1. I said I would do it and I ____ my promise.
A) stand up to B) stand for C) stand by D) stand up for
2. Mr. Morgan can be very sad ____, though in public he is extremely cheerful.
A) by oneself B) in person
C) in private D) as individual
3. Color-blind people often find it difficult to ____ between blue and green.
A) separate B) distinguish C) compare D) contrast
4. Keeping what belongs to another ____ to stealing.
A) applies B) accounts C) attaches D) amounts
5. The time taken on your journey, together with your ____, will enable you to calculate how far you have travelled.
A) distance B) rate C) speed D) motion
6. The newly-built Science Building seems ____ enough to last a hundred years.
A) static B) sophisticated C) steady D) substantial
7. Helen groups all people into two ____: those she likes and those she dislikes.
A) specimens B) categories C) catalogs D) sectors
8. Fry rejected the accepted ____ of behavior and married one of his servants.
A) hint B) code C) signal D) advice
9. We couldn’t see much because there was only a ____ light in the room.
A) delicate B) disguised C) depressed D) dim
10. The truck driver was proved ____ of the crime.
A) indifferent B) independent C) innocent D) inevitable
11. His argument does not suggest that mankind can ____ to be wasteful in the utilization of these resources.
A) resort B) grant C) afford D) entitle
12. He takes a 10% ____ on all the sales he makes: if he sells goods worth $100 he gets $10.
A) portion B) proportion C) concession D) commission
13. Putting in a new window will ____ cutting away part of the roof.
A) include B) involve C) contain D) comprise
14. The authorities ____ tourists from visiting the secret factory.
A) banged B) bound C) bonded D) banned
15. There are certain ____ on which you must interrupt people who are in the middle of doing something.
A) conditions B) occasions C) situations D) environments
16. We had to ____ a lot of noise when the children were at home.
A) go in for B) hold on to C) put up with D) keep pace with
17. The new regulation does not ____ until the first of March.
A) take into effect B) get into effect C) put into effect D) go into effect
18. After dinner, the two men ____ into the study where they could talk freely.
A) retired B) restored C) restrained D) resigned
19. Adam has a good position and will pay you back ____.
A) lastly B) inevitably C) eventually D) equally
20. A friendship may be ____, casual, situational or deep and lasting.
A) identical B) original C) superficial D) critical
21. The weatherman broadcasts the ____ in temperature twice a day.
A) adjustment B) variation C) variety D) modification
22. The teacher told the students in her conversation class to ____ their talk to the topic.
A) concern B) condense C) concentrate D) confine
23. On turning the corner, we saw the road ____ steeply.
A) descending B) departing C) depressing D) decreasing
24. Many examples and extra grammatical information are among the special ____ of this dictionary.
A) traits B) marks C) marks D) features
25. When I ____ her with the evidence, the girl admitted that she was wrong.
A) conveyed B) displayed C) confronted D) consulted
26. Millions of peasants have ____ to the cities.
A) migrated B) accelerated C) illustrated D) integrated
27. They are trying to ____ the waste discharged by the factory for profit.
A) expose B) exhibit C) exhaust D) exploit
28. The police are ____ the records of all those involved in the crime.
A) looking into B) looking out C) looking after D) looking on
29. I suffered from mental__________ because of stress from my work.
A) fatigue B) damage C) relief D) release
30. The car salesman took the customer for a drive in the new model in order to ____ its improved features.
A) advertise B) exhibit C) reveal D) demonstrate
31. On the evening in ____ he had been making all sorts of complicated calculations.
A) issue B) hand C) concern D) question
32. Proper clothes ____ for much in most professions, so the job applicant should take care to appear appropriately dressed in the interview.
A) count B) value C) impress D) imply
33. She ____ through the mist, trying to find the right path.
A) glanced B) peered C) gazed D) scanned
34. To understand the ____ of a situation, we have to know something about that kind of situation.
A) implications B) references C) relations D) findings
35. The show was ____ being a failure; it was a great success.
A) by far B) far from C) far apart D) so far
36. That is our ____ proposal, and no other changes will be considered.
A) thorough B) complete C) ultimate D) extreme
37. The former mayor of the city was always holding a ____ against new immigrants and made life difficult for them there.
A) priority B) discomfort C) disadvantage D) prejudice
38. Soon the pilot was sent on a bombing ____ over Germany.
A) mission B) performance C) delivery D) tour
39. They have ____ what I suspected long ago.
A) assured B) ensured C) convinced D) confirmed
40. In developing countries people are ____ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.
A) breaking B) filling C) hurrying D) pouring
41. The girl wanted a job and asked if there were any ____ positions in the company.
A) blank B) vacant C) bare D) hollow
42. He is having heat ____ for his sore shoulder.
A) remedy B) heal C) therapy D) clinic
43. We couldn’t make the cake because we didn’t have some of the main ____.
A) ingredients B) factors C) components D) compounds
44. John Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life, that a person learns by doing, and that teaching must ____ the curiosity and creativity of children.
A) seek B) stimulate C) shape D) secure
45. Fuel shortage and price increases ____ automobile designers to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.
A) prompted B) persuaded C) promoted D) imposed
46. Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would ____ be able to walk.
A) in no time B) by all means
C) in no way D) on any account
47. She had a ____ in which God appeared before her.
A) sight B) view C) vision D) glimpse
48. The two areas are similar ____ they both have a high rainfall during the season.
A) except that B) in that C) in which D) besides that
49. What you should say in your speech is entirely ____ you.
A) up to B) due to C) owing to D) accor11.
50. John made some mistakes in the test, but his answers were ____ right.
A) no less than B) more than C) more or less D) less than
51. His body temperature has been ____ for three days, the highest point reaching 40oC.
A) uncommon B) extraordinary C) disordered D) abnormal
52. The proposals to reduce the strength of the army have been the subject of much ____.
A) chaos B) clash C) controversy D) confusion
53. That photo always ____ me of a holiday I spent in Switzerland.
A) remembers B) recalls C) recovers D) reminds
54. Among all the changes resulting from the ____ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.
A) massive B) proportional C) surplus D) statistic
55. This terrorist attack has been ____ by the entire international community.
A) condemned B) scolded C) criticized D) blamed
56. A lot of people make the ____ that poverty only exists in the past.
A) perception B) fantasy C) assumption D) suggestion
57. ____ the danger from enemy action, people had to cope with a severe shortage of food, clothing, fuel, and almost everything.
A) As long as B) As far as C) As soon as D) As well as
58. Areas where students have particular difficulty have been treated ____ particular care.
A) in B) by C) with D) under
59. This is the nurse who ____ to me when I was ill in hospital.
A. attended
B. accompanied
C. entertained
D. shielded
60. The ____ of airplane engines announced a coming air raid.
A) siren B) roar C) whistle D) exclamation
61. The advertisement says this material doesn’t ____ in the wash, but it has.
A) dissolve B) contract C) slim D) shrink
62. A culture in which the citizens share similar religious beliefs and values is more likely to have laws that represent the wishes of its people than is a culture where citizens come from ____ backgrounds.
A) identical B) influential C) extensive D) diverse
63. She ____ her trip to New York because she was ill.
A) went off B) called off C) put up D) closed down
64. The work was almost complete when we receive orders to ____ no further with it.
A) progress B) march C) proceed D) promote
65. You will not be ____ about your food in time of great hunger.
A) particular B) peculiar C) special D) specific
66. He gave a ____ to handle the affair in a friendly manner.
A) motion B) mission C) pledge D) plunge
67. I was about to ____ a match when I remembered Tom’s warning.
A) scrape B) rub C) strike D) hit
68. My cases were too heavy, and the airline charged me $40 for ____ baggage.
A) extensive B) exclusive C) extreme D) excess
69. To write it as I wanted, however, would ____ all the rules of formal composition I’d learned in school, and Mr. Fleagle would surely give it a failing grade.
A) obey B) regulate C) violate D) make
70. ____ plants need to be protected from cold wind and frost.
A) Refined B) Moderate C) Mild D) Delicate
71. When the bell rang, people walked out of their homes and ____ on the village square.
A) assembled B) dismissed C) dissolved D) disappeared
72. The rain came almost on ____ because the crops were in bad need of it.
A) plan B) arrangement C) schedule D) purpose
73. Last year the company’s ____ profits amounted to six and a half million dollars.
A) excessive B) comprehensive C) utter D) overall
74. This album (签名薄) is ____ as it was the only one signed by President.
A) unusual B) unique C) rare D) singular
75. Mr. Smith bought the curtain with a(n) ____ pattern of flowers on it.
A) detailed B) developed C) elaborate D) careful
76. They lack sufficient resources to ____ their campaign for long.
A) sustain B) contain C) retain D) attain
77. Many university courses are not really ____ to the needs of students or their future employers.
A) associated B) related C) geared D) qualified
78. For all babies, breastfeeding is far ____ to bottle feeding.
A) substantial B) superior C) superb D) significant
79. ____ normal weather, they will raise the output by another 10 percent.
A) Given B) If C) Even if D) On condition that
80. The returns in the short ____ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.
A) interval B) range C) span D) term
81. His statement is ____ his previous attitude to the subject.
A) in the light of B) in the course of C) in place D) in line with
82. Young people are not ____ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in.
A) conservative B) content C) confident D) generous
83. The early pioneers had to ____ many hardships to settle on the new land.
A) go along with B) go back on C) go through D) go into
84. The director was critical ____ the way we were doing the work.
A) at B) in C) of D) with
85. In a sudden ____ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.
A) attack B) burst C) split D) blast
86. We take our skin for granted until it is burned ____ repair.
A) beyond B) for C) without D) under
87. Being a pop star can be quite a hard life, with a lot of traveling ____ heavy schedules.
A) with regard to B) as to C) in relation to D) owing to
88. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, ____ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.
A) peculiarly B) indifferently C) vigorously D) inevitably
89. I hope all the precautions against air pollution, ____ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.
A) while B) since C) after D) as
90. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful ____ in the market.
A) batteries B) bargains C) baskets D) barrels
91. In previous times, when fresh meat was in short ____, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.
A) store B) provision C) reserve D) supply
92. After the guests left, she spent half an hour ____ the sitting-room.
A) ordering B) arranging
C) tidying up D) clearing away
93. I was ____ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A) to B) on C) at D) in
94. The rising of prices will ____ off demands for pay increases.
A) trail B) switch C) trigger D) nudge
95. One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work had been ____ with the theoretical aspects of the subject.
A) involved B) integrated C) invested D) instructed
96. Parents’ views influence their children’s ____ of the world.
A) insights B) perceptions C) banners D) portraits
97. When construction can begin depends on how soon the ____ of the route is completed.
A) conviction B) orientation C) convey D) identity
98. The government ____ a heavy tax on tobacco, which aroused opposition from the tobacco industry.
A) pronounced B) complied C) imposed D) prescribed
99. The post-World War II baby ____ resulted in a 43% increase in the number of teenagers in the 1960s and 1970s.
A) boost B) production C) boom D) prosperity
100. Henry went through the documents again carefully for fear of ____ any important data.
A) relaying C) deleting B) overlooking D) revealing
101. He completely ____ his family and makes all the decisions.
A) presides C) operates B) occupies D) dominates
102. A dark suit is ____ to a light one for evening wear.
A) proper B) suitable C) favorable D) preferable
103. Lightning is a ____ of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to another.
A) rush B) rainbow C) rack D) ribbon
104. I caught a ____ of the taxi before it disappeared around the corner of the street.
A) vision B) glimpse C) look D) scene
105. Many houses could be warmer if they were ____ so that the heat is not lost.
A) insulated B) simulated C) stimulated D) radiated
106. Although he has had no formal education he is one of the ____ businessmen in the company.
A) nastiest B) shrewdest C) alertest D) sternest
107. The lawyer advised him to drop the ____, since he stands little chance to win.
A) event B) incident C) case D) affair
108. Sometimes children have trouble ____ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.
A) to separate B) separating
C) for separating D) of separating
109. There was a big hole in the road which ____ the traffic.
A) held up B) stood back C) set back D) kept down
110. It is well known that knowledge is the _____ condition for expansion of mind.
A) incompatible B) incredible C) indefinite D) indispensable 111. The statistical figures in that report are not _____. You should not refer to them.
A) accurate B) fixed C) delicate D) rigid
112. The football game comes to you ____ from New Y ork.
A) lively B) alive C) live D) living
113. The ships’ generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated ____ instead of mechanically.
A) manually B) artificially C) automatically D) synthetically
114. You would be ____ a risk to let your child go to school by himself.
A) omitting B) attaching C) affording D) running
115. Britain has the highest _____ of road traffic in the world—over 60 cars for every mile of road.
A) popularity B) density C) intensity D) prosperity
116. The police are suspicious ____ his words because he already has a record.
A) to B) at C) on D) of
117. You should ____ to one or more weekly magazines such as Time, or Newsweek.
A) ascribe B) order C) reclaim D) subscribe
118. This movie is not ____ for children to see; it contains too much violence and too many love scenes.
A) profound B) valid C) upright D) decent
119. The ____ lawyer made a great impression on the jury.
A) defending B) guarding C) shielding D) protecting
120. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.
A) appreciable B) negligible C) considerable D) invisible
121. The little girl was ____ by the death of her dog since her affection for the pet had been real and deep.
A) grieved B) suppressed C) oppressed D) sustained
122. Some children display an ____ curiosity about every new thing they encounter.
A) incredible B) infectious C) incompatible D) inaccessible
Keys: 1-10 CCBDCDBBDC 11-20 CDBDBCDACC
21-30 BDADCADAAD 31-40 DABABCDADD
41-50 BCABACCBAC 51-60 DCDAACDCAB
61-70 DDBCACCDCD 71-80ACDBCACBAD
81-90 DBCCBADCDB 91-100DCBCBBCCCB
101-110 DDABABCBAD 111-122 ACADBDDDABAA
哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷 装 题 订 线 内 不 答 要 一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 2.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 3. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 6. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language,_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 7. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 8. The five Romance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 9. The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 10. By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. A. 10th B.11th C.12th D. 13th 11. The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12. The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 14. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
目录 1. 图式与图式理论.........................................................................................................................错误！未定义书签。 1.1 图式 (1) 1.2 图式理论的定义.................................................................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。 1.3 图式理论的起源与发展...................................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 2. 词汇 (2) 2.1 词汇的定义 (2) 2.2 词汇在英语教学中的重要性 (2) 3. 图式理论下的课堂词汇教学方法 (2) 3.1 当前初中英语课堂词汇教学现状 (3) 3.2 运用直观导入 (3) 3.3 设计brainstorming活动 (3) 3.4 创设真实情境 (4) 4. 结论 (4) 5. 参考文献 (4)
图式理论下的初中英语课堂词汇教学 摘要 词汇是英语这门语言的三要素（语音、词汇、语法）之一。美国著名教育家威尔金斯（Wilkins)在《语言学与语言教学》中提出: without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. ”词汇对语言学习的重要性是显而易见的。语言离不开词汇，交流更离不开词汇。然而，现在的初中英语课堂词汇教学存在一些不容忽视的问题，例如：词汇教学太过于枯燥呆板，学生没有兴趣学习。本文就现在中学课堂词汇教学问题出发，利用图式理论，创造积极活跃的课堂气氛，使学生更容易，更牢固的掌握习得词汇。 关键词：词汇教学图式理论初中英语 Abstract V ocabulary is the one of three factors ( phonetics、vocabulary、grammar) of English. The famous American educationist Wilkins once have put forward in Linguistic and Language Teaching :“ without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. ” W e can know the importance of vocabulary in language learning from this. Language learning can not separate with vocabulary, communication also can not. While there are some serious problem exist in the vocabulary teaching of medium school, such as: the vocabulary teaching is so bald, and there is not kinds of way to learn word, so students are not interested in learning vocabulary. This text is based on the problem, which exist in vocabulary teaching in medium school, using the Schema Theory to make a positive class and make students to learn vocabulary easier and more vicelike. Key words : vocabulary teaching Schema Theory junior English
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the
《英语词汇学》期末考试试卷附答案 I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket．(45％) 1．There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．They are_____. A．primary and secondary B．Central and peripheral C．diachronic and synchronic D．Formal and functional 2．Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms? A．Colloquial B．Slang C．Negative D．Literary 3．Synonyms can be classified into two major groups，that is：_____. A．absolute and relative B．Absolute and complete C．relative and near D．Complete and identical 4．In the early period of Middle English，English，____existed side by side， A．Celtic and Danish B．Danish and French C．Latin and Celtic D．French and Latin 5． A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_______morpheme． A．formal B．Concrete C．free D．bound 6．Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated? A，croak，drum B．squeak，bleat C．buzz，neigh D．bang，trumpet 7．LDCE is distinctive for its____. A．Clear grammar codes B．usage notes C．language notes D．all of the above 8．From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to A．German B．French C．Scotttish D．Irish 9．Which of the following is NOT an acronym? A．TOEFL B．ODYSSEY C．BASIC D．CCTV 10. In the course book，the author lists____types of context clues for inferring word meaning． A．eight B．Six C．seven D．five 11．Sources of homonyms include____. A．changes in sound and spelling B．borrowing C．shortening D．all of the above
Compounding in English Neologisms 学院：Xxx 专业：英语 学号：2013102030121 姓名：Xxx 【Abstract】Language is the carrier of society, reflecting the specific period of the social culture, language is always in constant development and change. With the development of science and technology, political and economic and social, has appeared in English so many new words reflect the specific period, enriched the English a global language. This article lists some new words, the paper analyzes the background of the new words and word formation in the reflection of new words 【Key Words】neologism; Sources; word-formation; Introduction Language is a tool for human communication ideas. Generally speaking, the thinking of people depends on language, and language expression. Word is meaningful in language, the smallest of units used to be independent. Reflect the objective things in the brain, feeling, perception, representation, then the brain to generalize and abstract, feeling, perception, and representation form concept. People use language form the concept of "fixed", to become a symbol for the people to communicate, this is the word has a certain meaning. British linguist partridge (Eric Partridge) said, "Words have no fancy; people have a fancy for th em”. Times are changing, in the development of science and technology, thinking in progress, as the reality of language nature also want to keep up with the pace of social evolution, adapt to the needs of social evolution, is the most sensitive part of the language vocabulary. English is the world common language, English vocabulary like any modern language vocabulary, continues to grow unceasingly. Shakespeare?s time recorded about one hundred and forty thousand words of English vocabulary, now even the English vocabulary with five hundred thousand words computing, there are more than two-thirds of words are created in nearly three hundred years. People experiencing new things, new experiences, develop new ideas, always have the words to describe them. Since the 20th century, especially for nearly 50 years, appeared in English new words, new meanings of many old words, English vocabulary is in the continuous
名词解释（10选5，一个4分） 词=The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词根=The basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word. 词缀=Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 一词多义=Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 同形异义=Homonyms are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation) 完全同形异义=Perfect homonyms are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning. 同音异形异义=Homophones are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 同形异音异义=Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in sound or meaning. 同义关系=Synonymy is a relationship of “sameness of meaning” that may hold between two words. 反义关系=Antonymy is a relationship of “meaning opposition” that may hold between two words.