附录
Financing small and medium-sized problem is not unique to China. In the United States, the existence of such an economic phenomenon of the same, the difference is that the U.S. government measures to support a market-oriented SMEs.
China's very rapid development of SMEs, currently has more than 430 million small and medium enterprises, SMEs can be seen in economic activity in China to occupy more and more of the components already. In order to help the development of SMEs in China, the central government has promulgated a number of policies in recent years. However, as funding is concerned, the majority of domestic small and medium enterprises are still everywhere, "meet with a rebuff." Because of shortage of funds in many small and medium enterprises, development has been limited. Perhaps, the U.S. government to encourage small and medium-sized ways and means of financing is worth learning from.
Similarly the United States there are difficulties in SME lending
Although the U.S. companies the proportion of bank financing through external financing accounted for about 61.8 percent, but small and medium-sized view, because of the existence of relatively high credit risk, leading financial institutions, commercial loans to small and medium-sized lack of impact on the financing of small and medium enterprises.
U.S. commercial well-developed financial system, but the prevalence of small and medium-sized small scale, lack of credit, the reasons for poor business environment, small and medium-sized financial institutions are not commercial loans the preferred target. Development and stability that only those products with market and credit conditions favorable to small and medium-sized commercial banks to obtain loans. This point and treat China's commercial banks loans to SMEs with little difference between the attitude
Typically, the United States the amount of long-term financing of SMEs and 25%
~ 85% from the accumulation of the enterprise. 90 In the mid-20th century, the total internal sources of funds financing the proportion rose to 61.5 percent from 82.8 percent, which shows that the United States to obtain commercial financing of small and medium-sized proportion was not high.
The difference is that the U.S. government has never been to the commercial financial institutions to "issue" administrative indicators, but mainly through government policy on small and medium-sized financial institutions to provide the Guarantee Fund, and guide financial institutions in commercial lending to SMEs. In addition, the SME Credit Guarantee in the United States, the commercial banks also have a larger initiative, to decide whether or not the loan, whether to apply for government guarantees.
In addition, the U.S. government and the local small and medium-sized foreign banks have not provided any financing and loan services. Would like to obtain financing unless the business has been successfully registered in the United States, and the owner of this business is a U.S. citizen or permanent residence of the U.S. federal taxpayers.
Contrast, the financing structure of SMEs in the United States
U.S. small and medium-sized and large enterprises through equity financing and debt financing to fund access to business development. Equity financing for SMEs in the United States accounted for 49.63% of total assets, debt financing for SMEs accounted for 50.37% of total assets. Financing structure of the United States through the analysis and comparison, we get the following revelation:
In improving the financial industry specialization to develop at the same time small and medium-sized financial institutions, the financing of small and medium-sized changes in the status of the system also depends on the arrangements for non-financial innovation. On the one hand, including large enterprises, including the system of innovation is to broaden the financing channels for SMEs in an important way. On the other hand, the effectiveness of innovation in the financial system, also depends on the real economy to create the system.
With the West is relatively sound financial system countries, China's small and
medium enterprises financing difficulties faced by SMEs in Western countries than in more difficult, not only is China's financial institutions, the impact of preferences, there are many reasons for their own financial institutions. At the same time, the market system, interest rates and charges, mortgages and guarantees, and other aspects of integration of the financial sector, China's market and the need to improve the system.
China started the development of SMEs with foreign capital compared to less than significant in the development of the industry are often subject to restrictions on the adjustment. In fact, China's small and medium enterprises in the Credit Ratings in the lower grades, it is difficult to obtain the trust of financial institutions, which directly affect their lending. China's small and medium-sized to the development process in the future to address the financing difficulties, the most important issues is to establish good faith.
Let's look at private financing. Although our country has been to broaden the financing channels for civil society, but still very smooth. Market-oriented operation of the informal or semi-formal financial financing models have not yet fully developed, even if the development in some areas and did not embark on the track of normal operation.
The United States is encouraging the development of supporting measures for SMEs
As a result of the national economy of a country SMEs are the most active ingredient, which the governments of the world on the development and financing of small and medium enterprises attach great importance to the issue, the United States is no exception. In order to encourage the development of SMEs, the U.S. government to take a lot of ways to be used for reference.
Establish and improve laws and regulations to support SME financing. The U.S. federal government to support the development of SMEs for the development of the regulations, the adoption of legislative norms in the form of financing small and medium-sized service system, including: "small and medium-sized law", "small and medium-sized investment law", "Economic Policy Act of SMEs", "small and
medium-sized Enterprise Technology Innovation Promotion Law, "" Small Business Investment Incentive Act, "" Small Business Development Center Act "and so on.
The establishment of special funds. Special fund is the U.S. government to make small and medium enterprises in the national economy and social development and give full play to the role of certain aspects of the financial assistance given. In the U.S. There are two major categories: the Government's financial results for the special science and technology research and development funds, product procurement funds, small and medium-sized start-up fund, employment fund, such as the unemployed population can encourage small and medium-sized product innovation and creating jobs; risk compensation fund, the Financial special funds (as distinct from direct financial subsidies, it has strict regulatory requirements, the need for funds of funds must be clear before the number, purpose, targets, methods of payment and subsidies), special industries, such as re-insurance fund to help small and medium-sized to reduce market risks.
The establishment of specialized agencies, to provide financing for small and medium-sized security and assistance. The United States to manage small and medium-sized sector is the Federal Small Business Administration (SBA), has sent in the state institutions, the role is to fight for small businesses a level playing field conditions, to serve the small business economic groups.
The U.S. government's policy towards SMEs only a small number of loans, the Government mainly through the federal Small Business Administration to develop macro-control policies to guide the private capital investment to small and medium enterprises. In the United States nearly 45 years of history, Small Business Investment Company (under the federal Small Business Administration) through the investment projects 140,000 to about 90,000 small businesses provided 40 billion U.S. dollars of funds, the creation of about one million new jobs.
U.S. Small Business Investment Company, former head of the Tang Christensen ? A view that "China should learn from the United States or some experience in grafting, if small businesses can give full play to the role of investment companies, then, China's small enterprises will be developed into a medium-sized enterprises . "
U.S. small and medium enterprises financing structure
Equity financing:
The main owner of the assets of the owner's equity accounted share of 2 / 3, representing approximately 31.33% of total assets.
Assets are the rights and interests "other options", accounting for about 12.86 percent of total assets. This part of the shares of the owner is mainly relatives and friends. They neither have the majority of shares, nor is it a major business decision-makers.
There is also a known as the "angel funding" equity, total assets of the enterprises accounted for about 3.95 percent. "Angel capital" refers to small and medium enterprises in the start-up period for the development of small and medium-sized to provide a direct personal or family funds, but also to provide certain management advice and experience.
In addition, the "venture capital", this type of investment, mainly to vote for small, medium and high-tech enterprises. True in the development of small and medium enterprises have access to this type of venture capital, the amount accounted for only 1.58% of total assets. The proportion of foreign capital is not high, about 2.69 percent, but very clearly the purpose of investment is to encourage and promote the development of small and medium-sized high-tech enterprises.
Debt Financing:
From financial institutions:
Bank credit accounted for 8.75% of total assets
Financial companies accounted for 4.91% of total assets
Other financial institutions (including non-financial institutions) accounted for 3% of total assets
From non-financial institutions and government funding:
15.78% for commercial credit
1.74% for other enterprises
0.49% Government
Participation by the private investment funds, accounting
for 5.71%
United States Government to provide loans to small and medium-sized security model
Loan guarantees for small and medium-sized federal Small Business Administration is an important task, and its security as follows: to the Federal Small Business Administration's reputation as a small business loan guarantees to commercial banks, under normal circumstances, the Federal Small Business Administration loans the total amount of 75% ~ 80% of the guarantee, the rest of the commercial banks. Federal Small Business Administration loans up to a maximum of 750,000 U.S. dollars. The risk of loss of loan guarantee by the Government as a risk management budget. Federal Small Business Administration in accordance with financial institutions, small business lending experience and performance, to participate in the secured loan lending institutions are classified based on different procedures.
中小企业融资难的问题不是中国所特有。在美国，这种经济现象同样存在，所不同的是，美国政府有一套市场化措施支持中小企业融资。
我国中小企业发展十分迅猛，目前全国中小企业已达430多万家，可见中小企业在中国经济活动中占据的成分已经越来越大。为了帮助我国中小企业发展，中央政府近年颁布了不少政策。但是，在融资方面，国内的大多数中小企业仍然处处“碰钉子”。许多中小企业因为资金短缺，发展已经受到了限制。也许，美国政府鼓励中小企业融资的方式方法值得借鉴。
（1）美国中小企业贷款同样存在困难
虽然美国企业通过银行融资的比重约占外部融资61.8%，但从中小企业来看，由于存在着相对较高的贷款风险，导致商业性金融机构对中小企业贷款不足，影响中小企业的融资。
美国商业性金融体系相当发达，但因中小企业普遍存在规模小、信用不足、经营环境差等原因，中小企业并不是商业性金融机构所青睐的放款对象。只有那些发展稳定、产品具有市场、信用条件良好的中小企业才能取得商业银行的贷款。这一点和我国商业银行对待中小企业贷款的态度几乎没有什么区别。
通常，美国中小企业的长期融资额中有25%～85%来自企业内部积累。20世纪90年代中期，企业内部融资占全部资金来源的比重由61.5%上升到82.8%，由此看出，美国中小企业取得商业融资的比重并不高。
所不同的是，美国政府从未给商业性金融机构“下达”行政性指标，而主要是通过政府对中小企业政策性金融机构提供的担保基金，引导商业性金融机构对中小企业贷款。此外，在美国中小企业信用担保中，商业银行也具有较大的主动性，能自主决定是否贷款，是否申请政府担保。
此外，美国政府和各地方银行几乎不对国外中小企业提供任何融资与贷款服务。想获得其融资服务，除非企业已经成功在美国注册，并且这个企业的所有者是美国公民或获得美国永久居住权的联邦纳税人。
（2）对比中、美两国中小企业融资结构
美国中小企业和大企业都是通过股权融资和债务融资来获得企业发展资金。股权融资在美国占中小企业总资产的49.63%，债务融资占中小企业总资产的50.37%。通过对美国融资结构分析和比较，我们可得到以下启示：
在提高金融业专业化分工、大力发展中小金融机构的同时，中小企业的融资地位改变还有赖于非金融制度安排的创新。一方面，包括大企业在内的制度创新是拓宽中小企业融资渠道的重要途径。另一方面，金融制度创新的有效性，同样有赖于实体经济的制度创造。
与西方金融制度相对完善的国家相比，我国中小企业面临的融资困境要比西方国家的中小企业更难，这不仅是中国金融机构偏好的影响，还有诸多金融机构自身原因。同时，在市场体系、利率和收费、抵押和担保、金融业整合等方面，我国的市场和制度亟待完善。
我国中小企业的起步发展资金与国外相比有很大不足，在发展中经常受到行业调整的限制。实际上，我国中小企业在信用等级评价体系中等级低下，很难获得金融机构的信任，这直接影响其贷款。我国中小企业要想在未来发展过程中解决融资困境，首要解决的问题是建立良好的诚信。
再来看民间融资。虽然我国民间融资渠道有所拓宽，但还是很不通畅。市场化运作的非正式或半正式金融融资模式还没有完全发展起来，即使有些地区有所发展，也没有走上正常运转的轨道。
（3）美国鼓励中小企业发展的配套措施
由于中小企业是一国国民经济中最活跃的成份，因而世界各国政府对中小企业的发展及融资问题非常重视，美国也不例外。为了鼓励中小企业发展，美国政府采取的很多办法值得借鉴。
建立健全扶持中小企业融资的法规。美国联邦政府为扶持中小企业的发展制定了法规，用立法的形式规范中小企业的融资服务体系，包括：《中小企业法》、《中小企业投资法》、《中小企业经济政策法》、《中小企业技术革新促进法》、《小企业投资奖励法》、《小企业开发中心法》等。
设立财政专项基金。财政专项基金是美国政府为使中小企业在国民经济及社会发展的某些方面充分发挥作用而给予的财政援助。在美国主要有两大类：政府财政针对专项科技成果的研究与开发基金、产品采购基金、中小企业的创业基金、失业人口就业基金等可以鼓励中小企业产品创新和吸纳就业;风险补偿基金、财政专项基金(不同于财政直接补贴，它有严格的管理要求，需要在基金设立之前就必须明确资金的数量、用途、对象、支付方式和补贴方式)、特殊行业的再保
险基金等可以帮助中小企业降低市场风险。
建立专门机构，为中小企业的融资提供担保及援助。美国对中小企业进行管理的部门是联邦小企业管理局(SBA)，在各州设有派出机构，作用是为小企业争取平等的竞争条件，服务于小企业这一经济群体。
美国政府对中小型企业的政策性贷款数量很少，政府主要通过联邦小企业管理局制定宏观调控政策，引导民间资本向中小企业投资。在美国近45年历史中，小企业投资公司(隶属于联邦小企业管理局)通过14万个投资项目向大约9万家小企业提供了400亿美元的资金，创造了大约100万个新的工作岗位。
美国小企业投资公司前负责人唐·A克里斯蒂森认为，“中国应该借鉴或嫁接美国的一些经验，如果能充分发挥小企业投资公司的作用，那么，中国的小企业一定会发展成为大中型企业。”
（4）美国中小企业融资结构
股权融资：
主要所有者股权占所有者权益资产的2/3，大约占总资产的31.33%。
权益资产是“其他股权”，大约占总资产的12.86%。这部分股权拥有人主要是亲戚和朋友。他们既不拥有大部分股权，也不是企业重大决策人。
还有一种被人们称为“天使资金”的股权，约占企业总资产的 3.95%。“天使资金”是指中小企业在初创期，给中小企业直接提供一定发展资金的个人或家族，同时又为企业提供一定的管理意见和经验。
此外，就是“风险投资”，这类投资，主要是投给中、小高科技企业。真正发展中的中小企业能获得这类风险投资，其额度只能占总资产的1.58%。外来性资金所占比例并不高，大约在2.69%，但是投资的目的很清楚，就是鼓励与促进中小高科技企业发展。
债权融资：
来源于金融机构提供的资金：
银行信贷占总资产的8.75%
金融公司占总资产的4.91%
其他金融机构(含非金融机构)占总资产的3%
来源于非金融机构和政府提供的资金：
商业信贷为15.78%
其他企业为1.74%
政府为0.49%
由私人参与投资提供的资金，约占5.71%
美国政府给中小企业贷款提供的担保模式
为中小企业贷款担保是联邦小企业管理局的一项重要任务，其担保方式如下：以联邦小企业管理局的信誉为小企业向商业银行贷款担保，一般情况下，联邦小企业管理局提供贷款总额75%～80%的担保，其余部分由商业银行承担。联邦小企业管理局担保贷款最高限额为75万美元。担保贷款的风险损失由政府预算列为风险处理。联邦小企业管理局根据金融机构的小企业贷款经验和业绩，对参与担保贷款计划的贷款机构进行分类，并据此采取不同的审批程序。........忽略此处.......
企业财务风险及应对探讨文献综述 重庆工商大学会计专业200X级X班XX 指导老师XXX 目录 摘要 ............................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 一、财务风险基础理论研究在理论界，财务风险已经成为现在财务理论的核心内容，得到了学者的广泛关注和重视。财务风险与企业资金的筹措、运用、管理以及安全密切相关，它是从价值方面反映企业在理财活动里边以及处理财务关系中所遇到的风险。.......................... 错误!未定义书签。 1、财务风险的概念研究........................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。James C. Van Horn, John M. Wachowicz Jr(2001)在《Fundamental of Financial Management》里面更宽泛地说明了财务风险包括可能丧失偿债能力的风险，以及由于使用财务杠杆而导致的每股收益变动。 ......................................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 2、财务风险的类型研究........................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 二、财务风险产生因素研究.......................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 三、财务风险管理策略研究.......................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。参考文献 ......................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 原文： Financing of SMEs Abstract The main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are https://www.doczj.com/doc/eb16267426.html, For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from
传承与发展---企业家与企业文化之辩证关系企业家与企业文化之间的关系，是企业文化理论与建设的一个重要问题，我在咨询过程中，许多企业家都问过我这样的问题，企业文化到底是不是企业家的文化，或者直接说是老板文化。我的肯定地回答说，企业文化肯定不能简单地等同于企业家的文化，它是一个群体与个体之间的关系，将企业文化等同于企业家个人文化的观念是错误的。特别是国有或者国有控股企业，这个特征就更加明显。 一、企业文化是一个企业所有员工的文化特征 企业文化是如何形成的？通常来说，企业文化的形成是由企业的最高领导者决定的，他决定的基础是在管理过程中，企业家通过自己的价值观影响和决定了企业员工的价值观、管理风格、行为规范和文化的价值取向，而且这种影响是有阶段性发展规律的。在企业的初创时期，企业家精神在企业文化形成过程中起着不可替代且无法动摇的地位，具有强势的引导和决定性作用。但随着企业规模的不断扩大，企业各种高级人才的陆续引进也必然带来了对以企业家精神为主的“原味”企业文化的冲击与挑战。企业家精神的影响作用在企业文化形成过程中开始逐渐减弱，或者说企业家的个人精神受到来自团队其它人员的影响，它不再是一言堂，而是一种集体行为。这正如我们不能因为一个企业家本人是一个勤奋向上的人，所以我们就可以得出他所在企业的文化特征就肯定是勤奋向上的文化一样，如果这个推理是可以成立的话，那么企业文化人就不需要建设了，因为企业家的个人文化特征就可以
是企业的文化特征，那么这种企业文化还需要建设吗？ 企业文化变革的过程首先是针对所有员工的文化审计，它通过寻找在员工行为过程中的企业基本假设，重新确定企业的文化根基，所以它不仅仅是针对企业家个人的文化特征，是面对全体员工的一种集体行为。一个企业的基业长青，不能仅仅单靠企业家个人的能量，他只是起到领导者应为的主导作用，并基于权力或者产权的控制而使经过实践验证并得到大部分员工认可的企 业文化体系化、制度化，成为指导企业运行的基本原则。但企业家的文化能否上升到一个企业的文化层面，这取决于他个人的价值观是否得到企业绝大部分员工的认同，并最终落实到企业员工的行为当中，只有这样我们才能够说企业家的文化就等同于这家企业的文化了，但最多也只能是近似而不是全部，因为一个人的价值观等同于另一个人的价值观是不现实的，更加不要说是等同于整个企业员工的价值观，唯一可以作到的就是企业家的价值观被企业大部分员工所认同并上升到企业的行为准则。 二、企业家决定了企业文化的主要特征 企业文化建设是一项长期工作，它是随着企业的发展而缓慢形成的，它凝聚了企业领导者的文化和组织的文化，它优于领导者的文化，同时形成了集体式的统一价值观，所以领导者的改变只能是在整体的企业文化模式存在的基础上，得以创新；企业文化具有沉淀作用，领导者的价值观、管理风格、行为规范、文化的价值取向不可能改变其主流部分。 企业家是企业文化的主要缔造者,其个人的价值观决定了企业文化的成型与
中英文资料外文翻译 财务风险重要性分析 译文： 摘要：本文探讨了美国大型非金融企业从1964年至2008年股票价格风险的决定小性因素。我们通过相关结构以及简化模型，研究诸如债务总额，债务期限，现金持有量，及股利政策等公司财务特征，我们发现，股票价格风险主要通过经营和资产特点，如企业年龄，规模，有形资产，经营性现金流及其波动的水平来体现。与此相反，隐含的财务风险普遍偏低，且比产权比率稳定。在过去30年，我们对财务风险采取的措施有所减少，反而对股票波动（如独特性风险）采取的措施逐渐增加。因此，股票价格风险的记载趋势比公司的资产风险趋势更具代表性。综合二者，结果表明，典型的美国公司谨慎管理的财政政策大大降低了财务风险。因此，现在看来微不足道的剩余财务风险相对底层的非金融公司为一典型的经济风险。 关键词：资本结构；财务风险；风险管理；企业融资 1 绪论 2008年的金融危机对金融杠杆的作用产生重大影响。毫无疑问，向金融机构的巨额举债和内部融资均有风险。事实上，有证据表明，全球主要银行精心策划的杠杆（如通过抵押贷款和担保债务）和所谓的“影子银行系统”可能是最近的经济和金融混乱的根本原因。财务杠杆在非金融企业的作用不太明显。迄今为止，尽管资本市场已困在危机中，美国非金融部门的问题相比金融业的困境来说显得微不足道。例如，非金融企业破产机遇仅限于自20世纪30年代大萧条以来的最大经济衰退。事实上，非金融公司申请破产的事件大都发生在美国各行业（如汽车制造业，报纸，房地产）所面临的基本经济压力即金融危机之前。这令人惊讶的事实引出了一个问题“非金融公司的财务风险是如何重要？”。这个问题的核心是关于公司的总风险以及公司风险组成部分的各决定因素的不确定性。 最近在资产定价和企业融资再度引发的两个学术研究中分析了股票价格风险利
中小企业融资的英文文献 Automatically translated text: The definition of lease financing Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer. It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial industry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and
中小企业成本管理研究外文翻译、中文文献外文资料及译文 Cost Management for SMEs SMEs are an important pillar of China's economic development, in the Abstract: increasingly fierce market economy, the SMEs to establish position, to produce quality products, controlling production costs, reduce unnecessary waste, and only in order to obtain better economic benefit, to continue the development and growth : The importance of cost management; cost information; design ideas; Keywords thinking Introduction Since the reform and opening up, China's economic development, small and medium enterprises in the socialist market economy and plays an irreplaceable role. It played an important role to promote market competition, increasing employment, promoting innovation and to accelerate national economic development and maintaining social stability. Many SME organizations due to their own institutions are inadequate, the system is not tight, the quality of personnel is good and bad, the lower management level can not be ignored, especially in the chaos of cost management, even within the enterprise is not the full cost accounting information, which impeded the economic developments.
传承与发展--- 企业家与企业文化之辩证关系企业家与企业文化之间的关系，是企业文化理论与建设的一个重要问题，我在咨询过程中，许多企业家都问过我这样的问题，企业文化到底是不是企业家的文化，或者直接说是老板文化。我的肯定地回答说，企业文化肯定不能简单地等同于企业家的文化，它是一个群体与个体之间的关系，将企业文化等同于企业家个人文化的观念是错误的。特别是国有或者国有控股企业，这个特征就更加明显。 一、企业文化是一个企业所有员工的文化特征 企业文化是如何形成的？通常来说，企业文化的形成是由企业的最高领导者决定的，他决定的基础是在管理过程中，企业家通过自己的价值观影响和决定了企业员工的价值观、管理风格、行为规范和文化的价值取向，而且这种影响是有阶段性发展规律的。在企业的初创时期，企业家精神在企业文化形成过程中起着不可替代且无法动摇的地位，具有强势的引导和决定性作用。但随着企业规模的不断扩大，企业各种高级人才的陆续引进也必然带来了对以企业家精神为主的“原味”企业文化的冲击与挑战。企业家精神的影响作用在企业文化形成过程中开始逐渐减弱，或者说企业家的个人精神受到来自团队其它人员的影响，它不再是一言堂，而是一种集体行为。这正如我们不能因为一个企业家本人是一个勤奋向上的人，所以我们就可以得出他所在企业的文化特征就肯定是勤奋向上的文化一样，如果这个推理是可以成立的话，那么企业文化人就不需要建设了，因为企业家的个人文化特征就可以是企业的文化特征，那么这种企业文化还需要建设 吗？
企业文化变革的过程首先是针对所有员工的文化审计，它通过寻找在员工行为过程中的企业基本假设，重新确定企业的文化根基，所以它不仅仅是针对企业家个人的文化特征, 是面对全体员工的一种集体行为。一个企业的基业长青，不能仅仅单靠企业家个人的能量，他只是起到领导者应为的主导作用，并基于权力或者产权的控制而使经过实践验证并得到大部分员工认可的企业文化体系化、制度化，成为指导企业运行的基本原则。但企业家的文化能否上升到一个企业的文化层面，这取决于他个人的价值观是否得到企业绝大部分员工的认同，并最终落实到企业员工的行为当中，只有这样我们才能够说企业家的文化就等同于这家企业的文化了，但最多也只能是近似而不是全部，因为一个人的价值观等同于另一个人的价值观是不现实的，更加不要说是等同于整个企业员工的价值观，唯一可以作到的就是企业家的价值观被企业大部分员工所认同并上升到企业的行为准则。 二、企业家决定了企业文化的主要特征 企业文化建设是一项长期工作，它是随着企业的发展而缓慢形成的，它凝聚了企业领导者的文化和组织的文化，它优于领导者的文化，同时形成了集体式的统一价值观，所以领导者的改变只能是在整体的企业文化模式存在的基础上，得以创新；企业文化具有沉淀作用，领导者的价值观、管理风格、行为规范、文化的价值取向不可能改变其主流部企业家是企业文化的主要缔造者,其个人的价值观决定了企业文化的成型与培育。因此， 我们既要看到企业文化缔造发展中企业家所起的作用，也要看到其价值观是必须在实践 中得到员工接受认可并能够指导企业取得成功。 三、企业家要对企业文化不断传承与发展
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院： 专业： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Facts for You (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 中小型企业融资决策 企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。随着我国加入WTO 组织，市场经济体制的逐步完善，金融市场的快速发展，投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。对于中小型企业而言，应要根据自身发展需求，认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险，确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。要解决这些问题，需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略，以作出最优化的融资决策。 一、企业融资决策概述 (一)企业融资决策概述 企业融资决策，是企业根据其价值创造目标需要，利用一定时机与渠道，采取经济有效的融资工具，为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构，而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权（融资方式）、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值（融资成本）、何时出售些债务和股权（融资时机）等等。而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。而企业的融资方式则多种多样，常见的以下几种： 1.财政融资。财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲，可分为：预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。 2.银行融资。从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说，主要是各种代款，例如：信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。 3.商业融资。其方式也是多种多样，主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。
Appendix： International Business Review 13 (2004) 383–400 Sources of export success in small and medium-sized enterprises: the impact of public programs Roberto Alvarez E Department of Economics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Abstract This paper analyzes differences in firm exporter performance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Traditionally, it is argued that these firms face several disadvantages for competing in international markets. Few studies, however, exploit the fact that successful exporters exist within this group. Using data for Chilean firms, we study various explanations for differences between sporadic and permanent exporters. Our results suggest that greater effort in international business, process innovation, and the utilization of export promotion programs contribute positively to export performance in SMEs. In addition, we find that some forms of intervention are better than others: trade shows and trade missions do not affect the probability of exporting permanently, but exporter committees show a positive and significant impact. Key words: Export performance; Export promotion; Small- and medium-sized enterprises
本科毕业论文 中文题目：浅议我国中小企业发展战略存在的问题 及对策 所在专业工商管理 学号 姓名高先生 指导教师及职称 成绩
浅议我国中小企业发展战略存在的问题及对策 摘要：中小企业作为国民经济中重要的组成部分，对我国经济的发展有着举足轻重的作用，然而近些年的发展情况不容乐观，受到自身规模、技术水平及企业主能力等诸多因素的限制，造成了企业的发展战略受到忽视，企业转型及扩大规模等较为困难的局面。因此，中小企业如何打破这种格局，是其面临的一个重大现实问题。本文在阐述中小企业的涵义及作用的基础上，对中小企业面临的挑战及发展战略上存在的问题进行了简要分析，找出了问题产生的原因，并提出了针对性的建议。 关键词：中小企业：发展战略；战略规划
To discuss the problems and countermeasures of the development strategy of small and medium-sized enterprises in China Abstract:Small and medium-sized enterprises as an important part of national economy, has a pivotal role on the economic development of China, in recent years the development of the situation is not optimistic, however, by its scale, technical level and business owners the ability limitation of many factors, such as, neglected due to the development of the enterprise strategy, enterprise transformation and expand more difficult situation. Therefore, SMEs how to break this pattern is a major reality facing it. Based on the description of the meaning and function of the small and medium-sized enterprise, briefly analyzes the existing challenges and development strategy for small and medium-sized enterprises of the problem, find out the causes of the problems, and puts forward some corresponding suggestions. Keywords:s mall and medium-sized enterprises; development strategy; strategic planning
Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of national
文献信息： 文献标题：A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs（科威特工业中小企业内部审计有效性的理论探讨）国外作者：Awn Metlib AL-SHBAIL，Turki A.A.TURKI 文献出处：《International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences》, 2017,1(7):107-116 字数统计：英文2221单词，12805字符；中文4184汉字 外文文献： A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs Abstract This paper aims to scrutinise the association between the internal audit effectiveness and the four factors associated with International Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (ISPPIA): independence of internal auditors, scope of internal auditors, management support, and audited cooperation. The relationship between these factors and Satisfaction of internal auditors is also examined. Further, the moderating effect on the relationship between these factors (if present) and the effectiveness of IA among industrial SMEs in Kuwait are investigated through satisfaction of internal auditors. By ascertaining the effectiveness of IA at the industrial firms via theories as well as variables, this paper broadens the available literature on the effectiveness of IA. Key words：Internal audit effectiveness, satisfaction of internal auditors, Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs 1.Introduction Within the past few decades, internal audit departments have significantly contributed to organizational structure through value added services and thus, it has
我对企业文化的理解及我所理解的 xx企业文化 “文化”一词，源远流长,中国是一个有着几千年文化历史的古老文明的国度，可对于“企业文化”一词,追溯起来却从70年代初期,美国对日本丰田汽车考察总结后才开始诞生。从此，企业文化一词开始风靡全球各行各业，各个企业，各个事业团体和组织,人们开始注意它的存在,开始重视它的存在，开始引导它的发展，开始利用它来做管理……积极向上的企业文化，总是向人们传递正能量,总是让接触的人如沐春风；反之消极的企业文化则使人意志消沉,自暴自弃，心理阴暗。如果把积极的企业文化比喻成是汪清澈见底的、充满生机的、能使人心旷神怡的潺潺流水,那么,消极的企业文化则是一个恶臭的酱缸，使人倒退使人丧失斗志，最终沉匿。 积极上进的企业文化是开启和激发企业员工内在动机的金钥匙,当一个员工把自己的工作当做一份事业来看待的时候，那么他的工作动机是主动的，是自发的。xx商学院的老师耗费了一个下午的时间，给我们讲述了在河南许昌一家叫胖东来的商贸公司从无到有，到门庭车水马龙的发展历程,在利润还不到3%的商品零售行业，于东来的胖东来商贸公司做成功了,最终解释它成功的密码，不外乎一种积极的，让员工满意让顾客满意的企业文化。同样，在四川简阳，有这么一家“不会做菜" " 的火锅店,名字大家耳熟能详——海底捞，把业务做到了全国各地甚至海底捞的分店开到了美国。那么，海底捞又是靠什么成功的呢？有网友评论这里的服务很“变态”。xx商学院的导师xx(经济学博士、律师，xx集团创始人、董事长、xx商学院院长) 是这样解读“海底捞文化的——海底捞是对普通人的大良保持着真诚的呼唤，朴素的尊重和实实在在的回归，所以他成功了。那么我们是不是可以认为是海底捞的这种文化成就了海底捞的今天呢？答案是肯定的。因为不管是胖东来的员工还是海底捞的员工，他们在结束了当天的工作后，明天、后天、再后天……都还想着，渴望着继续同样的工作。正所谓一句戏侃的段子说的“事业——是今天你干了，明天还想干；职业——是今天你干了，明天还得干。”一个主动，一个被动，一个是内在动机作为原动力，一个是外在动机作为原动力。
中小企业发展战略目标的选择 摘要：针对中小企业在各国经济发展中的作用和我国中小企业的现状，指出对我国中小企业发展战略和发展方向进行研究的必要性。在研究战略目标定位时，从中小企业的发展环境、运行结果、噩社会效益三个方面出发，提出了在这三个方面所要达到的战略目标以噩要实现访目标所要迭到的十太要求。在确定中小企业发展方向时，鲒告中国国情、中小企业的特点噩加八WTO给我国带来的机遇和挑战，提出了要坚持发展特色型中小企业、配套型中小企业噩科技型中小盘业等7个发展方向。 关键词：中小企业；中小企业发展战略；中小企业发展方向世界经济发展实践表明：中小企业以其经营方式灵活、组织成本低廉、转移进退便捷等优势更能适应当今瞬息万变的市场和消费者追求个性化、潮流化的要求，呈现蓬勃发展的良好态势。在包括发达国家在内的世界各国的经济发展中，中小企业都有着举足轻重的地位，发挥着不可替代的作用?。特别是在我国这样一个人口众多、地域辽阔、各地经济发展水平差别很大的国家，中小企业的发展更具有重要的意义。目前我国中小企业约1ooo万户，劳动密集型出口产品和一些高新技术出口产品大多是中小企业生产的，中小企业产品出口额占全国出口总额的6o％；中小企业提供了大约75％的城镇就业机会，我国从农村转移出来的劳动力绝大部分被中小企业所吸纳中小企业每年为国家缴纳的工商税收占总额的50％左右。在2o世纪90年代以来的经济快速增长中，工业新增产值的76．7％是由中小企业创造的。但是应该看到，我国中小企业由于受到多种因素的影响，其发展面临着空前的困难，其思想观念、技术装备、经营管理组织结构等方面都存在着严重的问题。为了使我国中小企业能够适应经济发展和市场竞争的需要，充分发挥其在国民经济中的重要作用，有必要首先明确中小企业发展的战略目标和战略方向。一、战略目标中小企业发展的战略目标就是对中小企业的战略定位，这种定位既要成为我国中小企业的追求目标，起到引导我国中小企业发展的作用，又要使其在运行过程中通过努力实现并能推动中小企业的逐步发展，是运行过程中的动态目标。就其目标而言．既要与我国国情相符台，又要与中小企业发展的现状相统一；就其动态来看，还要与加入WTO 后的世界经济形势相统一。通过研究我们认为中小企业的发展主要应实现以下三个方面的战略目标：运动状态支持目标、中小企业运行结果目标、社会效益目标。(一)运动状态支持目标这主要是从外部环境来讨论中小企业发展的战略目标。企业的发展是一个动态过程，必须在一个有利于其发展的大环境系统中才能成长壮大。特别是中小企业，由于它们是一个弱势群体，更需要系统环境目标的实现才能达到自身运行的结果目标和社会效益目标。因此，运行状态支持目标就自然构成战略目标中最重要的目标之一。而具体要达到以下几个目标。1．政府扶持到位政府的政策扶持是一个关系到中小企业发展方向和系统目标能否实现的首要问题。由于中小企业资金缺乏、人才短缺、技术落后，很难与大企业相互抗衡，也由于自身条件的限制无法获得发展所必要的资金、人才和技术，这就要求政府对其进行必要的扶持，创造良好的外部环境。政府扶持政策到位目标体现在政府观念的到位、政府身份的到位、政府扶持政策的到位。(1)政府观念的到位是指政府应改变自己的观念，认识到大中小企业都是社会主义市场经济中平等的一员，都能为国家的经济发展和社会稳定做出各自的贡献．并且大中小企业是一个不可分割的整体，这种规模结构的形成过程是既定约束条件下资源的配置过程，它们相互依存、互相协作、互为补充、共同发展，都应给予同等的政治地位和经济地位，而不能只重视大企业，忽视甚至歧视中小企业。(2)政府身份的到位是指政府在促进中小企业发展的过程中以恰当的角色出现在中小企业面前，不能超越其职权干预中小企业的生产经营。政府的行为应该是：代表和维护中小企业的利益；负责对中小企业的宏观指导、发展规划和发展产业指导；负责贯彻落实及督促和检查中央有关中小企业发展的文件的执行；推动服务体系建设，为中小企业创造良好的生存空间和发展环境等。(3)政府扶持政策的到位是指政府制订的政策有利于中小企业的发展，政府运用政策的行为是间接管理而不是
中英文资料外文翻译 外文资料 Financial ?rm bankruptcy and systemic risk In Fall 2008 when the Federal Reserve and the Treasury injected $85 billion into the insurance behemoth American International Group (AIG), themoney lent to AIGwent straight to counterparties, and very few funds remained with the insurer. Among the largest recipients was Goldman Sachs, to whomabout $12 billionwas paid to undoAIG’s credit default swaps (CDSs). The bailout plan focused on repaying the debt by slowly selling off AIG’s assets, w ith no intention of maintaining jobs or allowing the CDSmarket to continue to function as before. Thus, the government’s effort to avoid systemic risk with AIG was mainly about ensuring that ?rms with which AIG had done business did not fail as a result. T he concerns are obviously greatest vis-a-vis CDSs, ofwhich AIG had over $400 billion contracts outstanding in June 2008. In contrast, the government was much less enthusiastic about aiding General Motors, presumably because they believed its failure would not cause major macroeconomic repercussions by imposing losses on related ?rms. This decision is consistent with the view in macroeconomic