2014山大考博英语
2014-04-07
语法词汇题比较难，30个单选题，一个0.5分，基本上是考查词意的
完型题20个，一个0.5分，01年考研真题
阅读理解4篇，每个题1.5分，30分，都是六级和考研原题（最近两年阅读没出专八题）
7选5，共10分，关于奥巴马的
英译汉五个，一个3分，长句子翻译比较难，费得时间比较长
作文20分，关于children surfing the net
2013山大考博英语
Part I Grammar and Vocabulary
1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments.
A. at large
B. at intervals
C. at ease
D. at random
2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which provide
a secure__________ to carrying your money in cash.
A. substitute
B. selection
C. inference
D. alternative
3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.
A. gracious
B. suspicious
C. unique
D. particular
4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it.
A. absorption
B. transition
C. consumption
D. interaction
5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.
A. Indistinctly
B. separately
C. irrelevantly
D. independently
6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December
25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ.
A. in accordance with
B. in terms of
C. in favor of
D. in honor of
7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must __________the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.
A. improve
B. enhance
C. guarantee
D. gear
8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing.
A. specimens
B. inspections
C. samples
D. specifications
9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.
A. bring forward
B. give rise to
C. feed up with
D. result from
10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as
easily__________for a month or a year as for a single day.
A. put up
B. stay up
C. speed up
D. make up
11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.
A. infrequently
B. irregularly
C. unsteadily
D. uneverny
12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set of actions to protect its offspring.
A. hastens
B. releases
C. devises
D. initiates
13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be__________to tourist spending?
A. attributed
B. applied
C. contributed
D. attached
14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.
A. ingredient
B. reliance
C. shelter
D. inclination
15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to __________wonderful bargains in the market.
A. pick up
B. bump into
C. pile up
D. bring back
16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.
A. lively
B. alive
C. living
D. live
17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City __________shock and anger throughout the world.
A. tempted
B. provoked
C. summoned
D. enveloped
18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.
A. enrolling
B. assigning
C. involving
D. consenting
19. The UN official said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.
A. multiplied
B. arrested
C. spanned
D. suspended
20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world.
A. confession
B. identification
C. acknowledgement
D. compliment
21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now __________much of their food.
A. deliver
B. import
C. produce
D. develop
22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or the striking workers, both aides admire his journalistic
A. criticizes...acumen
B. attacks…neutrality
C. confronts…aptitude
D. dismis ses…flair
23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers.
A. imitating
B. condoning
C. instructing
D. acknowledging
24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere
A. oriinal… cliches
B. banal… beliefs
C. dubious… habits
D.
philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable__________, when weight loss if not stops.
A. moods… accelerates
B. feasts… halts
C. holidays… contracts
D. plateaus… slows
26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, she was surprised that her__________were recognized.
A. laud atory… styles
B. obvious… anecdotes
C. oblique… allusions
D. critical… eulogies
27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy?
A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse
28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________, and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.
A. learned… immune to
B. innate… unaffected by
C. intricate… belong to
D. specific… confused with
29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy __________at any price.
A. order
B. emancipation
C. hope
D. liberty
30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her duties with__________as well as zeal.
A. levity… resignation
B. enthusiasm… meticulousness
C. vitality… willingness
D. empathy… rigor
PartⅡ Close
The study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits," says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can be crossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with a potato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desired property or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some call the gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have on us a nd the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial (50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.
31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises
32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses
33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve
34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist
35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As
36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons
37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually
38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect
39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case
40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken
41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence
42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary
43. A. what B. where C. as D. so
44. A. combines B.contributes https://www.doczj.com/doc/dd832418.html,mands D. breaks
45. A. that B.because C. if D. when
46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is
47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical
48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals
49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme
50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinations
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Passage 1
The Carnegie Foundation report says that many col leges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we are
told, and yet faculty know th at research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.‖
51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para.
1) it aims to ________.
A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously
B) focus on training students in various skills
C) encourage students to take as many courses as possible
D) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends
52. By saying that ―in too many academic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.
A) ignores the actual situation
B) is not based on the right perspective
C) only focuses on an integrated core of common learning
D) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students
53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that ________.
A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many colleges
B) students don’t have enough f reedom in choosing what they want to learn
C) skills are being taught as a means to an end
D) students are only interested in obtaining credentials
54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their
four-year degree candidates because ________.
A) most of them lack high-quality faculties
B) the interests of most faculty members lie in research
C) there are not enough incentives for students to study hard
D) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching
55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________. A) putting academic work in the proper context
B) a commitment to students and effective teaching
C) the practice of putting leaning to productive ends
D) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge
答案
51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. B
Passage 2
Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s envir onments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection.
Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.
Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction.
Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people and
the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segments of society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.
56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?
A Human beings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.
B Some endangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.
C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.
D The world’s climate has ch anged so greatly that most species cannot survive.
57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers to
A the lands that are completely surrounded by water.
B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by law
C the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.
D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.
58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinction of man species except
A natural selection of species.
B various natural disasters.
C commercial trade and killing.
D destruction of natural surroundings.
59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?
A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.
B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.
C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.
D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.
60 How does the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?
A Worried.
B Optimistic.
C Indifferent.
D Confident.
Passage 3
Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive
armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.
Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.
The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.
A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.
61. All boys and girls in large families know that
A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together
B) people tend to be together more than they used to be
C) a lot of people being together makes fights likely
D) Railway leads the world to peace
62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except .
A) the railway enables people travel fast
B) the railway brings comfort to people
C) the railway makes the world peaceful
D) the railway leads the world to war as well.
63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .
A) tunnels are dangerous to public health
B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves
C) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs
D) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die
64. We may safely conclude that .
A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group
B) the author belongs to the for-railway group
C) the author speaks highly of the railway
D) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers
65. What is the tone of this passage?
A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated
答案
61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C Passage
Passage 4
The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinking about going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely related to college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly two thousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread out over four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.
Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:
Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to make collect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.
Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on. The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books,
then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have to stay in college for the rest of your life.
It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college, I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets other than John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember that the other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.
Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my wife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of brain cells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose a major, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does not involve Known Facts and Right Answers.
This means that you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major in mathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, and extrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up with exactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same is true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, your professor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and all the other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.
68. When should the college students choose a major?
A. The moment they go to college
B. After they have been in college for nearly two years
C. After they have been in college for a year or so
D. When they become a senior
69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph means
A. float
B. fail
C. ridicule
D. dupe
70. What is the beat title for the passage?
A. The Myth of College
B. What Can You Learn in College?
C. How to Enjoy Your College Life
D. The Importance of College
Part Ⅳ Use of Language
The psychology of warranties保单心理学
Protection racket保护之诈
If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular? CUSTOMERS tend to agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods such as digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.
Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond the term covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72 l.
So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun of Carnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailer for over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .
If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. This is because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless of the actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likely to buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.
75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotional tranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value, even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖.
A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpected bargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.
B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one and four years.
C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need
考博详解与指导 题为英语语言文学下的翻译 上午为翻译理论： 1，Describe your understanding of“Translation norms” 2，Describe the linguistic approaches to translation studies 3，Describe the relationship between translation criticism and translation studies 4，Describe your understanding of descriptive translation studies 下午为经典作品翻译和译本赏析 I Passage one汉译英 枯叶蝴蝶 峨眉山下，伏虎寺旁，有一种蝴蝶，比最美丽的蝴蝶还要美丽些，是峨眉山最珍贵的特产之一。〃当它阖②起两张翅膀的时候，像生长在树枝上的一张干枯了的树叶。谁也不去注意它，谁也不会瞧它一眼。 它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛，停止它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁③的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。 它这样伪装，是为了保护自己。但是它还是逃不脱被捕捉的命运。不仅因为它的美丽，更因为它那用来隐蔽它的美丽的枯槁与憔悴。 它以为它这样做可以保护自己，殊不知它这样做更教人去搜捕它。有一种生物比它还聪明，这种生物的特技之一是装假作伪，因此装假作伪这一种行径是瞒不过这种生物——人的。 人把它捕捉，将它制成标本，作为一种商品去出售，价钱越来越高。最后几乎把它捕捉得再也没有了。这一生物品种快要绝种了。 到这时候，国家才下令禁止捕捉枯叶蝶。但是，已经来不及了。国家的禁止更增加了它的身价。枯叶蝶真是因此而要绝对的绝灭了。我们既然有一对美丽的和真理的翅膀，我们永远也不愿意阖上它们。做什么要装模作样，化为一只枯叶蝶，最后也还是被售，反而不如那翅膀两面都光彩夺目的蝴蝶到处飞翔，被捕捉而又生生不息。 我要我的翅膀两面都光彩夺目。 我愿这自然界的一切都显出它们的真相。 Passage Two为汉译英 宰予昼寝。子曰：“朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可圬①也！于予与②何诛③？”子曰：“始吾于人也，听其言而信其行；今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。于予与改是⑤。” II，长篇翻译，奥巴马胜选演讲英译汉
1998年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1.食管切除的并发症? 2.尿道损伤的并发症? 3.直腿抬高实验的方法及意义? 4.甲状腺大部切除术的适应症? 5.改良乳腺癌根治术的适应症? https://www.doczj.com/doc/dd832418.html,e手术适应症? 7.病例分析：肝内8.4cm包块超声示强光团为何病变? 1999年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、休克的监测及诊断? 2、乳腺癌的淋巴结引流途径? 3、甲状腺大布切除术的术前检查? 4、肝内胆管结石的手术治疗原则及方法? 5、尿道损伤的并发症? 6、ct发现胰腺头部占位后还应行哪些检查? 7、肝癌的定性诊断？? 8、孕期阑尾炎的诊断治疗原则? 2000年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、食管切除术的并发症? 2、高钾血症的治疗原则? 3、乳腺良恶性病变的钼靶x线表现? 4、甲状腺结节的处理原则? 5、急性尿储留的常见类型? 6、脊柱周围脓肿的流注途径? 7、肝外伤的手术处理原则? 8、急性胰腺炎的病理生理改变? 9、胆总管囊肿的分型? 10、手外伤的处理原则? 2001年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词 1.微小胃癌 2.Tipps 3.重症感染 4.瓷胆囊 二、休克时加重心肌损伤的因素有那些? 三、肿瘤的外科治疗有哪些方法? 四、一个良好的肿瘤标志物应该具有何特性，举例说明? 五、结肠癌的早期诊断? 六、梗阻性黄疸的检查方法有哪些? 七、肝内胆管结石的处理原则及治疗方法? 八、气胸的分类及治疗? 九、骨盆骨折的并发症有哪些? 十、后尿道损伤的临床表现及治疗? 2004年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词解释 二、问答每个10分 1、骨折功能复位的标准 2、右半结肠癌与左半结肠癌的临床表现的不同点 3、什么是“不可切除的乳腺癌”如何治疗 4、原发性肝癌的手术指征禁忌症 5、对于创伤病人的影响愈合的因素如何处理 6、食管胃底静脉曲张普破裂出血的特点 三、论述20分 恶性肿瘤的关键的生物学特性 2005年山东大学医学院普通外科学（博士） 一、名词解释（2分/个） 1.胃肠间质通 2.炎症反应综合症 3.壶腹癌 4.ACST 5.Glisson鞘 二、问答题（10分/个） 1.胃癌的手术发式 2.肝移植的适应症和手术方式 3.甲状腺结节的处理原则 4.闭合性腹部损伤非手术治疗期间应观察哪些指 标 三、论述题（20分/个） 1.针对乳癌高发率世界著名的临床实验NSABP B-04经过长期观察得到哪些重要结论 2.作为合格的外科医生，随着外科治疗的进展，除掌握手术治疗方法外，还有哪些综合治疗方法 四、多选题（5分/个）共两个题干和选项都是英文1．手术病人最低的血小板数 2．低血容量性休克 每个题后写着：The answer is____,and why?
2003年南京大学考博英语真题及详解 SECTION I LISTENING COMPREHENSION（20%） （略） SECTION II STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY（35%） Part A Directions:Questions31-40are incomplete sentences.Beneath each sentence you will see four-words or phrases,marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 31.This platform would collapse if all of us______on it. A.stand B.stood C.would stand D.had stood 【答案】B 【解析】一般现在时的虚拟语气结构，主句用would+动词，从句用一般过去式。 32.The young man who saw the car______into the river telephoned the police. A.plunged B.plunge
C.was plunging D.to plunge 【答案】B 【解析】see sth.do表示看到事物动作的整个过程，这里表示看见车陷入河里。 33.You can come with me to the museum this afternoon______you don’t mind walking for half an hour. A.unless B.so far as C.except D.if 【答案】D 【解析】句意为“如果你不介意走半个小时路的话，你今天下午就跟我一块去博物馆吧。” 可知为D，其余三项均不通。 34.We can rely on William to carry out this mission,for his judgment is always ______. A.inexplicable B.healthy C.sound D.straight 【答案】C
山东大学2008博士病理生理试题（专业基础）顺序有点乱啊，凭记忆，参考书为八年制版病生 1 细胞信号转导异常的原因 2 呼吸性酸中毒的原因和对机体的影响 3 水中毒的原因和对机体的影响 4 低张性缺氧的原因和血氧变化特点 5 钙超载在心肌再灌注损伤中的作用 6 心衰兴奋－收缩偶联机制7 癌基因致癌的机制8 DIC的临床表现及机制9病例分析大体是一名45岁女性，哮喘22年，近一月来呼吸困难，出现情绪不稳，头晕等症状，血气示PCO2 70、 PCO2 50,分析其中的病理现象机制 10 病例分析大体是胆囊炎病人应用庆大霉素4周后出现呕心呕吐、尿少、食欲降低等不适，血气示PCO2 28、PH 7.35（？）、血钾6.5 BE -15,SB12 （数据？），问发生了什么病理生理情况，并解释如何发生的影像：名词：高千伏摄影、IVDSA、PET、PACS、TR、lacunar infarction、脑膜尾征、气胸、薄壁空洞、MRCP、肠套叠三联征、库欣综合征、干骺端、骨软化、MSCT、MI、增益、无回声区、假肾征、HIFU 简答：垂体微腺瘤ct、mri；浸润肺结核x、ct；食管癌分型、特征；肝硬化超声问答：急性骨髓炎x、ct、mr；卵巢癌超声、ct、mr 病理：名词：凋亡、栓塞、炎性介质、转移、心肌病、肺肉质变、气球样变、RS细胞、侵袭性葡萄胎、原发综合症鉴别题：肉芽肿-肉芽组织；原发-继发结核；弥漫增生性-新月体性肾炎简答：骨折愈合过程、影响因素；血栓结局、对机体影响问答：非浸润乳腺癌分型、组织特点；何杰金分型、各型共同特点断层：填图题：内囊层面、颅底动脉环、主动脉三大分支层面、第二肝门平面、股骨头层面（男女各一张）、椎间盘平面（模式图）、手&足冠状层面，膝失状面（模式图）名词：AC-PC；半卵圆中心、翼腭间隙、鞍上池、Heubner动
2013年南京大学考博英语真题及详解 SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY(30%) Part A(20%) Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there arc four choices marked A,B,C,and D respectively.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentences.Then blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. l.Shoes of this kind are to slip on wet ground. A.feasible B.appropriate C.apt D.fitting 【答案】C 【解析】句意：这种鞋在湿地上容易打滑。apt恰当的；有…倾向的；灵敏的。feasible 可行的；可能的；可实行的。appropriate适当的；恰当的；合适的。fitting适合的；相称的。 2.I bought an alarm clock with an_____dial,which can be seen clearly in the dark. A.supersonic B.luminous C.audible
D.amplified 【答案】B 【解析】句意：我买了一个有发光针盘的闹钟，黑夜中也能看得很清楚。luminous发光的；明亮的；清楚的。supersonic超音速的；超声波的。audible听得见的。amplified 放大的；扩充的。 3.Her jewelry_____under the spotlights and she became the dominant figure at the ball. A.glared B.glittered C.blazed D.glowed 【答案】B 【解析】句意：她的珠宝在灯光下闪闪发亮，让她成为了舞会上的焦点。glitter闪光；闪烁。glare瞪视；发眩光。blaze燃烧；照耀；激发。glow发热；洋溢；绚丽夺目。 4.Put on dark glasses or the sun will_____you and you won’t be able to see. A.discern B.distort C.distract D.dazzle 【答案】D
[外语类试卷]2014年南京大学考博英语真题试卷 一、Structure and Vocabulary 1 Hunting is thought to be______for the extinction of some wildlife. （A）responsible （B）blamed （C）charged （D）denounced 2 The American students came to our school in November, and we then made a______visit to theirs. （A）reciprocal （B）bilateral （C）considerate （D）rewarding 3 That man claimed to be a______of Confucius. （A）descending （B）ascending （C）descendant （D）offspring 4 Can you______the truth of his statement?
（A）deny （B）refuse （C）decline （D）reject 5 I failed in my new job. If only I______my parents. （A）listened to （B）had listened to （C）have listend to （D）would listen to 6 He studied at a famous college when he was young, ______contributed to his success in later life. （A）which （B）it （C）that （D）what 7 My eldest sister went on with the story and young children around her ______ with " wonderful!" from time to time. （A）broke out （B）broke off （C）broke in
2013年山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 Part I Grammar and Vocabulary 1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for deferments. A. at large B. at intervals C. at ease D. at random 2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’checks, which provide a secure to carrying your money in cash. A. substitute B. selection C. inference D. alternative 3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character. A. gracious B. suspicious C. unique D. particular 4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this produces artificial cold surrounding it. A. absorption B. transition C. consumption D. interaction 5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. A. Indistinctly B. separately C. irrelevantly D. independently 6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th the birth of Jesus Christ. A. in accordance with B. in terms of C. in favor of D. in honor of 7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand. A. improve B. enhance C. guarantee D. gear 8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed and means of packing. A. specimens B. inspections C. samples D. specifications 9. Many of the conditions that population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction. A. bring forward B. give rise to C. feed up with D. result from 10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily for a month or a year as for a single day. A. put up B. stay up C. speed up D. make up 11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region. A. infrequently B. irregularly C. unsteadily D. uneverny 12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird a set of actions to protect its offspring. A. hastens B. releases C. devises D. initiates 13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be to tourist spending? A. attributed B. applied C. contributed D. attached 14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.
2014年南京大学考博英语真题及详解 SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY(30%) Part A(20%) Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D respectively.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentences.Then blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1.Hunting is thought to be_____for the extinction of some wildlife. A.responsible B.blamed C.charged D.denounced 【答案】A 【解析】句意：人们认为野生动物的灭绝与狩猎有关。be responsible for“为……负责”，符合句意，因此选A项。be to blame“对某事应负责任的，应受责备的”，而选项B中的be blamed for意思为“因……受责备”。be charged for因……受指控。be denounced for因……受谴责。 2.The American students came to our school in November,and we then made a _____visit to theirs. A.reciprocal
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题 完形填空 A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior.As a(an)__3__in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem.She was so__5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing.She’s just__6__you out.” A leading cause of the__7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to__8__effectively.They don‘t listen to each other.Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other. In__10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and__11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly__13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them.In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves.The following is a true story：At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__a speech.When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech.He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M.Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__with the statement that he“was repeatedly__20__by applause.” 1.[A]scarce[B]little[C]rare[D]poor 2.[A]malignant[B]deficient[C]ineffective[D]feeble 3.[A]case[B]example[C]lesson[D]suggestion 4.[A]audio[B]aural[C]hearing[D]listening 5.[A]believing[B]convinced[C]assured[D]doubtless 6.[A]turning[B]tuning[C]tucking[D]tugging 7.[A]rising[B]arising[C]raising[D]arousing 8.[A]exchange[B]interchange[C]encounter[D]interact 9.[A]relates[B]refers[C]responds[D]resorts 10.[A]like[B]alike[C]likely[D]likewise 11.[A]nominated[B]selected[C]appointed[D]supported 12.[A]connection[B]reach[C]association[D]touch 13.[A]leading[B]representing[C]delegating[D]supporting 14.[A]legislative[B]legitimate[C]legalized[D]liberal 15.[A]distributed[B]awarded[C]handed[D]submitted 16.[A]present[B]publish[C]deliver[D]pursue 17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on 18.[A]joy[B]enjoyment[C]amusement[D]delight 19.[A]conclude[B]to conclude[C]concluding[D]concluded 20.[A]disrupted[B]interfered[C]interrupted[D]stopped 阅读理解 第一篇
浙江理工大学 2013年博士研究生招生入学考试试题 考试科目：英语代码： 1001 （请考生在答题纸或答题卡上答题，在试题纸上答题无效） Part I Vocabulary (20 marks, 1 mark each) Section A Directions:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. 1. If you never do any work, you will only have yourself ____ if you fail your examination. A.to fault B. to reprove C. to mistake D. to blame 2. I’d like to study under your guidance, because I know you are a(n) ____ scientist in physics. A.prominent B. requisite C. desperate D. impatient 3. Before their skins were used, their feet were ____, leading to the misconception that the birds never had feet. A.cut down B. cut into C. cut over D. cut off 4. With the constant change of the conditions, the outcome is not always _____. A. favorable B. reasonable C. dependable D. predictable 5. The television station is supported by ______ from foundations and other sources. A. pensions B. accounts C. donations D. advertisements 6. We’ll all take a vacation in the mountains as soon as I finish working _____ my project. A. with B. on C. in D. about 7. Her husband is interested in designing electronic _________. A. safety B. management C. routine D. devices 8. Gestures are an important means to _______ message. A. study B. convey C. keep D. exploit 9. ________ preparations were being made for the Prime Minister's official visit to the four foreign countries. A. Elaborate B. Wise C. Neutral D. Optional 10. ____ adults, young children find little difficulty in imitating sounds in foreign languages. A.Not like B. Unlike C. Being not D. Not as Section B Directions: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrases underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding