山东大学考博英语2014年真题
(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and V(总题数：30，分数：15.00)
1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy.（分数：0.50）
A.will
B.disposal
C.request
D.convenience
2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）
A.engaged
B.occupied
C.absorbed
D.concentrated
3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：
0.50）
A.exposure
B.disclosure
C.contact
D.connection
4.And we maintain a reflexive, ______ affection for Uncle Ralph, the boring fellow with interminable stories of a time we never knew.（分数：0.50）
A.hateful
B.distanced
C.loving
D.close glaring
5.______ a delay, the train will arrive in Shanghai at 6:30 a.m.（分数：0.50）
A.Except
B.Barring
C.Apart from
D.On account of
6.If something very substantial is not done next month, he cannot ______ his office.（分数：
0.50）
A.obtain
B.secure
C.have
D.retain
7.Stores and supermarkets have been ______ with each other to attract customers.（分数：0.50）
A.striving
B.vying
C.conquering
D.sprouting
8.The boy was very naughty, his mother ______ punishment to make him obey.（分数：0.50）
A.took advantage
B.made use
C.resorted to
D.turned for
9.If the heavy rain had ______ an extreme high tide, serious flooding would have resulted.（分数：0.50）
A.happened to
B.occurred to
C.coincided with
D.turned out
10.The criminal was told he would be ______ from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.（分数：0.50）
A.immune
B.immigrant
C.imminent
D.infallible
11.It is hard to tell whether we are going to have a ______ in the economy or a recession.（分数：0.50）
A.concession
B.boom
C.transmission
D.submission
12.There is no ______ evidence that the diplomatic relations will be restored to normal between these two countries.（分数：0.50）
A.tangible
B.touchable
C.noticeable
D.inevitable
13.The mountain peak is ______ on the horizon.（分数：0.50）
A.straddling
B.overlooking
C.towering
D.dominant
14.14, All the investors in stocks must be ______ to the risks in such investment.（分数：0.50）
A.realistic
B.alert
C.accessible
D.awake
15.The excursion will give you an even deeper ______ into our language and culture.（分数：0.50）
A.inquiry
B.investigation
C.input
D.insight
16.The Prime Minister denied that the president ______ any information about the transfer and transaction of the nuclear weapons in North Korea.（分数：0.50）
A.kept silent about
B.was privy to
C.was knowledgeable about
D.had a stake in
17.______ there was not a soul around except some cars passing occasionally.（分数：0.50）
A.Over night
B.At dusk
C.In the dead of night
D.Fortnight
18.With facilities worth 30 to 50 billion dollars and 9,000 miles of roads in the national ______ park system alone, keeping up with needed repairs is.（分数：0.50）
A.overwhelming
B.appalling
C.dominant
D.appealing
19.The career I have chosen ______ opportunities yet it is fraught with heartbreak, despair and hardship.（分数：0.50）
A.is laden with
B.is lack of
C.is burdened with
D.is in want of
20.Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to ______ old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is.（分数：0.50）
A.encounter
B.convert
C.challenge
D.formulate
21.In the process of development we should ______ heart that social life is based on exchange.（分数：0.50）
A.take from
B.take to
C.take for
D.take in
22.What makes basketball the most ______ of sports is how these styles do not necessarily clash.（分数：0.50）
A.aspiring
B.intriguing
C.conspiring
D.famous
23.She is too shy to ask a stranger the time, ______ speak to a room of people.（分数：0.50）
A.much less
B.much more
C.still more
D.more or less
24.A balance used for weighing drugs or jewels must be a ______ instrument, but this would be quite unsuitable for weighing coal, sand or blocks of stone.（分数：0.50）
A.distinction
B.correction
C.precaution
D.precision
25.Motorcyclists should wear helmets to ______ them from injury.（分数：0.50）
A.save
B.shield
C.shelter
D.defend
26.______ what has been said, it is unlike that population growth will be halted, either in the developed or in the undeveloped world.（分数：0.50）
A.In view of
B.On behalf of
C.For the sake of
D.With the exception of
27.This new book has received several reviews since its publication; but none of them have made
a just ______ of the book.（分数：0.50）
A.calculation
B.evaluation
C.profit
D.register
28.The spy gave General Washington a ______ report on enemy activities.（分数：0.50）
A.confident
B.influential
C.confidential
D.substantial
29.Henry"s news report covering the conference was so ______ that nothing had been omitted.（分数：0.50）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,prehensive
https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,prehensible
C.understanding
D.understandable
30.In Scotland, as in the rest of the United Kingdom, ______ schooling begins at age 5 and ends at age 16.（分数：0.50）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,pelling
B.forced
C.obliged
https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,pulsory
二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control. 9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. "Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges," he said. Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.（分数：10.00）
A.as to
B.for instance
C.in particular
D.such as
A.tightening
B.intensifying
D.fastening
A.sketch
B.rough
C.preliminary
D.draft
A.illogical
B.illegal
C.improbable
D.improper
A.publicity
B.penalty
C.popularity
D.peculiarity
A.since
B.if
C.before
D.as
A.sided
B.shared
https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,plied
D.agreed
A.present
B.offer
C.manifest
D.indicate
A.Release
B.Publication
C.Printing
D.Exposure
A.storm
B.rage
C.flare
D.flash
A.translation
B.interpretation
C.exhibition
D.demonstration
A.better than
B.other than
C.rather than
D.sooner than
A.changes
B.makes
C.sets
D.turns
A.binding
B.convincing
C.restraining
A.authorized
B.credited
C.entitled
D.qualified
A.with
B.to
C.from
D.by
A.impact
B.incident
C.inference
D.issue
A.stated
B.remarked
C.said
D.told
A.what
B.when
C.which
D.that
A.assure
B.confide
C.ensure
D.guarantee
三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：7.50)
When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It"s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland"s laws against secret telephone taping. It"s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms. Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will. As an example of what"s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called MemberWorks with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.
With these customer lists in hand, MemberWorks started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a "free trial offer" had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues. Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn"t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.
The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U. S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms. And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products,
including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans. You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields "transaction and experience" information—mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They"ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn"t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?
Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that "all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential". Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn"t "sell" your data at all. It merely "shares" it and reaps a profit. Now you know.（分数：7.50）
(1).Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people"s privacy ______.（分数：1.50）
A.is practiced exclusively by the FBI
B.is more prevalent in business circles
C.has been intensified with the help of the IRS
D.is mainly carried out by means of secret taping
(2).We know from the passage that ______.（分数：1.50）
A.the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private information
B.most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businesses
C.legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protection
https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,wmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers" buying habits
(3).When the "free trial" deadline is over, you"ll be charged without notice for a product or service if ______.（分数：1.50）
A.you happen to reveal your credit card number
B.you fail to cancel it within the specified period
C.you fail to apply for extension of the deadline
D.you find the product or service unsatisfactory
(4).Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because ______.（分数：1.50）
A.it is considered "transaction and experience" information unprotected by law
B.it has always been considered an open secret by the general public
C.its sale can be brought under control through self-regulation
D.its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy
(5).We can infer from the passage that ______.（分数：1.50）
A.banks will have to change their ways of doing business
B."free trial" practice will eventually be banned
C.privacy protection laws will soon be enforced
D.consumers" privacy will continue to be invaded
五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：2.50)
Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby"s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother"s back,
infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one"s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one"s conversation partner".
The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.（分数：2.50）
(1).The author is convinced that the eyes are ______.（分数：0.50）
A.of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideas
B.something through which one can see a person"s inner world
C.of considerable significance in making conversations interesting
D.something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate
(2).Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ______.（分数：0.50）
A.whose front view is fully perceived
B.whose face is covered with a mask
C.whose face is seen from the side
D.whose face is free of any covering
(3).According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner"s neck because ______.（分数：0.50）
A.they don"t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speaker
B.they need not communicate through eye contact
C.they don"t think it polite to have eye contact
D.they didn"t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact in babyhood
(4).According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to ______.（分数：0.50）
A.one temporarily glancing away from the other
B.eye contact of more than one second
C.improperly-timed ceasing of eye contact
D.constant adjustment of eye contact
(5).To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants ______.（分数：
0.50）
A.not to wear dark spectacles
B.not to make any interruptions
C.not to glance away from each other
D.not to make unpredictable pauses
六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：7.50)
A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One"s physical assets and liabilities don"t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best. Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals
are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.
Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers—a piece of paper relating an individual"s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an
average-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.
Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.
In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.（分数：7.50）
(1).According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager ______.（分数：1.50）
A.a person"s property or debts do not matter much
B.a person"s outward appearance is not a critical qualification
C.women should always dress fashionably
D.women should not only be attractive but also high-minded
(2).The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ______.（分数：1.50）
A.people do not realize the importance of looking one"s best
B.women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid well
C.goodlooking women aspire to managerial positions
D.attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not
(3).Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes ______.（分数：1.50）
A.they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deep
B.they do not usually act according to the views they support
C.they give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratings
D.they tend to base their judgment on the individual"s accomplishments
(4)."Good looks cut both ways for women" (Line 1, Para. 5) means that ______.（分数：1.50）
A.attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobs
B.goodlooking women always get the best of everything
C.being attractive is not always an advantage for women
D.attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions
(5).It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ______.（分数：1.50）
A.handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women are
B.physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite well
C.physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite well
D.good looks are important for women as they are for men
七、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：7.50)
Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called "footwear for yuppies (雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士)". They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children"s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics(健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.
Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company"s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.
In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok"s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.
Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes." Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.（分数：7.50）
(1).One reason why Reebok"s managerial personnel don"t like their shoes to be called "footwear for yuppies" is that ______.（分数：1.50）
A.they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groups
B.new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoes
C."yuppies" usually evokes a negative image
D.the term makes people think of prohibitive prices
(2).Reebok"s view that "consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution" (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ______.（分数：1.50）
A.the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling it
B.the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributors
C.the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell it
D.consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores
(3).Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ______.（分数：1.50）
A.its supply of products fell short of demand
B.too many distributors would cut into its profits
C.the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the market
D.it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products
(4).Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it ______.（分数：1.50）
A.does not want to further expand its retailing network
B.still limits the number of shoes supplied to stores
C.is still particular about who sells its products
D.still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products
(5).What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike"s distribution problems?（分数：1.50）
A.A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores
B.A company should not limit its distribution network
C.A company should do follow-up surveys of its products
D.A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market
八、Part Ⅳ Use of Langua(总题数：1，分数：10.00)
On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $ 35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.
He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user"s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".
1 . In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998 a friend of Williams"s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams"s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.
2 .
The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: "Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams"s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling", intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his will". Well.
3 .
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
4 . Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
5 .
Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers" dollars has become intense. The Oct.
28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web"s most profitable business.
A. Although no such evidence was presented, the casino"s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.
B. It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?
C. By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.
D. Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly
considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.
E. David Williams"s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don"t bet on it.
F. It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
G. The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?（分数：10.00）
九、Part Ⅴ Translation(总题数：5，分数：15.00)
31.There was once a harmony town in this country where all life seemed to live in with its surroundings.
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.The government has devoted a larger slice of its national budget to agriculture than most other countries.
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
33.If there were only a dozen or so air molecules in my kitchen, it would be likely if I waited
a year or so—that at some point the six coldest ones would congregate inside the freezer. （分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Instead of a global village, which is a nice dream but impossible to manage, we will have invented another world of self-contained communities that cater to their own member"s inclinations without interfering with anyone else.
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of things—from subnuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living organisms, the human social community, and thence to the cosmos as a whole. （分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
十、Part Ⅵ Writing(总题数：1，分数：20.00)
36.Describe children surfing the net briefly and give your comments.
（分数：20.00）
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1998年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1.食管切除的并发症? 2.尿道损伤的并发症? 3.直腿抬高实验的方法及意义? 4.甲状腺大部切除术的适应症? 5.改良乳腺癌根治术的适应症? https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,e手术适应症? 7.病例分析：肝内8.4cm包块超声示强光团为何病变? 1999年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、休克的监测及诊断? 2、乳腺癌的淋巴结引流途径? 3、甲状腺大布切除术的术前检查? 4、肝内胆管结石的手术治疗原则及方法? 5、尿道损伤的并发症? 6、ct发现胰腺头部占位后还应行哪些检查? 7、肝癌的定性诊断？? 8、孕期阑尾炎的诊断治疗原则? 2000年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、食管切除术的并发症? 2、高钾血症的治疗原则? 3、乳腺良恶性病变的钼靶x线表现? 4、甲状腺结节的处理原则? 5、急性尿储留的常见类型? 6、脊柱周围脓肿的流注途径? 7、肝外伤的手术处理原则? 8、急性胰腺炎的病理生理改变? 9、胆总管囊肿的分型? 10、手外伤的处理原则? 2001年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词 1.微小胃癌 2.Tipps 3.重症感染 4.瓷胆囊 二、休克时加重心肌损伤的因素有那些? 三、肿瘤的外科治疗有哪些方法? 四、一个良好的肿瘤标志物应该具有何特性，举例说明? 五、结肠癌的早期诊断? 六、梗阻性黄疸的检查方法有哪些? 七、肝内胆管结石的处理原则及治疗方法? 八、气胸的分类及治疗? 九、骨盆骨折的并发症有哪些? 十、后尿道损伤的临床表现及治疗? 2004年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词解释 二、问答每个10分 1、骨折功能复位的标准 2、右半结肠癌与左半结肠癌的临床表现的不同点 3、什么是“不可切除的乳腺癌”如何治疗 4、原发性肝癌的手术指征禁忌症 5、对于创伤病人的影响愈合的因素如何处理 6、食管胃底静脉曲张普破裂出血的特点 三、论述20分 恶性肿瘤的关键的生物学特性 2005年山东大学医学院普通外科学（博士） 一、名词解释（2分/个） 1.胃肠间质通 2.炎症反应综合症 3.壶腹癌 4.ACST 5.Glisson鞘 二、问答题（10分/个） 1.胃癌的手术发式 2.肝移植的适应症和手术方式 3.甲状腺结节的处理原则 4.闭合性腹部损伤非手术治疗期间应观察哪些指 标 三、论述题（20分/个） 1.针对乳癌高发率世界著名的临床实验NSABP B-04经过长期观察得到哪些重要结论 2.作为合格的外科医生，随着外科治疗的进展，除掌握手术治疗方法外，还有哪些综合治疗方法 四、多选题（5分/个）共两个题干和选项都是英文1．手术病人最低的血小板数 2．低血容量性休克 每个题后写着：The answer is____,and why?
北京大学考博英语模拟题14 Part ⅠVocabulary 1. The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a ______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion. A.long B.forever https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,sting D.lively 答案：C [解答] 本题空格处是说留下持久的印记。long的意思是“长期的”；forever的意思是“永远”；lasting的意思是“持久的”；lively的意思是“活泼的，逼真的”。四个选项中只有C项符合题意。 2. The magician picked out several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. A.by accident B.on average C.on occasion D.at random 答案：D by accident偶然的。on average平均的。on occasion有时。at random随意的。 3. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats. A.a sharp set-back B.severe set-back C.a severe blown-up D.sharp blown-up
考博英语历年真题 北大2013年考博士英语真题及答案 Part Two:Structure and Written Expression20 Directions:In each question decide which of four choices given will most suita bly complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET. 21.The nuclear family__________a self-contained,self-satisfying unit compose d of father,mother and children. A.refers to B.defines C.describes D.devotes to 22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that e lderly Americans are________by social isolation and loneliness. A.reproach ed B.favored C.plagued D.reprehended 23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance,cooperation_____ ___the quality of interpersonal relationship. A.ascends https://www.doczj.com/doc/52986834.html,pels C.enhances D.prefers 24.In the past50years,there________a great increase in the amount of resea rch_____on the human brain. A.was…did B.has been…to be done C.was…doing D.has been…done 25. “I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like_____.”“We told you not t o eat at a restaurant.You’ d better_______at hom e when you are not in the shape.” A.to throw up… to eat B.throwing up…eating C.to throw up…eat D.throwing up…eat 26.Parent shave to show due concerns to their children’ s creativity and emotional output;otherwise what they think beneficial to t he kids might probably_______their enthusiasm and aspirations. A.hold back B.hold to C.hold down D.hold over 27.According to psychoanalysis,a person’ s attention is attracted________by the intensity of different signals____ ____by their context,significance,and information content. A.not less than…as B.as…just as C.so much…as D.not so much… as28.They moved to Portland in1998and lived in a big house,_______to the south. A.the windows of which opened B.the windows of it opened C. its windows opened D.the windows of which opening 29.The lady who has_______for a night in the dead of the winter later turned o ut to be a distant relation of his. A.put him up B.put him out C.put him on D.put him in30.By standers, _______,_________as they walked past lines of ambulances. A.bloody and cov ered with dust,looking dazed B.bloodied and covered with dust,looked daze
Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%) Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、 11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that a wide solution、 A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for 12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message、 A.accustomed to split and divided B.accustomed to splitting and dividing C.accustomed to split and dividing D.accustomed to splitting and divided 13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、 A、at itself B、as itself C、on itself D、in itself 14. us earlier, your request to the full、 A、You have contacted…we could comply with B、Had you contacted…we could have complied with C、You had contacted…could we have complied with D、Have you contacted…we could comply with 15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、 A、discard B、discreet C、discord D、disgorge 16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、 A、on…by…at B、by…for…in C、from…in…on D、through…with…from 17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create 、 A、bore B、bored C、boredom D、bordom 18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、 A、lacked B、lacking C、for lack of D、lack of 19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、 A、that have to B、have to C、having to D、has to 20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、 A、none the worse B、none the better C、never worse D、never better 21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、 A、cried out for…cried out for B、cry out for…cry out for C、had cried out for…cried out for D、had cried out for…cry out for 22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、 A、trigger B、meager C、vigor D、linger 23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、 A、as much the Africans are detribalized B、the Africans are much being detribalized C、as much as the Africans are being detribalized D、as much as the Africans are detribalized 24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、 A、can but B、cannot only C、cannot but D、can only but 25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、
考博详解与指导 题为英语语言文学下的翻译 上午为翻译理论： 1，Describe your understanding of“Translation norms” 2，Describe the linguistic approaches to translation studies 3，Describe the relationship between translation criticism and translation studies 4，Describe your understanding of descriptive translation studies 下午为经典作品翻译和译本赏析 I Passage one汉译英 枯叶蝴蝶 峨眉山下，伏虎寺旁，有一种蝴蝶，比最美丽的蝴蝶还要美丽些，是峨眉山最珍贵的特产之一。〃当它阖②起两张翅膀的时候，像生长在树枝上的一张干枯了的树叶。谁也不去注意它，谁也不会瞧它一眼。 它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛，停止它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁③的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。 它这样伪装，是为了保护自己。但是它还是逃不脱被捕捉的命运。不仅因为它的美丽，更因为它那用来隐蔽它的美丽的枯槁与憔悴。 它以为它这样做可以保护自己，殊不知它这样做更教人去搜捕它。有一种生物比它还聪明，这种生物的特技之一是装假作伪，因此装假作伪这一种行径是瞒不过这种生物——人的。 人把它捕捉，将它制成标本，作为一种商品去出售，价钱越来越高。最后几乎把它捕捉得再也没有了。这一生物品种快要绝种了。 到这时候，国家才下令禁止捕捉枯叶蝶。但是，已经来不及了。国家的禁止更增加了它的身价。枯叶蝶真是因此而要绝对的绝灭了。我们既然有一对美丽的和真理的翅膀，我们永远也不愿意阖上它们。做什么要装模作样，化为一只枯叶蝶，最后也还是被售，反而不如那翅膀两面都光彩夺目的蝴蝶到处飞翔，被捕捉而又生生不息。 我要我的翅膀两面都光彩夺目。 我愿这自然界的一切都显出它们的真相。 Passage Two为汉译英 宰予昼寝。子曰：“朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可圬①也！于予与②何诛③？”子曰：“始吾于人也，听其言而信其行；今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。于予与改是⑤。” II，长篇翻译，奥巴马胜选演讲英译汉
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need
北京大学考博英语真题常见句子翻译方法近期很多考生问关于条件状语从句的分析和翻译问题，在此，育明考博老师结合同学提出的两个典型问题为大家分析条件状语从句，并给出相应的参考译文。 一、问题：请分析并翻译：If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. 解析：很多考生看到这样一句从横三、四行的长句会心生畏惧，对自己没有信心，自然也就无法理清这句中的各种枝节。拿到这样的一个句子，最主要的仍然是先把主干找到，然后再看其他部分和主干的关系。需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 句子主干：you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties 主干是由两个并列的分句组成的，第一个分句是you will be in a position to know the experiences主系表结构，第二个分句是it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties形式主语+系表结构+不定式作真正的主语。
考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷80 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00) Too much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers. Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately — defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day — had an IQ that was 3. 3 points higher that men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2. 5 points higher than female teetotalers. The type of alcohol didn't influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake. The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent. "It's very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship," says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. "We screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake. " Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy. Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain. If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries. The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.（分数：10.00） (1).The Japanese study was carried out on______.（分数：2.00） A.the development of IQ B.the secret of longevity C.the brain food in a glass D.the amount of healthy drinking (2).The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in______.（分数：2.00） A.female teetotalers than in male ones B.female drinkers than in male ones C.moderate drinkers D.teetotalers (3).When he says that it is very difficult to show cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that______.（分数：2.00） A.the study failed to involve such variables as income and education B.he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation C.there are some other contributing factors D.the results were just misleading (4).From Shimokata's mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence______.（分数：2.00） A.sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese B.they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine C.they are not as effective as sake and wine D.sake or wine is not alone (5).Based on the study, Shimokata would say that______.（分数：2.00） A.intelligence improves with age
山东大学2008博士病理生理试题（专业基础）顺序有点乱啊，凭记忆，参考书为八年制版病生 1 细胞信号转导异常的原因 2 呼吸性酸中毒的原因和对机体的影响 3 水中毒的原因和对机体的影响 4 低张性缺氧的原因和血氧变化特点 5 钙超载在心肌再灌注损伤中的作用 6 心衰兴奋－收缩偶联机制7 癌基因致癌的机制8 DIC的临床表现及机制9病例分析大体是一名45岁女性，哮喘22年，近一月来呼吸困难，出现情绪不稳，头晕等症状，血气示PCO2 70、 PCO2 50,分析其中的病理现象机制 10 病例分析大体是胆囊炎病人应用庆大霉素4周后出现呕心呕吐、尿少、食欲降低等不适，血气示PCO2 28、PH 7.35（？）、血钾6.5 BE -15,SB12 （数据？），问发生了什么病理生理情况，并解释如何发生的影像：名词：高千伏摄影、IVDSA、PET、PACS、TR、lacunar infarction、脑膜尾征、气胸、薄壁空洞、MRCP、肠套叠三联征、库欣综合征、干骺端、骨软化、MSCT、MI、增益、无回声区、假肾征、HIFU 简答：垂体微腺瘤ct、mri；浸润肺结核x、ct；食管癌分型、特征；肝硬化超声问答：急性骨髓炎x、ct、mr；卵巢癌超声、ct、mr 病理：名词：凋亡、栓塞、炎性介质、转移、心肌病、肺肉质变、气球样变、RS细胞、侵袭性葡萄胎、原发综合症鉴别题：肉芽肿-肉芽组织；原发-继发结核；弥漫增生性-新月体性肾炎简答：骨折愈合过程、影响因素；血栓结局、对机体影响问答：非浸润乳腺癌分型、组织特点；何杰金分型、各型共同特点断层：填图题：内囊层面、颅底动脉环、主动脉三大分支层面、第二肝门平面、股骨头层面（男女各一张）、椎间盘平面（模式图）、手&足冠状层面，膝失状面（模式图）名词：AC-PC；半卵圆中心、翼腭间隙、鞍上池、Heubner动