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英语写作中的词语的重复

英语写作中的词语的重复
英语写作中的词语的重复

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习语译法广义的习语(或称“熟语”)包括成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语、惯用语,以及部分粗俗语及俚语等。习语是语言中最生动形象、凝练多姿的部分,集中体现了民族文化积淀,因此,为了再现原文的民族特色、语言风采,能直译移植的,当尽量直译;同时,习语又是语言中最富变化而又约定俗成的部分,因此切忌一般对待,而须调动一切手段,务使意求其准,译尽其妙。这两方面既矛盾又统一的辩证结合,形成了习语译法上的灵活多变、纷繁有致。主要方法不外乎直译、套择、意译三种,但详分细剖,却至少有以下14种情况:一、直译法:在不违背译语规范、易于理解且使译文生色时,即可直译,保留原语比喻、形象和民族、人文色彩,以利再现原文风格。如英译汉的:“Blood is thicker than water”一“血浓于水”;汉译英的:“跑了和尚跑不了庙”——“ The monk may run away ,but the temple can''t run with him ”。二、套译法:(参见相应词目)。三、意译法。舍弃原语形象、比喻,抓住内容、喻义,结合上下文灵话传达原意。如汉语中的歇后语,就多用此法处理。(参见“典故译法”、“形象词语译法”两条目中意译部分)四、直译意译结合法。(参见相应词目)。五、应用习语临时变体法。利用习语的临时变体(原习语字面经增、减、改、仿等处理的变化形式)移作译语,亦可取得习语套译的效果。如以变体对正格的汉英译例,以英语谚语“ no gains without pain” 的减字变体,译“守株待兔”,而成“ to wait for gains without pains ”;再如以变体对变体的英汉译例:“ I only know what we see from our worm''s-eye view(…bird''s eye view'' 的变体)”——“我所知道的只是我们,毛(虫)观天''(…坐井观天''的变体)所得的一点情况”。六、“删词一扩词”法。对含义重复部分删去不译,以使行文干净利落,此法常用于汉外翻译中;而当外汉翻译时(则出于对仗(排比等修辞考虑,常取扩词法。前者如:“铜墙铁壁”—“ wall of bronze ”,后者如:“ catch at shadows”——“捕风捉影”。七、添词显意法。根据原语内涵,增补必需的词语以便于读者理解。如:“修桥补路,你尽派人家官工,这叫借香献佛!”——“??? That was borrowing joss-sticks from a neighbour and burning them before Buddha for your own sake .”。八、博喻、混喻取舍法。(参见相应词目)。九、还原法。将原由译入语引入译出语的习语仍还原为原语形式。如汉译英的:“王牌”——“ trump card ”,“玩火自焚”——“ Whoever plays with fire perishes ”;英译汉的:“ running dog ”——“走狗”,“ 1ose face ”——“丢脸”。十、注释法。(参见“典故译法”词目之五)。十一、修辞法。采用节奏、音韵、对比等修辞手法,重现原语修辞特点,使译语琅琅上口、易懂易记。如英译汉,…“ An apple a day keeps the doctor away ”——“一天一苹果,医生远离我”;汉译英:“嘴上没毛,说话不牢”—“ Downy lips make,thoughtless slips ”。十二、仿古法。无碍理解时,不妨再现原语的古语气息。如英译汉:“ Man propose ,god disposes ”——“谋事在人,成事在神”;汉译英:“已所不欲,勿施于人”——“ Do not unto others what you would not be done by ”。十三、粗俗语处理法(参见相应词目)。十四、追溯原语,引申处理。追溯所据原习语整体喻意,结合上下文,引申得出确解。如英谚有“ Cut your coat according to your cloth ”(量为出),故“You can cut your coat

a lit longer in the future —— I''rn setting ten thousand pounds a year on you at once ”,即应引申译为:“你将来的生活可以稍为宽打宽用一些了…… ”

(彭嵋森见《中国翻译词典 . 》)

套译法套译法,亦称“套用”、“借用”或“借译”。译习语时,如译入语的同义习语在内容、形式、修辞色彩上和译出语习语大体符合,有些且形象、比喻相同或相似,则可以考虑直接套用,以收发挥译文优势之效。如:“ walls have ears ”——“隔墙有耳”,“to burn one''s boats ”——“破釜沉舟”,“castle in the air ”——“空中楼阁”,“ at sixes and sevens ”——“乱七八糟”,“ Nothing comes wrong to a hungry man ”——“饥不择食”,等等。但是,套译时必须力戒一味“归化”,避免将译语中特有的地理、历史、人文、生活习俗等文化民族色彩强加于原文信息组成中,以至与原作的上下文及总体氛围格格不入。如,不宜于将英语作品中的习语“ Beauty lies in lover''s eyes ”(或:Love is blind. 等)译为“汉化”的“情人眼里出西施”,也不宜于将汉语作品中的“多此一举”译为“英国化”的“ carry coals to Newcastle ”。当然在不便恪守或不必拘泥于原文具体形象时,则借用译入语中色彩淡化或非形象性直译习语也是可取的,如上二例中,前一英语习语和后一汉语习语,就都可以相应“套译”习语,而与原作上下文及总体文化、民族氛围取得协调。

(彭嵋森见《中国翻译词典 . 》)

粗俗语处理法粗俗语(vulgarism)中有相当一部分是极端尖刻、粗鲁、带有侮辱性的词语,尤其是一些骂人话,通常极为粗俗。对于此类粗俗语,一般应借用同义习语,获取意译法。常用骂人话的特点是在使用中早已失去其字面原有的含义,因此在翻译时完全没有必要去按字面直译以恢复其原始意义。如中国人最普通的骂人语“他妈的”,译成英语时可借用同义骂人语“ Go to hell ”、“ What the hell ”、“ What on earth ”、“ Damn it ”,或“ Blast it ”等,都表现了一种愤激、生气、不快的情绪,逐词直译法反而不伦不类,不知所云。汉英语的许多一般俗语习语中也常有“屁”、“屎”、“尿”、“屌”、“屄”、“肏”——“ fart ”、“ *** ”、“ piss ”、“ cock ”、“ cunt ”、“ *** ”等粗俗语出现。外汉互译时一般亦应设法回避,理由也是因为现在那些俗语习语的整个意义已远非每个单词意义的相加,而事实上许多粗俗语也根本无法逐字直译,只能意译,舍貌取神。如《红楼梦》第九回中宝玉的得力小厮茗烟一把揪住金荣所说的那段话:“我们肏屁股不肏屁股,管你既把相干,横竖没肏你爹去罢了!你是好小子,出来动一动你茗大老爷!”我国老翻译家杨宪益就译为:“ what we do is no business of yours,… ”语言干净,而语气的咄咄逼人,并不下于原文。但有时为了充分表达原作用语的泼辣、粗野及性格化,也不得不从译语中选取相对应的粗话来表达。如汉语中的骂人语“放屁”,决不可形式主义地译为“ pass your wind”,而应视人物的身份、性格,说话时的内容、对象、场合、情景,灵活处理译语,可译为听来不怎么刺耳的“ Don''t talk rubbish”、“ Don''t talk such rot”、“ What nonsense ”、“ what rot ”、“ bosh ”等,也可译为气势汹汹、粗野逼人的“Curse you ”及“ your farting fool ”等。毛泽东1975 年曾怒斥过江青在大寨的一次别有用心的讲话是“放屁,文不对题”,被译作“ Shit! Wide of the mark ”,以粗话对粗话,泼辣鄙夷,神态活现。而毛泽东词中的“不须放屁,

试看天地翻覆”,则译作:“ Stop your windy nonsense!…”正颜厉色,而又意态轩昂,文贵适体,堪称佳译。

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英语词汇常用搭配

1. add to增加,增进 add …to把…加进… add up相加 add up to总计,所有这一切说明 2. break away from打破,脱离,挣脱,改掉break down出毛病,身体(精神)衰弱,分解,拆开break off暂停,中断 break in强行进入,插话 break into闯入 break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发 break up捣碎,驱散,瓦解,学期结束,拆散break through突破 3. bring up抚养,呕吐,提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出,出版 bring in引入,引进,挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降,使倒下 4. call on号召,拜访(某人) call at拜访、参观(某地) call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍 call in召集,请某人来 call out大喊,高叫 call off取消,不举行 5. come about发生,出现 come down下跌,落,降,传下来 come in进来 come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) come on来临/ 快点 come out出版,结果是 come along一道来,赶快 come to达到(an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒,合计,总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽,走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起 come from来自,源自6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒,削减 cut off切断,割掉,断绝关系 cut up连根拔除,切碎 through剪断,凿穿 cut out删(省)掉,戒掉 cut in插嘴 7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因) die from死于(意外事故、情形) die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种 die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去 8. fall behind落后 fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下,跌倒 fall back撤退,后退 9. go in for从事,喜爱,参加 go through通过,经受 go over复习,检查 go up(价格)上涨,建造起来 go after追捕,追赶 go against违反 go ahead先行,开始吧,问吧,说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去 go down下沉,降低,(日、月)西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配,陪同 go without没有,缺少 go out外出,熄灭 go all out全力以赴 go off爆炸,进行,变坏,断电,停止供应 go back on背约,食言 go beyond超出 10. get down下来,记下,使沮丧 get down to致力于,专心于 get on进展,进步,穿上,上车 get off脱下,下车 get in收集,插(话) get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假 get over忘记,越过,克服,从疾病中恢复

英语作文常用高级词汇

(冒号前面的是我们习惯想到的词,考试中尽量少用!一定要用后面的词去替换前面)We, everyone: any reasonable/sensitive soul/mind, talented minds, elite minds, versatile minds, personality, figures, celebrity, idiots, philosophic minds, genius More and more: increasingly, Big: enormous, tremendous, gigantic, titanic, astronomical, vast, boundless, Very: extremely, overwhelmingly, undeniably, remarkably, voluminously, excessively, exceedingly, tangibly, impressively, shockingly, Famous: renowned, celebrated, accomplished, distinguished, prominent, eminent, outstanding, preeminent, Good: spectacular, amazing, unbelievable, incredible, magnificent, adorable, fantastic, fascinating, admirable, respectable, cherishable, adorable, awesome, terrific, majestic, Bad: nightmarish, disgusting, despicable, monstrous, appalling, abhorring, repelling, repulsive, Important: significant, essential, basic, fundamental, indispensable, crucial, critical, decisive, determinant, dominant, predominant, infallible, Say, Believe,think: suppose, hold, claim, maintain, presume, assume, contend, argue, declare, I am convinced, conclude, Improve, better: further, promote, enhance, reinforce, strengthen, consolidate, cement, nurture, relieve, recover, Everyone knows: it’s a truth universally acknowledged t hat, It can never be denied, it is undeniable that,It goes without saying that,It is self evident that,It is highly advisably, imperative, remarkable that,It comforts one to know that… ◆常见替代词汇解释 1. accelerate: 后面接名词,表示“加速”,中性词,好事坏事都能用。 2. adequate: “足够的”,用来替代经常被使用的enough。 3. advance: 名词,“进步,发展”,用来替代文章开头经常使用的development,progress。 4. advisable / sensible / rational: “合理的”,都可以替代reasonable。 5. cannot afford to: “不应当做”,不是我们说的“负担不起”。 6. be alert to something: “对…保持警惕”,后面接消极概念。 7. alternative: “其他的选择或办法”,比如an alternative is that… 相当于in addition(除此之外)。 8. applicable / feasible / workable: 都表示“可行的”,用在政策、法令、手段等词前面做修饰语,既可增加字长,又可以提高词汇水平。 9. approach / channel: “方法,手段”,用来替代我们经常使用的一些简单词汇,如method 等。 10. approve of something: “批准,同意”,注意不要忘记介词of。 11. attach importance to something: 表示“重视,强调”,替代pay attention to。

英语作文词汇分类

第一类:人 第一种:健康 physical health 生理健康 mental fitness 心理健康 keep optimistic 保持乐观 pessimistic 悲观的 commit suicide 自杀 do physical exercises 进行体育锻炼 junk food 垃圾食品 well-balanced diet 均衡饮食 infectious diseases 传染病 anxiety 焦虑;渴望;挂念 despise 轻视,鄙视 disturbed 扰乱的 envious 嫉妒 admire 钦佩 esteem 尊重 grieved 伤心的 impatient 没有耐心的 courteous 礼貌 diligent 勤奋 第二种:成长 generation gap 代沟 the old/aged/elders/elderly, senior citizens老年人independence独立 doting care溺爱 spoil溺爱 persistence坚持 success成功 Achievement 成就成功 conquer 征服 surmount 克服,越过;战胜 triumph 胜利 acquire 获得 attainment 成就 innovation创新 striving spirit奋斗精神 determined spirit拼搏精神 outlook of life 人生观 confidence信心 difficulty 困难 challenge挑战

crisis危机 employment 就业 cooperation/teamwork合作 team spirit团队精神 pursue 追求 satisfy 满足 thirsty for 渴望 yearn for 渴望 bravery 勇气 indulge 放任,纵容 inspire 鼓舞 stimulate 激励 tolerate 容忍 第二类:社会 第一种:环境问题 contaminate 污染 environmental protection 环境保护 keep ecological balance 保持生态平衡 sustainable development strategy可持续发展战略 save the energy 节约能源(节能) reduce the emission of greenhouse gases 减少温室气体排放(减排)greenhouse effect 温室效应 clean renewable energy 清洁再生能源 low carbon economy 低碳经济 disaster 灾难 catastrophe 灾难 deforestation 滥砍滥伐 desertification 沙漠化 water and soil erosion 水土流失 sandstorm 沙尘暴 snowstorm 雪灾 typhoon 台风 flood洪水 earthquake 地震 第二种:义务与责任 责任:duty/responsibility 责任感:sense of responsibility 承担:shoulder/assume/undertake 逃避:avoid/shun/shirk 奉献:devote/devotion/dedicate/dedication 职业道德:professional ethics 欺诈行为:dishonest behaviors 伪劣产品:fake commodities 虐待:abuse错误 mistreat, maltreat, ill-treat(ment)

英语写作中常用的词语和句型

英语写作中常用的词语和句型 常用谚语(在议论文中): 1. As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”. 2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”. On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don’t deal with it properly, it wil l do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides. 3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成。) 4. As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观其交友,知其为人。) 5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”. (没有苦,就没有甜。) 6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。) 7. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达。) 8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。) 9. He who laughs last laughs best. (谁最后笑,谁笑得最好。) ---关于因果关系的句型:

常见英语词组搭配

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话 break away from脱离,打破break off打断 break up打碎break with与…断绝 关系break through突破,冲跨break the law犯法 4. bring bring about导致bring back带回,想 起 bring down降低,减少, 使倒下 bring forward提出 bring on使前进bring in引来,引 进 bring to使苏醒bring out取出,显 示 bring up养育,培养bring through使度过困 难,救活,穿

越 bring sth. into being 使产生bring sth to an end 使…结束 bring around说服,使…改 变主意bring sth under制服,镇 压 bring together使团结,使和 解 5. call call for请求,要求,为…而喊出, 接,叫某人 call on/ upon号召,拜 访 call out召集,大声叫call up召唤,召集,想起, 打电话 call sb in 叫…进来call by顺道访问 6. carry carry out进行,开展,执行carry on继续,开 展

(完整word版)英语作文常用高级词汇

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