关于提高阅读速度（来自华侨中学2004学年度下学期期中考试高二英语试题） A higher reading rate, with no loss of comprehension, will help you in other subjects as well as English. Naturally, you will not read every book at the same speed. You would expect to read a newspaper, for example, much more rapidly than a physics or economics textbook, but you can raise your average reading speed with the whole range of materials you wish to cover so that the percentage gain will be the same whatever kind of reading you are concerned with. Perhaps you would like to know what reading speeds are common among native English-speaking university students and how those speeds can be improved. Tests in Minnesota, USA have shown that students without special training can read English of average difficulty at speeds of between 240 and 250 w. p. m. with about 70% comprehension. Minnesota claims that after 12 half-hour lessons, once a week, the reading speed can be increased, with no loss of comprehension, to around 500 w. p. m. If you get to the point where you can read books of average difficulty at between 400 and 500 w. p.m. with 70% more comprehension, you will be doing quite well, though of course may further improvement of speed with comprehension will be a good thing. When you practise reading with short passages, do not try to take in each word separately, one after the other. It is much more difficult to grasp the broad theme of passage this way, and you will also get trunk on individual words which may not be absolutely essential to a general understanding of the passage. It is a good idea to skim through the passage very quickly first (say 500 words in a minute or so ) to get the general idea of each paragraph. Titles, paragraph headings and emphasized words (underlined or in italics) can be a great help in getting the outline of the passage. It is surprising how many people do not read the outline of the passage. It is surprising how many people do not read titles, introductions or paragraph headings. 2、关于计算机对工业和教育的进步（来自英语100篇精读荟萃中级篇，部分词语与考题不符） As citizens of advanced but vulnerable economies, we must either relentlessly increase the quality of our skills or see our standard of living erode. For the future, competition between nations will be increasingly based on technological skill. Oil and natural resources will still be important, but they no longer will determine a nation’s economic strength. This will now be a matter of the way people organize them selves and the nature and quality of their work. Japan and the “new Japans “of East Asia are demonstrating this point in ways that are becoming painfully obvious to the older industrial countries. There is simply no way to rest on our past achievements. Today’s competition renders obsolete huge chunks of what we know and what forces us to innovate. For each individual. Several careers will be customary, and continuing education and retraining will be inescapable. To attain this extraordinary level of education, government, business, schools, and even individuals will turn to technology for the answer. In industry, processing the information and designing the changes necessary to