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英语写作中的过渡连接词语

英语写作中的过渡连接词语
英语写作中的过渡连接词语

2008年第19期周刊摘要:过渡衔接词语在篇章的连贯性上扮演了重要的

作用。本文旨在对英语写作中的过渡衔接词语的定义、范畴、意义做一研究,并对此重新分类。

关键词:过渡衔接词语篇章连贯性英语写作一、引言

要想过一条河,方法很多,可以游过去,可以乘船过去,还可以架桥过去,至于选择哪种方法最合适,要根据河面的宽度、河水的深度而定。同样,文章的句与句、段与段之间也有大大小小的“河”,其过渡方式也多种多样,若能恰到好处地选择,文章就能前后一贯、逻辑严密、结构紧凑。过渡一般有三种方式:过渡段、过渡句和过渡词。三种过渡的形式虽有不同,但所起的作用和所表示的逻辑关系却是一样的。中国学生在英语写作中往往不会或不太注意使用过渡连接词语。他们写出的英语文章往往会因行文的不连贯而给人以行文不顺的感觉,或是因为条理不清而使读者感到费解。本文就对过渡连接词语这种能使上下文连接自然、紧凑的途径作一浅析。

二、过渡连接词语的定义和范畴

既然英语过渡连接词语对文章的结构表达如此重要,我们就有必要先明确一下到底什么是英语中的过渡连接词语。“FromSentencetoParagraph”一书的编者说Transitionsarewordsthatjoinoneideatoanotheridea.Transitionsaddcoherencetowritingbyjoiningideastogether.(过渡连接词语是把一个意思和另一个意思连接起来的词语,它连接文章的意思以增加文章的连贯性。)我国知名语言学家章振邦教授在他的《新编英语语法》中给出这样的定义:当句子进入语段、语段进入语篇时,往往要用一些连接手段把句子和句子、语段与语段,有时甚至是段落与段落连接起来,使它们之间建立起各种各样的语义关系,并使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性(coherence)。这些连句成篇的手段我们称之为过渡连接词语(章振邦1989:1530)。

过渡连接词语的英语是transitionalwordortransition,对此国内著述中有多种译法:(1)转换词语;(2)过渡词语;(3)连接词语;(4)过渡词。从写作角度看,笔者认为译成“过渡连接词语”会更有利于准确理解该词的内涵。

另外,在国外著述中,由于不同的研究出发点和侧重面,许多语言学家和研究者们给下列这些词或短语but,and,conse-quently,inaword等赋予了不同的名称,如小品词(particles)

(Stubbs,1983)、话语联系语(discoursemarkers)(Schiffrin,1987)、

话语连接语(discourseconnectives)(Blackmore,1992)、

语用连接词(pragmaticconnectives)(Van.Dijk,1979)等等。不过大家基本上达到一些共识,认为过渡连接词语不仅对语篇的局部连贯有作用,而且对整体连贯也产生影响。如:

Lifeinanewcountrycanbeconfusing.Forexample,onedayIwantedtogototheconsulatetorenewmystudentvisa.Somyauntgavemetheconsulate’saddress.ButwhenIarrivedatdown-town,Igotlost.First,Iwenttoabank.Aladytheretoldmetowalkthreeblockssouth.Iwalkedthreeblocksnorth,instead,however.ThenIaskedapolicemanforhelp.Asaresult,hedrovemerighttothedoor

oftheconsulate.Frommystory,

youcanseethatIhadahardtimedoingoneerrand.

(RobertG.Brand:FromSentencetoParagraphs)

这段文章中的斜体字部分都是过渡性词语,它们的运用是使文章前后连贯,意思层层深入。使段落内部各句环环相

扣。其中forexample连接第一个句子和后面整个一段文章的意思。别的过渡词语都分别连接前后两句的意思。

过渡词语不仅是一个过渡信号,而且读者能通过它的预示来识别其后的信息。过渡词语还能帮助读者预料下一段或下一句会如何影响他们刚刚读过的内容的意义。因此,过渡词语对文章的连贯性起着重要作用。如:

OnGeorgia155,IcrossedTroublesomeCreek,thenwentthroughgrovesofpecantreesalignedonewiththenextlikefence-posts.Thepasturesgrewagreenalmostblue,andsyrupywaterthecolorofadustysunsetfilledtheponds.Aroundthefarmhouses,Fromwiresstrunghighabovetheground,swayedgourdshollowedoutforpurplemartins.

ThelandroseagainontheothersideoftheChattahoocheeRiver,andHighway34wenttotheridgetopswherelongviewsoverthehillsopened.

Inalldirections.HerewasthetailoftheAppalachianbackbone,itsgradualdescenttotheGulf.NeartheAlabamastatelinestoodacoupleofLAST.

CHANCE!bars....

(WillianLeastHeatMoon,BlueHighways)

上段引文斜体字过渡性词语“againontheotherside”标示了上下两端的连贯和衔接。

由于过渡词连接段落内部句子之间的意思或者段落之间的意思,而且英语注重“形合”,不像汉语注重“意合”,所以英语中的过渡性词语要比汉语的多。而且,英语有多种形式的词和词组都能充当过渡性词语。主要有:

形容词:first,second等。副词:certainly,clearly,similarly,finally,instead,indeed,still,also,then等。

介词短语:inaword,inspiteof,infact,forexample,inad-dition,afterall,atfirst,atlast,aboveall等。

不定式短语:tobeginwith,tobehonest,tobeginwith,tobemoreexact等。

代词:next,this,that,it,he,she,they等。介词:like,unlike等。名词短语:one,thing,one,morething等。此外,同义词语,英语词的重复等都可以起到过渡词语的作用。总之,较好地掌握这些过渡连接词语的用法,把它们恰当而灵活地运用在英语的写作中,无疑会使思维表达清楚,文章通顺而有条理。

三、过渡连接词语的功能和总结

英语过渡连接词语较多,分类的方式也不少,如章振邦

(1989:1531)将英语连接词语分为3大类:

逻辑纽带(logicalcon-nector)、语法纽带(grammaticalconnector)和词汇纽带(lexical

connector)。夸克(R?Quirk)等人则将其分为13大类:(1)列举类;

(2)强势类;(3)对等类;(4)转折类;(5)总结类;(6)同位类;(7)结果类;(8)推论类;(9)重述类;(10)替换类;(11)对立类;(12)让步类;(13)时间转换类。笔者主要按过渡连接词语在连接句子、段落的功能上对此进行分类,以便我们在写作中掌握过渡连接词语,从而使文章启、转、承、合,融会贯通,成为一体。

1.时间、

顺序的过渡词语later,meanwhile,afterwards,atfirst,afterthat,sincethen,forthefirsttime,assoonas,atthesametime,fromthenon,thenext

英语写作中的过渡连接词语

(河南大学艺术附属中学;河南大学外语学院,河南开封

475000)

苏芬

○外语教学与研究

81

周刊

2008年第19期

moment,atthattime,afterawhile,sofar,firstofall,inthefirstplace,tobeginwith,finally,intheend,atlast等。

如:1)Shehateshim.Butatthesametime,shepitieshim.2)Inthefirstplace,heisamanofcharacter.2.方位过渡词ontheright/left,ontheright/leftsideof,atthefoot/top/endof,inthemiddle/centerof,atthesideof等。

1)Sheisstandingunderthetree,ontherightsideofherisLucy.

3.因果过渡词so,thus,therefore,because,becauseof,thanksto,dueto,ow-ingto,forthisreason,sothat,inthisway,asaresultof等。

1)Thus,thetaperecordershouldbeputtogooduse.2)Asaresult,thegirltooktheiradvice.4.转折过渡词but,otherwise,however,instead,though,nevertheless,afterall,

eventhough,onthecontrary,orelse,exceptfor,inthatcase,inspiteof等。

1)Itmayrain,nevertheless,Iwillgo.2)Exceptforhishottemper,heisagoodman.5.列举、举例的过渡词like,suchas,andsoon,forexample,forinstance,take...forexample,foronething...,foranother...,asfollows等。

1)Thoughsheisfiveyearsold,sheknowsfivelanguages,suchasChinese,English,French,Japanese,andGerman.

2)SomewordsaredifferentlypronouncedbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.Forexample,Englishpeoplesay

not[n!t],Americanssay[na:t].6.递进过渡词besides,aswell,inaddition,what’smore,worsestill,what’sworse,aboveall,notonly...butalso...等。

1)Idon’tcareforit,besides,it’stooexpensive.2)Therentisreasonable,andmoreover,thelocationisperfect.7.

总结、归纳的过渡词inbrief,inaword,inshort,tosumup,onthewhole,incon-clusion,generallyspeaking等。

1)Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers,andheisgettingonwellwithhisstudies.Inshort,heisagoodstudent.

2)Toconclude,allgreatmenachievesuccessthroughdili-gence,devotion,andperseverance.

8.解释过渡词infact,asamatteroffact,totellthetruth,thatis,thatistosay,inotherwords等。

1)Chinaisadevelopingcountry,thatis,sheisbehindthede-velopedcountriesinsomefields.

9.表示让步、

对比、比较的过渡连接词语此类词语多出现在段落的开头或句子之间,表示段落和句子间的各种关系。

1)表示让步的过渡词语though,although,inspiteof,despite(of),nevertheless,nonetheless等。如:

Itmayrain,nevertheless,Iwillgo.2)表示对比的过渡词语:incontrast,onthecontrary,unlike,ontheotherhand,whereas,instead,still,asamatteroffact,infact等。如:

Shethoughthewasacriminal,onthecontrary,hewasapo-liceman.

3)表示比较的过渡词语similarly,ratherthan,on(the)onehand...ontheother(hand),inthesameway等。如:

Inthesameway,sheputhersignaturethere.

10.表示强调、

条件过渡词Aboveall,indeed,really,especially,particularly,specially....if,

unless,onthiscondition,so/aslongas如:Heisagoodstudent.Aboveall,heisgoodatEnglish.Youwillsucceedifyouworkhard.四、结束语

虽然过渡连接词语的使用并不是使文章连贯的惟一手段,但确实是一种十分重要的手段。在实际写作中,书面表达应根据立意需要,把段落与整篇文章的意思有机地联系起来,明确各段落意思之间的相互关系,使文章按照主题的立意和作者的思路发展下去。这就更需要我们去求助于过渡词把它们的相互关系表达清楚。掌握这种连接手段的用法,英语写作水平无疑会在原有基础上提高一步,段落的主题思想也会因此更加清晰明了。

参考文献:[1]VanDijk,T.A.PragmaticConnectives[J].Journalof

Pragmatics,1979,3:447-56.[2]CeliaMillward,HandbookforWriters,CBSCOLLEGEPUB2.LISINGandTheDrydenPressSaundersCollegePublish-ing,SecondEdition,1993.

[3]章振邦.新编英语语法[M].上海外语教育出版社,1989.[4]王益民.湖州师专学报(哲学社会科学),1999,第21卷第2期.

[5]朱莲芬.绍兴文理学院学报,2003,

第23卷第2期.(作者系河南大学外语学院07级研究生)

摘要:学习英语的最终目的是运用英语进行交际,而

写作是进行书面交际的重要途径,故英语写作在英语学习中具有重要的地位。本文从大学生日记中的典型错误入手,分析了其产生的原因并提出了相关建议,旨在对英语学习者的学习和同行的教学有所帮助。

关键词:大学生英语写作汉语文化学习英语的最终目的是运用英语进行交际,而写作是进行书面交际的重要途径,故英语写作在英语学习中具有重要的地位。然而,学生们虽经过多年的学习,且掌握了许多英语

词汇和语法,但运用所学知识表达思想时却总是错误不断。这些错误若不及时指正便会一错再错,形成恶性循环。因此,分析写作中的错误并帮助学生改正错误是教学中必不可少

的环节[1]

为了解大学生写作中的常见错误,笔者对怀化学院人文系174名学生的日记进行了抽样调查。取样的规则是:抽取平时成绩为优、良、中、及格、不及格等五种不同水平的学生日记,每种等级水平随机选10篇。结果共发现错误416个(同一错大学生英文写作中的典型错误分析

(怀化学院大学英语部,湖南怀化

418008)

周燕宇

○外语教学与研究82

精心整理英语作文常用的高级词汇

高考英语作文中常用的替换词 1.individuals, characters, folks 替换( people, persons) 2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的) ,promising(有希望的) ,perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior 替换 good 3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换 bad 如果 bad 做表语 ,可以有 be less impressive替换 eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation , as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.( an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most)替 换 many. 注:用 many, if not most 一定要小心, many 后一定要有词。 most, if not all ,Eg. Many individuals ,if not most ,harbor the idea that同理?用. 替换 most. 5.a slice of, quiet a few, several替换 some 6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that,it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替 think (因为是书面语,所以要加 that) 7.affair, business, matter替换 thing 8.shared 替换 common 9.reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits 10.for my part, from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion 11.Increasing(ly ), growing 替换 more and more(注意没有 growingly 这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing。修饰形容词,副词用 increasingly. Eg.sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. 12.little if anything, 或 little or nothing 替换 hardly 13. ?? beneficial, rewarding替换 helpful 14.shopper,client, consumer, purchaser替换 customer 15.exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换 very 16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable替换unnecessary,??avoidable

英语作文如何选用词语

英语作文如何恰当选用词语 性。在我国,古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想,因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。 成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔,或招致成千上万损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。 词语选择的可能性。我们每个人的脑子里都有一个词库,只要我们肯去对比发掘,往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。从客观条件,我们有各种类型的词典,只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读,写作时勤查考,就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然,一部好词典也不会毫无缺点,更难以面面俱到,因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话:Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true. 词语选择的三项标准。关于择语标准,人们说法不一,但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然,某词语用得是否符合要求,不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼,还要看其具体使用场合,包括同其他词语搭配等。 1)择语的准确性。准确性,就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式,正如有句英语俗语所言:Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood. 著名美国作家马克·吐温说:“用词准确与用词几乎准确,这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。为了择语准确,必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说,含义各不相同。反之,也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义,如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia,the blues,the dismal in the dumps,low 等词语表示。要做到准确选择,有必要注意词语的两种意义:“基本意义”和"引申意义"。前者指该词语的本身,或客观的固有含义,后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义,往往比较含蓄,带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思,如顾客问营业员:“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的,当然并不是说质量可以不好,但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、等多种意思。选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上,需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族,在一定的条件下可以转化,如:labor一词通常带抽象含义,但并非一成不变。试比较:A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society. B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase. 上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义,泛指各种社会劳动,B句中labor为具体含义,特指W AW,即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。 2)择语的鲜明度。准确性是鲜明度的前提,也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而,鲜明与简练相关。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标,为此,应从两个方面加以注意: A.在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语,如:do something for (不用perform,accomplish),用end/finish a letter (不用terminate,conclude)。 B.多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想的词语避免使用。多从自己的所学的词汇中选用简明易懂的词汇来表达中心。 3)择语的生动感。生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness),它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的,否则,单纯追求生动或优雅,就会出现辞藻华丽(flower 这里就作文写作给点建议。作文是要小心,按英语习惯来写句子; 认清常见错误,避免再次写错;建立错题集,不断提醒自己;多背些范文,模仿它们来写.该课通过学生错误的分类归纳,给学生以警示作用,学生能避免犯同样的错误,最后写出优美的句子。学生反映

初中英语常用词组与固定搭配(修改)

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英语词汇常用搭配

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crisis危机 employment 就业 cooperation/teamwork合作 team spirit团队精神 pursue 追求 satisfy 满足 thirsty for 渴望 yearn for 渴望 bravery 勇气 indulge 放任,纵容 inspire 鼓舞 stimulate 激励 tolerate 容忍 第二类:社会 第一种:环境问题 contaminate 污染 environmental protection 环境保护 keep ecological balance 保持生态平衡 sustainable development strategy可持续发展战略 save the energy 节约能源(节能) reduce the emission of greenhouse gases 减少温室气体排放(减排)greenhouse effect 温室效应 clean renewable energy 清洁再生能源 low carbon economy 低碳经济 disaster 灾难 catastrophe 灾难 deforestation 滥砍滥伐 desertification 沙漠化 water and soil erosion 水土流失 sandstorm 沙尘暴 snowstorm 雪灾 typhoon 台风 flood洪水 earthquake 地震 第二种:义务与责任 责任:duty/responsibility 责任感:sense of responsibility 承担:shoulder/assume/undertake 逃避:avoid/shun/shirk 奉献:devote/devotion/dedicate/dedication 职业道德:professional ethics 欺诈行为:dishonest behaviors 伪劣产品:fake commodities 虐待:abuse错误 mistreat, maltreat, ill-treat(ment)

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话 break away from脱离,打破break off打断 break up打碎break with与…断绝 关系break through突破,冲跨break the law犯法 4. bring bring about导致bring back带回,想 起 bring down降低,减少, 使倒下 bring forward提出 bring on使前进bring in引来,引 进 bring to使苏醒bring out取出,显 示 bring up养育,培养bring through使度过困 难,救活,穿

越 bring sth. into being 使产生bring sth to an end 使…结束 bring around说服,使…改 变主意bring sth under制服,镇 压 bring together使团结,使和 解 5. call call for请求,要求,为…而喊出, 接,叫某人 call on/ upon号召,拜 访 call out召集,大声叫call up召唤,召集,想起, 打电话 call sb in 叫…进来call by顺道访问 6. carry carry out进行,开展,执行carry on继续,开 展

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