2012-2013第一学期期末试题D篇归纳
D（东城）
―Hello.‖ — it is one of the first words we learn as babies, yet it‘s one of the last ones we think to use as adults. That‘s regrettable, because saying hello is more than just saying hello — it‘s the respect of another‘s worth. How might the world change — how might we change — if we have mastered this word? To find out, I spent one month saying hello to every person I met. Here‘s what I‘ve learnt.
It can improve productivity. In one of the few studies ever done on this subject, Allan Allday, an assistant professor of special education at Oklahoma State University, had middle school teachers greet their students individually each morning. This exchange of greetings raised the kid‘s productivity. School went from impersonal to personal, and that led to more class participation（参与）and better grades.
Environments influence friendliness. One study found that people in the city were less likely to shake hands with a stranger than those in the countryside. And, researchers say, pleasant environments generally encourage more smiles and hellos than unpleasant ones. My experience was similar. Whatever the reason, my hellos in the city were answered far less often than the ones in the countryside. Similarly, people in vacation areas, like the Jersey Shore, were far more friendly than those hurrying to work downtown.
It‘s a form of health insurance（保险）. It‘s impossible to say hello without smiling. And smiling has been shown to lower blood pressure, lighten unpleasant feelings and improve happiness. It seems that saying hello creates a similar influence.
So maybe we can make the world a better place by saying hello. After a month of doing it, I feel lighter and more connected and I have a better sense of well-being.
56. What can we know from the first paragraph?
A. People can say hello since they are born.
B. Saying hello is a way to show respect to others.
C. People lose the ability to say hello when they grow up.
D. Saying hello is a way to change the world completely.
57. Which of the following is true according to the second paragraph?
A. Students will get good grades by saying hello very often.
B. An assistant professor likes greeting his students every morning.
C. The teacher who often says hello to students is very popular at school.
D. Kids will be more active in class by exchanging greetings with teachers.
58. From the passage, we learn that ________.
A. smiles can take the place of hellos
B. people living in the city refuse to say hello
C. environments play a role in creating friendliness
D. having health insurance is more important than saying hello
59. The underlined word ―well-being‖ in the last paragraph means ________.
A. health and happiness
B. comfort and quietness
C. pride and confidence
D. peace and hopefulness
D（西城）
―Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB)‖is a term for a group of conditions that can influence normal breathing while people sleep. These include snoring (打鼾), mouth-breathing and sleep apnea. Sleep-disordered breathing can do more than just leave people feeling tired the next day. It can also have an effect on people's health. In children the effects can include behavioral and emotional problems.
In a new study, researchers asked parents about their children's breathing from when they were babies up to about age six. The study involved about eleven thousand children.
Karen Bonuck at the Einstein College of Medicine in New York led the study. She says, ―The central finding overall is that sleep-disordered breathing is connected with a fifty percent increase in adverse neurobehavioral (不利的神经行为) outcomes.‖She adds that the more serious the breathing problems, the more serious the behavioral issues were likely to be. Other studies have linked sleep with children's behavior, but this study could be able to reject (排除) other possible causes.
The study appears in the journal Pediatrics. It‘s estimated one child in ten snores regularly. A smaller number suffer (遭受) from other sleep-disordered breathing.
How well do you sleep? A popular belief is that sleep gets worse with age. But, in another new study, those who reported the fewest problems with the quality (质量) of their sleep were people in their eighties.
Researchers did a telephone survey of more than one hundred fifty thousand American adults. Michael Grandner at the University of Pennsylvania medical school says the starting goal was to prove that aging is connected with increased sleep problems.
The survey did find an increase during middle age, worse in women than men. But except for that, people reported that their sleep quality improved as they got older. At least they felt it did.
Mr. Grandner says, ―Even if sleep among older Americans is actually worse than in younger adults, feelings about it still improve with age.‖
The findings appear in the journal Sleep. In the study, health problems and sadness were linked with poor sleep. Also, women reported more sleep disturbances and tiredness than men.
But, based on the study, Mr. Grandner says older people who are not sick or depressed should be reporting better sleep. ―If they‘re not, they need to talk to their doctor. They shouldn‘t just take no notice of it,‖ he says. Nor should their doctor turn a blind eye to it. He says doctors generally dismiss sleep complaints (抱怨) from older adults as a normal part of aging.
57. From the passage we can learn that ______.
A. middle-aged men have more sleep problems than women
B. the older people get, the better the quality of sleep will be
C. doctors don‘t take sleep complaints from older adults seriously
D. children suffer more mouth-breathing than other SDB conditions
58. What can we infer from the passage?
A. SDB can bring about serious illness to people.
B. Older adults think they get better sleep than they actually do
C. Ms. Bonuck‘s studies have linked sleep with children's behavior.
D. A key period for child ren‘s behavior al development is from 0 to 6.
59. What‘s the best title for the passage?
A. Who sleeps Well, who lives Well
B. Who Sleeps Better, the Young or the Old?
C. New Findings on Sleep in Children, Older Adults
D. New Findings on Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Health
D（海淀）
What happened to that brilliant idea that you once had? Did you ignore (忽略) it because you thought that it was just a little thought? Have you ever considered what that little thought would have become if you had acted on your instincts (本能) or if you had paid more attention to it?
Imagine a scene, where you are sitting at home watching television or reading a book, suddenly a light bulb is turned on in the dark tunnel of your mind as a thought or an idea crosses your mind. The thought catches your attention but seems so meaningless and you want to give it up, but wait a minute! That thought could be the potential (潜在的) beginning of the success you have wanted so much. As the thought crosses your mind, your senses become alert and you suddenly see a possibility, a realization, a solution, a conclusion, or find the answer to a problem whose solution has long escaped from you.
It is almost as if a great being has spoken the perfect solution quietly into your ear or awakened your senses to a reality by this means bringing light to your life. It is like finding the last piece of jigsaw puzzle. This becomes an AHA moment and everything freezes around you as you excitedly try to grasp the practicality of that little but powerful thought.
Your self-confidence and interest increase as you become aware of the great possibilities that can arise if that little thought is acted upon. This becomes the moment to build upon that thought and to write down any ideas that are streaming from that little thought for later review. Seemingly meaningless little thoughts or ideas when acted upon have a potential to burst into great projects.
Many successful projects have been born from the little positive thoughts that were carefully nurtured (培育) and recognized as tickets to great things.
You may have heard people say many times that it just came to me in a flash moment, a small idea or seemingly meaningless thought may cross your mind about something you have been planning to complete. Don‘t waste an opportunity to act on a potentially brilliant idea. You don't have to wait for a major peer (同伴) for a major idea, a master strategy or agreement in order for you to act on that little thought. That little thought or idea is the beginning of great things if you decide to follow it.
57.In paragraph 3, ―an AHA moment‖ refers to the moment that _____________.
A. you suddenly understand and find something
B. you get the agreement from your peers
C. a thought or an idea crosses your mind
D. a light bulb is turned on in the dark
58.What is the best title for the passage?
A. Can You Catch Your Chances?
B. Are You Ignoring that Little Thought?
C. Little Thoughts in Your Leisure Time
D. How to Make Use of the Little Thought
59. What does the writer want to tell us?
A. Little thoughts help increase the interest for your job.
B. Think over the little thoughts for the later great invention.
C. Many successful projects have been born from your dreams.
D. Act on the little thoughts because they might lead to great things.
D（朝阳）
Around noon on October 7, 2005, my Russian-born wife Nafisa gave birth to our daughters, Lara and Hana. I had lived in the United States for over 20 years, but moved back to Pakistan in 2000 to be with my father during the final years of his life (he died in October 2004). I was working as a school principal (校长) in Islamabad.
After spending the day at the hospital, my mother and I went home at about 9 p.m., while my sister Elmira stayed on with Nafisa and the babies. I was so excited that I hardly slept that night. Nafisa had asked me to bring her some fresh fruit, so the next morning I drove to a market next to the Margalla Towers. At the same time, my mother stayed at home.
Just before 9, as I was picking out some apples and bananas, the ground started to move from side to side. The shaking (抖动) became stronger and the air filled with strange noises. Everyone in the market rushed outside and started crying. Finally, after several minutes, the earthquake (地震) stopped. Part of the Margalla Towers had fallen down. People covered with blood (血) could be seen everywhere.
Later I learned that when the ground started shaking, Nafisa and Elmira carried the babies and rushed out of the hospital. By the time my mother and I arrived at the hospital, they were resting on the grass. Just as we were moving back into the building at about 3 p.m., another strong shaking hit.
The aftershock (余震) continued for several days. Whenever the shaking started, we just held the babies and tried to calm (使平静) each other. We felt completely helpless. Still we were among the lucky ones. The earthquake had destroyed much of Kashmir — thousands died and many more were left homeless. Many of our friends had been killed.
My school reopened a few days after the earthquake. The following weeks at the school were full of worries. During the aftershocks, I had to sound the alarm (警报) to all 3,000 students and 300 teachers. Much of the time the school was strangely quiet. The students stayed in small groups rather than run around and play. As a principal, I was used to telling students to keep quiet and calm. Now I started to miss all that noise.
Like so many people in Pakistan, I‘ve spent a lot of time trying to find out why we had to experience this terrible earthquake. I now believe life wanted to teach us a lesson. One minute I was on top of the world and the next I was at the bottom.
56. How many people were there in the writer‘s family when the earthquake happened?
A. Four.
B. Five.
C. Six.
D. Seven.
57. Where were the writer and his family when the earthquake began?
A. They all stayed in the hospital except the writer.
B. Some were at home, and the others in the hospital.
C. Most of them were in the hospital but two weren‘t.
D. Each of them had his own place except the babies.
58. The writer missed the noise at school because ______.
A. he would have nothing to do without noise
B. he looked forward to the return to usual life
C. he loved everything created by the students
D. he became used to noises in the earthquake
59. The underlined sentence in the passage means ______.
A. life is often made up of happiness and sadness
B. good things are always followed by bad things
C. one can‘t be successful in life without difficulty
D. when you are too excited things will go wrong
D（丰台）
Everyone knows you must exercise regularly to keep good health. Indeed, staying physically fit is a big part of our culture. We consider that healthy people are attractive people. Since most of us want to be attractive, there is no shortage of exercise clubs, training videos, magazines and books offering to help us stay physically fit.
Unfortunately, however, our culture doesn‘t place the same emphasis (重要性) on mental fitness. Although we tend to like men and women with strong, healthy-looking bodies, we don‘t have the same degree of respect or attraction for smart, educated, mentally healthy people. This is a pity, because there are great rewards for people who have developed the ability to think well.
If your mind is well trained and flexible, you will be able to understand a great deal of what happens around you. And if you are also well educated —that is, if you understand basic science, mathematics, music, art, literature, history and so on —you will find it much easier to make good decisions throughout your life. Over the long run, this leads to a sense of control over your destiny (命运) and a much better life than otherwise.
People who are poorly educated or who don‘t think well —that is, people who are not mentally fit —see things differently. Their world is controlled by mysterious, often malevolent （恶意的）forces. Such people live within a system they will never master, forced to follow rules they will never understand. Although it may not be obvious, most spend their lives being manipulated by others. They are told what to do, what to think, how to spend their money, and what they should and should not aspire（渴望）to in life.
In my opinion, if you want to live well, you must be able to use your mind well. For this reason, I want you to be able to concentrate, to solve problems, to understand complex ideas, and to think clearly and quickly. Such skills will make it easier for you to make informed decisions, understand current events, choose good friends, manage your money well, make wise lone-term decisions and appreciate music, art and literature.
The key to developing such skills is to enjoy learning, and to have the ability and motivation to teach yourself.
57. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The people who are not mentally fit often live a poor and mysterious life.
B. Learning is very important for being able to make good decisions in life.
C. If you like to learn music and history, you will be a mentally fit person.
D. Physically healthy people are not as popular as mentally healthy people.
58. The underlined word manipulated means______.
A. controlled
B. influenced
C. effected
D. forced
59. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. Mind Helps You More
B. Use Your Mind
C. Make Informed Decisions
D. Train Your Mind
D（顺义）
Tired of bad handwriting, Richie decided to perfect his penmanship (书法) last January. Though the year progressed, his writing didn‘t. ―My penma nship just got
worse,‖ he says. ―I get tired of trying to write neatly.‖
Like Richie, many teenagers make resolutions in the New Year. More than half of Americans say they make a New Year‘s resolution – but only one-third of them keep to it, reports the University of North Carolina, US.
Demanding (追求) perfection stops people working on their resolutions, says Chicago life coach Alison Miller.
Resolutions sometimes can be unrealistic (不现实).. Going for a goal that‘s too hard to achieve can leave a person feeling sad. ―Saying ?I‘m going to look l ike a super-model‘ is going to make you unhappy,‖ she says.
Sure, it‘s a great idea to aim for improvement, but not all resolutions are helpful. The difference between good and bad resolutions is whether you expect too much from yourself, Miller says. For example, it‘s OK to say, ―I‘m going to eat fewer French fries,‖ but striving (力争) for a perfect body isn‘t reasonable.
Timing can also damage a resolution. Kevin M., 16, says he doesn't set resolutions because 12 months is unrealistic. ―It‘s too long and you start putting off keeping your resolution during summer,‖ he says.
He‘s considering a career in music, but says school is his main focus. Knowing how hard he has to work, he says he‘ll ―be lucky to get 30 minutes a day‖ of practice. But a bit is better than nothing, and making reminders can help you make progress. Miller says teenagers should write down their goals and say to themselves, ―What can I do today to make my goal a reality?‖―It‘s just small steps along the way. It‘s not about doing it all at once,‖ Miller says.
57. What‘s the writer‘s purpose by talking Richie in the first paragraph?
A. To advise people to keep their New Year‘s resolutions.
B. To show that some people fail to keep their New Year‘s resolutions.
C. To tell readers why Richie isn‘t a good hand writer.
D. To show why New Year‘s resolutio ns are important.
58. Many Americans stop working on their New Year‘s resolutions because ______.
A. they think it is silly to make resolutions
B. they find keeping resolutions is boring
C. the time of keeping resolutions is too short
D. their choice of resolution turns out to be unrealistic
59. Which of the following statements would Miller probably agree with?
A. Teenagers should set themselves perfect goals.
B. To achieve your goals, you needn‘t write them down.
D(通州)
Teachers and parents usually call attention to the pictures when they read storybooks to preschool children. But a new study tells that calling attention to the words and letters on the book may lead to better readers.
The two-year study compared (比较) children who were read to this way in class with children who were not. Those whose teachers most often discussed the words showed clearly higher skills in reading, spelling and understanding.
Shayne Piasta, a professor of teaching and learning at Ohio State University, says most preschool teachers would need only a small change in the way they teach. They already read storybooks in class. The only difference would be increased attention to the printed words.
Ms. Piasta says if you get children to pay attention to letters and words, it makes sense that they will do better at word spelling. But she says studies show that very few parents and teachers do this in a systematic (系统的) way.
They watched more than three hundred children aged four and five in classrooms in Ohio and Virginia. The children came from poor families and were poor in their language skills. They may become bad readers when they enter primary schools later.
Professor Justice says children‘s language skills can be improved by discussing with him or her when you are reading a book to a child. There are different ways that adults can talk to children about the letters and words on the page. They can point to a word and discuss the shape of it with a finger. They can p oint out a word: ―This is?dog‘.‖ They can discuss the meaning of the word or how the words tell the story. And they can also show how words are written left to right in English.
49. What does the underlined phrase “it makes sense” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. It can be understood and agreed.
B. It is impossible to happen.
C. It can be difficult to imagine and describe.
D. It is surprising to see.
50. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Parents are more important than teachers for little children.
B. Teachers need to learn a lot to use the new teaching way.
C. It‘s impossible for preschool children to understand words.
D. Skills are important to children‘s reading development.
51. The writer wants to tell us that ____.
A. preschool children should have higher discussing skills
B. parents should make a plan to teach their children reading
C. teachers should help children pay attention to printed words
D. languages skills should be discussed with preschool children
D（燕山）
Does working out a math problem give you a headache? Do
you feel nervous when you sit a math exam? For most, math can be difficult but new research suggests that it can also cause us physical pain.
Scientists came to this conclusion with an in-depth experiment. They began by finding out how much participants (参与者) fear math. Those participants were asked a series of questions such as how they feel when they receive a math textbook or when they walk into a math lesson.
According to their answers, participants were divided into groups. One group was made up of
people who were very afraid of math and participants in the other group were more comfortable with this subject.
Both groups were then given either math tasks or word tasks. When a math task was going to come next, a yellow circle would appear but when a word task was soon to come, a blue square would be shown.
Using a brain-scan (扫描) machine, scientists noticed that whenever from Group One saw a yellow circle, their brain would respond（反应）in a way similar to when their body is feeling pain. For example, if they burnt their hand on a hot stove. But they reacted less strongly when they knew that they would be faced with a word task.
However, scientists saw no strong brain response from people in the second group.
―When you are really thinking about it (math problems), your mind is racing and you are worrying about all the things that could go wrong,‖explained Ian Lyons from University of Chicago, US, leader of the study. ―The more worried people were about the math, the more they activated brain regions that we know are often caught when people experience pain or detect a threat（威胁）.‖
More interestingly, the brain activity disappeared when participants actually started dealing with the math tasks. ―This means that it‘s not that math itself hurts, instead, the anticipation of math is painful.‖ Lyons said.
According to the study, scientists suggested that things could be done to help students worry less and move past their fear of math, which might mean they perform better in tests.
57.What have scientists recently discovered about how people react to math?
A.Most people find it difficult to work out math problem.
B.The fear of math can cause physical pain.
C.They have found out just how much people fear math.
D.They have found out what makes people fear math.
58.The underlined word ―anticipation‖ is closest in meaning to _______.
A.expectation
B. understanding
C. experience
D. participation
59.Which of the following statement about the experiment is true?
A.When people are worried, more parts of their brains are activated.
B.Both groups responded the same in the experiment‘s word tasks.
C.People might get better results in math exams if they are less worried about it.
D.When participants saw a yellow circle, they felt the same as they got their hands burned.
D（大兴）
Amy was a dear little girl, but she was too ready to waste time in getting ready to do her tasks, instead of doing them at once as she ought to.
In the village in which she lived, Mr. Thornton kept a store where he sold fruit of all kinds, including berries in their season. One day he said to Amy, whose parents were quite poor, ―Would you like to earn some money?‖
―Oh, yes, ‖replied she, ―for I want some new shoes, and papa has no money to buy them with.‖
―Well, Amy,‖ said Mr. Thornton, ―I noticed some fine, ripe blackberries in Mr. Green‘s field
today, and he said that anybody was welcome to them. I will pay you thirteen cents a quart(度量单位) for all you will pick for me.‖
Amy was delighted at the thought of earning some money; so she ran home to get a basket, intending to go immediately to pick the berries.
Then she thought she would like to know how much money she would get if she picked five quarts. With the help of her slate(书写板) and pencil, she found out that she would get sixty-five cents.
―But supposing I should pick a dozen quarts,‖ thought she, ―how much should I earn then?‖―Dear me!‖ she said, after figuring(测算) a while, ―I should earn a dollar and fifty-six cents.‖Amy then found out what Mr. Thornton would pay her for fifty, a hundred, and two hundred quarts. It took her some time to do this, and then it was so near dinner time that she had to stay at home until afternoon.
As soon as dinner was over, she took her basket and hurried to the field. Some boys had been there before dinner, and all the ripe berries were picked. She could not find enough to fill a quarter of a quart.
As Amy went home, she thought of what her teacher had often told her---―Do your task at once; then think about it,‖ for ―One doer is worth a hundred dreamers.‖
56. How many times did Amy figure with her slate?
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. 6.
57. The underlined sentence may mean ―______‖.
A. she got ready to waste some time to do her tasks
B. she thought it was a waste of time to do her tasks
C. she liked to waste time when should do her tasks immediately
D. she was not ready to get her tasks ready, and it‘s a waste of time
58. What can we infer from the story?
A. Amy‘s family was very poor.
B. Amy was good at counting with a slate.
C. Mr. Thornton was the richest person in the village.
D. Amy would learn a better lesson from this affair than from school.
59. The best title of the passage may be ―_____‖.
A. The Money Amy Did Not Earn
B. The Girl Did Not Like To Waste Time
C. Amy, A Good Student To her Teachers
D. A Poor Girl Wanted To Earn Some Money
D（怀柔）
Every day in China, about 200 million children go to school. Many of them take school buses. What should we do to keep these students safe on the road?
On April 5, 2012，the State Council(国务院) published new rules about school bus safety. These new rules are stricter than the old ones.
Under the new rules, local governments must make sure that students go to nearby school or boarding schools to reduce traffic risks . Also, local governments must help kids in the countryside reach their school buses.
From now on, school buses have a speed limit of 80 km/h on highways and 60 km/h on normal roads. While on the road, other cars must let school buses go first.
The new rules also say that school buses must never be overloaded (超载的).
There are many other rules as well. A school bus must have more than seven seats. On each bus, there must be at least one adult to keep an eye on the kids. Each school bus must have a fire extinguisher (灭火器), a first aid kit (急救箱) and a GPS.
A series of school bus accidents happened in China in 2011. To stop such accidents, the
Central Government decided to strengthen (加强) the rules for school buses.
The most serious accident happened in Gansu in November,2011. When a nine-seat minibus
crashed. There were more than 60 children inside, and 21 of them
died.
I hope such terrible things won‘t happen again and all of us can
pay more attention to the safety of the students.
56. What did the State Council publish on April 5, 2012?
A. New rules about school bus safety.
B. New rules
about student safety.
C. New rules about student home.
D. New rules about class.
57. According to the passage, the government made new rules because .
A. 21 students died in school bus accidents in 2011
B. School buses in China were not safe enough before
C. 200 million children in China go to school by bus every day
D. the government encourages all students to take school buses
58. What does the underlined ―‖word mean?
A. 国外的.
B. 国内的.
C. 寄宿的.
D. 较远的.
59. What is the best title of this passage?
A. The most serious accident happened in 2011 in Gansu.
B. A school bus must have more than seven seats.
C. Local governments must help kids.
D. Safety first on the school bus.
D（门头沟）
Most people around the world are right-handed. This also seems to be true in history. In 1799, scientists studied works of art made at different times from 1,500 B. C. to the 1950s. Most of the people shown in these works are right-handed, so the scientists guessed that right-handedness has always been common through history. Today, only about 10% to 15% of the world's population is left-handed.
Why are there more right-handed people than left-handed ones? Scientists now know that a person's two hands each have their own jobs. For most people, the hand is used to find things or hold things. The right hand is used to work with things. This is because of the different work of the two sides of the brain(脑). The right side of the brain, which makes a person's hands and eyes work together, controls(控制) the left hand. The left-side of the brain, which controls the right hand, is the centre for thinking and doing problems. These findings show that more artists should be left-handed, and studies have found that left-handedness is twice as common among artists as among people in other jobs.
No one really knows what makes a person become right-handed instead of left-handed. Scientists have found that almost 40% of the people become left-handed because their main brain is damaged(伤害) when they are born. However, this doesn't happen to everyone, so scientists guess there must be another reason why people become left-handed. One idea is that people usually get right-handed from their parents. If a person does not receive the gene(基因)for right-handedness, he/she may become either right-handed or left-handed according (根据)to the chance and the people they work or live with.
Though right-handedness is more common than left-handedness, people no longer think left-handed people are strange or unusual. A long time ago, left-handed children were made to use their right hands like other children, but today they don't have to.
56. After studying works of art made at different times in history, the scientists
found ____________.
A. the art began from 1,500
B.
C. B. the works of art ended in the 1950s
C. most people shown in the works of art are right-handed
D. most people shown in the works of art are left-handed
57. How many people in the world are left-handed now?
A. Less than one sixth.
B. More than a half.
C. About 40%.
D. The passage doesn't tell us.
58. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. No one really knows what makes a person become right-handed.
B. Scientists think there must be some reason why people become left-handed.
C. Today children are not made to use their right hands only.
D. Left-handedness is cleverer than right-handedness.
59. What is the best title for this passage?
A. Left-handed People
B. Scientists' New Inventions
C. Which Hand
D. Different Brains, Different Hands
D（密云）
If music makes you smarter and exercise helps you to think, surely exercising to music can turn you into an intelligent person.
A team of scientists from Ohio State University did experiments on 33 volunteers who were getting better from heart disease following operation. They found that people who exercised while listening to Italian musician Antonio Vivaldi's "The Four Seasons" did much better on language ability tests than without music.
"Facts suggest that exercise improve the learning ability of people with heart disease," said the psychologist(心理学家) Charles Emery, who led the study. "And listening to music is thought to enhance understanding. We just wanted to put the two results together," he added.
The volunteers said they felt better emotionally after working out with or without the music. But their improvement on the test doubled(双倍) after listening to music during exercise. Scientists have proved that music can be good for health, education and well-being. It helps reduce stress, sadness and nervousness; encourages relaxation or sleep; wakes up the body and improves memory and thoughts.
In medical fields, music is used widely for patients who have had head hurts before and after operation. "The Four Seasons" was used because of its moderate tempo（舒缓的节拍) and positive (积极的) results in earlier research. "Exercise seems to cause positive changes in the nervous system and these changes may have a direct result on learning ability," Emery said.
Scientists have been studying the results of music on understanding since the early 1950s. By 1990, psychologists were using Mozart's music, especially his violin pieces, to help children with speech disorders(混乱). Mozart was chosen because his music is not over-exciting and has clear structures. A study showed students who listened to Mozart went on to score higher marks in an intelligence test. With important exams drawing near, your parents will not probably allow you to listen to music. But perhaps now you have good reasons to argue with them.
57. The text is mainly about that ______.
A. 33 volunteers work on music in medical fields
B. music and exercise lead to relaxation or sleep
C. exercise to music makes people healthy and bright
D. scientists give suggestions on choosing music to exercise
58. It can be learned from the last paragraph that ______.
A. you are supposed to follow your parents' words
B. you have some good reasons to exercise to music
C. music might help you to get higher grades in tests
D. students should not listen to music before exams
59. Which of the following statements is TURE?
A. "The Four Seasons" is used to help children with speech disorders.
B. Exercise seems to cause negative changes without music.
C. Exercise reminds people with head hurts of what they've learned.
D. Scientists often use Mozart's music, for it is not too exciting.
D(房山)
A lot people like reading, why? Words play magic. They can create pictures in our mind;
they‘re can help us express our feelings that we have been trying to hide, and like a key, words can open up locked hearts and free our souls that have been kept deep inside.
When different people are reading the same passage, for example, about a scene(情景) which shows a palace at midnight, the words they read are the same, yet if they are asked to point out what the scene is like in their mind, each person will have the pictures drawn differently. How they draw their palace according to their nature appears to be view on how they can see things.
Although human minds are different, I do believe that somehow(以某种方法) we have all come across mutual feelings. Stories that touch（触动）us, stressed that terrify us, stories that set us free---- we all have tasted the pain, the fear, the freedom because we all have feelings. I believe all of us have personalities within personalities, and by that I mean people who seem to be strong are not always that strong, they are easily hurt on the inside.
Good writers, who can smartly use the right words in their writings, will easily break through the shell(壳) of one‘s personality within. Gre at writers, who can use only words to move the personality within, will understand one‘s weakness. Excellent writers, who can use the perfect words to aim at the personality within, will open up one‘s heart---- even rewrite his or her life.
I want to be an excellent writer because when I read, I feel like home. Home is where my books are. When I feel scared, I read, and it becomes my candles. When I feel sad, I read, it becomes my cover. When I feel lonely, I read, and it becomes my company.
Home is where we leave the sadness, fear and stress behind, where we only allow happiness to stay. I want to be a writer who brings such feeling to everyone to bring them home with my words.
Reading is all that I need. Whenever I read, I just feel the magic that words create, leaving everything behind.
56. What does the underlined word ―mutual‖ in paragraph 3 mean?
A. shared
B. strange
C. special
D. different
57. The writer uses ―home‖ in paragraph 5 and 6 to show ______________.
A. a place where we live happily
B. a place where we read freely
C. a sense of belonging
D. a sense of relaxing
58. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Many words can help hide your feelings deep inside.
B. Some writers can free your personalities from locked hearts.
C. Most people will draw the same picture for the same passage.
D. No places will keep the sadness, fear and stress away from people.
59. The best title for the passage is ____________.
A. Creative Minds
B. Excellent writers
C. Touching stories
D. Wonderful Words
D （延庆）
Psychologists, working with students, say from the time when a child enters school, he/she tends to get impressed with the idea that success is the means to be respected and have a meaningful existence; to say it in simple terms: S uccess is ―the only way‖ to have a fulfilled life.
Now, the question at hand is — what is our stand on failures? An Indian writer once wrote, ―When failures teach us more lessons than success, shouldn‘t failures be celebrated more?‖ There is a lot of insight in that statement. Yes! Failures really are so important in our lives. Only thirst makes us realize the worth of water. If it is true of these natural physical phenomena (现象) and things, then success too amounts to (等同于) any worth only if one experiences the presence of failure.
Norman Peale observes in one of his books that a person who is getting ―C‖ grades in college need not feel low, for who knows, his real ―A‖s in life might start coming in when he q ualifies and steps out of his college.
So instead of judging ourselves and self-pitying, the best way to deal with failures is to decorate our lips with a wonderful smile and tell ourselves, ―Be glad you have failures in life because you have opportuniti es to learn.‖
Of course failure has its own pain and no one can deny(否定) that. But it is like the pain that comes out of exercise that makes one fit. It is worth repeating what someone said — anything that doesn‘t kill you makes you stronger. Therefore, instead of thinking failures are final, let‘s rejoice that we have another lesson to learn.
As failures help us in so many ways, why shouldn‘t we be grateful for our failures? Now I am not being so superficial (表面的) to say that we need not feel pain. It is just that we need to accept pain as willingly as we would when we receive help from someone. If only we recognized the importance of failures in our lives, we would even be thankful sometimes that they came our way. So let us celebrate our failures and adjust our lives to success!
56. According to Paragraph 2, which pair has similar relationship to ―failure and success‖?
A. Shoe and road.
B. Hunger and bread.
C. Mother and son.
D. Exercise and fitness.
57. The underlined word “rejoice” pro bably means ―_________‖.
A. take pride in
B. be angry with
C. be tired of
D. be pleased about
58. What can we learn from the passage?
A. P eople usually dislike failure and don‘t realize its value.
B. The writer regards success as something important.
C. The writer tells us not to take failures as something painful.
D. People have to experience failure to achieve success.
59. What‘s the best title for the passage?
A. Failure Education
B. Ways to Success
C. Failure Is Not That Bad
D. Success Is Not the Only Way
D（昌平）
When you read an article you will understand and remember it better if you can work out how the writer has put the ideas together．Sometimes a writer puts ideas together by asking questions and then answering them．For example，if the article is about groundhogs（土拨鼠），the set of questions in the writer‘s head might be：
What does a groundhog look like？
Where do groundhogs live？
What do they eat？…
In the article，the author might answer those questions．
Sometimes an author writes out her questions in the article．These questions give you signals．They tell you what the author is going to write next．Often an author has a question in her head but she doesn‘t write it out for you．You have to work out her question for yourself．Here‘s a sample reading for you to practice this method.
Earthworms
Do you know how many kinds of earthworms there are？There are about 1800 kinds in the world！They can be brown，purple，green．They can be as small as 3 cm long and as large as 3 m long．
The best time to see earthworms is at night，especially a cool，damp night．That‘s when they come up from their burrows（地洞）to hunt for food．Earthworms don‘t like to be in the sun．That‘s because they breathe through their skin，and they can‘t breathe if their skin gets too dry．Earthworms must come out of the earth if it rains a lot，because they can't breathe in their flooded burrows．What a dangerous life！
Earthworms don't have eyes，so how can they tell when it's dark？They have special places on their skin that are sensitive to light．These spots tell whether it‘s light or dark．If you shine a flashlight on an earthworm at night，it will quickly disappear into the ground．
Earthworms don't have ears either，but they can hear by feeling movements in the earth．If you want to hear like an earthworm，lie on the ground with your fingers in your ears．Then have a friend stamp his or her feet near you．This is how earthworms feel birds and people walking，and moles digging，near them．
Earthworms are useful．Farmers and gardeners like having lots of earthworms in their land because the worms help to make better soil when they dig．That digging keeps the soil loose and airy（通风的）．In one year earthworms can pile up as much as 23,000 kg of castings in an area about the size of a football field．
56. What’s the purpose of reading Earthworms?
A. To show the special life facts of earthworms.
B. To explain the differences from the groundhogs.
C. To put the writer’s id ea into real use.
D. To make the readers think more clearly.
57. Which question CANNOT be answered in the passage?
A. How do earthworms help with gardeners?
B. What life are earthworms living with?
C. When may people observe earthworms?
D. Why can human listen like earthworms?
58. How can you understand Earthworms better according to this passage?
A. Read, ask and answer questions in your own head while reading.
B. Read to work out all the questions in the writer’s head while reading.
C. Read and check all the things that are not clear to you again and again.
D. Read for general ideas and discuss or compare with other similar topics.
59. What’s the best title for the passage?
A. One way to help with understanding
B. One way to practice with a new idea
C. One way to learn to be a wise writer
D. One way to be clearer about worms
第一编商法总论 第一章商法是什么 一、商法的概念 商法，也称商事法，是调整商事关系的法律规范的总称。阿 二、商法的调整对象 商法的调整对象是商事关系。 商事关系的特点： 1、商事关系是平等的商事主体间的社会关系。 2、商事关系是商事主体基于营利的动机而建立的。 3、商事关系仅发生于持续的营业之中。 三、商法的渊源和体系 我国商法的渊源主要包括： 1、法律 2、行政法规和地方性法规 3、国际条约和国际惯例 4、立法与司法解释 5、商事自治规则 第二章商法的特征和原则 一、商法的特征 1、商法调整行为的营利性 2、商法调整对象的特定性 3、商法规范较强的技术性和易变性 4、商法的公法性 5、商法的国际性 二、商法的原则 1、商主体法定原则——商主体类型法定、内容法定、商主体公示法定 2、公平交易原则 3、交易简便、迅捷原则 4、鼓励交易原则 5、交易明确、安全原则 商法与、的区别 （1）从历史条件来看，产生的时代背景不同。民法产生于古代简单商品经济，商法产生于近代自由竟争经济，而经济法则产生于现代市场经济。 （2）从调整对象来看，民法既调整财产关系也调整人身关系，经济法调整的是国家在对国民经济进行宏观调控过程中形成的经济关系，而商法调整的则是商事主体在商事活动过程中形成的商事关系。 （3）从法律性质来看，民法具有私法性质，经济法具有公法性质，而商法则具有私法公法化性质。 （4）从规范着眼点来看，民法规范偏重于伦理性，经济法规范偏重于管理性，而商法规范则偏重于技术性。 （5）从价值取向来看，民法以公民个人利益为本位，经济法以国家利益为本位，而商法则以商事组织为本位。 （6）调节机制上，民法以意思自治为调节机制，经济法以宏观间接管理为调节机制，商法采用营利性调节机制； （7）从立法原则来看，民法以任意性为主，经济法以强制性为主，而商法则实行强制性和任意性相结合的原则。 （8）从形成过程来看，民法在某些情况下有习惯法和成文法之分，经济法的形成完全与习惯法无关，而商事习惯法在商法的演变过程中则发挥了重大的作用。 （9）从稳定性来看，民法规范相对来说要稳定得多，经济法规范的修订最为频繁，而商法规范的修订则比较频繁。 （10）从适用范围来看，民法的区域性、民族性较强，经济法的目标性较强，而商法的国际性则较强。 第三章商事主体 一、商主体的概念
中国文学批评史试卷一 一、解释（每题6分，共30分） 1、以意逆志 2、发愤著书说 3、妙悟说 4、六义说 5、无我之境 二、简答（每题10分，共30分） 1、试述《诗大序》的主要诗学观点。 2、试析《文心雕龙》的理论结构。 3、试述唐宋文道观的异同。 三、论述（每题20分，共40分） 1、试述孔子“兴观群怨”说的理论内涵，并指出王夫之对此说的发展创新表现在哪些方面。 2、试述司马迁的“发愤著书”说的理论内涵。后世还有哪些文论家提出过类似观点？试述之。 答案要点： 一、解释（每题10分，共30分） 1、以意逆志：是孟子提出的深刻理解作品的方法。“逆”，此处即为“求”的意思；“志”，指作者所表达的思想感情；“意”的理解历代有分歧，旧注指说诗者之意，近代指作者之意，两者实际很难分开。所谓“以意逆志”，是指解说作品时，不要抓住其中片言只语而望文生义，也不应对某些夸张修饰作机械理解，而应当着眼于作品的实际，把握作品的全篇内容，加上自己切身的体会，去探索作者的志趣倾，理解作品的思想感情。 2、发愤著书说：是司马迁最重要的文论命题。愤，指作为创作动力的“怨愤”，司马迁指出“愤”是作家“意有所郁结”的情绪状态，即心理受压抑而不得伸展的状态。作家怨愤郁结，“不得通其道”，从而借创作发挥疏通，以恢复心理平衡。司马迁的发愤著书说揭示了“愤”是作家创作的心理动力，以“愤”为创作动力，其作品具有较高的品质和质量。 3、妙悟说：是严羽提出的学诗的重要方法。妙悟原为佛语，指佛理高深莫测，不可言传，因而认识佛理不能靠逻辑推理或语言文字的解说，只有心领神会的方式才能进行。严羽认为学诗与学佛相似，诗歌意境空灵虚幻，变化无方，只可意会不可言传，对诗境的把握同样只有通过“悟”才能实现。 4、六义说：《诗大序》对《诗经》的诗体与艺术手法的归纳。六义指风、雅、颂、赋、比、兴。前三者指诗体，后三者指创作手法。 5、无我之境：王国维将“境界”分为“有我之境”与“无我之境”二类。无我之境指审美主体把自己的意趣隐藏于客观事物之中，使客体表现上看不出主体的主观情感色彩。 二、简答（每题20分，共40分） 1、试述《诗大序》的主要诗学观点。 （1）情志统一论——对诗歌本质认识的深化。 （2）止乎礼义——儒家诗学的思想规范 （3）讽谏教化——对诗歌社会政治作用的强调 （4）诗有六义——儒家政教化诗体观的体现 2、试析《文心雕龙》的理论结构。 （一）文之枢纽——总原则（创作的原则，评价的标准） （1）依据什么指导创作：原道、征圣、宗经——文章根源于道，圣人文章体道，以圣人之经为文章标准。 （2）对不合道的著作的态度：正纬——事丰奇伟，辞富膏腴，无益经典而有助文章。 （3）怎样解决文学演变：辨骚——酌奇而不失其贞，玩华而不坠其实。执正驭奇。 （二）论文叙笔 （1）论文：《明诗》至《谐隐》十篇，有韵之文。 （2）叙笔：《史传》至《书记》十篇，无韵之笔。 （三）剖情析采 （1）创作论：《神思》—《总术》二十篇（《物色》提前） （2）批评论：《时序》—《程器》四篇 3、试述唐宋文道观的异同。 唐：强调文道并重，文从字顺，务去陈言； 宋：古文家文道观与唐基本相同； 道学家文道观重道轻文，认为作文害道。 三、论述（30分） 1、试述孔子“兴观群怨”说的理论内涵，并指出王夫之对此说的发展创新表现在哪些方面。 兴：意谓诗歌对于人们思想情感有启发感染作用，可以引起联翩的想像。[想象力] 观：指通过诗歌可以考察社会状况、政治得失、人民愿望，还包括赋诗者的品性、志向等。[观察力] 群：指诗歌可使人们借以交流思想，促进感情融洽，起到协和群体的作用。例：孔子与学生间便是这么一个群体。[亲和力] 怨：意谓诗歌可以抒写不满，疏导人情。“怨刺上政”，批判现实作用，但要求“怨而不怒”。当然“怨”情并不限于政治方面。 孔子从“用诗”角度方论，其“兴观群怨”全面地总结了文学的社会功能和作用。但其实精神却接触到诗歌的一些本质特征，如诗歌的抒情性、感染力和认识作用、社会效果等。因此对后世的文学理论批评生了深刻的影响。其中“兴”“怨”侧重于个体心灵的情感抒发功能；“观”“群”侧重于群体审美时诗歌所表现的社会教化功能。 王夫之的“兴观群怨”说改造和发展了前人的见解，对诗歌的本质和功能作了更为全面、系统的阐述。这具体表现在以下几个方面： 其一、指出“兴观群怨”四者都是“情”的表现。尽管它们的表现形态不同，但它们的共同本质都是“情”，是人们在各自的社会生活实践中（事父、事君、草木鸟兽等）所触发的形形色色的感情的具体表现，这就深刻地阐明了诗歌的社会本质。 其二、王夫之还指出，兴、观、群、怨四者并不是各自独立无关的，而是相互联系、相互补充的：兴中可观，观中有兴，群而愈怨，怨而益群，四者的配合使作品更具有艺术感染力量。 其三、对“兴观群怨”作雅俗得失之辨。这就不是一般地讲“兴观群怨”的社会本质和社会功能，而是对“兴观群怨”作审美价值的判断。 其四、诗人的创作与读者的阅读鉴赏都与“兴观群怨”紧密相关。 总之，在王夫之看来，“兴观群怨”是一个有机的整体，它们互为配合，相得益彰，极大地增强了诗歌的艺术感染力，故而不同的读者可以根据各自不同境况、经历来接受这种艺术感染。 2、试述司马迁的“发愤著书”说的理论内涵。后世还有哪些文论家提出过类似观点？试述之。 （1）出处 “发愤著书”是司马迁最重要的文论命题。《太史公自序》云：“夫诗书隐约者，欲遂其志之思也。昔西伯拘羑里，演《周易》；孔子厄陈、蔡，作《春秋》；屈原放逐，著《离骚》；左丘失明，厥有《国语》……《诗三百》篇，大抵贤圣发愤之所作也。此人皆意有所郁结，不得通其道也。” （2）内涵 愤，怨愤，指作为创作动力的“怨愤”。司马迁指出“愤”是作家“意有所郁结”的情绪状态，即心理受压抑而不得伸展的状态。作家怨愤郁结，“不得通其道”，从而借创作发挥疏通，以恢复心理平衡，所以，司马迁对“发愤著书”的心理机制作了较深的探索和阐发。 （3）意义
华中师范大学专业课复习方案 专业课一：中外文学史 中外文学史:华师的文学专业课数目很多，涉及面非常广，教材也十分庞杂，盲目复习，难以起手，必须要做到去粗取精，析出重点，而一般考生在初期复习中很难做到。 大纲给出的专业课参考书目包含以下： 文学各专业： 《文学理论》刘安海、孙文宪主编，华中师范大学出版社2004年版 《文学理论导引》王先霈、孙文宪主编，高等教育出版社 《中国历代文论选》（一卷本），郭绍虞主编，上海古籍出版社 《中国文学史》（四卷）袁行霈主编，高等教育出版社（两本文学史任选其一）《中国文学史》（三卷）章培恒、骆玉明主编，复旦大学出版社（两本文学史任选其一） 《中国历代文学作品选》（上中下编）朱东润主编，上海古籍出版社 《中国现代文学三十年》钱理群等著，北京大学出版社 《中国当代文学》（上、下册）王庆生主编，华中师范大学出版社 《外国文学史》（第1-4册）聂珍钊主编，华中理工大学出版社2004年 复试专业考试参考书目： 文艺学： 《文学批评原理》王先霈主编，华中师范大学出版社2004年版 中国古典文献学： 《中国古典文献学》张三夕主编，华中师范大学出版社2007年1月版 中国古代文学： 《中国文学史》（四卷）袁行霈主编，高等教育出版社（两本文学史任选其一）《中国文学史》（三卷）章培恒、骆玉明主编，复旦大学出版社（两本文学史任选其一） 《中国历代文学作品选》（上中下编）朱东润主编，上海古籍出版社 中国现当代文学： 《中国现代文学三十年》钱理群等著，北京大学出版社 《中国当代文学》（上、下册）王庆生主编，华中师范大学出版社 比较文学与世界文学： 《外国文学史》（第1-4册）聂珍钊主编，华中理工大学出版社2004年 《外国文学史》（上、下）郑克鲁主编，高等教育出版社2002年 《比较文学教程》胡亚敏主编，华中师范大学出版社2004年7月版 中国民间文学： 《民间文学教程》刘守华主编，华中师范大学出版社 影视文学： 《电影媒介与艺术论》李显杰、修倜著，华中师范大学出版社 教育硕士（语文） 《语文课程与教学论》王文彦、蔡明主编，高等教育出版社，2007版
2018年商法期末重点必考复习资料汇总 第一章商法总论 名词解释1、商事关系:就是一定社会中通过市场经营活动而形成的社会关系。2、商人、就是以自己名义实施商行为并以此为常业的人三个条件;1、实施商行为2、以自己的名义实施商行为3、以事实商行为为常业3、商行为：就是使用商事法律规范的营利性行为4、形式商法：形式商法，最典型的就是独立与民法典之外的商法典。这种立法体例称为民商分立制。5、实质商法;英美法系没有民法与商法的严格区分，因而不存在民商分立于民商合一的问题，此外法院的判例和民间的自治规章也是重要的商法渊源，总第来说，英美商法的概念属于实质商法的范畴。6、公示原则：在涉及公众或多数当事人的场合，商法实行公示原则，要求将有关事实公诸于世。7、外观法则;对于商事法律行为的效力，各国商法都采用客观主义的认定方法，即有关行为的内容及含义的解释，以表示行为的客观表象为准，即使这种解释表意人也不得推翻。商法：又称为商事法，是指以商事关系为调整对象的法律规范的总称三、简述题1、简述商法与民法的关系：民法和商法的共同之处，即他们都调整平等主体之间的财产关系，但是二者之间也有一定的差别。民法是包括财产关系和人身关系在内的一般社会生活的普遍性规则，而商法则是市场经济领域的特定财产关系的特殊规定。民法对商法来说，具有统领和指导的意义，而商法对民法来说，具有补充、变更或限制的作用。2、商
法与经济法的关系：二者的联系，商法和经济法相对于民法而言，都是特别法，在适用上有优先的效力。其次，从功能上讲，经济法体现了国家在特殊情况下对商事关系的干预，因而相对于商法来说具有优先适用的效力。再次，从形式上讲，除了商法在少数国家部分试行法典化外，商法和经济法都是针对特定领域、特定问题单行法，具有显著的特殊性、技术性和灵活性。最后，从内容上讲，商法与经济法存在相互包容的现象，即商法的规定吸收经济政策或经济法规范，经济法的规定中运用商法制度或商法手段。经济法有如下特征;1、国家意志的政府职能的介入。 2、多种法律部门的综合调整。 3、国家政策的指导作用。商法是关于商事组织和商事交易的法律群。传统商法受契约自由的原则支配。。8商法的基本原则是什么：一、强化企业组织原则1、提高企业素质2、完善企业结构产权的保护二、提高经济效率原则1、产权的保护2、信用的维护3、交易的便捷三、维护交易公平原则1、平等原则2、诚实信用原则四、保障交易安全原则1、强行主义2、公示原则3、外观法则 4、严格责任 5、对善意买受人的保护5维护交易公平的意义何在？商法如何体现这一原则？答：意义，首先， 是设立公平交易的行为准则，从而建立市场竞争的 正常条件。其次，就是依据这些行为准则以及时一
文学概论期末复习 第六章文学作品 一、名词解释 1、文学语言：经过作家精心选择和加工，用来创造艺术世界，具有艺术魅力的语言。是文学作品的语言，是对日常语言的提炼和加工。 2、文学象征：是文学形象的理想形态之一，是以表达观念和哲理为目的、以暗示为基本艺术手段、具有荒诞性和审美求解性的艺术形象。具有暗示性、哲理性、荒诞性、多义性的特征。 3、文学意境：是文学形象的理想形态之一，主要是指抒情性作品呈现的情景交融、虚实相生的形象系统及其生发的审美想象空间。具有情景交融的美学特征、虚实相生的结构特征和韵味无穷的审美特征。 4、文学典型：是文学形象的高级形态之一，是文学话语系统中显示特征和具有魅力的性格。主要是叙事性作品（再现型作品）的形象形态。 二、思考题 ~ 1、文学语言与日常语言有什么不同 答：（1）表达目的不同 日常语言主要用于个体与外在世界的交往，文学语言的直接目的是构筑虚拟的艺术世界。 （2）服从的真实标准不同 日常语言一般要服从于现实世界和日常生活的真实性，有真假正误之分。文学语言则服从于艺术世界虚拟性，而作家在创作过程中可
以根据内心真实感受和体验进行虚拟。 （3）语言意义生成的方式不同 日常语言的意义一般是遵循语义逻辑生成的，意义比较单一、直接。文学语言意义的生成方式多是间接的，文学语言往往并不直接产生于语言的词典意义和语法规则，而是生成于文学语言所构造的艺术形象世界。 2、文学作品的语言的特征是什么请举例说明。 ： 答：（1）塑造生动的生命形式，富于表现力。 《泊船瓜洲》中的“春风又禄江南岸”，“禄”练字、修辞。一个“禄”字，顿觉满眼生气，春意葱茏，把春的质感、神韵、和魅力都表现出来了。 （2）表意的含蓄性和丰富性。 《题西林壁》，一面描写庐山，一面议论庐山，写着写着便翻出一层哲理。描写、议论庐山→哲理→佛理，按照诗意逻辑层层蕴藉，充分体现了文学语言的含蓄之美。 3、意境的特征是什么举例说明意境结构的虚实相生。 答：特征：（1）情景交融的表现特征 （2）虚实相生的结构特征 （3）韵味无穷的审美特征 ！ 例：《游园不值》，具体描写的园外之景，就是实境，由满园春色、红杏出墙引发的审美想象空间就是虚境。虚实相生，富于表现力。
1、新古典主义有着共同的基本主张，即“模仿自然”、“崇尚理性”、“严守规范”、“服从古典”等。 2、布瓦洛认为艺术创作中人物必须定性化、类型化 3、《读者反应批评：理论与实践》的作者是费什 4、弗洛伊德提出人格结构由本我、自我和超我组成。 5、叔本华宣称世界是我的表象，世界是我的意志。 6、灵感的来源有两条途径：一是神灵凭附，另一条是灵魂回忆 7、’荣格认为文学作品类型可以分为：心理的和幻觉的两种。 8、西苏提出了描写躯体的口号，强调妇女用自己的肉体表达自己的思想。 9、《诗学》的作者是亚里斯多德。 10、泰纳认为文艺创作取决于种族、时代、环境三种力量。 二、选择题BAACD ABDCD 1.（）是米利特的重要著作 《第二性》 B.《性政治》 C.《一间自己的房间》 D.《女权辩护》 2.（）说：“诗是情感的自然流露。” A.华兹华斯 B.夏多勃里昂 C.雪莱 D.海涅 3.黑格尔认为艺术就是（）与感性显现的自由统一的整体 A.理念内容 B.情感内容 C.灵魂内容 D.智慧内容 4.波特莱尔提出了（） A.通感说 B.反映说 C.感应说 D.个性说 5.( )是法兰克福大学“社会研究所”的第二任所长，开创了一种重在批判的社会学理论 A.格林贝格 B.马尔库塞 C.弗洛姆 D.霍克海姆 6.人们将萨义德、( )与霍米·巴芭称为后殖民理论的“三剑客” A.斯皮瓦克 B.依利格瑞 C.莫尔斯 D.肖沃尔特 7.（）是海德格尔的重要著作 A.《接受理论》 B.《存在与时间》 C.《辩证理性批判》 D.《自由之路》 8.直觉主义的代表人物是( )和克罗齐 A.科林伍德 B.梅特林克 C.安德列耶夫 D.柏格森 9.（）是韦勒克、沃伦合著的重要作品 A.《文学批评原理》 B.《实用理论》 C.《文学理论》 D.《文学批评：简史》 10.达·芬奇提出了著名的（） A.情感说 B.心理分析说 C.表现说 D.镜子说 1、“耶鲁学派” 所谓“耶鲁学派”，指20世纪70年代至80年代初，在美国耶鲁大学任教并活跃在文学批评领域的几个有影响的教授，包括保尔?德曼、哈洛德?布罗姆(Harold Bloom)、杰夫里?哈特曼和希利斯?米勒。 2、泰纳
1单选、2多选 20分 3简答9个*5=45分 4判断分析（类似简答、概念演化）3个*5=15分 5案例分析2个*10=20分 Chapter 1 【简答①商法的特征】 1、商法调整行为的营利性特征。 商主体身份之确立、商行为只界定、商活动之目的和立法和司法之原则，无不以营利有关。 2、商法调整对象的特定性。 调整的对象仅适用于履行了商事登记而具有商主体资格的人，或者仅适用于商行为。 3、商法规范较强的技术性和易变性。 如票据法中关于票据之文义性、要式性、背书行为等的行使；保险法中关于保险费用、保险金额、保险标的、损害赔偿的评估；公司法中关于公司机关、公司股份、公司债券、公司财务会计；海商法中关于共同海损、理算规则等等都涉及技术性问题。 如证券法中商事交易活动的内容和形式都是发展变化的，因而商法与一般法律相比，其修改更为频繁。 4、商法的公法性。 商法作为民法的特别法，但含有大量的公法性条款，即国家通过立法形式而干预商事交易活动的规范，如商事登记、商号等。 5、商法的国际性。 【简答②商主体严格法定原则】 1、商主体类型法定。 是指可以进行经营活动的商主体在组织形式上由法律予以明确设定，非经法律设定者不得享有商主体资格。 2、商主体内容法定。 是指可以进行经营活动的商主体的财产关系和组织关系由法律予以明确规定。 3、商主体公示法定 是指商主体的成立必须按照法定程序予以公示，以便交易第三人及时知晓。 【简答③交易简便、迅捷原则】 1、交易简便。 各国商法在商行为方面一般采取要式行为方式和文义行为方式，并通过强行法和推定法对其内容预先予以确定。 2、短期时效。 商法对于各类商事请求普遍采取不同于民法上时效期间的短期时效，如票据请求权、货物买卖中瑕疵责任等，短期时效制的目的在于促使当事人迅速行使权利，以保证交易迅捷。 3、定型化交易规则。 如广泛采用票据、提单、保险单等，通过这些要式文件，使法律行为标准化、定型化，从而简化了权利转让和权利认定的程序。 【简答④鼓励交易原则充分体现在商法其他一系列原则和制度中的主要表现】
中国文学批评史考试重点 一、先秦 美刺说：《诗大序》的概念，通过创作诗歌对政治情况和任务进行赞美和讽刺的观念。 诗言志：把诗歌看作是作者思想感情的发露。【今文尚书·尧典】帝曰：“夔！命汝典乐，教胄子。……诗言志，歌永言，声依永，律和声。八音克谐，无相夺伦，神人以 和。” 三不朽：【左传·襄公二十四年】穆叔如晋。范宣子逆之，问焉，曰：“古人有言曰‘死而不朽’，何谓也？”……穆叔曰：“……鲁有先大夫曰臧文仲，既没，其言立， 其是之谓乎！豹闻之，大上有立德，其次有立功，其次有立言，虽久不废，此之 谓不朽。”（P14） 兴观群怨（P16）：出自孔子，意在论述《诗》的社会效用。【论语·阳货】子曰：“小子何莫学夫《诗》？《诗》可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之 事父，远之事君。多识于鸟兽草木之名。” 以意逆志（P21）：出自孟子的文学主张。说诗者不要拘泥于个别字句的表面意义，而应当根据全篇去分析作品的内容。【孟子·万章上】故说诗者，不以文 害辞，不以辞害志。以意逆志，是为得之。 知人论世（P21）：出自孟子的文学主张。要求必须对作者的生平思想及其所处时代有一定的认识。“颂其诗，读其书，不知其人可乎？” 知言养气（P22）：出自孟子。“知言”是指辨别言辞的能力。“养气”是指人的一种道德修养工夫。人们的道德修养、思想认识提高了，就自然会加强辨别 言辞实质的能力。 老、庄思想：1、追求精神自由的生活态度。①主张自然的生活态度；②追求真淳人格、反对虚伪矫饰的精神；③表现对于人生忧患的悲哀之情；④主张寡欲、去欲， 把多欲视为带来忧患的原因。 2、崇尚自然无为。 3、意之所随不可言传，得意而忘言。【庄子·外物】荃者所以在鱼，得鱼 而忘荃；蹄者所以在兔，得兔而忘蹄；言者所以在意，得意而忘言。吾安得 夫忘言之人而与之言哉！ 4、虚静、心斋、坐忘。心思澄明，不被外物所乱，要虚静忘却一切，连自 己的存在也忘却的程度。 5、浪漫风格的表述。 二、汉代文学批评 《诗大序》：1、诗的产生和性质（P38，认为诗歌是人们内心的想法、情感）。“诗者，志之所至也。在心为志，发言为诗，情动于中而形于言。言之不足，故嗟叹 之；嗟叹之不足，故永歌之；永歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。” 2、诗于政治教化的关系。①诗歌是政治、社会的反映。“治世之音安以乐， 其政和。乱世之音怨以怒，其政乖。亡国之音哀以思，其民困。”认为社会 状况不同，所产生的诗歌的内容、情歌和风格也不同。“故变风发乎情，止 乎礼义。发乎情，民之性也；止乎礼义，先王之泽。”表示出怀念旧日良好 风俗和感叹当今世道的思想感情。②诗歌对于政治、社会的功用。“诗教说”： 故正得失、动天地，感鬼神，莫近于诗。先王以是经夫妇，成孝敬，厚人伦， 美教化，易风俗。上以风化下，下以风刺上。 3、诗的六义（P40）。“故诗有六义焉：一曰风，二曰赋，三曰比，四曰兴， 五曰雅，六曰颂。”对风雅颂的阐述：“是以一国之事，系一人之本，谓之
《西方文艺理论》期末复习 整理：何睿时间：2010年12月 一、填空题 1.柏拉图的代表作品是《文艺对话集》。 2.亚里士多德的代表作品是《诗学》。 3.贺拉斯的代表作品是《诗艺》。 4.郎加纳斯的代表作品是《论崇高》。 5.普罗提诺的代表作品是《九章集》。 6.奥古斯丁的代表作是《忏悔录》和《上帝之城》。 7.托马斯.阿奎那的代表作品是《神学大全》。 8.但丁的代表作品是《神曲》和谈《神曲》的信——《致斯加拉大亲王书》。 9.达.芬奇的代表作品是论画的笔记。 10.新古典主义的诗学法典是布瓦洛的代表作品《诗的艺术》。 11.狄德罗的代表作品是《关于美的根源及其本质的哲学探讨》和《论戏剧诗》。 12.布封的代表作品是《论风格》。 13.维柯的代表作品是《新科学》。 14.莱辛的代表作品是《拉奥孔》和《汉堡剧评》。 15.康德的代表作品是《判断力批判》。 16.歌德的代表作品是《歌德谈话录》。 17.席勒的代表作品是《论素朴的诗与感伤的诗》。 18.黑格尔的代表作品是《美学》。
19.华兹华斯的代表作品是《<抒情歌谣集>序言》。 20.雨果的代表作品是《克伦威尔》“序”。 21.巴尔扎克的代表作品是《“人间喜剧”前言》。 22.泰纳的代表作品是《艺术哲学》。 23.左拉最著名的理论是“实验小说”理论。 24.别林斯基的代表作品是《1847年俄国文学一瞥》。 25.车尔尼雪夫斯基的代表作品是《艺术与现实的审美关系》。 26.杜勃罗留波夫的代表作品是《俄国文学发展中人民性渗透的程度》。 27.托尔斯泰的代表作品是《艺术论》。 28.狄尔泰最著名的思想是精神科学美学。 29.尼采的代表作品是《悲剧的诞生》。 30.弗洛依德的主要理论是心理分析学的文艺观，《诗人与幻想》。 31.荣格的主要理论是分析心理学理论，《分析心理学与诗歌的关系》。 32.拉康的主要理论是无意识理论与诗学结构。 33.什克洛夫斯基的代表作品是《关于散文理论》。 34.瑞恰兹的主要观点是新批评，《文学批评原理》。 35.巴赫金的理论是交往、对话主义文学理论。 36.洛特曼的理论是文艺符号学思想，《艺术文本结构》。 37.马利坦主要关注艺术与诗。 38.海德格尔的代表作品是《艺术作品的本源》。 39.萨特的代表作品是《什么是文学》。
《国际商法》期末复习整理 写在前面： 个人主观整理，仅供参考。 虽然把课本内容差不多都打进去了，但复习还是最好结合课本几乎都是手打的，所以可能会出现错别字，不接受任何质询。 记号解释：Δ重要；*比较重要；Δ*及其重要；√看一下 可能存在疏漏 考试形式：闭卷考试
第一章国际商法总论 第一节国际商法概述 一、国际商法的概念及其特征Δ 1.国际商法是在指调整国际商事交易主体在其交易过程中所形成的各类商事法律关系的法律规范的总称。 2.这一概念涉及以下三项要素：①国际商法的调整对象和范围是国际商事交易活动中形成的各类商事法律关系；②国际商事交易的主体，包括个人、合伙、公司等商事组织形式；③国际商法有规范国际商事交易活动的国际条约、国际商事交易习惯法规则、主要国家的国内商事法律规范等构成。 3.国际商法的特征:①调整对象的特定性；②商事主体及商行为的盈利性； ③商法规范的技术性和同源性；④国际性和统一性。 二、国际商法的渊源Δ 商法的渊源是指商法规范的具体表现形式。 国际商法有两类渊源： ①与国际商事交易活动相关的国际条约和习惯法规则; ②对国际商事交易行为具有约束力的国内法规范，包括成文法、判例法、习惯法和学说。 1.国际条约或公约 国际条约或公约是国际法主体之间就商事交易等方面确定其相互权利与义务而缔结的书面协议，是国际商法的主要表现形式。 1）其特征是:①主体是国家或类似于国家的政治实体，国家与自然人、法人及其他实体间就商事活动达成的协议不构成条约；②国际条约或公约是缔约主体双方或多方协商谈判的结果；③书面形式，仅对缔约国或参加国具有约束力，实践中可能得到非缔约国的承认和遵守。 2）包括国际商事公约和含有商事条款的一般国际公约，以前者为主，其数量众多、内容广泛且通常参加方较为普遍，包括国际商事实体法、国际商事程序法以及国际商事冲突法。 2.国际习惯法规则 国际习惯法规则又称国际商事习惯法规则，是在国际商事交往过程中，由长期、反复的国际实践活动逐步形成并为各国普遍承认和遵守的国际商事交易行为规范。 1）此类规范常以不成文形式出现，多为一些国际性商人组织、整理、编纂，并伴随国际商事交易活动的发展适时加以修改完善。 其基本要素是①内容确定，包含国际商事交易活动中当事人的权利、义务规则；②为各国当事人在长期实践中重复、一致适用；③为各国普遍接受，具有约束力。 2）影响较大的国际商事习惯法规则有：2010年《国际贸易术语解释通则》；2004年《国际商事合同通则》；1983年《跟单信用证统一惯例》；1932年《华沙——牛津规则》；1975年《联合国运输单证统一规则》等。 3）国际习惯法规则本身并不具有法律约束力； 国际商事习惯法规则不当然具有法律约束力、不涉及主权等特征。 3.关于国际商事交易的国内法规范 教材p7
中国当代文学期末复习资料（可能为简答题的知识点） 1、复习提要资料一的第一点 2、简述建国初文艺界三大思想批判运动的经验教训 （1）把思想学术问题当成政治问题来处理，混淆了政治问题和思想学术问题的界限，使左倾思潮在文艺界蔓延发展。 （2）在批判过程中存在简单粗暴的批评态度和教条主义的批评方法，使正常的文学批评和自由讨论无法开展。 （3）从精神上严重损害了广大文艺工作者的积极性，文艺创作和理论批评走向单一化。 3、《红旗谱》的民族特色表现在哪些方面 （1）在艺术描写中透露出来的中国革命的历史特点和民族特点。 （2）对冀中平原的人民生活和民俗风情的描写刻画，如关于生活场景、家庭伦理、婚姻爱情、文化心理等的描写，实际上它们成了小说艺术的血肉。 （3）采用了中国古典小说的表现方法和技巧，如主要通过人物的语言、行动来刻画人物心理，结构上采用了传统小说的大故事里面套小故事的方式。 （4）语言上以冀中平原农民口语为基础，加以提炼和加工，创造出了一种富有地方乡土气息又有高度表现力的文学语言。 4、 分析朱老忠的思想性格特点及典型意义 （1）首先是在斗争中表现出来的疾恶如仇、坚忍不拔、有胆有识、深谋远虑的特点。 （2）其次是急公好义、慷慨豪爽、“为朋友两肋插刀”的性格，具有我国北方传统农民英雄的斩头沥血、扶危济困、豪侠仗义的精神道德特点。 （3）经过阶级斗争的考验和对共产党人的认识，使他从一般农民中超拔出来，成为一个具有先进时代意识的新型农民英雄。 朱老忠的性格是民族性、阶级性、时代性的统一，在革命历程中经历了从个人复仇到为无产阶级革命献身的升华，是一个从自发到自觉的不断成长的革命农民典型，在他身上也浓缩了两千余年中国农民的斗争历史。 5、简述林道静成长的三个阶段并分析该形象的典型意义 大体上是这样的三个阶段：反抗封建家庭干涉她的婚姻自由（即逃避她的家庭要她嫁给权贵的压迫），找寻个人出路，这是第一阶段；在种种事实的教训下（同时也受到他偶然接触到的共产党员的影响），她渐渐意识到个人奋斗还是没有出路，个人的利益要和人民的利益相结合，这是第二阶段；最后，在党的思想教育的启迪下，她认识到个人利益应当服从于工农大众的利益，坚决献身于革命小说通过林道静这一形象成长和转变的描写，揭示了进步知识分子只有接受党的领导，把自己个人的命运同伟大的无产阶级革命事业结合起来，这样他们的青春才能真正发出光辉。 6、 以《百合花》为例，简析文革前茹志娟小说的创作风格 （1）从题材取向看，擅长书写受到时代鄙视的“家务事、儿女情”，通过描写生活激流中的一朵小浪花来折射整个时代的巨大波澜。 （2）从人物塑造看，很少刻画叱咤风云的大人物，而是注重描写生活中的普通小人物，一些从各自的起点走向成熟的普通平凡的小人物。 （3）从艺术表现看，作品构思精巧，结构严谨，注重细致深入的心理刻画，往往借助细节描写表现人物丰富的内心情感。 盾简洁地将其艺术风格概括为“清新、俊逸”，作品体现了女性特有的柔婉、细腻、含蓄、优美的艺术格调，在十七年文学中属于阴柔美的风格类型。
第六章文学思潮、流派与类型 一、文学思潮 1、文学思潮 文学思潮是指在一定社会历史运动或时代变革的推动下，一些政治文化思想相近、创作主张和审美追求相似的作家共同形成的有广泛社会倾向性的文学运动或文学潮流。 2、文学思潮有着严格的规定性 ①文学思潮受制于一定的社会历史条件 ②文学思潮表现为一定的文学运动或文学潮流 ③文学思潮以一定的文学思想作旗帜 ④文学思潮以在文学史上占有重要地位的作家、文学理论家、文学批评家和文学作品、文学理论著作、文学批评著作作为实绩。 3、文学思潮出现的原因 ①（外在原因）由社会政治、经济的变革所引起的社会思潮、哲学思潮是文学思潮形成的根本原因 ②（内在原因）文学自身的运动和发展的需要 4、文学思潮出现的意义 文学思潮的出现是文学走向自觉的标志，也是文学进一步求生存、求发展、求繁荣的一种努力。它对于文学的革新和进步有重要的意义。首先，可以从宏观视野把握作家的创作；其次，可以从中发现文学发展的规律。 二、文学流派 1、文学流派的含义 所谓文学流派是指一定历史时期内，由思想倾向、艺术倾向、文学见解、创作风格相近或相似的作家自觉或不自觉结合而成的文学派别。 2、文学流派与文学思潮的关系 文学流派和文学思潮之间有密切的联系。它们在很多情况下是同时出现，彼此相辅相成、互相影响。文学思潮既可以促进文学流派的形成，又可以推动文学流派向前发展；文学流派本身的不断运动，可以导致文学思潮的产生，以至在某种情况下可以说，文学思潮是依存文学流派的。（中国的现实主义文学思潮促成了乡土派小说、社会分析小说、京派小说等文学流派，它们的不断发展壮大又影响现实主义文学思潮的发展） 3、文学流派形成的标志 文学流派是一个民族的文学进入成熟时期的产物，也是一个民族的文学发展的标志之一。文学流派的形成至少要有一个相当数量的作家群：首先使思想倾向的一致，其次是文学观念的相近，文学见解、创作主张、审美追求等有共同之处；第三，更为重要的是要有基本相同或相近的文学风格。一方面，各个作家都有自己的独特风格，另一方面各个作家合起来又从各自的侧面显示了某些相同或相近的风格。 4、文学流派形成的原因 文学流派形成的原因：社会历史条件是客观原因，也有文学自身的原因。大量作家意识到只有组织起来形成相应的文学流派才能扩大自己的优势；外国文学理论、美学观念的影响也可以促成文学流派的形成。 5、文学流派在文学发展中的作用 文学流派的出现有几种不同的情况，不同的文学流派在文学发展中各具不同的意义。
《商法总论》部分练习题 一、填空 1．法国于1807年9月通过，并于1808年1月1日实施的___《法国商法典》___，是世界上第一部划时代的商法典，它首开__商成文法__之先河，标志着商法在人类法制史上已经成为一个独立的法律部门。 2．1861年，德国以____为基础制定了____，该法典仿效法国立法例，采用客观主义原则。1871年统一的德意志帝国成立后，开始修订法典，于1897年5月颁布了_《德国商法典》_。新法典则改采商人法模式。 3．商事主体的类型主要有_____商个人、商法人、商合伙____、_法定商人、注册商人、任意商人____、___形式商人、拟制商人、表见商人__三大类型。 4．采用民商分立的大陆法系国家又存在____商人法模式__、___商行为法模式_____、____折中商法模式_________三种具体立法模式。 5．采用单行商事法模式的典型代表是___英国___，采用示范性质的统一商法典模式的典型代表是___法国____。 6．商事法律关系由__商主体__、___商客体____、____商内容___三要素组成。 7．按照我国现行法的规定，商个人主要包括__个体工商户___、__个人独资企业_和__私营独资企业___。 8．商法人在国外通常被称为_______，在我国被称为_____。 9．__法定__商人是指以绝对商行为作为经营标的，不以在商事登记机关进行登记为成立要件的商人，是___德国___商法典的一种分类。 10．不同国家，在商号选定上奉行不同的原则，主要包括___商号自由____原则和__商号真实____原则。 二、名词解释 1．商法。调整商事主体在商事行为中所形成的商事关系的法律规范的总称 2．商号。商主体在从事商行为的过程中使用的名称 2、商事法律关系：商人在从事商行为中所形成的法律关系 2、商行为：商主体所从事的以营利为目的的经营行为 2、商主体：两个能力+自己的名义+从事商行为+权利和义务 3．绝对商行为。仅根据行为的形式或行为本身的性质即可确定为商行为的行为
一．先秦部分 （一）诗经中关于“诗”的两种观念 1.强调诗歌具有一种美刺功能 2．朦胧地拥有诗缘情的意识 （二）史书《国语》《左传》《尚书》中的两种观念 1.献诗讽谏说 2.观诗知政说 （三）孔子 1.确定了文学批评的标准 （1）思无邪 （2）中和之美 （3）尽善尽美 （4）崇尚雅正的锋哥 2.明确了文学的社会作用：兴观群怨 （1）兴：孔安国：“引譬连类。”创作层面。 朱熹：“感发志意。”欣赏层面 读者在阅读欣赏过程中产生的一种兴发感动，是一种由此及彼得情感体验由诗歌而引起的联想。 《论语*学而》 子贡曰：“贫而无谄，富而无骄，何如？” 子曰：“可也。未若贫而乐，富而好礼者也。” 子贡曰：“《诗》云：‘如切如磋，如琢如磨’其斯之谓与？” 子曰：“赐也，始可与言《诗》已矣。告诸往而知来者。” （人的修养要做到精益求精） 《论语*八佾》 子夏问曰：“‘巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮，素以为绚兮。’何谓也？” 子曰：“绘事后素。” 曰：“礼后乎？” 子曰：“起予者商也，始可与言《诗》已矣。？ “兴”的历史背景——春秋以来赋诗言志的传统和断章赋诗的风气，不拘泥于原有的诗意，赋予诗更广泛的意义。 A.好处：诗的广泛运动 “兴” B.坏处：断章取义，过分主观化 （这一缺点到孟子时才有所改观，孟子主张“以意逆志”、“知人论世”（2）观：郑玄：“观风俗之盛衰” 朱熹：“考见得失。” 杜甫的诗被称为“诗史”，具有“观”的功能。因而杜诗具有史谏功能。 （3）群：孔安国：“群居相切磋。” 朱熹：“和而不流。” 诗能聚集人们在一起用诗来互相砥砺。 （4）怨：孔安国：“怨刺上政。”
朱熹：“怨而不怒。 杜甫《客从》仿乐府诗创作泉客珠鲛人泣珠 （5）“兴、观、群、怨”的作用及影响 称为反对文学脱离现实的有利武器 《文心雕龙*比兴》：“汉代诗刺道丧兴义销亡。” 白居易倡导的新乐府是对“兴、观、群、怨”的继承 对创作影响：杜甫、陆游、辛弃疾……诗歌创作的影响 （四）孟子 1.孟子的文论思想 （1）知言养气说 《孟子*告子》《孟子*公孙丑上》 ①浩然正气的内涵 浩然正气，指具有高尚的道德品质而形成的崇高的精神气质蕴涵，所表现出来是一种由道与义凝聚而成的凛然正气。 A.至大（即非常的强大，浩然之气充塞于天地之间，无处不在的特点） 一种抽象的精神状态，而不是一种客观实体，通过不断的时间可以体会到它的存在，还可以和我们的生命融为一体，达到天地合一。 B.至刚（指浩然之气的无坚不摧）【文天祥《正气歌》】 C.配义与道（以直养）【直：正直。养：培养】 D.集义所生（用正义的积累去产生） 养浩然之气，须积极的行动，不能半途而废 养气：指人的内心道德修养的功夫。即人的内在品德的充实之美。养气需要配义与道，需要长期修养、锻炼，还要不受任何外在环境的干扰，威胁和利诱，始终坚守自己的操守。即孟子所说的“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。” 知言（即辨别语言、文辞、是非、美丑的能力，尤其是能辨别四种错误言辞的能力）“詖言知其所蔽，淫词知其所陷，邪辞知其所离。” 片面之言辞过分的言辞歪曲的言辞 这种辨别能力应用到文论当中，就是鉴赏判断文学作品的能力。 孔子：不知言，无以知人也。“言为心生”人言为人品的表现 元好问《论诗三十首》 心画心声总失真，文章宁复见为人！讽喻诗 高清千古《闲居赋》，争信安仁拜路人。 A.知言与养气的关系 养气是知言的前提，知言植根于养气。养气能使人的道德修养、思想认识提高，自然而然便加强了辨别。语言文辞是非美丑的能力。 B.影响： 曹丕《典论*论文》提出文以气为主的观念 刘勰《文心雕龙*养气》 韩愈“气盛言宜”——见《答李翊书》 苏轼对李白的评价“气盖天下”——见于《李太白碑阴记》 苏辙对司马迁的评价“其文疏荡，颇有奇气” （2）以意逆志（孟子文学批评的方法论之一）
中国文学批评史考核类型考试 A 卷别专业（班级） （本大题共9小题，10个空，每空1分，共10分） 诗言志 思无邪 浩然之气 物化（物我交融、物我同一） 毛诗序（诗大序） 发愤著书 诗缘情而绮靡 《诗经》、《楚辞》 （本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分） ） “虚静”说 （2分）“虚静”最早是老子 (2 )这是要人忘掉一切存在，也忘掉自己存在，抛弃—切知识，达到与道合一； 分)庄子认为虚静必须在“绝学弃智”的基础上方可达到，然而出只有达到．知人论世 是孟子提出的文学批评原则和方法。（2分）孟子认为，文学作品和作家本人
（4分） ．发愤著书 《史记·太史公自序》：“《诗》三百篇，大抵贤圣发愤之所为作也。” （2分）“愤”指作家意有所郁结，“愤”包含了个人怨愤的情绪，同时也显示了穷且益坚的意志，同 （4分） ．得意忘言 （2分）在庄子 。从文学的角度来看，这种、“言外之意”。（4分） 自然英旨 提出“自然英旨”说。“自然英旨” (2分)二是指诗歌是抒发感情的， 为了抒发真挚的感情，就应该反对掉书袋（用典故）派和声律派，直以抒情
“观古今胜语，多非补假，皆由直寻。”“直寻”就是不假借用典 “直寻”说是钟嵘文学思想的核心。“直寻”与“自 （4分） （本大题共3小题，每小题15分，共45分） 孔子在《论语·阳货》：“子曰：小子何莫学夫诗？诗可以兴，可以观，可 ,多识于鸟兽草木之名。”提出了“诗可。（5分） “诗可以怨”是说诗可以“怨刺上政”，实际上就是说诗歌可以对现实中 《诗经》中许多民歌和一些文人作品 如著名的民歌《魏风》中的《硕、《伐檀》等，以及《小雅》中的《正月》，《十月之交》，《大雅》中的《桑、《民劳》等，或揭露，或批评，或讽刺，或讽谕，都可以说是“怨刺上(举其他的例子也可以)（5分） “诗可以怨”对我国后世的文学创作，特别是诗歌创作产生了巨大的影响， （6分） 2.（说明，本题需联系《典论·论文》中具体内容进行论述，若未联系原文，
《西方文论》 一、填空 1、新古典主义有着共同的基本主张，即“”、“”、“严守规范”、“服从古典”等。 模仿自然、崇尚理性 2、毕达哥拉斯学派认为事物的本质是由构成的，美就是。 数、和谐 3、《判断力的批判》的作者是，《美学》的作者是。 康德、黑格尔 4、柏格森认为，实在，就是“”或“”，只能用直觉把握。 绵延、生命冲动 5、伽达默尔把作品的存在视为与的相遇，参与者和历史流传物的攀谈。 解释者、原始文本 6、文化诗学注重以、的诗学的眼光分析一切文化本文。 虚构性、想象性 7、布瓦洛认为艺术创作中人物必须、。 定性化、类型化 8、在建立民族文学的问题上，歌德认为文学是的，又是的。 民族、世界 9、唯美主义的传播因其和适应了青年知识分子的心态。 反叛性、纯美要求 10、《艺术哲学》的作者是，《拉辛与莎士比亚》的作者是。 泰纳、斯丹达尔 11、《读者反应批评：理论与实践》的作者是，《存在与虚无》的作者是。费什、萨特 12、中世纪已经有了较为成形的阐释《圣经》的和考释古典文献的。 释义学、文献学 13、狄德罗强调戏剧要，提出了戏剧的。 拥抱现实、情境说 14、车尔尼雪夫斯基认为文学的功能在于：、和判断生活。 再现现实、说明生活 15、弗洛伊德提出人格结构由、和超我组成。 本我、自我 16、《真理与方法》的作者是，《机械复制时代的艺术作品》的作者是。 伽达默尔、本杰明 17、卡勒认为批评的注意力应着眼于，读者的。
文学能力、阅读行为 18、柏拉图提出了、两大文艺政策。 驱逐诗人、文艺法制化 19、《诗的艺术》的作者是，《新科学》的作者是。 布瓦洛、维柯 20、叔本华宣称世界是我的，世界是我的。 表象、意志 21、维柯认为全世界各民族的历史都经过三个大的时代：、和人的时代。神的时代、英雄的时代 22、英美新批评对于文学语言的研究提出了、、悖论、反讽等理论概念。含混、张力 23、费什认为文学作品是，阅读是个。 活动艺术、事件 24、灵感的来源有两条途径：一是，另一条是。 神灵凭附、灵魂回忆 25、在康德看来，审美活动是一种与无关，不以概念为前提的“的合目的性”活动。 功利、无目的 26、《作为意志和表象的世界》的作者是，《悲剧的诞生》的作者世。 叔本华、尼采 27、俄国形式主义提出了及相关的主张。 文学的科学性、陌生化 28、后现代主义的弊端是极端的、的倾向。 非理性、非价值化 29、荣格认为文学作品类型可以分为：和两种。 心理的、幻觉的 30、亚里斯多德把知识分为三类：理论性知识、、。 实践性知识、创造性知识 31、康德认为艺术天才具有、、和不可传授性的特征。 创造性、典范性 32、尼采用和两个象征形象来阐述他对艺术的基本观点。 酒神精神、日神精神 33、《叙述的方式》的作者是，《盲视与洞见》的作者是。 热奈特、德曼 34、西苏提出了的口号，强调妇女用自己的肉体表达自己的。 描写躯体、思想 35、“卡塔西斯”（katharsis）罗念生译为“”，朱光潜译为“”。 陶冶、净化