Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of national
credit increased 48 trillion includingloans to small and medium-sized enterprises increased amount only less than 5 .Current loanfinancing difficult has become the bottleneck of restricting the development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprise production and managementfaced difficulties according to the state statistical bureau of statistics and letter until the and of2008 in the small and medium-sized enterprises of production or collapse closed accounts forabout 7.5the urban employment this situation is not only more difficult economic recoveryinfluence and direct ly affect the growth and development of people’s livelihood stable target .Inthis sense the international financial crisis under the impact of China’s economy could not reallylow the key is out of small and medium-sized enterprises vitality can be fully recovered. Second the sme financing reason analysis Sme loans and financing is a cosmopolitan should say see both from China and mechanismof medium and small and medium-sized enterprises there are three main reasons: first themedium and small and medium-sized enterprises small and medium-sized enterprises generallyweak awareness of
honesty similar to a few of the common phenomenon may report on tax onsome less ugly statements in Banks this intersection some may form good-looking such loanspoint is reliable became a problem. But this approach is very adverse instead of enterprises thedevelopment of small and medium-sized enterprises are not healthy we imagine if severaldepartments with all those together the first this enterprise is not sincere he will have a foothold.We manufacture and export-oriented smes in human resources technology capital marketenvironment faced financial crisis there was a huge pressure the development of it is the rootcause of the scientific and technological content of the enterprise the innovation ability of highenough to enter the market is weak the low threshold the fierce competition in the market willincrease these are not good for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondfrom the bank for small and medium-sized enterprise credit conditions stricter because we aremost Bands it is also considered commercial bank the risk of their own profits. T o the end of2008 the small bad loans is higher than that of the entire banking industry relies low come
mampasolving some problems bur the loans of the small and medium-sized enterprises like a bigproblem once countries will still enterprises especially those small problems once thebankruptcy nobody tube so the loan quality cannot guaranteed so in this management system toreduce the risks the bank will demand of small and medium-sized enterprises in providing enoughafter pawn dare loan. Another bank from the operation cost of small and medium-sized enterprisesdo loans will pay more manpower so also does not want to extend loans to small andmedium-sized enterprises A bank operating costs the half is labor cost small and medium-sizedenterprises especially do small very high labor workload but it is the benefit of different times.Third the sme financing channel is too narrow and small and medium-sized enterprises in thecapital markets have direct financing ways of securities market including small plate and gemAnd private equity funds industrial investment funds venture investment funds risk investmentfunds and the bond market etc. But since the sept.25 2008 the small plate market securitiesissued after huachang chemical and closed the door just recently IPO to restart the IPO.
But gemis “ten years” good sword people until now only be vivivdly portrayed. Although with gemlisting conditions but a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises to financing for manyenterprises it is still a luxury. In overseas small and medium-sized enterprises in the process ofgrowing only rely on bank loan financing many times is a venture investment risk or the help ofsmall and medium-sized enterprises in China however can grow in the basic of financingShenzhen has 3000 venture company with a registered capital of 6000 billion but no company iswilling to startup investment enterprise. The company is more mature can the fancy of thesecurities market and gem. Third the sme financing difficulty in solving the problem a From the Angle of the government 1.The government should relax market access control reducing barriers let more smallerBands small and medium-sized enterprises in service for the strategic positioning og those smallBanks to bitter fleabane bitter fleabane. Dynamic development Now China is probably more thana hundred villages and towns of the bank bank established to improve the bottleneck of theeconomic investment county including improving agriculture development of
small andmedium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing fivestate-owned Banks. Should be encouraged to develop their own businesses for the financing of thespecialized agencies relax its has branches and encourage them in the land and county townshipeven closer to provide financial services and more convenient. 2.The government should help Banks to establish a credit system further reducing theirinformation cost in our country the central bank since 1998 enterprise credit system constructionwas started by the specialized agencies collection and storage sorting analysis and use ofenterprise credit information to guard against credit risks maintain stable financial marker In2006 the central bank and small and medium-sized enterprises credit system to establish the creditsystem hope to cover those and financial institutions have no credit relations of small andmedium-sized enterprises. Of course the credit system is not only by the government and nowhas some network company for example try to use labara. Com in online transaction informationinto small and medium-sized enterprises credit index the index of credit if out of the bank tofurther reduce the cost of
information.. 3. The government should several of bank risk compensation the local interest riskcompensation mechanism and policy just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing wayand cannot be fundamentally solved. As to the end fujian province of bad loans is small loans6071 but the average level of banking is a two percent while a few risk compensation just to0.8 percent only a small part So many of bank risk compensation. As all of the loans to smalland medium-sized enterprises then according to the bank loans reduce its tax business taxincome tax reduction Countries can help enterprises to improve bank interest risk and return Ifthe loan losses the government formed by risk compensation fund to patch up it this makes bifbusiness loans and small and medium-sized enterprises loan to achieve the balance is the basicyields. 4.The government should actively promote the multi-level capital market system in order tobetter satisfy all kinds of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs ofenterprise. Different types of small and medium-sized enterprises the development stage isendless and same determines the sme financing needs is not the same So small and
medium-sizedenterprises groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs then satisfy smefinancing demand also needs the various forms of financing mode such as bank loans bondsequity financing etc.200to 4 years in Shenzhen stock exchange medium plate founded bupromoting capital technology management and the effective factors of high quality as cultivatingboard also to promote the upgrading of industrial structure is playing a positive role. In October 2009 gem officially launched. Founded board will provide for independentinnovation promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises inthe new development stage. But for more than for small and medium-sized enterprises are listed tosolve this kind of condition enterprise’s equity financing stock transfer to a valid theover-the-counter marker In 2006 China launched fei joint-stock company listing for trading ofsecurities companies entering the pilot work Besides the government should vigorously promotethe development of the bond market bond financing for small and medium enterprises to providemore convenient in the developed countries the bond market is the main
financing financing inthe United States for example 2008 the company bonds is circulation stock circulation of 5 timeswith the United States Europe and other countries and regions in the bond market also has the bigdevelopment space. b From the bank angleIf rely on the existing in the banking financial products and sme loans to solve the difficulty infinancing smes is impossible we cannot change the present situation of small and medium-sizedenterprises so we would change our bank credit financial innovation is imminent. Currentlybanking is through the organization risk management technical innovation innovation andsecurity collateral product innovation so as to change the status of financing for smes.
1. Guarantee mortgage innovation Collateral shortage is small and medium-sized enterprisebiggest soft rib they could not buy a heap of the house and then prepare for security it is notrealistic to high-tdch enterprise as the core of assets should be their intellectual property righs thepatent righ and one on the market in technology creative team is the blood to support itsdevelopment as well as several pieces of the mortgaged property bur all need money to lendbank The small and medium-sized
enterprises such an jiangsu cooperatives experiment widelywarehouse inventory impawn through a mortgage loan product Tianjing coastal rural commercialbank actively carry out enterprise sharehoulding pledge loan. benjing bank recently launchedintellectual property as a pledge from the bank for a loan. 2. Credit rating innovating Big Bnaks do business of time usually see a balance sheet anincome statement and a cash flow statement small and medium-sized enterprises have even thesthree tables are not high the bank information costs zhejiang tyrone arisen commercial Banksthey look for innovative water meter customs declaration form large large reduce cost still canmake small loans to earn enough money. Like Shenzhen development bank by focusing on theirOppone nt’s credit transaction the authenticity of the enterprise chooses a new of enterprisescredit rating. For enterprises in the ctedit rating method for enterprises itself the credit ratingweight only 15. Pay more attention to the authenticity of the trading counterparty anddownstream of the raw material supply semi-finished products or services or transportation orlogistics can be easier to choose good credit are true of the enterprise
trade background to provideenough good service mobilize various financial tools in the process of enterprise developmentshenfazhan also created the profits. 3. Business process innovation. Our country commercial bank the bank is mostly official inthe house wait for a loan to customers approval for a month three months such a kind ofmanagement such an examination result is impossible to small and medium-sized enterprisefinancial services it is impossible to improve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sizedenterprises. Banks to reduce threshold the other is to simplify the process reduce link establishexamination mechanism so as to adapt to the credit factory. The bank is factory small andmedium-sized enterprises is raw material into the line after the marketing sales and service withapproval and customer maintenance and post-loan management obtain loans. But Banks are not aperson guard line and batch production. Through the way of examination and approval proceduressimplified. Through this process to make sure that the smes credit approval from the cycle overthe past 2 3 months shorten to 3 5 days now. 4.Strengthening the training of personnel. After construction in mechanism to
have a groupof people to do it and do it well it is to strengthen the training of the staff further strengthen thesme small business loans and high-tech smes job training and the loan of communicationincreasing the entire product rampd efforts with the strain of new incentive and restraint measures toprofessional team and the new service. c From the Angle of enterprises 1 Enternises should strengthen management improve quality. T o correctly understand thesituation face establish the risk by management effectiveness and development idea must paymore attention to technical innovation technological innovation pay attention to the new productdevelopment improve quality and brand construction and development of new products improvethe product quality improvement and win the market.. Reducing energy consumption to increaseincreasing earning. Increasing market development ability reduce” products accountsrec eivable” two nbre accelerate the capital turnover. Through the development way not only bythe expansion of production of production but improve the quality of the industrial sector realizerapid growth. 2. The
enterprises should strengthen the construction of credit system. Establish the standardof management system establish she transparent reliable statements the accumulation ofenterprise credit system.
文献出处: Waitz M. The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2016, 8(6): 81-91. 原文 The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance Waitz M Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. Article introduces the concept of the Internet financial, mainly summarized the P2P financial in the development of financial innovation and integration of science and technology, a combination of academic research on P2P financial now of the five directions of various views and opinions. Points out the current P2P financial problems in the development of risk control, and analyses the trend of the Internet financial. Keywords: P2P financial; Financial innovation; Risk control 1 Introduction Look from the history of enterprise development, a large enterprise originate from small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) is the most dynamic part of the national economy, often walk in the forefront of technology development, in the high-tech industry, clean energy, green economy, etc, have good performance, play an important role in the economic transformation. Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. These small and medium-sized enterprise financing environment and narrow channels, more than 60% are unable to get a bank loan. At present, science and technology enterprises and the characteristics of light assets, financing difficulties, become a huge bottleneck of sustainable development. 2 The concept of the Internet financial In the past two years, the Internet financial show explosive growth, since 2014, the Internet financial sector performance strength. Current economic field exists the phenomenon of two special contradiction, one is the small and medium-sized
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 原文： Financing of SMEs Abstract The main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are https://www.doczj.com/doc/2115678270.html, For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from
XX企业融资开题报告范文 中小企业迅猛发展为世界各国经济发展起到了强有力的推动作用，但在中小企业创建、经营发展过程中，融资困难一直是困扰世界各国中小企业的大问题，为此，探索可行有效的措施解决中小企业融资难题, 己成为世界各国政府中小企业经济政策的重要内容和工作重点。 一、论文选题的背景、意义： （一）背景 改革开放以来，中国经济经历了根本性变化，从完全依靠国有和集体企业发展到民营中小企业发挥重要作用的混合性经济，由于大批国有企业进行资产重组、人员分流和产品结构调整，国有经济拉动经济增长的作用明显减弱，而此时我国中小企业得到了蓬勃发展，成为保持国民经济持续增长的生力军。在我国，中小企业在活跃市场，吸纳就业，促进技术创新与出口创汇等方面发挥着越来越大的作用。并己成为我国国民经济中最具活力的新的经济增长点。 （二）意义 在我国，占企业总数99%的中小企业创造了74%的工业增加值，63% 的gdp,但是其占有的金融资源却不足20%o中小企业的融资难问题己经严重制约了经济社会的发展。杭州的企业体制一般是以中小企业为主，这也导致了杭州的中小企业也存在严重的融资难问题，虽然各个金融机构采取了一系列的措施，但是并没有从根木上解决杭州中小企业的融资难问题。因为中小企业地位的重要性，所以解决中小企业的融资难问题是刻
不容缓的。 二、相关研究的最新成果及动态（参考文献综述的主体与总结部分）（一）国外关于中小企业融资问题的研究 中小企业迅猛发展为世界各国经济发展起到了强有力的推动作用，但在中小企业创建、经营发展过程中，融资困难一直是困扰世界各国中小企业的大问题，为此，探索可行有效的措施解决中小企业融资难题, 己成为世界各国政府中小企业经济政策的重要内容和工作重点。西方国家如美国、日本、意大利、英国等都制定了相关的促进中小企业发展的政策，值得我们借鉴。 国外有关企业融资的理论研究主要是资本结构理论。早期的资木结构理论是美国经济学家大卫杜兰特提出的，包括净收益理论，净经营收益理论和传统理论。现代资本结构理论形成于20世纪五十年代，至七十年代后期，它以mm定理为中心，一部分探讨税收差异对资本结构的影响，被称为税差学派，另一部分研究破产成本与资本结构的关系, 发展成为财务困境成本学派，形成破产成本主义和财务困境主义，最后合并为权衡理论。七十年代后期，由于信息不对称和博弈论的引入, 使资本结构理论研究发生了一次质的飞跃，新资本结构理论以信息不对称为中心，大量引入经济学各方面的最新分析方法，从新的学术视野来分析资木结构问题，提出了不少新的观点 此外,adolphusj.toby（xx）运用xx至xx年间尼日利亚中小型企业的相关数据测试了4个运行现状不佳的企业。认为对中小企业来说，持续的增长，充足的资金流动性和必要的盈利能力是与他们的投资和融资决策密切相
中小企业融资问题论文3000字 内部和外部两个方面解决中小企业融资难的问题，这是由中小企业自身的问题和外部政策大环境决定的。如下我就为大家收集了中小企业融资问题论文3000字，欢迎阅读！ 摘要：近年来我国中小企业不断发展壮大，在调整经济结构、缓解就业压力、推动技术创新、推动农村工业化、城市化等方面，发挥着重要的作用。然而，融资不畅一直是困扰我国中小企业发展的一个重要瓶颈。中小企业在资金融通方面获得的支持与其发挥的重要作用相比却相当不协调：占全国企业总数99%以上的中小企业占有的贷款数额不超过总贷款额20%。如何解决中小企业融资难的问题，再一次被社会各界所关注。本文对国内外学者关于中小企业融资问题研究的成果进行了简单的综述，将美国、日本中小企业的融资方式和政府支持方面做了比较分析，分析了我国中小企业的融资方式、渠道以及融资难的原因，提出了改善我国中小企业融资难问题的对策。 关键词：中小企业；企业融资；融资难 一、国内对中小企业融资研究的综述 关于中小企业融资困境原因的研究方面，李扬、杨xx（20xx）对中小企业自身的缺陷影响其融资进行了研究。关于中小企业自身素质问题，杨楹源（20xx），李长友（2004）自身的素质是融资困难的根本原因。关于中小企业信用缺失，从规模效应的角度对中小企业融资进行了研究。 在制度原因方面，陈xx等（1xxx），陈xx（20xx）则从制度缺陷，融资体系缺失，创新不足的角度分析了中小企业融资困境。董xx（20xx），胡旭阳（20xx），
陈xx（2006）从金融监管和金融服务水平方面进行了研究。王xx（20xx），刘xx（20xx）从政府行为方面分析了中小企业融资困境的原因。 二、中小企业融资方式和政策支持的国际比较 1.美国中小企业融资方式和政策支持 美国十分重视中小企业的发展，由于资本市场较为发达，所以美国的中小企业融资以证券融资为主。同时，美国中小企业的融资方式也较为多样化，但主要还是内源融资。 美国为了满足中小企业的融资需求，政府提供了全面的政策支持，具体是提供一般性贷款，建立多层次的信用担保体系，通过实施优惠的信贷政策，鼓励私营企业投资公司成立，从而刺激风险资本的迅速增长，为中小企业的发展提供支持。美国的中小企业融资支持体系由一国中小企业局、美国进出口银行、NASDDAQ、QTCBB、SSBIC等联合构成。 2.日本中小企业融资方式和政策支持 日本在亚洲是第一个为中小企业建立融资支持体系的国家，日本中小企业的融资渠道较美国中小企业相比要少，主要依靠外源融资，外源融资较少。绝大多数是通过银行融资，且银行一定比例参股，这也是日本中小企业融资的特点。同时，日本较多的民间金融机构也以互助的方式为企业提供融资服务。 三、我国中小企业融资方式及融资难的原因分析 其实在影响中小企业融资困境的原因，除了自身的内因外，还有以下外因：首先，我国目前的资本市场所不具备对中小企业进行细分，研究各类中小企业的特点，风险以及经营规律，构建多样化的资本市场，为中小企业服务的功能。同时中小企业一般很难达到发行债券进行融资的标准，这就使其很难通过发行债
中小企业融资的英文文献 Automatically translated text: The definition of lease financing Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer. It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial industry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and
中小企业融资开题报告 关于《中小企业融资开题报告》，是我们特意为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助。 题目杭州中小企业融资问题研究 一、论文选题的背景、意义： (一)背景 改革开放以来，中国经济经历了根本性变化，从完全依靠国有和集体企业发展到民营中小企业发挥重要作用的混合性经济，由于大批国有企业进行资产重组、人员分流和产品结构调整，国
有经济拉动经济增长的作用明显减弱，而此时我国中小企业得到了蓬勃发展，成为保持国民经济持续增长的生力军。在我国，中小企业在活跃市场，吸纳就业，促进技术创新与出口创汇等方面发挥着越来越大的作用。并已成为我国国民经济中最具活力的新的经济增长点。 (二)意义 在我国，占企业总数99%的中小企业创造了74%的工业增加值，63%的GDP，但是其占有的金融资源却不足20%。中小企业的融资难问题已经严重制约了经济社会的发展。杭州的企业体制一般是以中小企业为主，这也导致了杭州的中小企业也存在严重的融资难问题，虽然各个金融机构采取了一系列的措施，但是并没有从根本上解决杭州中小企业的融资难问题。因为中小企业地位的重要性，所以解决中小企业的融资难问题是刻不容缓的。 二、相关研究的最新成果及动态(参考文献综述的主体与总结部分) (一)国外关于中小企业融资问题的研究
中小企业迅猛发展为世界各国经济发展起到了强有力的推动作用，但在中小企业创建、经营发展过程中，融资困难一直是困扰世界各国中小企业的大问题，为此，探索可行有效的措施解决中小企业融资难题，已成为世界各国政府中小企业经济政策的重要内容和工作重点。西方国家如美国、日本、意大利、英国等都制定了相关的促进中小企业发展的政策，值得我们借鉴。 国外有关企业融资的理论研究主要是资本结构理论。早期的资本结构理论是美国经济学家大卫杜兰特提出的,包括净收益理论,净经营收益理论和传统理论。现代资本结构理论形成于20世纪五十年代，至七十年代后期，它以MM定理为中心，一部分探讨税收差异对资本结构的影响，被称为“税差学派”，另一部分研究破产成本与资本结构的关系，发展成为财务困境成本学派，形成“破产成本主义”和“财务困境主义”，最后合并为权衡理论。七十年代后期，由于信息不对称和博弈论的引入，使资本结构理论研究发生了一次质的飞跃，新资本结构理论以信息不对称为中心，大量引入经济学各方面的最新分析方法，从新的学术视野来分
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院： 专业： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Facts for You (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 中小型企业融资决策 企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。随着我国加入WTO 组织，市场经济体制的逐步完善，金融市场的快速发展，投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。对于中小型企业而言，应要根据自身发展需求，认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险，确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。要解决这些问题，需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略，以作出最优化的融资决策。 一、企业融资决策概述 (一)企业融资决策概述 企业融资决策，是企业根据其价值创造目标需要，利用一定时机与渠道，采取经济有效的融资工具，为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构，而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权（融资方式）、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值（融资成本）、何时出售些债务和股权（融资时机）等等。而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。而企业的融资方式则多种多样，常见的以下几种： 1.财政融资。财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲，可分为：预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。 2.银行融资。从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说，主要是各种代款，例如：信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。 3.商业融资。其方式也是多种多样，主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。
Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of national
关于中小企业信贷融资的文献综述 作者简介:赵江(1971—) ,西安交通大学经济与金融学院博士研究生,研究方向:企业金融; 冯宗宪(1954—) ,西安交通大学经济与金融学院教授,管理学博士,博士生导师,主要研究方向为国际贸易与国 际金融理论与政策。 《学术界》(双月刊) 总第123期, 2007. 2 ACADEM ICS IN CH INA No. 2 Mar. 2007 〔摘要〕中小企业发展面临的资金短缺和融资难问题,是世界经济发展普遍存在 的带有规律性的问题。而我国的中小企业处在一个非市场化的金融市场环境下,其融 资难问题较之其他国家或地区更为复杂和具有其特殊性。为此,国内外许多学者和专 家展开了研究,本文梳理了其中有关“中小企业信贷融资”方面的研究文献。〔关键词〕中小企业;信贷融资;文献 一、国外研究现状 在西方,早在上世纪50年代,中小企业融资难(麦克米伦缺口)的问题就受 到了关注,随后学者们进行了大量专题研究,其中的主要观点和结论包括: 1、金融压抑、金融约束理论 麦金农(Mekinnon1973)和肖( Shaw1973)关于发展中国家金融抑制的理论 以及赫尔曼、穆尔多克、斯蒂格利茨等关于金融约束的理论指出,在金融压抑下, 政府按照自己的偏好将金融资源投入到大的项目和国有部门中去,而对中小企 业和非国有经济部门支持不够。在金融约束下,银行部门拥有较强的激励和动 力支持实体经济,但由于竞争不足,中小企业的融资需求难以满足。 2、信贷配给及生成机制理论 信贷配给是国外大量的关于中小企业融资文献的主题,Baltensperger (1978) 提出,信贷配给是指即使当某些借款人愿意支付合同中所有价格条件和非价格 条件时,其贷款需求还是得不到满足的情形。价格因素是指银行要求的、且不受货币当局约束的贷款利率水平。显然,如果存在利率上限,肯定会出现配给现
SME financing in China Université Paris X-Nanterre Maison Max Weber (batiments K et G) 200, Avenue de la République 92001 NANTERRE CEDEX Document de Travail Working Paper 2007-29 Chen Xiang LIU E c o n o m i X http://economix.u-paris10.fr/
SME Financing in China LIU Chen Xiang Université Paris X-Nanterre EconomiX (CNRS-UMR 7166) Batiment K-115 200, Avenue de la République 92001 Nanterre Cedex Tél : 01.40.97.59.10 Fax : 01.40.97.59.10 Courriel : liu_chenxiang@yahoo.fr
SME Financing in China LIU Chen Xiang Abstract SMEs have a great contribution in China’s economic expansion. However, the financing predicament currently faced by SMEs constitutes a great bottleneck for their development. Banks are reluctant to lend to them, mainly due to the lack of collateral and their poor capability in pricing risk. This is the reason why credit guarantee institutions play a key role in SME financing and the perfection of the credit guarantee system is important for promoting their access to credit. In addition, the lifting of the ceiling on lending rates as well as other steps taken by banking authorities will encourage bank lending to SMEs. Finally, informal finance has a significant part in SME financing. Résumé Les PME ont une grande contribution à la croissance chinoise. Pourtant, leur difficulté de financement devient un grand obstacle dans leur développement. Les banques ne veulent pas leur prêter, principalement à cause de manque de collatéraux et la faible compétence des banques pour évaluer le risque de crédit. C’est la raison pour laquelle les organismes de garantie jouent un r?le indispensable dans le financement de PME et le perfectionnement du système de garantie est important pour augmenter leur accès aux crédits. En plus, l’enlèvement du plafond de taux d’intérêt de crédits ainsi que les autres mesures prises par les autorités bancaires vont encourager les prêts bancaires aux PME. Enfin, la finance informelle a une part significative dans le financement de PME. Key Words: SME financing, credit guarantee, informal finance JEL Classification: E26, E51, G21, O53
中小企业融资问题研究文献综述 近几年来，关于中小企业融资方面的文献越来越多，这充分说明了关于中小企业融资问题正日益受到人们的关注。现有文献主要集中在以下几个方面： 一、企业融资的基本理论方面 融资是资金融通的简称，是资金从剩余（超前储蓄）部门流向不足（超前投资）部门——购买力转移——的现象。企业融资，即企业从各种渠道融入资金，实质上是资金优化配置的过程，包括外源融资和内源融资。 1、企业融资成本与融资风险。企业融资成本是指企业使用资金的代价，即指企业为获得各种渠道的资金所必须支付的价格，也是企业为资金供给者支付的资金报酬率。企业的目标是实现企业价值最大化，它等同于企业在具备承受一定风险的能力时，寻求投入成本最小化的融资结构。融资风险是指企业因借款而增加的风险，是筹资决策带来的风险。 2、企业融资结构的契约理论。企业的融资结构，又称资本结构，是指企业各项资金来源的组合状况，即资产负债表右边各组成部分的构成。美国经济学家大卫·戴兰德于1952年提出，企业的资本结构是按照下列三种方法建立的，即净收入法、净营运收入法和传统法，这是早期的资本结构理论。现代企业融资理论是由Franco Modigliani和
Merton Miller于1958年所创立，即著名的MM理论。后来的学者对MM理论的假设条件不断发展完善，引进了诸如激励理论、信息传递理论、控制权理论。张维迎认为，“一个企业的融资结构至少受三方面因素的制约：一是该企业所在经济的制度环境，二是该企业所在行业的行业特征，三是该企业自身的特点”。 3、金融制度方面的理论——金融深化论、金融抑制论。雷蒙德.W.戈德史密斯在《金融结构与金融发展》一书中指出：“金融领域中，金融结构与金融发展对经济增长的影响如果不是唯一最重要的问题，也是最重要的问题之一”。金融深化论认为：金融机制会促进被抑制的经济摆脱徘徊不前的局面，加速经济的增长，但是，如果金融本身被抑制或扭曲的话，那么它就会阻碍和破坏经济的发展。金融抑制，即一国的金融体制不健全，金融市场机制未发挥作用，经济中存在过多的金融管制措施，而受压制的金融反过来又阻碍经济的发展。金融抑制是发展中国家的一个共同特征。 4、银企信贷博弈分析。主要运用博弈论，通过对银行与企业在信贷过程中的博弈分析，来说明降低银企交易成本的重要性。徐洪水认为，企业与银行发生信贷关系，不是一次性的，实际是一种动态博弈的过程，通过分析发现，在有良好的政治信贷支持系统（担保抵押体系）或高效的司法制度下，能有效降低银企交易成本，获得银企双赢，反之，昂贵的交易费用和低效的司法制度将增加银企交易成本，加剧中小企业金融缺口。 二、中小企业融资难的成因分析方面
本科毕业论文 开题报告 会计学 中小企业融资问题的研究 一、立论依据 1.研究意义、预期目标 研究意义：随着经济全球化进程的加速，以及市场竞争的日益激烈，中小企业问题已经成为世界性的长久问题。近几年，我国中小企业在国民经济和社会发展中的作用和地位日益突出，但是，融资难的问题一直困扰着广大中小企业，而且至今也没有得到根本解决。特别是在金融危机的影响下，解决好中小企业的融资问题有利于中小企业在危机中求得生存和得到进一步的发展，以及促进我国经济走出困境，尽快实现复苏。因此，对国内外中小企业融资现状和金融危机下中小企业融资存在的问题展开研究，并根据当前我国政府出台的一系列扶持政策以及借鉴以往解决中小企业融资难这一问题的有效对策，结合金融危机这个国际大背景，尝试性地找出一些现实对策具有重要的现实意义。 预期目标：在国际金融危机的冲击下，全国人民都热切企盼经济能够尽快复苏，而中小企业则是促进当前经济企稳回升的中坚力量。中小企业如何跨越金融危机这个坎，关键是缓解或最终解决中小企业融资难题，构建有针对性的融资体制。本文立足我国中小企业融资存在的问题，提倡采用多种有效措施解决中小企业融资难题，特别是要利用国家出台的一系列扶持中小企业的优惠政策，以使我国中小企业真正摆脱融资困境。 2.国内外研究现状 中小企业融资问题已经是一个历史性的问题，至今仍未得到根本性的解决。因此，国内外一直没停止过对中小企业融资问题的研究。 （1）国外研究现状：对于中小企业融资困境，国外的研究首先是从信息不对称开始分析的。Stiglitz和Weiss（1981）认为，由于银企之间的信息不对称引起了逆向选择和道德风险问题，所以银行贷款供给不一定是贷款利率的单调增函数，这样在竞争均衡下也可能出现信贷配给。
中小企业融资英文文献 An Analysis on Credit Guarantee System of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China AbstractAt presentthere are still many constraints in the further development of SMEsmall and medium—sized enterprises in ChinaAnd especially the financing development of SME has become a bottle neckwhich was caused by the unsound credit guarantee system for SMEBased on China’s SME guarantee system and its problemsthe thesis puts forward proposals to perfect guarantee system for China’s SME with norma l analysisIn order to make guarantee system play its due roleit is necessary to establish different modes of credit guarantee institutions in accordance with the actual situationto found SME credit guarantee funds and its supplementary systemto adjust the operation mode of guarantee funds and to improve legal protection of the credit guarantee system 对中国中小企业信用担保体系的分析摘要目前中国中小企业的进一步发展仍然受到很多约束尤其是中小企业融资问题已经成为制约的瓶颈。这是因为中小企业不健全的信用担保体系造成的基于中国中小企业担保体系和它的问题本论文通过正常的分析提出了完善中国中小企业的担保体系的的建议。为了使保障体系发挥其应有作用有必要根据实际情况建立不同的信用担保机构模式。建立中小企业信用保证基金及其辅助系统。调整保证基金的运营模式提高信用担保系统的法律保护。KeywordsSMEsmall and medium—sized enterprisescredit guarantee systemcredit guarantee fund 1 Introduction The present situation of credit guarantee system in China China’s SME credit guarantees composed of One Body and Two WingsOne body refers to the city provincial and national credit guarantee systemNational SME credit re—guarantee institutions make services for the provincial SME credit guarantee institutionsprovincial SME credit guarantee institutions offers services for the city SME credit guarantee agencies and city SME credit guarantee institutions do services and business for community mutual institutions and commercial guarantee institutions“Two Wings”refers to the mutual guarantee agencies and commercial guarantee agencies which make service for SME in urban and rural communitiesBoth are the foundation of SME engaging in direct guarantee businessCommercial guarantee agencies and mutual guarantee institutions enjoy the re—guarantee services and share the risk provided by SME agencies in accordance with state regulation and provision 1介绍中国信用担保体系的当前现状中国中小企业信用担保体系由一个身体和两个翅膀构成身体指城市、省份和国家信用担保系统。国家中小企业信用再担保机构为省中小企业信用担保机构提供服务省中小企业信用担保机构为城市中小企业信用担保机构服务城市中小企业信用担保机构为社区互助机构和商业担保机构提供服务和业务。“两个翅膀”指为城市和农村社区服务的互助担保机构和商业担保机构。两者都是中小企业从事直接担保业务的基础。商业担保机构和互助性担保机构享受再担保服务并且分担中小企业按照国家规定和条款应承担的风险。Since l 998the credit guarantee system for SME has been established in ChinaAccording to the survey from National Development and Reform Commissionby the end of 2006there are 3366 guarantee institutions in Chinaincluding 359 provincial ones and l 665 municipal ones668 institutions are funded by government629 institutions are supported in financingand 2049 institutions are funded by non—governmentThere are 2863 company legal persons38l institution units and l22 juridical associationsGuarantee institutions raise the total capital amounts to l23258 billion yuanof which 35746 billion yuan is contributed by governmentaccounting for 29of the totalGuaranteed companies are up to 379586 and guaranteed capital amounts to 805.187 billion yuanAmong 3366 guarantee institutions servicesthere are 128 million serviceswhose single guaranteed capital below one million