Testing the Evolutionary Link Between Submillimetre Galaxies and Quasars CO Observations of

1081. Wood is an environmentally friendly building material because it _____ carbon dioxide, absorbing it during growth and retaining it even after it has been turned into lumber.A. dispersesB. eradicatesC. sequestersD. respiresE. regulates2. Despite the fact that it is quite difficult to find, in everyday discourse, causal explanations taking the form Hume proposed, many philosophers have regarded Hume’s model as _____ causal accounts.A. paradigmatic ofB. unworkable forC. tendentious aboutD. superfluous toE. irreducible to3. Goodin notes that people have (i)_____ cognitive capacities and that they therefore must consider some factors as (ii)_____ so as to be able to make decisions about other things.4. Some people (i)_____ translations of great literary works—especially those insistent on a literal translation for whom no rendering is ever (ii)_____ enough.5. It was not until 1995 that a planet beyond our solar system was first sighted, a discovery that greatly excited astronomers. Many had supposed that the processes that gave rise to our solar system were not (i)_____, and that there were other planets in the universe. Now, observations had (ii)_____.6. The longer the migratory route, the more fat migrating birds must accumulate as fuel for their flight. The gain in body mass would make birds obese by human standards, and should render them unable to fly, but this gain is (i)_____ premigratory (ii)_____ of digestive organs, inactive during migration, and by the (iii)_____ of the mu scles that power the flight.Soil communities are dependent on plants for organic matter. Plants provide organic matter for soil communities through the decomposition of leaf litter, by oozing nutrients from roots, or through other methods of deposition of organic compounds into the soil environments. As a result of these diverse methods by which plants supply resources, unique soil communities form under different plant species and under plant communities that differ in composition. If a nonnative plant species invades an above-ground community of flora and fauna, it can alter links between the native above-ground community and the below-ground soil community. For example, an invading nonnative plant could alter the quantity of leaf litter production, which would alter nutrient contributions to the soil.7. According to the passage, plants supply resources to soil communities by which of the following methods?A. Some plants supply resources to soil communities by promoting diversity of above-ground flora and fauna.B. Some plants supply resources to soil communities by oozing nutrients from their roots.C. Some plants supply resources to soil communities by depositing leaf litter.8. Which of the following statements about the connection between above-ground plants and below-ground soil communities can be inferred from the passage?A. Because of the nature of the link between above-and below-ground communities, many soil communities are deficient in nutrients.B. The extent to which soil communities are dependent on above-ground plants is extremely variable from one soil community to another.C. Because different plants supply resources to soil communities in different ways, distinctive soil communities form under different plant communities.Based on evidence from tree rings, pollen samples and other records, scientists have for a long time assumed that interglacials—warm interludes between ice ages—were as mild and uniform as the Holocene, the present interglacial, has been for all of its 8,000 to 10,000 years. But new research in Greenland has put this assumption into question.Researchers on two teams, the Greenland Ice-Core Project (GRIP) and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2), have analyzed two different cylinders of ice, each about two miles in depth, pulled up from the Greenland ice sheet. Such ice cores trap gases, bits of dust, and other chemicals that were present in the snow that fell over Greenland for thousands of years and then became compressed into ice. By studying these components, scientists have obtained a detailed archive of many aspects of climate, including air temperatures, snowfall, and concentrations of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere.Findings from the upper sections of the cores have confirmed what scientists already knew climate during the last ice age fluctuated rapidly. But scientists were astonished by findings from the lower sections of the GRIP core, which provided a close look at an interglacial period other than our own, the Eemian interglacial, a period that lasted from 135,000 to 115,000 years ago. Data from GRIP seem to indicate that the Eemian climate swung at least as wildly as the climate of ice age periods.Researchers’ clues to the Eemian climate come from measurements of the ratios of two slightly different types of oxygen, isotopes oxygen-16 and oxygen-18, preserved in the GRIP core. These ratios register the fluctuations of air temperatures over the seasons and years. When the air was warm, vapor containing the heavier isotope, oxygen-18, condensed and formed precipitation, in the form of snow, more readily than did vapor containing oxygen-16. Thus, snow that fell during warmer periods contains proportionally more oxygen-18 than snow deposited during cold spells. Evidence of rapid climate shifts was also drawn from other sources, such as measurements of amounts of dust and calcium ions in the ice layers during cold periods: winds were strong, causing calcium-rich dust from loess deposits, which are composed of loose surface sediment, to blow across the ice sheet. Thus, differing amounts of dust in the layers also indicate changing climatic conditions.However, finds from the lower section of GISP 2 do not confirm those of GRIP. The wild climate swings shown by GRIP in the last interglacial are not seen in the GISP2 core. According to a GISP 2 scientist, the weight of flowing glacial ice above has stressed the lower sections of both cores. This may have deformed the lower ice, disrupting its annual layers and thereby causing the discrepancy between the records. Still, some climatologists believe GRIP’s record may be the more reliable of the two. It was drilled closer to a location called the ice divide, where stresses would have been lower, they say.9. The passage is primarily concerned withA. refuting certain scientific theories about Earth’s climatic historyB. outlining new findings concerning Earth’s climate during ice agesC. discussing new research that may challenge a long-held scientific assumption about Earth’s climatic historyD. describing the climatic changes that occurred when Earth moved from an ice age into an interglacial periodE. reconciling conflicting evidence concerning climatic changes.10. Which of the following describes research that is most clearly analogous to the testing done by GRIP scientists?A. Scientists studying the formation of the Sahara desert measure the rate of topsoil erosion in the region"B. Scientists seeking to determine the age of a particular fossil measure the percentage of its carbon atoms that have decayedC. Scientists researching vision in flies measure and compare the amounts of vitamin A found in the retinas of several fly species."D. Scientists investigating the development of life on Earth measure and compare the amount of oxygen used by various organisms along the evolutionary scale.E. Scientists plotting the fluctuations in rainfall in the early rain forests measure the presence of certain gases trapped in tree rings of older trees.11 According to the passage, which of the following is the most accurate statement of what scientists believed, prior to the GRIP findings, about Earth’s climate?"A. Over the c ourse of Earth’s history, interglacials have become progressively milderB. Earth’s overall climate has been generally mild since the planet’s formationC. During both interglacials and ice ages, Earth’s climate has fluctuated violently.D. During ice ages, Earth’s climate has been highly variable, whereas during interglacials it has been mild and stable."E. During interglacials, Earth’s climate has been highly variable, whereas during ice ages it has been uniformly cold and icy.12. The passage suggests that which of the following is most likely to have been true of the oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 isotopes found in the lower sections of the GRIP core?"A. There was significantly more isotope oxygen-18 than isotope oxygen-16 in the ice layers.B. There was significantly more isotope oxygen-16 than isotope oxygen-18 in the ice layers.C. Ratios of isotopes oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 varied in the ice layers.D. Layers containing isotope oxygen-18 placed stress on the layers containing isotope oxygen-16, possibly distorting them."E. Isotope oxygen-16, being lighter, was located mainly in the upper layers, whereas oxygen-18 had settled into the lower layers.13. In spite of her fascination with chance, coincidence, and contingency, Stanning’snovels are _____ constructed, written from the head rather than the heart.A. hastilyB. extravagantlyC. painstakinglyD. meticulouslyE. evocativelyF. i mpulsively14. Although traditionally artists have rightly been seen as the most _____ audience for the work of their colleagues, today taste is also created by critics and curators and occasionally by collectors.A. arbitraryB. volatileC. perceptiveD. impulsiveE. subjectiveF. d iscerning15. Every serious attempt at a historical portrait of the past will subtly absorb the milieu and temperament of its living author, however _____ he or she sets out to be.A. entertainingB. comprehensiveC. objectiveD. engagingE. rigorousF. i mpartial16. Although we no longer have to rely on salt to keep food from spoiling, our appetite for it is _____: most people eat much more salt than they need.A. involuntaryB. inconstantC. unabatedD. unpredictableE. undiminishedF. i nsatiable166Although several ancient cultures practiced mummification, mummies from ancientEgypt are generally more well-preserved than mummies of similar antiquity from other cultures. One possible explanation for this difference is that the mummification techniques or material used by ancient Egyptians were better than those of other cultures. A second, more likely, explanation is that the extremely dry climate of ancient Egypt was largely responsible, given that dryness promotes the preservation of organic remains generally.17. Which is the following provide the most support for the argument?A. The materials used by ancient Egyptians for mummification were not used by any other ancient culture that practiced mummificationB. Some ancient Egyptian mummies are better preserved than other ancient Egyptian mummies form around the same time.C. No ancient people living in very damp areas practiced mummification.D. Bodies from ancient Egyptian tombs dating from before the practice of mummification began are almost as well preserved as ancient Egyptian mummies.E. Ancient mummies discovered in places other than Egypt have typically not been as well protected from the elements as ancient Egyptian mummies were.57Recent studies of the Philippine fruit bat fauna have confirmed some previoushypotheses regarding bats on oceanic islands: for example, species richness[ the number of different species in a particular area] and abundance are generally highest in the lowlands and decrease with increasing elevation. With few exceptions, each endemic species [species native to a particular place] is restricted to the modern islands that made up a single island during periods of low sea level, and genetic differentiation has been influenced by the ecology of the species and the current and past geographic and geological conditions. However, far more previous hypotheses have been overturned than supported. Some endemic Philippine species use disturbed habitat as extensively as nonendemic species that are widespread in Southeast Asia. Levels of genetic variation within all species are high, not low, and rather than showing evidence of an intrinsic vulnerability to extinction from natural causes, independent lineages of these bats have persisted in rather small areas for very long periods of time(often millions of years) in spite of frequent typhoons and volcanic eruptions. While colonization from outside areas has clearly contributed to the high species richness, speciation within the archipelago has contributed at least a quarter of the total species richness, including many of the most abundant species.18. The primary purpose of the passage is toA. draw on studies of the Philippine fruit bat in proposing a new theory regarding bats on oceanic islandsB. show how recent research on the Philippine fruit bat reflects debates about bats on oceanic islandsC. argue for the relevance of certain new evidence pertaining to the Philippine fruit bat or the study of bats on oceanic islandsD. discuss recent investigations of Philippines fruit bat in light of conventional wisdom regarding bats on oceanic islandsE. explain why the Philippine fruit bat is atypical among bats on oceanic islands in terms of genetic variation19. The primary function of the highlighted text is toA. identify a finding from the Philippine fruit bat studies that will have a significant impact on how oceanic bats generally are viewedB. point out a hypothesis that has been the subject of considerable disagreement among researchers studying oceanic batsC. present evidence that is difficult to reconcile with other recent findings regarding the Philippine fruit batD. illustrate a widely held view about oceanic bats generally that was confirmed by the Philippine fruit bat studiesE. identify a feature of the Philippine fruit bat that does not appear to apply to oceanic bats generally20. Which of the following can be inferred from t he passage about the “recent studies”?A. They point to the need for a significantly revised perspective on oceanic island bats generally.B. They were undertaken with the assumption that Philippine fruit bats were somewhat atypical among oceanic bats.C. They remain some what controversial among researchers because of the number of standard hypotheses that they tested.D. They have largely confirmed what scientists thought about the Philippine fruit bat.E. They suggest that bats on oceanic islands are more vulnerable to extinction than previously thought.。

2021年托福阅读真题第14篇Spider Web D… Spider Web DecorationsAn evolutionary puzzle is provided by orb-weaving spiders (weavers of round webs) that incorporate impressive zigzag lines of white ultraviolet silk into their webs. which would seem to make the trap more obvious to the prey that the spider needs to catch.Given that many insects can see ultraviolet light, one wonders how orb weavers could gain by alerting potential victims to the danger posed by their webs. But perhaps these web additions actually attract ultraviolet-reflecting bees that specialize in taking nectar from ultraviolet-reflecting flowers. The fact that bees constitute the large majority of prey of some spiders with ornamented webs supports this hypothesis.On the other hand, it could be that spiders that have been catching many prey. simply because their webs are in a good spot,are the spiders that tend to add decorations to their webs. If this is true, then the correlation between web decorations and higher rates of prey capture need not mean that the decorations cause the increase in prey capture. Instead, perhaps high feeding rates provide the extra energy that the spiders need to spin their web decorations. which they do for some purpose other than prey attraction. This hypothesis can be evaluated by testing the prediction that spiders given an abundance of food should invest more in web decorations than spiders deprived of food. Indeed, in two species of orb-weaving spiders, females that received more food made significantly larger decorations, and in one species.well-ed femaleswere more likely to add decorations to their webs than were food-deprived individuals.If one places an orb-weaving spider in a wooden frame and lets it build a web there, so that the web can be moved to a site chosen by the experimenter, then one can put two such webs side by side in a field. In this way, one can compare the rate of prey capture in an ornamented web with that in another web in the same spot whose decorations have been removed- -something that can be easily accomplished by cutting out the two web lines that support the decoration (two web lines are also cut from the other web, but not those that hold the decoration), Such an experiment controls for the effects of site productivity. Under these conditions, the decorated web catches about a third less prey than the undecorated one. Thus, web decorations involve a cost to foraging (obtaining food), not a benefit, under some conditions.If it is true that decorating one's web carries a cost in lost calories, what counterbalancing benefit exists for this behavior? One possibility is that when passing birds see the bright decorations, they swerve to avoid colliding with the web and getting covered in sticky silk. If this is true, then in the experiment above. webs with decorations should have been less often damaged by birds than webs without any "keep away" signals. And in fact, the actual results from the experiment matched the predicted ones, with decorated webs damaged by birds 45 percent less often than undecorated ones.Another benefit of web decorations might come from having the added silk camouflage (hide) the body of the web builder, making the spider less vulnerable to attack from its predators. Evidence in support of this explanation comes from a set of spiders whose females regularlyincorporate a silky egg sac into their webs. The spider perches (sits) on this moderately conspicuous vertical tube of silk, eggs, and debris in ways that make her much less visible to human observers, especially because the spider's color pattern matches that of the egg sac so closely. Moreover, when the egg sac is experimentally removed, the spider replaces it with a vertical strip composed entirely of silk, on which she perches as if it were an eggs sac. Given that the egg sac seems to be used as a concealment aid. its replacement can be assumed to serve the same function.More data on this point come from a study in which orb-weaving spiders that had built webs with or without extra silk decorations in an enclosed area were exposed to wasps. which hunt spiders and feed them to their offspring. In one experiment, only 32 percent of the spiders with web decorations were captured , as opposed to 68 percent of thosewithout.1.An evolutionary puzzle is provided by orb-weaving spiders (weavers of round webs) that incorporate impressive zigzag lines of white ultraviolet silk into their webs. which would seem to make the trap more obvious to the prey that the spider needs to catch.Given that many insects can see ultraviolet light, one wonders how orb weavers could gain by alerting potential victims to the danger posed by their webs. But perhaps these web additions actually attract ultraviolet-reflecting bees that specialize in taking nectar from ultraviolet-reflecting flowers. The fact that bees constitute the large majority of prey of some spiders with ornamented webs supports this hypothesis.2.On the other hand, it could be that spiders that have been catching many prey. simply because their webs are in a good spot,are the spiders that tend to add decorations to their webs. If this is true, then the correlation between web decorations and higher rates of prey capture need not mean that the decorations cause the increase in prey capture. Instead, perhaps high feeding rates provide the extra energy that the spiders need to spin their web decorations. which they do for some purpose other than prey attraction. This hypothesis can be evaluated by testing the prediction that spiders given an abundance of food should invest more in web decorations than spiders deprived of food. Indeed, in two species of orb-weaving spiders, females that received more food made significantly larger decorations, and in one species.well-ed females were more likely to add decorations to their webs than were food-deprived individuals.3.On the other hand, it could be that spiders that have been catching many prey. simply because their webs are in a good spot,are the spiders that tend to add decorations to their webs. If this is true, then the correlation between web decorations and higher rates of prey capture need not mean that the decorations cause the increase in prey capture. Instead, perhaps high feeding rates provide the extra energy that the spiders need to spin their web decorations. which they do for some purpose other than prey attraction. This hypothesis can be evaluated by testing the prediction that spiders given an abundance of food should invest more in web decorations than spiders deprived of food. Indeed, in two species of orb-weaving spiders, females that received more food made significantly larger decorations, and in one species.well-ed females were more likely to add decorations to their webs than were food-deprived individuals.4.On the other hand, it could be that spiders that have been catching many prey. simply because their webs are in a good spot,are the spiders that tend to add decorations to their webs. If this is true, then the correlation between web decorations and higher rates of prey capture need not mean that the decorations cause the increase in prey capture. Instead, perhaps high feeding rates provide the extra energy that the spiders need to spin their web decorations. which they do for some purpose other than prey attraction. This hypothesis can be evaluated by testing the prediction that spiders given an abundance of food should invest more in web decorations than spiders deprived of food. Indeed, in two species of orb-weaving spiders, females that received more food made significantly larger decorations, and in one species.well-ed females were more likely to add decorations to their webs than were food-deprived individuals.5.If one places an orb-weaving spider in a wooden frame and lets it build a web there, so that the web can be moved to a site chosen by the experimenter, then one can put two such webs side by side in a field. In this way, one can compare the rate of prey capture in an ornamented web with that in another web in the same spot whose decorations have been removed- -something that can be easily accomplished by cutting out the two web lines that support the decoration (two web lines are also cut from the other web, but not those that hold the decoration), Such an experiment controls for the effects of site productivity. Under these conditions, the decorated web catches about a third less prey than the undecorated one. Thus, web decorations involve a cost to foraging (obtaining food), not a benefit, under some conditions.6.If it is true that decorating one's web carries a cost in lost calories, what counterbalancing benefit exists for this behavior? One possibility is that when passing birds see the bright decorations, they swerve to avoid colliding with the web and getting covered in sticky silk. If this is true, then in the experiment above. webs with decorations should have been less often damaged by birds than webs without any "keep away" signals. And in fact, the actual results from the experiment matched the predicted ones, with decorated webs damaged by birds 45 percent less often than undecorated ones.7.Another benefit of web decorations might come from having the added silk camouflage (hide) the body of the web builder, making the spider less vulnerable to attack from its predators. Evidence in support of this explanation comes from a set of spiders whose females regularly incorporate a silky egg sac into their webs. The spider perches (sits) on this moderately conspicuous vertical tube of silk, eggs, and debris in ways that make her much less visible to human observers, especially because the spider's color pattern matches that of the egg sac so closely. Moreover, when the egg sac is experimentally removed, the spider replaces it with a vertical strip composed entirely of silk, on which she perches as if it were an eggs sac. Given that the egg sac seems to be used as a concealment aid. its replacement can be assumed to serve the same function.8.Another benefit of web decorations might come from having the added silk camouflage (hide) the body of the web builder, making the spider less vulnerable to attack from its predators. Evidence in support of this explanation comes from a set of spiders whose females regularly incorporate a silky egg sac into their webs. The spider perches (sits) onthis moderately conspicuous vertical tube of silk, eggs, and debris in ways that make her much less visible to human observers, especially because the spider's color pattern matches that of the egg sac so closely. Moreover, when the egg sac is experimentally removed, the spider replaces it with a vertical strip composed entirely of silk, on which she perches as if it were an eggs sac. Given that the egg sac seems to be used as a concealment aid. its replacement can be assumed to serve the same function.More data on this point come from a study in which orb-weaving spiders that had built webs with or without extra silk decorations in an enclosed area were exposed to wasps. which hunt spiders and feed them to their offspring. In one experiment, only 32 percent of the spiders with web decorations were captured , as opposed to 68 percent of those without.9.If it is true that decorating one's web carries a cost in lost calories, what counterbalancing benefit exists for this behavior?⬛One possibility is that when passing birds see the bright decorations, they swerve to avoid colliding with the web and getting covered in sticky silk. ⬛If this is true, then in the experiment above. webs with decorations should have been less often damaged by birds than webs without any "keep away" signals. ⬛And in fact, the actual results from the experiment matched the predicted ones, with decorated webs damaged by birds 45 percent less often than undecorated ones.⬛10.1.B2.C3.A4.C5.C6.D7.B8.C9.A10.BCD。

2020届高三英语专项训练——阅读理解D篇（一）A new study shows that rising levels of planet-warming gases may reduce important nutrients in food crops.Researchers studied the effects of one such gas—carbon dioxide—on rice. The researchers grew rice plants in a controlled environment. They set carbon dioxide levels to what scientists are predicting for our planet by the end of the century. They found that the resulting rice crops had lower than normal levels of vitamins, minerals and protein. The researchers said the effects of planet-warming gases would be most severe for the poorest citizens in some of the least developed countries. These people generally eat the most rice and have the least complex diets, they noted.In the experiment, scientists grew 18 kinds of rice in fields in China and Japan. They pumped carbon dioxide gas over the plants in an effort to create the atmosphere of the future. Rice grown under high carbon dioxide conditions had, on average, 13 to 30 percent lower levels of four B vitamins and 10 percent less protein. The crops also had 8 percent less iron and 5 percent less zinc（锌）an rice grown under normal conditions.However,vitamin E levels increased by about 13 percent on average.The results are bad news, “especially for the nutrition of the poorer po pulation in less-developed countries,” said the University of Tokyo’s Kazuhiko Kobayashi, who helped to write the report. That includes about 600 million people in Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Laos and other nations, mainly in Southeast Asia, the report said.One of the scientists is Sam Myers of Harvard University in the American state of Massachusetts. He said that findings like this are an example of the surprises climate change create. “My concern is there are many more surprises to come,” he said.Myers noted that pollution, loss of some species, destruction of forests, and other human activities are likely to produce unexpected problems. He said that you cannot completely change all the natural systems that living organisms have grown to depend on over millions of years without having effects come back to affect our own health.The new study suggests a way to lower the nutritional harm of climate change. One way,Kobayashi said, is grow different forms of rice that have shown to be more resistant to higher carbon dioxide levels.32. Which county would be influenced most by planet-warming gases according to the text?A. ChinaB. MyanmarC. AmericaD. Britain33. How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed?A. By comparison.B. By giving examples.C. By analyzing causes.D. By describing a process.34. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Climate change will be difficult to predict.B. Climate change will lead to more good effects.C. Climate change will be harmful to environment.D. Climate change will cause more unexpected problems.35. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A. Myerssaid we could change all the natural systems for the sake of our health.B. The poorest people in all the least developed countries would be influenced most.C. The researchers grew 18 kinds of rice in China and Japan in a controlled environment.D. Protein in rice grown under high carbon dioxide conditions is increased by 10 percent.BADC（二）Plants are boring. They just sit there (光合作用)while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant co-evolution(协同进化)started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving ant-friendly features.Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even mаmmаlѕ. Тhеѕе іnсludе hollow thorns that аntѕ will live іnѕіdе, or ехtra nесtаr (琼浆) оn lеаvеѕ or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The antwill pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed - often in a nutrient-rich area where it'll grow better, and since it's farther away from its parent, they won't have to compete for resources.But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants.The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it's not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance. Scientists say their study maters because it provides a look at how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.32．Some plants attach food packets to their seeds in order to.A．reward the ants B．get the seeds moved aroundC．make a fool of ants D．provide nutrition for the seeds33．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us?A．How plants and ants interact.B．What ants do to protect plants.C．How plants and ants survive attacks.D．Why plants and ants need co-evolution.34．Which is true about the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants?A．Ants depended more upon plants.B．It caused a race for better evolution.C．How it got started was uncertain.D．It was of little value for future studies.35．What's the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A．To introduce a science research method.B．To inform readers of a latest research findingC．To arouse readers' interest in science research.D．To criticize people's traditional views about plants.BACB（三）An experimental cleanup device called RemoveDEBRIS has successfully casta net around a dummy (仿真的) satellite, imitating a technique that could one day collect spaceborne garbage.The test, which was carried out this week, is widely believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it symbolizes an early step toward solving what has already been a critical issue: junk in space.Millions of pieces of junk are turning around in orbit, the result of 50 years of spacetravel and few regulations to keep space clean. At orbital speeds, even a small bit of paint crashing with a satellite can cause critical damage.Various companies have plans to send thousands of new satellites into low-Earth orbit, already the most crowded area.The RemoveDEBRIS experiment is run by a company and researchers led by the U. K.’s Surrey Space Center and includes Airbus,Airbus-owned Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. and France’sArianeGroup.Guglielmo Aglietti, the director of Surrey Space Center, said that an operational version of the RemoveDEBRlS technology would cast a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the deb ris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long.The RemoveDEBRIS satellite will conduct a few more experiments in the coming months, including testing navigation features that could help guide the satellite to a specific piece of debris.Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said the successof this week’s experiment was ex c iting, but he cautioned against“over- publicizing” it.There are still enormous barriers to clear before operational cleanup tasks are underway, he said, and the most discouraging is figuring out how to fund such projects.Aglietti, the Surrey professor who helped lead the RemoveDEBRIS project, said “The challenge will lie in persuading the relevant authorities to sponsor these tasks.”Aglietti said he hopes RemoveDEBRIS will conduct a few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces ofjunk in the most crowded orbits.32. What is the use of the RemoveDEBRIS satellite?A. Demonstrating space technology.B. Imitating a developing technique.C. Collecting wastes existing in space.D. Symbolizing great progress in space.33. How does the RemoveDEBRlS satellite work?A. By throwing a net to take the junk from orbit.B. By fastening it to the main satellite tightly.C. By dragging satellites up to 10 meters long.D. By targeting large pieces of junk carefully.34. What does the underlined word “sponsor” in the last paragraph probably mean?A. Accomplish.B. Support.C. Oppose.D. Provide.35. What’s the best title for the text?A. The RemoveDEBRIS Project Is PerfectB. How RemoveDEBRIS Is Invented in the LabC. Why the RemoveDEBRIS Satellite Is InventedD. Satellite Collects Space Junk for the First TimeCABD（四）China’s cancer researcher Zhu Chen, together with two French researchers Anne Dejean and Hugues de The, received Sjoberg Prize 2018 in Stockholm Concert Hall, Sweden on Friday.“We used wisdom from both Chinese and Western medicine and offered a cure for one of the most deadly cancers,” Chen told Xinhua, “I feel that Chinese medicine has the potential to contribute more to human health. There are no borders in medicine, because it struggles for benefiting all mankind. It’s a language of peace, and of development and progress.” Chen recalled the cooperation with the two French researchers for over 30 years.This year’s Sjobe rg winners have developed a new and targeted treatment for a specific form of blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukaemia (急性早幼粒白血病). It was once one of themost deadly forms of cancer, but it is now possible to cure nine out of ten patients who receive the new treatment. The winners have made this revolutionary development possible by methodically mapping the molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease.The prize is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and is funded by the Sjoberg Foundation. The foundation, with a donation of 2.5 billion US dollars, was founded in 2016, and serves to promote scientific research that focuses on cancer, health and the environment.The prize is an annual international prize in cancer research awarded to individual researchers or research groups. The prize amounts to one million US dollars, of which 100,000 US dollars is the prize sum and 900,000 US dollars is funding for future research.32.W hy was Zhu Chen awarded Sjoberg Prize?A.For the research into a language.B.For the promotion of Chinese medicine.C.For the treatment for a once fatal cancer.D.For the cooperation with French researchers.33.W hat can we know about the Sjoberg Foundation?A. It funds research in certain fields.B. It favors individual researchers.C. It donates 2.5 million US dollars.D. It awards the prize annually.34. What can the text be classified as?A. A biography.B. A news report.C. A science fiction.D. An advertisement.35. What is the best title for the text?A. New Cure for CancerB. No Borders in MedicineC. Great Contributions to Human HealthD. Chinese Scientist Receiving Sjoberg PrizeCABD（五）Few people, these days would disagree with the theory that it's vital to take time for yourself. Creating some space for enjoyment and restoration each day or atleast every week, is a win-winproposal: it’ll make you both happier and more effective in fulfilling your responsibilities at work andhome. In practice, itrarely happens, though. For some, that's because deep down theyfeet they don'tdeserve it. For others, it's simply that busy life makes it seem impossible to press pause. Either way,making sure you actually get a. moment to yourself requires a shift in perspective.Don't wait until it feels right. It's unpleasant to have unfinished tasks bothering at your mind, soit's tempting to tell yourself you'll only relax once everything is under control. But since both workand family life generate an infinite number of to-dos, that strategy is doomed to failure. Astime-management writer Laura Vanderkarn points out, it's far more useful to learn to tolerate thediscomfort of knowing your email inbox is filling up, or that the living room is still a pigsty. Choose true enjoyment. It's all too easy to fill `me time' with things you think you should enjoy,above all exercise. If you genuinely love such activities, they're perfect. But if the truth is that youdon't, you'll only get resentful: we rebel against being told what to do, even when the person doingthe telling is ourselves. Make sure at least a small part of your week is spent doing something you canhonestly say you enjoy for itself.Pay attention to good feelings. Once you do get some restorative time, borrow a Buddhist technique for making it count: when you realize you're enjoying yourself, spend half a minuteconsciously paying attention to the feelings of pleasure. For one thing, you'll often find that thosefeelings increase as a result. For another, you'll encode the memory of the experience in more detailso, looking back, it'll feel like you had even more time to yourself.32. Why is it hard for some people to find time for themselves practically?A. They think they aren't worth itB. They have a lot of pressure.C. They are in financial trouble.D. They can't spare any time33. Which of the following is acceptable according to Paragraph two?A. Never put off what you should do.B. Take a rest when it's time toC. Relax yourself with all work done.D. Put up with others' shortcomings.34. Which is the closest to "resentful" in paragraph three?A. pleased.B. relaxed.C. relieved.D. annoyed.35. What is best title of the passage?A. Learn to Manage TimeB. Find Time for YourselfC. Squeeze Time to ExerciseD. Strengthen Time ConsciousnessABDB。

2024年高考英语模拟试卷注意事项：1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。

2．选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题必须使用0．5毫米黑色字迹的签字笔书写，字体工整、笔迹清楚。

3．请按照题号顺序在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。

4．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．_____ his homework in time, he had to stay up late into the night.A．Finishing B．Having finished C．To finish D．To have finished2．I writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother’s illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me.A．am to have finished B．was to have finishedC．was to finish D．ought to finish3．We packed all the hooks in wooden boxes so that they damaged.A．don’t get B．won’t getC．didn’t get D．wouldn’t get4．Chinese President Hu Jintao called for an immediate cease-fire in Libya _____ an even worse humanitarian crisis in the country at the BRICS Summit in Hainan Province.A．to prevent B．to have prevented C．preventing D．having prevented5．---- What do you think of zoology?---- In my opinion, zoology is ______ botany.A．a subject so interesting as B．as a interesting subject asC．as interesting a subject as D．interesting as a subject as6．It is through years of research ________ scientists have discovered the relationship between social media addiction and depression.A．since B．before C．that D．when7．I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being _______ blind and deaf for a few days at some time in his life.A．has been stricken B．were strickenC．had been D．would be8．Many people fall into panic due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan but experts don’t expect this to be ________ as proper measures have been taken.A．compulsory B．contemporary C．temporary D．permanent9．Lifting off at sunrise, the hot air balloon goes wherever the wind blow.A．may B．must C．need D．should10．Mother told me in a phone call that she had written to me a week before, but I haven’t received__________.A．one B．it C．something D．anything11．After college, he was employed in a middle school and there ever since.A．would worked B．had workedC．worked D．has worked12．We are living in an age________ QR codes(二维码)are becoming more and more popular in our daily life. A．why B．thatC．whose D．when13．The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living．A．that B．whenC．where D．which14．—How I wish I had worked harder when I was in that company.—If you had, you _________ a department manager now.A．are B．would beC．would have been D．were15．The petrol in the car _____ on our way to the beach, so we had to walk there.A．gave up B．gave off C．gave in D．gave out16．She seems to prefer American TV Shows to talking to me．A．to watch B．to be watching C．watching D．having watched17．I like these English songs and they ________ many times on the radio.A．taught B．have taughtC．are taught D．have been taught18．To tell the truth, I didn’t expect that there were so many people ______ the idea.A．supported B．supporting C．to support D．having supported19．I ________ able to catch the first flight home, but my watch betrayed me.A．were B．had beenC．would be D．would have been20．I am sorry I am very busy now. If I time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.A．have B．hadC．have had D．had had第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

生命在于运动英语作文七年级Life is in MotionMovement is a fundamental aspect of our existence. From the smallest subatomic particles to the grandest celestial bodies, everything in the universe is in a constant state of motion. This innate drive to move, to change, to evolve is what defines life itself. Whether it's the rhythmic beating of our hearts, the ebb and flow of the tides, or the cycling of the seasons, the principle of motion is woven into the fabric of our world.At the most basic level, life is defined by the ability to move. Unicellular organisms such as bacteria and protozoa propel themselves through their environments, seeking out resources and evading threats. Even the simplest forms of life possess the capacity for locomotion, a testament to the primal importance of movement. As we move up the evolutionary ladder, this capacity for motion becomes increasingly sophisticated, culminating in the complex, coordinated movements of higher lifeforms.Consider the animal kingdom, where movement is essential for survival. Predators must chase down their prey, while prey must flee from their hunters. Migratory birds traverse vast distances, driven by an innate urge to follow the changing seasons. Whales, dolphins, and other marine creatures undertake epic journeys across the oceans, navigating through currents and tides. In each case, the ability to move is not just a luxury, but a matter of life and death.Even within the confines of a single organism, motion is a fundamental aspect of life. Our bodies are a symphony of movement, from the involuntary contractions of our muscles to the deliberate actions of our limbs. We breathe, we blink, we swallow, we fidget –all in a constant, unconscious dance of motion. And when we consciously choose to move, to exercise, to engage in physical activity, we tap into a deeper well of vitality and well-being.The connection between movement and health is well-established. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of a wide range of diseases, from heart disease and diabetes to certain types of cancer. Exercise strengthens our muscles, improves our cardiovascular fitness, and boosts our mental well-being. It is no coincidence that the word "animation" is derived from the Latin word for "life" – the act of moving, of being in motion, is a fundamental expression of our aliveness.But the importance of movement extends beyond the physical realm. Our minds, too, are in a constant state of motion, processing information, generating ideas, and navigating the complexities of our inner and outer worlds. The ability to think, to problem-solve, to imagine – these are all forms of mental motion, of the mind's ceaseless activity.Indeed, many of our greatest thinkers and innovators have recognized the vital role that movement plays in the life of the mind. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato believed that the soul was in a constant state of motion, and that true knowledge could only be attained through the active engagement of the mind. The Romantic poet William Wordsworth extolled the virtues of walking, arguing that it was essential for the creative process.In our own lives, we can attest to the power of movement to stimulate the mind. When we are physically active, whether it's through exercise, dance, or even just a leisurely stroll, we often find that our thoughts become clearer, our ideas more fluid, and our creativity more vibrant. The act of moving, of engaging our bodies, seems to unlock new pathways in our minds, allowing us to see the world in fresh and unexpected ways.But the significance of movement extends beyond the individual, touching on the very fabric of our social and cultural existence. Thehistory of human civilization is a story of movement, of migrations,of the exchange of ideas, goods, and peoples across vast distances. The great trade routes of the ancient world, the voyages of exploration and discovery, the mass movements of populations –these are all manifestations of the deep-seated human drive to move, to explore, to connect.In our own time, the pace of global movement has only accelerated. Advances in transportation and communication technology have shrunk the world, allowing us to traverse continents and oceans with unprecedented speed and ease. The flow of information, ideas, and cultural influences across borders has become a defining feature of our age, shaping the way we work, learn, and interact with one another.Yet, even as we celebrate the remarkable achievements of human mobility, we must also grapple with the challenges it presents. The displacement of populations due to war, famine, and climate change has led to unprecedented humanitarian crises, testing the limits of our compassion and our capacity for collective action. The environmental toll of our relentless movement – from the carbon emissions of air travel to the plastic waste of our consumer culture –has put the very future of our planet at risk.These challenges, however, do not diminish the fundamentalimportance of movement in our lives. Rather, they underscore the need to cultivate a more thoughtful, sustainable, and equitable approach to the way we move through the world. By recognizing the centrality of motion to the human experience, we can work to harness its power in service of a better future – one where the freedom to move is balanced with the responsibility to protect our shared home.In the end, the truth remains: life is in motion. It is a fundamental principle that governs the universe, from the subatomic to the cosmic scale. And within this grand, eternal dance, we humans find our place, our bodies and minds in perpetual motion, our spirits yearning to explore, to discover, to connect. It is a truth that has inspired artists, philosophers, and scientists alike, and one that continues to shape the course of our individual and collective journeys. So let us embrace this truth, and let it guide us as we navigate the ever-changing landscape of our lives.。

2020届高三英语专项训练——阅读理解D篇（一）A new study shows that rising levels of planet-warming gases may reduce important nutrients in food crops.Researchers studied the effects of one such gas—carbon dioxide—on rice. The researchers grew rice plants in a controlled environment. They set carbon dioxide levels to what scientists are predicting for our planet by the end of the century. They found that the resulting rice crops had lower than normal levels of vitamins, minerals and protein. The researchers said the effects of planet-warming gases would be most severe for the poorest citizens in some of the least developed countries. These people generally eat the most rice and have the least complex diets, they noted.In the experiment, scientists grew 18 kinds of rice in fields in China and Japan. They pumped carbon dioxide gas over the plants in an effort to create the atmosphere of the future. Rice grown under high carbon dioxide conditions had, on average, 13 to 30 percent lower levels of four B vitamins and 10 percent less protein. The crops also had 8 percent less iron and 5 percent less zinc（锌）an rice grown under normal conditions.However,vitamin E levels increased by about 13 percent on average.The results are bad news, “especially for the nutrition of the poorer po pulation in less-developed countries,” said the University of Tokyo’s Kazuhiko Kobayashi, who helped to write the report. That includes about 600 million people in Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Laos and other nations, mainly in Southeast Asia, the report said.One of the scientists is Sam Myers of Harvard University in the American state of Massachusetts. He said that findings like this are an example of the surprises climate change create. “My concern is there are many more surprises to come,” he said.Myers noted that pollution, loss of some species, destruction of forests, and other human activities are likely to produce unexpected problems. He said that you cannot completely change all the natural systems that living organisms have grown to depend on over millions of years without having effects come back to affect our own health.The new study suggests a way to lower the nutritional harm of climate change. One way, Kobayashi said, is grow different forms of rice that have shown to be more resistant to highercarbon dioxide levels.32. Which county would be influenced most by planet-warming gases according to the text?A. ChinaB. MyanmarC. AmericaD. Britain33. How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed?A. By comparison.B. By giving examples.C. By analyzing causes.D. By describing a process.34. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Climate change will be difficult to predict.B. Climate change will lead to more good effects.C. Climate change will be harmful to environment.D. Climate change will cause more unexpected problems.35. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A. Myerssaid we could change all the natural systems for the sake of our health.B. The poorest people in all the least developed countries would be influenced most.C. The researchers grew 18 kinds of rice in China and Japan in a controlled environment.D. Protein in rice grown under high carbon dioxide conditions is increased by 10 percent.BADC（二）Plants are boring. They just sit there (光合作用)while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant co-evolution(协同进化)started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving ant-friendly features.Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even mаmmаlѕ. Тhеѕе іnсludе hollow thorns that аntѕ will live іnѕіdе, or ехtra nесtаr (琼浆) оn lеаvеѕ or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The ant will pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed - often in anutrient-rich area where it'll grow better, and since it's farther away from its parent, they won't have to compete for resources.But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants.The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it's not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance. Scientists say their study maters because it provides a look at how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.32．Some plants attach food packets to their seeds in order to.A．reward the ants B．get the seeds moved aroundC．make a fool of ants D．provide nutrition for the seeds33．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us?A．How plants and ants interact.B．What ants do to protect plants.C．How plants and ants survive attacks.D．Why plants and ants need co-evolution.34．Which is true about the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants?A．Ants depended more upon plants.B．It caused a race for better evolution.C．How it got started was uncertain.D．It was of little value for future studies.35．What's the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A．To introduce a science research method.B．To inform readers of a latest research findingC．To arouse readers' interest in science research.D．To criticize people's traditional views about plants.BACB（三）An experimental cleanup device called RemoveDEBRIS has successfully casta net around a dummy (仿真的) satellite, imitating a technique that could one day collect spaceborne garbage.The test, which was carried out this week, is widely believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it symbolizes an early step toward solving what has already been a critical issue: junk in space.Millions of pieces of junk are turning around in orbit, the result of 50 years of spacetravel and few regulations to keep space clean. At orbital speeds, even a small bit of paint crashing with a satellite can cause critical damage.Various companies have plans to send thousands of new satellites into low-Earth orbit, already the most crowded area.The RemoveDEBRIS experiment is run by a company and researchers led by the U. K.’s Surrey Space Center and includes Airbus,Airbus-owned Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. and France’sArianeGroup.Guglielmo Aglietti, the director of Surrey Space Center, said that an operational version of the RemoveDEBRlS technology would cast a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the deb ris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long.The RemoveDEBRIS satellite will conduct a few more experiments in the coming months, including testing navigation features that could help guide the satellite to a specific piece of debris.Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said the successof this week’s experiment was ex c iting, but he cautioned against“over- publicizing” it.There are still enormous barriers to clear before operational cleanup tasks are underway, he said, and the most discouraging is figuring out how to fund such projects.Aglietti, the Surrey professor who helped lead the RemoveDEBRIS project, said “The challenge will lie in persuading the relevant authorities to sponsor these tasks.”Aglietti said he hopes RemoveDEBRIS will conduct a few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces of junk in the most crowded orbits.32. What is the use of the RemoveDEBRIS satellite?A. Demonstrating space technology.B. Imitating a developing technique.C. Collecting wastes existing in space.D. Symbolizing great progress in space.33. How does the RemoveDEBRlS satellite work?A. By throwing a net to take the junk from orbit.B. By fastening it to the main satellite tightly.C. By dragging satellites up to 10 meters long.D. By targeting large pieces of junk carefully.34. What does the underlined word “sponsor” in the last paragraph probably mean?A. Accomplish.B. Support.C. Oppose.D. Provide.35. What’s the best title for the text?A. The RemoveDEBRIS Project Is PerfectB. How RemoveDEBRIS Is Invented in the LabC. Why the RemoveDEBRIS Satellite Is InventedD. Satellite Collects Space Junk for the First TimeCABD（四）China’s cancer researcher Zhu Chen, together with two French researchers Anne Dejean and Hugues de The, received Sjoberg Prize 2018 in Stockholm Concert Hall, Sweden on Friday.“We used wisdom from both Chinese and Western medicine and offered a cure for one of the most deadly cancers,” Chen told Xinhua, “I feel that Chinese medicine has the potential t o contribute more to human health. There are no borders in medicine, because it struggles for benefiting all mankind. It’s a language of peace, and of development and progress.” Chen recalled the cooperation with the two French researchers for over 30 years.This year’s Sjoberg winners have developed a new and targeted treatment for a specific form of blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukaemia (急性早幼粒白血病). It was once one of the most deadly forms of cancer, but it is now possible to cure nine out of ten patients who receive thenew treatment. The winners have made this revolutionary development possible by methodically mapping the molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease.The prize is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and is funded by the Sjoberg Foundation. The foundation, with a donation of 2.5 billion US dollars, was founded in 2016, and serves to promote scientific research that focuses on cancer, health and the environment.The prize is an annual international prize in cancer research awarded to individual researchers or research groups. The prize amounts to one million US dollars, of which 100,000 US dollars is the prize sum and 900,000 US dollars is funding for future research.32.W hy was Zhu Chen awarded Sjoberg Prize?A.For the research into a language.B.For the promotion of Chinese medicine.C.For the treatment for a once fatal cancer.D.For the cooperation with French researchers.33.W hat can we know about the Sjoberg Foundation?A. It funds research in certain fields.B. It favors individual researchers.C. It donates 2.5 million US dollars.D. It awards the prize annually.34. What can the text be classified as?A. A biography.B. A news report.C. A science fiction.D. An advertisement.35. What is the best title for the text?A. New Cure for CancerB. No Borders in MedicineC. Great Contributions to Human HealthD. Chinese Scientist Receiving Sjoberg PrizeCABD（五）Few people, these days would disagree with the theory that it's vital to take time for yourself. Creating some space for enjoyment and restoration each day or atleast every week, is a win-winproposal: it’ll make you both happier and more effective in fulfilling your responsibilities at work andhome. In practice, itrarely happens, though. For some, that's because deep down they feet they don'tdeserve it. For others, it's simply that busy life makes it seem impossible to presspause. Either way,making sure you actually get a. moment to yourself requires a shift in perspective.Don't wait until it feels right. It's unpleasant to have unfinished tasks bothering at your mind, soit's tempting to tell yourself you'll only relax once everything is under control. But since both workand family life generate an infinite number of to-dos, that strategy is doomed to failure. Astime-management writer Laura Vanderkarn points out, it's far more useful to learn to tolerate thediscomfort of knowing your email inbox is filling up, or that the living room is still a pigsty. Choose true enjoyment. It's all too easy to fill `me time' with things you think you should enjoy,above all exercise. If you genuinely love such activities, they're perfect. But if the truth is that youdon't, you'll only get resentful: we rebel against being told what to do, even when the person doingthe telling is ourselves. Make sure at least a small part of your week is spent doing something you canhonestly say you enjoy for itself.Pay attention to good feelings. Once you do get some restorative time, borrow a Buddhist technique for making it count: when you realize you're enjoying yourself, spend half a minuteconsciously paying attention to the feelings of pleasure. For one thing, you'll often find that thosefeelings increase as a result. For another, you'll encode the memory of the experience in more detailso, looking back, it'll feel like you had even more time to yourself.32. Why is it hard for some people to find time for themselves practically?A. They think they aren't worth itB. They have a lot of pressure.C. They are in financial trouble.D. They can't spare any time33. Which of the following is acceptable according to Paragraph two?A. Never put off what you should do.B. Take a rest when it's time toC. Relax yourself with all work done.D. Put up with others' shortcomings.34. Which is the closest to "resentful" in paragraph three?A. pleased.B. relaxed.C. relieved.D. annoyed.35. What is best title of the passage?A. Learn to Manage TimeB. Find Time for YourselfC. Squeeze Time to ExerciseD. Strengthen Time ConsciousnessABDB。

《⾼级英汉翻译》课程终结考试试卷（样题及答案和评分标准）Get ready for the final exams of English/ChineseTranslation (1&2)Part I E－C Translation Test1. Composition of the Test Papers & useful skills in coping with the tests“⾼级英汉翻译”课程●评价⽬标：重点测试学⽣英汉笔译的技巧，包括增译法、减译法、词类转移法、词序调整法、分译法、重译法、正说反译，反说正译法和习语翻译等。

同时也考查相关的翻译理论知识、英语理解和汉语表达能⼒。

●命题原则：根据教材所涵盖的⽂章主题、体裁、翻译技巧以及与教材难度相当的书⾯语⾔材料命题。

英译汉的课外材料必须是从英语原著上选来的未经简化的⽂字。

涉及教材内容不少于50%。

●试题结构：“⾼级英汉翻译”课程终结考试试卷（样题）课程编号：ENBAE3 1001______ 学籍号：________________ 学习中⼼：________________ 姓名：________________ Information for the Examinees:This examination consists of FOUR sections. They are:Section I: Understanding of Theories (10 points, 15 minutes)Section II: Phrase Translation (25 points, 20 minutes)Section III: Sentence Translation (30 points, 25 minutes)Section IV: Passage Translation (35 points, 60 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed forcompleting this examination is 2 hours (120 minutes)YOU MUST WRITE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. Section I Understanding of Theories[10 points] Questions 1-10. (10 points)The following statements are about some translation theories you are familiar with. Decide whether these statements are true or false by writing T for "true" and F for "false" on your Answer Sheet.______1. Since Chinese and English belong to two different language families, one has to make some adjustments in lexicon and sentence structure to make the translated version smooth and natural.______2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.______3. Every language adopts the same system of classifying its experience.______4. It widely agreed that there are three stages in the procedure of translation: analysis, transfer, and restructuring.______5. A word may have several meanings, but its linguistic context will help to point out the exact meaning of that word. ______6. Semotactic marking, one aspect of linguistic context, refers to the situation when the meaning of a word in a sentence is specified by the grammatical construction of that sentence.______7. In translating from English to Chinese, one must repeat key words including nouns, verbs, and pronouns.______8. In the process of transfer, the conceptual content of the message has the highest priority. Therefore, there is no need to keep the original form of the source-language text.______9. The situational factors relate to the occasion and circumstances of the speech event and to the relationships between speakers.______10. Nida believes that in testing the translation, one must focus attention not upon the extent of verbal correspondence but upon the amount of dynamic equivalence.Section II Phrase Translation[25 points]Part 1. Questions 11-20. (10 points)Choose a better version of Chinese translation for each of the following phrases. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.11. the journey across AfricaA. 遍及⾮洲的旅⾏B. 穿越⾮洲的旅⾏12. be behind scheduleA. 落后于计划B. 在计划后⾯13. play the fluteA. 玩笛⼦B. 吹笛⼦14. black teaA. 红茶B. ⿊茶15. like a cat on hot bricksA. 烫砖上的猫B. 热锅上的蚂蚁16. a concept inconceivable beforeA. ⼀个以前⽆法想象的概念B. ⼀个概念，在以前⽆法想象17. Dutch treatA. 打平伙B. 荷兰式的招待18. political campaignA. 政治运动B. 竞选活动19. mountain lionA. ⼭狮B. 美洲豹20. an instrument designed to extend the range of people's sensesA. ⼀个⽤来拓展⼈们感觉范围的⼯具B. ⼀个⼯具，⽤来拓展⼈们的感觉范围Part 2. Questions 21-30. (15 points)Translate the following phrases and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.21. a hard question ____________________22. hard water ____________________23. the last ten-day period of a month ____________________24. a good Christian ____________________25. a well-managed company ____________________26. particles moving around their atomic nucleus ____________________27. generations of painstaking observation ____________________28. an unlikely coalition of university professors ____________________29. a computer genius ____________________30. as much with courtesy as with force ____________________Section III Sentence Translation [30 points]Questions 31-40: Translate the following sentences using the translation skills and techniques you have learned from this course. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.31. Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality.____________________________________________________________32. Modern skyscrapers began to appear in the city, taking away much of its ancient charm and mystery, which was considered as a great pity by many people.____________________________________________________________33. The news had already spread along the streets and lanes.____________________________________________________________34. The examination left no doubt that the victim had not died of a heart attack but had been killed.____________________________________________________________35. There was no use arguing. The die was cast.____________________________________________________________36. Twentieth century history shows the impressive adaptive capacity of international relations based on multinational principles and norms.____________________________________________________________37. We are very grateful to you for your effort to come all the way from China to present his document to us.____________________________________________________________38. The problem of refugees should be dealt with in an integrated manner.____________________________________________________________39. It is exciting to visit your great country.____________________________________________________________40. No one was more willing to do a favor for friend or neighbour than he.____________________________________________________________Section IV Passage Translation[35 points]Part 1. Question 41. (15 points)The following passage is about problems with Darwinian Theory. Please translate it into Chinese on your Answer Sheet. You may refer to the new words and expressions provided in the box below.If Darwinian Theory works so well, why challenge it? There are several reasons to do so. Although Darwinian Theory explains many of the facts of evolution better than any other theory, it does not necessarily explain the whole process. Also, some of the results of evolution do not match what Darwinian Theory would predict.For example, if evolution leads to a perfect adaptation through natural selection acting on random hereditary changes, the process ought to slow down as it gets closer to the optimum for each species because fewer favorable changes can be made. Indeed, someorganisms-cockroaches and sponges, for example, are so well adapted that they have changed very little in many millions of years.Their evolutionary rate does seem to have slowed down. We should also see decrease in the number of species as they compete with one another and unsuccessful species are eliminated. But we see no such slowing down, and the number of species appears to be at least as great now as in the geologic past and perhaps even greater.Part 2. Question 42. (20 points)The following passage is an excerpt from a book talking about the special joys of slow reading. Please translate it into Chinese on your Answer Sheet.I discovered the worth of super-slow reading years ago. Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar. I had started with the practical object of making my book last. But by the end of the second week I began to realize how much I was getting fromsuper-slow-reading itself. Sometimes just a particular phrase caught my attention, sometimes a sentence. I would read it slowly, analyze it, read it again-perhaps changing down into an even lower gear-and then sit for 20 minutes thinking about it before moving on. I was like a pianist studying a piece of music, phrase by phrase, rehearsing it, trying to discover and recreate exactly what the composer was trying to convey.参考答案与评分标准（样题）Section I Understanding of Theories[10 points] Questions 1-10. (10 points, 1 point each)1.T2.T3. F4.T5.T6. F7. F8. F9.T 10.T Section II Phrase Translation[25 points] Part 1. Questions 11-20. (10 points, 1 point each) 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. B16. A 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. APart 2. Questions 21-30. (15 points, 1.5 points each.)Marking guide:评分标准（共15分，每个1.5分）：1．译⽂应准确、完整。

基因的重要性英语作文The significance of genes in our lives is immense and it is a topic that has garnered considerable attention in the scientific community and beyond. Here is an essay on the importance of genes in EnglishTitle The Importance of GenesIntroductionGenes are the fundamental units of heredity carrying the information that determines the traits and characteristics of living organisms. They are segments of DNA located on chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell. The understanding of genes has revolutionized the fields of biology medicine and agriculture and continues to shape our understanding of life itself.Body Paragraph 1 Genetic Influence on HealthOne of the most profound impacts of genes is on human health. Genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis sickle cell anemia and Huntingtons disease are caused by mutations in an individuals DNA. The study of these genetic conditions has led to advancements in genetic testing and counseling allowing for early detection and sometimes prevention of these diseases. Moreover the knowledge of how genes influence susceptibility to common illnesses like cancer and heart disease has paved the way for personalized medicine where treatments are tailored to an individuals genetic profile.Body Paragraph 2 Genetic Diversity and EvolutionGenetic diversity is crucial for the survival and adaptation of species. It provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon leading to the evolution of new traits that can enhance an organisms ability to survive in its environment. The study of genetic variation has also shed light on the evolutionary relationships between different species helping us understand the history of life on Earth.Body Paragraph 3 Genetic Engineering and AgricultureIn agriculture genetic engineering has allowed for the development of crops that are more resistant to pests diseases and environmental stress. This has increased crop yields andreduced the need for chemical pesticides which is beneficial for both the environment and human health. Additionally genetic modification can enhance the nutritional content of food addressing malnutrition in parts of the world where certain nutrients are scarce.Body Paragraph 4 Ethical Considerations and Future ProspectsWhile the benefits of genetic research are vast they also raise ethical questions. The potential for genetic discrimination where individuals are treated differently based on their genetic information is a concern. Furthermore the possibility of designer babies where parents select traits for their children raises questions about the moral implications of such choices. As we delve deeper into the realm of genetics it is essential to have ongoing discussions about the ethical use of this powerful knowledge.ConclusionIn conclusion genes are the building blocks of life and their study has opened up new frontiers in science and medicine. They influence our health our understanding of the natural world and even our food supply. As we continue to unlock the secrets of the genome it is imperative that we do so responsibly considering the ethical implications and ensuring that the benefits of genetic knowledge are accessible to all. The importance of genes is not just scientific it is a key to our future.。

2023—2024 学年度第一学期期末学业水平诊断高二英语注意事项:1. 答卷前, 考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。

2. 回答选择题时, 选出每小题答案后, 用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动, 用橡皮擦干净后, 再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时, 将答案写在答题卡上, 写在本试卷上无效。

3. 考试结束后, 只交答题卡。

第一部分听力（共两节, 满分30分）做题时, 先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后, 你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后, 你都有10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What is the man doing?A. Planning a trip.B. Giving some advice.C. Sharing his travel experiences.2. What time is it now in Beijing?A. 8:30 p. m.B.5:30 a. m.C.11:30 a. m.3. What is the weather like now?A. Sunny.B. Cloudy.C. Windy.4. What's the relationship between the speakers?A. Salesman and customer.B. Boss and employee.C. Husband and wife.5. Why does the woman want to borrow money?A. To buy clothes.B. To make a donation.C. To get a pair of shoes.第二节（共15小题; 每小题 1.5分, 满分22.5分）听下面5 段对话或独白。

The most important of these improvements is tighter links between the theory and the empirical tests.
A second suggested improvement is the development of models that recognize the endogeneity among the variables in the regressions.
A third improvement is reduction in measurement errors in both the dependent and independent variables in the regressions.
Structure
I. Evolution and State of Positive Accounting Theory
I. Evolution and State of Positive Accounting Theory
1.1 Evolution
An important reason that the information perspective failed to generate hypotheses explaining and predicting accounting choice is that in the finance theory underlying the empirical studies, accounting choice per se could not affect firm value.
Finance researchers had introduced costs of debt that increase with the debt/equity ratio to explain how optimal capital structures could vary across industries.

设计的定义英语作文Title: The Definition of Design。

Design, in its essence, embodies the convergence of creativity, functionality, and purpose. It is the process of conceiving, planning, and executing solutions to address a need or solve a problem. The significance of design spans across various fields, from architecture and engineering to graphic design and product development. In this essay, we will delve into the multifaceted nature of design and explore its fundamental principles.At its core, design is about problem-solving. Whether it's designing a skyscraper to withstand environmental forces or creating a user-friendly interface for a mobile application, the primary objective of design is to fulfill a specific purpose efficiently and effectively. This purpose-driven approach distinguishes design from mere decoration or artistry.Furthermore, design is deeply intertwined with human experience. A well-designed product or environment not only serves its intended function but also enhances the user's experience, evoking emotions and responses. Consider the sleek and intuitive design of a smartphone, which seamlessly integrates technology into everyday life, or the ergonomic layout of a workspace that promotes productivity and well-being. These examples underscore the symbiotic relationship between design and human interaction.Moreover, design is iterative and evolutionary. It involves a continuous process of ideation, prototyping, testing, and refinement. Designers often explore multiple iterations and alternatives before arriving at the optimal solution. This iterative nature allows for innovation and improvement over time, ensuring that designs remain relevant and adaptive to changing needs and preferences.Another critical aspect of design is its interdisciplinary nature. Design draws upon insights and methodologies from various disciplines, including psychology, engineering, anthropology, and sociology. Byintegrating diverse perspectives and expertise, designers can create holistic solutions that address complex challenges and cater to diverse audiences.Additionally, design is inherently contextual. It reflects the cultural, social, and environmental contextsin which it operates. What constitutes good design in one culture or era may differ from another. Therefore,designers must consider the cultural norms, values, and preferences of their target audience to create meaningful and relevant solutions.Furthermore, design ethics play a pivotal role in shaping responsible and sustainable practices. Designers bear a responsibility to consider the ethical implicationsof their work, including its environmental impact, social consequences, and implications for equity and inclusivity. By embracing ethical principles, designers can contributeto creating a more equitable, sustainable, and humane world.In conclusion, design encompasses a broad spectrum of disciplines, principles, and practices aimed at addressingneeds, solving problems, and enhancing human experiences. Its multidimensional nature reflects the complexity of the challenges we face and the opportunities for innovation and improvement. By embracing creativity, functionality, purpose, and ethics, designers can shape a better futurefor society and the planet.。

美国博物学家学会（The American Society of Naturalists):
The American naturalist ：maintained its position as one of the world's most renowned, peer-reviewed publications in ecology, evolution, and population and integrative biology research. While addressing topics in community and ecosystem dynamics, evolution of sex and mating systems, organismal adaptation, and genetic aspects of evolution, AN emphasizes sophisticated methodologies and innovative theoretical syntheses--all in an effort to advance the knowledge of organic evolution and other broad biological principles
Oecologia: is a peer-reviewed journal from Springer Verlag that publishes ecological research of international interest. Ecosystems: The study and management of ecosystems represent the most dynamic field of contemporary ecology. Ecosystem research bridges fundamental ecology and environmental ecology and environmental problem-solving, and spans boundaries of scale, discipline and perspective.

I. Evolution and State of Positive
Accounting Theory
1.1 Evolution
The agency costs were of particular interest to accountants because accounting appeared to play a role in minimizing them. Debt contracts apparently aimed at reducing dysfunctional behavior use accounting numbers. Accounting researchers recognized the implications for accounting choice and began using the accounting numbers in debt contracts to generate hypotheses about accounting choice.
A third improvement is reduction in measurement errors in both the dependent and independent variables in the regressions.
Structure
I. Evolution and State of Positive Accounting Theory
Theory 1.3Байду номын сангаасEvidence on the Theory
I. Evolution and State of Positive Accounting Theory

Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(4-5)Hot to trotA new service hopes to do for texting what Skype did for voice callsTALK is cheap—particularly since the appearance of voice-over-internet services such as Skype. Such services, which make possible very cheap (or even free) calls by routing part or all of each call over the internet, have forced traditional telecoms firms to cut their prices. And now the same thing could be about to happen to mobilephone text messages, following the launch this week of Hotxt, a British start-up.Users download the Hotxt software to their handsets, just as they would a game or a ringtone. They choose a user name, and can then exchange as many messages as they like with other Hotxt users for £1 ($1.75) per week. The messages are sent as data packets across the internet, rather than being routed through operators' textmessaging infrastructure. As a result, users pay only a tiny data-transport charge, typically of a penny or so per message. Since text messages typically cost 10p, this is a big saving—particularly for the cost-conscious teenagers at whom the service is aimed.Most teenagers in Britain, and elsewhere in Europe, pay for their mobile phones on a “pre-paid” basis, rather than having a monthly contract with a regular bill. Pre-paid tariffs are far more expensive: bundles of free texts and other special deals, which can reduce the cost of text messaging, are generally not available. For a teenager who sends seven messages a day, Hotxt can cut the cost of texting by 75%, saving £210 per year, says Doug Richard, the firm's co-founder. For really intensive text-messagers, the savings could be even bigger: Josh Dhaliwal of mobileYouth, a market-research firm, says that some teenagers—chiefly boys aged 15-16 and girls aged 14-15—are “supertexters” who send as many as 50 messages per day.While this sounds like good news for users, it could prove painful for mobile operators. Text-messaging accounts for around 20% of a typical operator's revenues. With margins on text messages in excess of 90%, texting also accounts for nearly half of an operator's profits. Mr Richard is confident that there is no legal way that operators can block his service; they could raisedata-transport costs, but that would undermine their own efforts to push new services. Hotxt plans to launch in other countries soon.“The challenge is getting that initial momentum,” says Mr Dhaliwal. Hotxt needs to persuade people to sign up, so that they will persuade their friends to sign up, and so on. Unlike Skype, Hotxt is not free, so users may be less inclined to give it a try. But as Skype has also shown, once a disruptive, low-cost communications service starts to spread, it can quickly become very big indeed. And that in turn can lead to lower prices, not just for its users, but for everyone.A discerning viewA new way of processing X-rays gives much clearer imagesX-RAYS are the mysterious phenomenon for which Wilhelm Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics, in 1901. Since then, they have shed their mystery and found widespread use in medicine and industry, where they are used to revealthe inner properties of solid bodies.Some properties, however, are more easily discerned than others. Conventional Xray imaging relies on the fact that different materials absorb the radiation to different degrees. In a medical context, for example, bones absorb X-rays readily, and so show up white on an X-radiograph, which is a photographic negative. But Xrays are less good at discriminating between different forms of soft tissue, such as muscles, tendons, fat and blood vessels. That, however, could soon change. For Franz Pfeiffer of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland, and his colleagues report, in the April edition of Nature Physics, that they have manipulated standard X-ray imaging techniques to show many more details of the inner body.The trick needed to discern this fine detail, according to Dr Pfeiffer, is a simple one. The researchers took advantage not only of how tissues absorb X-rays but also of how much they slow their passage. This slowing can be seen as changes in the phase of the radiation that emerges—in other words of the relative positions of the peaks and troughs of the waves of which X-rays are composed.Subtle changes in phase are easily picked up, so doctors can detect even small variations in the composition of the tissue under investigation, such as might be caused by the early stages of breast cancer. Indeed, this trick—known as phase-contrast imaging—is already used routinely in optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Until now, however, no one had thought to use it for medical X-radiography.To perform their trick, the researchers used a series of three devices called transmission gratings. They placed one between the source of the X-rays and the body under examination, and two between the body and the X-ray detector that forms the image. The first grating gathers information on the phases of the X-rays passing through it. The second and third work together to produce thedetailed phase-contrasted image. The approach generates two separate images—the classic X-ray image and the phase-contrasted image—which can then be combined to produce a high-resolution picture.The researchers tested their technique on a Cardinal tetra, a tiny iridescent fish commonly found in fish tanks and aquariums. The conventional X-ray image showed the bones and the gut of the fish, while the phase-contrasted image showed details of the fins, the ear and the eye.Dr Pfeiffer's technique would thus appear to offer a way to get much greater detail for the same amount of radiation exposure. Moreover, since it uses standard hospital equipment, it should be easy to introduce into medical practice. X-rays may no longer be the stuff of Nobel prizes, but their usefulness may just have increased significantly.Here be dragonsWith luck, you may soon be able to buy a mythological petPAOLO FRIL, chairman and chief scientific officer of GeneDupe, based in San Melito, California, is a man with a dream. That dream is a dragon in every home.GeneDupe's business is biotech pets. Not for Dr Fril, though, the mundane cloning of dead moggies and pooches. He plans a range of entirely new animals—or, rather, of really quite old animals, with the twist that even when they did exist, it was only in the imagination.Making a mythical creature real is not easy. But GeneDupe's team of biologists and computer scientists reckon they are equal to the task. Their secret is a new field, which they call “virtual cell biology”.Biology and computing have a lot in common, since both are about processing information—in one case electronic; in the other, biochemical. Virtual cell biology aspires to make a software model of a cell that is accurate in every biochemical detail. That is possible because all animal cells use the same parts list—mitochondria for energy processing, the endoplasmic reticulum for making proteins, Golgi body for protein assembly, and so on.Armed with their virtual cell, GeneDupe's scientists can customise the result so that it belongs to a particular species, by loading it with a virtual copy of that animal's genome. Then, if the cell is also loaded with the right virtual molecules, it will behave like a fertilised egg, and start dividing and developing—first into an embryo, and ultimately into an adult.Because this “growth” is going on in a computer, it happens fast. Passing from egg to adult in one of GeneDupe's enormous Mythmaker computers takes less than a minute. And it is here that Charles Darwin gets a look in. With such a short generation time, GeneDupe's scientists can add a little evolution to their products.Each computer starts with a search image (dragon, unicorn, gryphon, etc), and the genome of the real animal most closely resembling it (a lizard for the dragon, a horse for the unicorn and, most taxingly, the spliced genomes of a lion and an eagle for the gryphon). The virtual genomes of these real animals are then tweaked by random electronic mutations. When they have matured, the virtual adults most closely resembling the targets are picked and cross-bred, while the others are culled.Using this rapid evolutionary process, GeneDupe's scientists have arrived at genomes for a range of mythological creatures—in a computer, at least. The next stage, on which they are just embarking, is to do it for real.This involves synthesising, with actual DNA, the genetic material that the computer models predict will produce the mythical creatures. The synthetic DNA is then inserted into a cell that has had its natural nucleus removed. The result, Dr Fril and his commercial backers hope, will be a real live dragon, unicorn or what have you.Tales of the unexpectedWhy a drug trial went so badly wrongIN ANY sort of test, not least a drugs trial, one should expect the unexpected. Even so, on March 13th, six volunteers taking part in a small clinical trial of a treatment known as TGN1412 got far more than they bargained for. All ended up seriously ill, with multiple organ failure, soon after being injected with the drug at a special testing unit at Northwick Park Hospital in London, run by a company called Parexel. One man remains ill in hospital.Small, preliminary trials of this sort are intended to find out whether a drug is toxic. Nevertheless, the mishap was so serious that Britain's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), a government body, swiftly launched a full inquiry. On April 5th it announced its preliminary findings. These were that the trial was run correctly, doses of the drug were given as they were supposed to have been, and there was no contamination during manufacturing. In other words, it seems that despite extensive tests on animals and human-cell cultures, and despite the fact that the doses in the human trial were only a five-hundredth of those given to the animals, TGN1412 is toxic in people in a way that simply had not shown up.This is a difficult result for the drug business because it raises questions about the right way of testing medicines of this kind. TGN1412 is unusual in that it is an antibody. Most drugs are what are known as “small molecules”. Antibodies are big, powerful proteins that are the workhorses of the immune system. A mere 20 of them have been approved for human therapy, or are in latestage clinical trails, in America and Europe, but hundreds are in pre-clinical development, and will soon need to be tried out on people.Most antibody drugs are designed to work in one of three ways: by recruiting parts of the immune system to kill cancer cells; by delivering a small-molecule drug or a radioactive atom specifically to a cancer; or by blocking unwanted immune responses. In that sense, TGN1412 was unusual because it worked in a fourth way. It is what is called a “superagonistic” antibody, designed to increase the numbers of a type of immune cell known as regulatory T-cells.Reduced numbers, or impaired function, of regulatory T-cells has been implicated in a number of illnesses, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Boosting the pool of these antibodies seemed like a good treatment strategy. Unfortunately, that strategy fell disastrously to pieces and it will take a little longer to find out why.The result highlights concerns raised in a paper just published by the Academy of Medical Sciences, a group of experts based in London. It says there are special risks associated with novel antibody therapies. For example, their chemical specificity means that they might not bind to their targets in humans as they do in other species.Accidence and substanceTwo possible explanations for the bulk of realityTHE unknown pervades the universe. That which people can see, with the aid of various sorts of telescope, accounts for just 4% of the total mass. The rest, however, must exist. Without it, galaxies would not survive and the universe would not be gently expanding, as witnessed by astronomers. What exactly constitutes this dark matter and dark energy remains mysterious, but physicists have recently uncovered some more clues, about the former, at least.One possible explanation for dark matter is a group of subatomic particles called neutrinos. These objects are so difficult to catch that a screen made of lead a light-year thick would stop only half the neutrinos beamed at it from getting through. Yet neutrinos are thought to be the most abundant particles in the universe. Some ten thousand trillion trillion—most of them produced by nuclear reactions in the sun—reach Earth every second. All but a handful pass straight through the planet as if it wasn't there.According to the Standard Model, the most successful description of particle physics to date, neutrinos come in three varieties, called “flavours”. These are known as electron neutrinos, tau neutrinos and muon neutrinos. Again, according to the Standard Model, they are point-like, electrically neutral and massless. But in recent years, this view has been challenged, as physicists realised that neutrinos might have mass.The first strong evidence came in 1998, when researchers at an experiment called SuperKamiokande, based at Kamioka, in Japan, showed that muon neutrinos produced by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere had gone missing by the time they should have reached an underground detector. SuperKamiokande's operators suspect that the missing muon neutrinos had changed flavour, becoming electron neutrinos or—more likely—tau neutrinos. Theory suggests that this process, called oscillation, can happen only if neutrinos have mass.Since then, there have been other reports of oscillation. Results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada suggest that electron neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions in the sun change into either muon or tau neutrinos on their journey to Earth. Two other Japanese experiments, one conducted at Kamioka and one involving the KEK particle-accelerator laboratory in Tsukuba, near Tokyo, also hint at oscillation.Last week, researchers working on the MINOS experiment at Fermilab, near Chicago, confirmed these results. Over the coming months and years, they hope to produce the most accurate measurements yet. The researchers created a beam of muon neutrinos by firing an intense stream of protons into a block of carbon. On the other side of the target sat a particle detector that monitored the number of muon neutrinos leaving the Fermilab site. The neutrinos then traveled 750km (450 miles) through the Earth to a detector in a former iron mine in Soudan, Minnesota.Myths and migrationDo immigrants really hurt American workers' wages?EVERY now and again America, a nation largely made up of immigrants and their descendants, is gripped by a furious political row over whether and how it should stem the flood of people wanting to enter the country. It is in the midst of just such a quarrel now. Congress is contemplating the erection of a wall along stretches of the Mexican border and a crackdown on illegalworkers, as well as softer policies such as a guest-worker programme for illegal immigrants. Some of the arguments are plain silly. Immigration's defenders claim that foreigners come to do jobs that Americans won't—as if cities with few immigrants had no gardeners. Its opponents say that immigrants steal American jobs—succumbing to the fallacy that there are only a fixed number of jobs to go around.One common argument, though not silly, is often overstated: that immigration pushes down American workers' wages, especially among high-school dropouts. It isn't hard to see why this might be. Over the past 25 years American incomes have become less equally distributed, typical wages have grown surprisingly slowly for such a healthy economy and the real wages of the least skilled have actually fallen. It is plausible that immigration is at least partly to blame, especially because recent arrivals have disproportionately poor skills. In the 2000 census immigrants made up 13% of America's pool of workers, but 28% of those without a high-school education and over half of those with eight years' schooling or less.In fact, the relationship between immigration and wages is not clear-cut, even in theory. That is because wages depend on the supply of capital as well as labour. Alone, an influx of immigrants raises the supply of workers and hence reduces wages. But cheaper labour increases the potential return to employers of building new factories or opening new valet-parking companies. In so doing, they create extra demand for workers. Once capital has fully adjusted, the final impact on overall wages should be a wash, as long as the immigrants have not changed the productivity of the workforce as a whole.However, even if wages do not change on average, immigration can still shift the relative pay of workers of different types. A large inflow of low-skilled people could push down the relative wages of low-skilled natives, assuming that they compete for the same jobs. On the other hand, if the immigrants had complementary skills, natives would be relatively better off. To gauge the full effect of immigration on wages, therefore, you need to know how quickly capital adjusts and how far the newcomers are substitutes for local workers.Roaming holidayThe EU hopes to slash the price of cross-border mobile calls“TODAY it is only when using your mobile phone abroad that you realise there are still borders in Europe,” lamented Viviane Reding, the European commissioner responsible for telecoms and media regulation, as she announced plans to slash the cost of mobile roaming last month. It is a laudable aim: European consumers typically pay €1.25 ($1.50) per minute to call home from another European country, and €1 per minute to receive calls from home while abroad. With roaming margins above 90%, European mobile operators make profits of around €10 billion a year from the trade, the commission estimates.Ms Reding's plan, unveiled on March 28th and up for discussion until May 12th, is to impose a “home pricing” scheme. Even while roaming, callers would be charged whatever they would normally pay to use their phones in their home countries; charges for incoming calls while roaming would be abolished. That may sound good. But, as the industry is understandably at pains to point out, it could have some curious knock-on effects.In particular, consumers could sign up with operators in foreign countries to take advantage of lower prices. Everyone would take out subscriptions to the cheapest supplier and bring them back home, says John Tysoe of the Mobile World, a consultancy. “You'd end up with a complete muddle. An operator might have a network, bu t no customers, because they've all migrated.”Another problem with Ms Reding's plan, he says, is that operators would compensate for the loss of roaming fees— thought to account for around 3% of their revenues and 5% of profits—by raising prices elsewhere. This would have the perverse effect of lowering prices for international business travellers, a big chunk of roaming traffic, while raising prices for most consumers.The commission's proposals are “economically incoherent”, says Richard Feasey of Vodafo ne, which operates mobile networks in many European countries. Imposing price caps on roaming is legally questionable, he says, and Vodafone has, in any case, been steadily reducing its roaming charges. (European regulators prevented it from doing so for three years on antitrust grounds after its takeover of Mannesmann in 2000.) Orange, another multinational operator, says it is planning to make price cuts, too. “Of course, now everybody's got price cuts,” says Stefano Nicoletti of Ovum, a consultancy.But perhaps Ms Reding's unspoken plan is to use the threat of regulation as a way to prompt action. Operators are right that her proposals make no sense, but they are charging too much all the same. So expect them to lobby hard against the proposals over the next couple of years, while quietly cutting their prices—an outcome that would, of course, allow both sides to claim victory.Devices and their desiresEngineers and chemists get togetherTHERE used to be a world of difference between treating a patient with a device—such as a fake hip or a pacemaker—and using biology and biochemistry. Different ailments required wholly different treatments, often with little in common. But that is changing as medical advances—such as those being trumpeted at the biotechnology industry's annual gathering this week in Chicago—foster combinations of surgical implants and other hardware with support from medicines. Drug-releasing stents were one of the first fruits of this trend, which increasingly requires vastly different sorts of health-care firms to mesh their research efforts.That will be a challenge. While pharmaceutical and biotech firms are always in search of the next big thing, devicemakers prefer gradual progress. Instead of hanging out with breathless entrepreneurs near America's east and west coasts, where most drug and biotechnology firms are based, many of the device-makers huddle in midwestern cities such as Minneapolis, Indianapolis and Kalamazoo. And unlike Big Pharma, which uses marketing blitzes to tell ailing consumers about its new drugs, medical-device sales teams act more as instructors, showing doctors how to install their latest creations.Several companies, however, are now trying to bring these two business cultures together. Earlier this year, for example, Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, a Canadian firm, bought American Medical Instruments (AMI). Angiotech's managers reckon their company has devised a good way to apply drug coatings to all sorts of medical paraphernalia, from sutures and syringes to catheters, in order to reduce the shock to the body. AMI makes just the sorts of medical supplies to which Angiotech hopes to apply its techniques.One of America's biggest makers of medical devices, Medtronic, has been doing joint research with Genzyme, a biotechnology company that is also keen on broader approaches to health care. Genzyme says that it was looking for better ways to treat ailments, such as coronary and kidney disease, and realised that it needed to understand better how electro-mechanical devices and information technology work. But combining its efforts with those of Medtronic “on a cultural level is very hard”, the company says. Biotechnology firms are used to much more risky projects and far longer development cycles.Another difference is that device-makers know that if a problem emerges with their hardware, the engineers will tinker around and try to resolve the glitch. Biotech and pharmaceutical firms have no such option. If a difficulty emerges after years of developing and testing a new pill, as with Merck's Vioxx, there may be little they can do about it. “You can't futz with a molecule”, says Debbie Wang, a health-care industry analyst.Strangely, says Ms Wang, some of the most promising engineering outfits were once divisions of pharmaceutical andhealth-care companies, which got rid of them precisely because they did not appear to offer the rapid growth that managers saw in prescription drugs. Guidant, a maker of various cardiovascular devices, was spun off by Eli Lilly in 1994 and a decade later became the prize in a bidding war between Johnson & Johnson and Boston Scientific, which Boston won earlier this year.Pfizer sold Howmedica, which makes joint replacements and prosthetics, to Kalamazoo-based Stryker in 1998. Anotherjoint-replacement maker, Zimmer, was spun off from Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2001. Now both those companies are looking for ways to add “anti-interactive coatings”—ie, drugs—to their business. One of the most troublesome complications in joint replacement is infection.The big drug companies might be tempted to reacquire the firms that they let go. But, given the potential for cultural and strategic clashes, it may make more sense for a few big and broad medical-device makers, such as Medtronic, Boston Scientific and St Jude Medical, to continue consolidating their own industry while co-operating, along the lines of the Medtronic-Genzyme venture, with biotech and pharmaceutical firms as they see fit. There would still be irritation; but probably less risk of wholesale rejection.Eat less, live moreHow to live longer—maybeDIETING, according to an old joke, may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restriction—reducing an animal's energy intake below its energy expenditure—extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet.Amid the hype, it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. Thisstudy, known as CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by America's National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were required to cut their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight.The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight or only slightly overweight. Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance (high resistance is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes) and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (high levels are a risk factor for heart disease). They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levels—both phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the study's authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. (He also points out that it will be a long time before such work reveals whether calorie restriction actually extends life.) Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other animals—and that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.The search for a drug that will stave off old age is itself as old as the hills—as is the wishful thinking of the suckers who finance such efforts. Those who hope to find it by mimicking the effect of calorie restriction are not, however, complete snake-oil salesmen, for there is known to be a family of enzymes called sirtuins, which act both as sensors of nutrient availability and as regulators of metabolic rate. These might provide the necessary biochemical link between starving and living longer.Universal service?Proponents of “software as a service” say it will wipe out traditional softwareSOMETHING momentous is happening in the software business. Bill Gates of Mi crosoft calls it “the next sea change”. Analysts call it a “tectonic shift” in the industry. Trade publications hail it as “the next big thing”. It is software-as-a-service (SaaS)—the delivery of software as an internet-based service via a web browser, rather than as a product that must be purchased, installed and maintained. The appeal is obvious: SaaS is quicker, easier and cheaper to deploy than traditional software, which means technology budgets can be focused on providing competitive advantage, rather than maintenance.This has prompted an outbreak of iconoclasm. “Traditional software is dead,” says Jason Maynard, an analyst at Credit Suisse. Just as most firms do not own generators, but buy electricity from the grid, so in future they will buy software on the hoof, he says. “It's the end of software as we know it. All software is becoming a service,” declares Marc Benioff of , thebest-known proponent of the idea. But while SaaS is growing fast, it still represents only a tiny fraction of the overall software industry—a mere $3.35 billion last year, estimates Mr Maynard. Most observers expect it to be worth around $12 billion by 2010—but even that is equal only to Microsoft's quarterly sales today. There is no denying that SaaS is coming. But there is much debate, even among its advocates, about how quickly it will grow, and how widely it will be adopted.At the moment, small and medium-sized businesses are the most enthusiastic adopters of SaaS, since it is cheaper and simpler than maintaining rooms of server computers and employing staff to keep them running. Unlike the market for desktop software, which is dominated by Microsoft, or for high-end enterprise software, which is dominated by SAP and Oracle, the middle ground is still highly f ragmented, which presents an opportunity. “This is the last great software market left—the last unconsolidated market,” says Zach Nelson of NetSuite, which provides a suite of software services including accounting, sales-force automation and customer service. His firm is targeting small and medium-sized businesses by providing “verticalised” services—that is, versions of its software adapted to particular types of company, such as professional-service firms, wholesale distributors and software firms.Large companies, says Mr Nelson, have already made big investments in traditional software. “They've already been through the pain,” he says. So they will not be in a hurry to ditch their existing investments in traditional software from the likes of SAP and Or acle. “I have no fantasy of replacing those guys,” says Mr Nelson. But Mr Benioff of disagrees. His firm provides customer-relationship management (CRM) software as a service, which is already used by many big firms including Cisco, Sprint a nd Merrill Lynch. “The world's largest companies are now using for the world's largest CRM implementations,” he says. “It's the future of our industry that everything will be a service.”Even so, Mr Maynard reckons it will be some time before large companies fully embrace the service model. However,。

Evolution of p53 pathway-related genes provides insights into anticancer mechanisms of natural longevity in cetaceansDEAR EDITOR,Despite the generally increased cancer risk in large, long-lived organisms, cetaceans, among the largest and longest-living mammals, appear to possess a counteracting mechanism.Nevertheless, the genetic basis underlying this mechanism remains poorly understood. The p53 pathway serves as an ideal target for studying the mechanisms behind cancer resistance, as most cancer types have evolved strategies to circumvent its suppressive functions. Here, comparative genetic analysis of 73 genes involved in the p53 pathway in cetaceans (Supplementary Table S1) was undertaken to explore the potential anticancer mechanisms behind natural longevity. Results showed that long-lived species contained three positively selected genes (APAF1, CASP8, and TP73)and three duplicated genes (IGFBP3, PERP , and CASP3)related to apoptosis regulation. Additionally, the evolutionary rates of three genes associated with angiogenesis (SERPINE1, CD82, and TSC2) showed a significant relationship with longevity quotient (LQ) and maximum lifespan (MLS), suggesting angiogenesis inhibition as another potential strategy protecting cetaceans from cancer.Interestingly, several positively selected tumor suppressor genes with high copy numbers were correlated with body size in the large-bodied and long-lived cetacean lineages,corroborating Peto’s paradox, which posits no link between cancer incidence and body size or longevity across species. In conclusion, we identified several candidate genes that may confer cancer resistance in cetaceans, providing a new avenue for further research into the mechanisms of lifespan extension.Mammalian lifespans and body masses (BM) exhibit considerable variability, with the shortest- and longest-living mammals differing by more than 100-fold and the smallest and largest mammals differing by more than 100-million-fold (Tacutu et al., 2018). The largest extant mammal, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus ), has an average adult weight of 136 000 kg and MLS of 110 years, while the longest-lived mammal, the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus ), has an average weight of over 100 000 kg and an MLS of 211 years.Typically, large and long-lived organisms face elevated cancer risk due to increased cell divisions, which increases the likelihood of DNA damage and potential cellular transformation to malignancy. Nonetheless, large whales, possessingapproximately 1 000 times more cells than humans,demonstrate an unexpectedly low cancer risk, despite their extended lifespans (Nagy et al., 2007). These observations align with Peto’s paradox, suggesting that these cetaceans have evolved an effective mechanism for suppressing cancer (Peto et al., 1975). The p53 pathway, vital for tumor suppression and lifespan extension, acts as a transcription factor to prevent tumor formation and development by selectively regulating target genes to induce cell cycle arrest,promote cell apoptosis or senescence, and accelerate DNA repair (Cha & Yim, 2013). Thus, studying the p53 pathway is a promising approach for uncovering the mechanisms by which large and long-lived species inhibit cancer.Based on MLS and BM records of non-flying eutherian mammals from the AnAge online dataset (Supplementary Table S2), a new allometric equation was derived:The LQ of all cetacean species was calculated using the allometric equation:Species with an LQ or MLS greater than 0.5 standard deviations (SD ) from the mean of 65 cetaceans were classified as long-lived. This determination was made after computing sequential thresholds ranging from 0 to 1.0 SD from the cetacean mean, with species designated as long-lived consistently falling within the 0.4 to 0.8 range (Supplementary Figure S1). The mean LQ value for the 65cetaceans was 0.97 with a 0.5 SD of 0.17 (LQ=0.97±0.17;Supplementary Table S3). Six cetacean species, including bowhead whales, long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas ), Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens ), killer whales (Orcinus orca ), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus ), and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T.aduncus ) were classified as long-lived (LQ>1.14) and five species were classified as short-lived (LQ<0.80), with the remaining intermediate species (0.8<LQ<1.14) serving as controls (Figure 1A). In terms of MLS, the mean value across all cetaceans was 47.90±15.67. Five long-lived species,including blue whales, bowhead whales, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae ), killer whales, and sperm whalesReceived: 09 April 2023; Accepted: 11 September 2023; Online: 11September 2023Foundation items: This work was supported by the National Key Program of Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2022YFF1301600), National Natural Science Foundation of China (32070409, 32270453 to S.X.X.), Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions to G.Y. and S.X.X., and Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province to S.X.X.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.Copyright ©2023 Editorial Office of Zoological Research, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesLiu et al. Zool. Res. 2023, 44(5): 947−949https:///10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.058(Physeter catodon) were identified with an MLS>63.57 and four short-lived species were identified with an MLS<32.23. Ancestral reconstructions based on MLS and LQ were performed to classify long-lived lineages in ancestral nodes (Supplementary Figure S2). Subsequent analyses were then performed on cetacean species identified as long-lived based on both standards (LQ>1.14, MLS>63.57).In this study, 23 genes exhibited copy number gains in at least one cetacean lineage (Figure 1B; Supplementary Table S4, S5). Among these, four genes (BCL2L1 in long-finned pilot whales, IGFBP3 and STEAP3 in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, and PERP in bottlenose dolphins) contained two copies unique to the long-lived cetacean lineages (LQ>1.14), whereas only one copy was identified in the other cetacean lineages. In addition, the long-lived sperm whale contained three copies of CCNB2 and two copies of MDM4, while only one copy of each was found in the other cetacean lineages. Results also showed CASP3 and CCNG1 duplication in all large, long-lived cetacean species (MLS>63.57), except for the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Ancestral state reconstructions estimated that the last common ancestor of baleen whales lived to over 110 years of age (Supplementary Figure S2), suggesting that increased copy numbers of both genes in common minke whales was the same as that of other baleen whales classified as long-lived based on MLS. In contrast, only one RCHY1 copy was identified in the five large, long-lived species, while two copies were found in the other cetacean species. Expanded analyses of 17 non-cetacean mammals indicated higher CASP3 and PERP copies in notable cancer-fighting species, including primates and naked mole-rats (Gorbunova et al., 2014). Neither genome assembly length nor scaffold N50 number influenced the estimated gene copy number (Supplementary Figure S3).A total of 46 “one-to-one” orthologous genes were identified among the 73 genes involved in the p53 pathway (Supplementary Table S6). To detect signatures of episodic selection in genes occurring in long-lived cetaceans, four different methods were used, including the free-ratio and branch-site models from PAML v4.9 and aBSREL and BUSTED from Datamonkey v2.0. The likelihood ratio test (LRT) indicated that the free-ratio model, which assumes an independent ω for each branch, provided a superior fit to the data compared to the one-ratio model for the APAF1, CASP8, and AIFM2 genes (P<0.05, Figure 1A; Supplementary Table S7). An ω value greater than one was observed exclusively in specific branches of APAF1 and CASP8, including the last common ancestor (LCA) of the humpback whale and the terminal branch for the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin for APAF1, as well as the LCA of delphinids and the branch leading to the Pacific white-sided dolphin for CASP8. The branch-site model from CODEML, designed to detect pronounced positive selection on a limited number of sites amidst predominant purifying selection, yielded consistent results. Evidence of positive selection was observed in the two long-lived branches leading to the sperm whale for TP73 and the long-finned pilot whale for AIFM2 (Figure 1A; Supplementary Table S7). Based on the BEB approach, twoFigure 1 Evidence of p53 pathway-related gene evolution in cetaceansA: Long-lived species identified based on LQ and MLS are marked in green and red, respectively. Short-lived species and control group are marked in purple and gray, respectively. Significant positive selections identified by free-ratio model, branch-site model, and aBSREL are indicated by a circle, pentagram, and triangle, respectively. Photo credit: NOAA Fisheries. B: Copy number variation in p53 pathway-related genes in cetaceans. Colors correspond to number of copies, with red indicating increasing copy number. Red bars represent long-lived species. C: Regression analyses between root-to-tip (ω) and three longevity traits (MLS, BM, and LQ).948 positively selected sites identified in both genes (TP73: 506; AIFM2: 459) exhibited radical changes in at least one property. The alternative branch-site model aBSREL in Datamonkey v2.0 appeared to be markedly more sensitive in detecting episodic selection than the branch-site methods in PAML v4.9. After multiple testing correction, TP73 displayed positive selection in the large, long-lived humpback whale (Supplementary Table S8). The BUSTED program, which may be particularly effective at testing for selection limited to foreground branches, further revealed positive selection in TP73 within the long-lived cetaceans (P<0.05, Supplementary Table S9). Employing these four methods of selection, three positively selected genes (APAF1, CASP8, and TP73) emerged as unique to the long-lived cetacean species. Collectively, all three positively selected genes (APAF1, CASP8, and TP73) and most genes with multiple copy numbers (IGFBP3, PERP, and CASP3) play roles in apoptosis regulation in the long-lived cetacean species (Supplementary Figure S4). This suggests that these long-lived lineages may have evolved apoptosis mechanisms to prevent cancer. Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression was performed between the evolutionary rate of each orthologous gene (represented by root-to-tip ω) and the three lifespan-associated traits (MLS, BM, and LQ). Results showed that the evolutionary rates of two angiogenesis-inhibiting genes (SERPINE1: R2=0.343, P=0.010; and CD82: R2=0.392, P=0.004) were significantly correlated with LQ (Figure 1C). SERPINE1, which encodes endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), plays an important role in inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in mice (Wu et al., 2015). The tumor suppressor gene TSC2 (R2=0.364, P=0.008) was significantly positively associated with MLS in the cetaceans. TSC2 is implicated in the regulation of angiogenesis. Notably, absence of this gene results in elevated levels of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) and VEGF, and the subsequent activation of the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, which mediates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis (Brugarolas et al., 2003). In addition, research has shown that TSC2 is negatively regulated by mTOR signaling, with genetic inhibition of TOR activity leading to a two-fold extension in lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans (Brugarolas et al., 2003; Vellai et al., 2003). Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between the TP73 evolution rate and BM (R2=0.226, P=0.031). Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in cancer development, facilitating the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors, and promoting tumor metastasis to distant organs (Al-Ostoot et al., 2021). Thus, inhibition of angiogenesis may represent another anticancer mechanism in cetaceans.Peto’s paradox states that large-bodied, long-lived species do not exhibit a greater lifetime risk of cancer compared to small, short-lived species (Peto et al., 1975). For instance, despite the 100-fold difference in cell number between African elephants and humans, the former does not show a higher incidence of cancer compared to the latter (Abegglen et al., 2015). A similar observation has also been observed in large-bodied, long-lived cetaceans (Nagy et al., 2007). Our research findings provide strong evidence in support of Peto’s paradox. Notably, a series of positively selected genes and tumor suppressor genes with copy number variations were identified in the large, long-lived species. Moreover, a significant positive relationship between gene evolution and body size was identified for the tumor suppressor gene TP73,suggesting that cetaceans evolved mechanisms to counteract the risk of cancer caused by the accumulation of cellular mutations. However, further laboratory experiments are needed to verify this.SUPPLEMENTARY DATASupplementary data to this article can be found online.COMPETING INTERESTSThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONSS.X.X. designed the study. X.L. was responsible for the data collection and analysis. S.X.X. and X.L. drafted the manuscript. S.X.X. revised the manuscript. F.Y., Y.L., X.H., and L.X.S. participated in the data collection. Z.P.Y., W.H.R., and G.Y. helped edit the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank members of the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, for their contributions to this paper. We thank Mr. Tian-Zhen Wu and Mr. Xu Zhou for their helpful suggestions. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Ran Tian and Dr. Wei-Jian Guo for their technical support.Xing Liu1, Fei Yang1, Yi Li1, Zhen-Peng Yu1, Xin Huang1, Lin-Xia Sun1, Wen-Hua Ren1, Guang Yang1, Shi-Xia Xu1,*1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing,Jiangsu 210023, China*Corresponding author, E-mail: *****************.cnREFERENCESAbegglen LM, Caulin AF, Chan A, et al. 2015. Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans. JAMA, 314(17): 1850−1860.Al-Ostoot FH, Salah S, Khamees HA, et al. 2021. Tumor angiogenesis: Current challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treatment and Research Communications, 28: 100422.Brugarolas JB, Vazquez F, Reddy A, et al. 2003. TSC2 regulates VEGF through mTOR-dependent and-independent pathways. Cancer Cell, 4(2): 147−158.Cha HJ, Yim H. 2013. The accumulation of DNA repair defects is the molecular origin of carcinogenesis. Tumor Biology, 34(6): 3293−3302. Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Zhang ZD, et al. 2014. Comparative genetics of longevity and cancer: insights from long-lived rodents. Nature Reviews Genetics, 15(8): 531−540.Nagy JD, Victor EM, Cropper JH. 2007. Why don't all whales have cancer?A novel hypothesis resolving Peto's paradox. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47(2): 317−328.Peto R, Roe FJ, Lee PN, et al. 1975. Cancer and ageing in mice and men. British Journal of Cancer, 32(4): 411−426.Tacutu R, Thornton D, Johnson E, et al. 2018. Human ageing genomic resources: new and updated databases. Nucleic Acids Research, 46(D1): D1083−D1090.Vellai T, Takacs-Vellai K, Zhang Y, et al. 2003. Influence of TOR kinase on lifespan in C. elegans. Nature, 426(6967): 620.Wu JB, Strawn TL, Luo M, et al. 2015. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibits angiogenic signaling by uncoupling vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2-αVβ3 integrin cross talk. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 35(1): 111−120.Zoological Research 44(5): 947−949, 2023 949。

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255,130resultsJournal of Cleaner ProductionVolume 243, 10 January 2020, 118595OutlineHighlightsAbstractGraphical abstractKeywords1. Introduction2. Literature review2.1. Green hiring2.2. Green training and involvement2.3. Green performance management and compensation2.4. Hypotheses development3. Research methodology3.1. Sampling techniques3.2. Measurement development4. Data results4.1. Interviews analysis4.2. Questionnaires analysis4.2.1. Assessment of the measurement model4.2.2. Assessment of the structural model5. Framework development6. General discussion and conclusions7. Managerial implications and future studies7.1. Implications for practice on cleaner production and sustainability 7.2. Limitations and future research workThe impact of green human resource management practices onsustainable performance in healthcare organisations: A conceptual frameworkAuthor links open overlay panelSharifa K.MousaaMohammedOthmanbaEngineering Management Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, Palestine bDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, PalestineReceived 1 July 2019, Revised 18 September 2019, Accepted 24 September 2019, Available online 25 September 2019.Handling editor: Cecilia Maria Villas Bôas de Almeida1. IntroductionProtecting and preserving the natural eco-system’s resources has been considered a main priority of decision-makers and top managers in various business fields (Howard-Grenville et al., 2014). Currently, companies are engaging in increased competition, which requires managers to keep finding new ways in which to optimise their essential organisational resources, i.e. human resources (HR), where HR isconsidered a key success factor for the implementation of polices, practices, and boosting sustainable performance (Harel and Tzafrir, 1999, Sheehan, 2014).2、点击高级检索页面的Search tips，复制其中你感兴趣的部分内容到作业中。

2023-2024学年山东省烟台市高二上学期期末考试英语试题As the fall season paints Illinois in lively colors, you’re welcome to make your fall exploration journey one to remember. offers you the least-crowded towns to catch fall leaves.CarbondaleCarbondale leads the list as it is heightened by waterbodies that match its leaves. Its diverse trees form the appealing fall atmospheres, with its topmost leaf season in mid-October. Adventurists can wander out to Castle Park with family members or explore more challenging nature routes.GraftonGrafton is one of the best fall season destinations for its unique community and scenic sailing routes. Sitting along the Mississippi River, the city comes alive with a mix of orange, red, and green colors in late October. Some of the best breathtaking fall views can be sighted around sunset when the still waters mirror the pink clouds and lively leaf colors.AltonLocated 15 miles from Grafton, Alton is a slightly more crowded destination to observe annual leaves, but not less lively. Alton is also situated along the Mississippi River and shares one of the most scenic routes on Highway 100 with its neighboring town of Grafton. Alton adds a unique turn to the typical trips for being the most haunted (闹鬼的) town in Illinois, making it an excellent destination to visit during Halloween.GalenaGalena enriches Illinois’. fall appeal with well-undamaged historical attractions, offering visitors more than just absorbing leaves to enjoy, The Helluva Half Mile, once famous as the center of the gold mining (矿业) town, has over 125 small shops and businesses to visit during your exploration. Outdoor events are another primary reason to visit Galena during this fall season.1. When is the best time to appreciate leaves in Carbondale?A．August. B．January. C．November. D．October.2. What do Grafton and Alton have in common?A．They’re large gold producers.B．They’re located by a big river.C．They open their historical sites for free.D．They’ve won fame for a holiday celebration.3. Where is the text probably taken from?A．A travel website. B．A geography textbook.C．A government document. D．A newspaper advertisement.A team of students in the Netherlands has designed and built a solid car that’s completely powered by the sun. The car, called Stella Terra, is the first solar-powered car that can travel off-road for long distances without needing a recharging station.Students at Eindhoven University of Technology have been working on solar-powered cars for years. But last year, 30 students, known as Solar Team Eindhoven, took a year off to work on developing an off-road solar-powered car.To bring a highly efficient(有效的)solar-powered car closer to reality, the team designed the entire car, from top to bottom. The car generated energy using the absorbed solar power from the solar panels(板)on top, which are 97% efficient. Most solar panels, by contrast, are only about 20% efficient, meaning a waste of about 80% of the sunlight they get. Weighing just 2,600 pounds, the car has a top speed of 90 miles per hour and can run for 440 miles on a sunny day. On the bottom, they designed a system to handle the heavy shaking that comes when driving over uneven surfaces.The landscape of the Netherlands limits the testing options available to the team, so they took the car on its biggest test drive across Morocco, where the car had to weather through forests and dry riverbeds, across loose desert sand and up challenging mountain paths. The car succeeded in doing all of this and all without ever stopping at a charging station.“It was an incredible trip with a positive ending. We’ re pushing the boundaries of technology,” says Wisse Bo s, the team manager. The team take pride in their car, but they won’t be upset if car companies start to copy their ideas. In fact, they hope Stella Terra will inspire car companies to work on similar projects. But despite their success, the students think it’ll take 5 to 10 years before car companies are able to build a similar car.4. What can be a suitable title for the text?A．An Adventurous TripB．The Future of Electric CarsC．Stella Terra: the First Eco-friendly VehicleD．Students Create Lasting ‘S olar-Powered Car5. . What’s the purpose of mentioning the data in paragraph’3?A．To highlight the development of cars.B．To explain the car’s complex structure.C．To clarify problems with other solar panels:D．To demonstrate the car’s good performance:6. Why was Morocco chosen to do the major car testing?A．It’s a thinly populated place.B．It enjoys a pleasant climate.C．Its landforms meet test requirements.D．It has convenient transportation.7. How did Wisse Bos sound about their car?A．Disturbed. B．Shocked. C．Excited. D．Awkward. People flood into cities for understandable reasons: more job opportunities, more cultural diversityand larger communities. Yet living in a concrete-walled, green-poor, urban environment takes awayfrom our-very essence our fundamental need to be close to nature. We can’t quite break the link with our evolutionary (进化的) past and part ways with our origins. Surrounding ourselves with walls and ‘screens, we tend to pay a price, often with our health and quality of life.In Japan, a populous country with vast expanses of green forests, an ancient tradition, known as shinrin-yoku, or forest bathing, tries to balance out the pressure from urban living. It’s the practice of spending prolonged periods of time with trees to gain from their many health benefits. In a book hitting shelves this month, Forest Bathing: How Trees Can Help You Find Health and Happiness, Dr. Qing Li, the world’s foremost expert in forest medicine, introduces readers to the valuable practice of forest bathing. The book features more than 100 color photographs of forests around the world. One may reject this kind of book as yet less convincing, but the point is that Li has not just practiced forest bathing, but has also studied its impact on people’s health through numerous scientific studies. He has data to support his claims, collected in a long list of expert-reviewed articles at the end of the book.The book lists studies that consistently show-a substantial, reduction of stress hormones (应激激素). Essential tree oils found in forest air increase energy levels by more than 30 percent and improve a general state of well-being, including improvement in sleep.Scientific results apart, the, concept of forest bathing shouldn’t be so surprising. Who hasn’t felt an inner sense of well-being when walking along a quiet forest path? Stepping into a forest, away from the artificial sounds and smells of urban life, does feel like pushing a life reset button, reestablishing a connection with our deepest needs.To celebrate this wonderful book and. what seems to be a rediscovery of forest bathing in our life, I’m going to go now—to take: my forest bath.8. What is stressed in paragraph 1?A．The harm of electronics.B．The downside of city life.C．The consequences of lack of workout.D．The reasons for pursuit of urban living.9. What’s the book aimed at?A．Promoting a lifestyle.B．Presenting research results.C．Stating the significance of walks.D．Appealing for forest conservation.10. Which of the following can best describe Dr. Li’s book?A．One-sided. B．Sharply worded.C．Evidence-based. D．Widely recognized.11. How is the benefit of forest bathing further proved in paragraph 4?A．Through clinical cases.B．Through practical experience.C．Through official statistics.D．Through Japanese e xperts’ studies.High engagement, high return. That’s the advice from education experts at the University of South Australia for teachers looking to improve student outcomes.Filming and assessing (评估) the content of classrooms across South Australia and Victoria, researchers found in a new study that nearly 70% of student tasks involved superficial learning —simple question and answers, taking notes, or listening to teachers — rather than activities that engage students on a deeper level. Less than a third of teachers are engaging students in complicated learning, limiting student opportunities for critical thinking and problem solving.UniSA researcher, Dr. Stephenson, highlights teachers need more support to plan interactive and constructive lessons that promote deep learning. “The greater the engagement, the deeper the learning. Deep learning requites the organization of knowledge into conceptual structures, which improves information memory and learning outcomes. It also supports the development of innovative thinking. Even small changes to teachers’ existing lesson plans and teaching methods can vastly increase student engagement and overall results,” he says.“At a base level, teachers should consider how they can adjust their existing classroom activities so that more tasks are on the deeper end of learning. Take for example, watching a video. Students can silently watch a video (which is ‘passive’); watch a video and take notes using the presenter’s words (which is ‘active’); write questions that occur for them while watching the video (which is‘constructive’); or watch a video and discuss it with another student to generate different ideas (which is ‘interactive’). Interactive engagement in classrooms motivates students to develop deeper understanding. They’re making judgments, suggesting and commenting on arguments and opinions, and working out solutions to problems,” Dr. Stephenson says.Interestingly, many teachers seem not to know or fully appreciate the importance of how their lesson tasks can stimulate different modes of student engagement. “Even changing class activities from‘active’ to ‘constructive ’can go a long way towards improving student leaning,” Dr. Stephenson says. “Teachers should undertake professional development to transform their thinking towards practices that support deeper-learning and better outcomes for students.”12. What does the underlined word “superficial” in paragraph 2 mean?A．Shallow. B．Productive. C．Confusing. D．Challenging. 13. What are most student in-class tasks like according to the study?A．They make classes lively and fun.B．They achieve no desired results.C．They contribute to students’ deep thinking.D．They stop students from concentration.14. If students attend a lesson about western and eastern cultures, which activity works best?A．A group debate. B．A film screening.C．A reading contest. D．A retelling exercise.15. What does Dr. Stephenson suggest teachers do for better student outcomes?A．Increase class activities.B．Interact with students more often.C．Upgrade teaching strategies.D．Engage students in more self-study.A friendship doesn’t begin with the hope that it will end. We invest time and energy, not believing that our efforts could ultimately be fruitless. 16 When things said or done cause a breakdown in trust or closeness, you can reconnect with a friend you’v e grown apart from by starting a conversation.17 So take time to reflect on what exactly happened between you and your friend. When knowing what went wrong in the relationship, you are often better equipped with an understanding of what you could say to make things right again.If you and your friend need to have a serious heart-to-heart conversation, it’s a good idea to select the right time and place to talk. Choose a time when you both have some open availability. Don’t try to jam in a heavy conversation in a half-hour lunch break on a workday. 18 A public place is generally not the best place to have a serious and emotional conversation with a friend.There may be moments in the conversation when you feel-yourself tense up, want to shut down or explode in anger. 19 Otherwise, they can become roadblocks that make it impossible to have a productive conversation. When feeling like interrupting or talking over your friend, take a deep breath and keep calm.Friendships take time to rebuild especiall y if trust has been broken. Don’t expect things to go right back to normal once you and your friend talk through things. 20Marcel Lebrun owned a profitable software company. Having successfully sold it for millions, Lebrun has drawn: on his ______ to address homelessness: in New Brunswick, Canada.Lebrun’s latest project, 12 Neighbours, is a tiny home village ______ for formerly homeless residents. Before coming up with his tiny house community concept, Lebrun traveled a lot to see how other organizations ______ poverty and homelessness. After multiple researches, the idea of 12 Neighbours ______ him.Lebrun’s 12 Neighbours consists of 75 custom-made tiny homes. Despite their ______ , these homes are fully equipped with essential ______ , including a kitchen, bathroom, and dining area, which______ residents comfortable living space.What sets 12 Neighbours apart is its ______ to affordable housing. Residents are only ______ to pay 30% of their income to have a(n) ______ over their heads. Furthermore, the 12 Neighbours community offers on-site job opportunities, creating ______ options for its residents. To facilitate______ , the village is fitted with gates that close at night and a network of cameras.Having a warm and safe home, the residents of the tiny house community are ______ to Lebrun and filled with hope for a brighter future. ______ his efforts and generosity to relieve poverty, Lebrun has received plenty of positive comments. “Building-community is ______.” Lebrun says. “I can’t rescue anybody, but I can create a community where transformation happens and people love their neighbors like never before.”21.A．fame B．wealth C．knowledge D．company22.A．exhibited B．known C．exchanged D．meant23.A．tackled B．survived C．avoided D．distinguished 24.A．beat B．concerned C．struck D．escaped25.A．shape B．size C．position D．price26.A．software B．decorations C．furniture D．facilities27.A．guarantees B．returns C．costs D．saves28.A．reaction B．commitment C．adjustment D．limit29.A．persuaded B．permitted C．required D．forced30.A．window B．hat C．sky D．roof31.A．amusement B．management C．employment D．treatment32.A．liberty B．security C．relationship D．comfort33.A．grateful B．familiar C．generous D．similar34.A．Apart from B．Regardless of C．But for D．Owing to35.A．effortless B．ineffective C．rewarding D．demanding阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。