1. Word单词: is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its won.
2. Vocabulary词汇: refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business, etc. or known to a particular person.
3. Morpheme词素: a morpheme is the minimal unit—an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed.
Lexicology 词汇学research not only the structure and meaning of words but also their development, including their origin, history, change, their use and learning, and lexicography词典编撰者.
4. Free morphemes自由词素：are the morphemes which can be used by itself as a word.如book, wall, dog, bag.
5. Bond morphemes粘着词素：are the morphemes that cannot be used by its own as a word, that’s to say, they must combined with other morphemes.如tele-, -tive, -ful.
6. Content morphemes实意词素: are the morphemes that carry meaning, also often called open-class morphemes, because they are open to the invention of arbitrary new items.如nouns, verbs and adjectives.
7. Function morphemes功能词素: are the morphemes which signal the relations among words. We also called closed-class morphemes, because they are essentially closed to invention or borrowing.
8. Derivational morphemes派生词素：are the morphemes that can be added to a word to create a new word. This type of morphemes changes the meaning of the word or part of speech or both. 如the addition of –ness to happy creates happiness which is a noun turned from the adjective happy.
9. Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: are create morphemes that express grammatical meaning like tense, number, aspect and so on. 如-d in invited indicates past tense.
10. Root词根：is the basic form of word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It carries the main components of the meaning of a word. It can also be defined as the part of a word which remains after all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.
11. Free roots自由词根：are the roots can stand alone as words.
12. Bound roots粘着词根：are the roots cannot stand alone as words.
13. Stem词干: a stem can be defined as a form to which an affix can be added to. A stem is the part of word form, which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.
14. Affix词缀：an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a root to form a word.
15. An inflectional affix曲折词缀is often a suffix in English that performs a grammatical function and does not change the word class of its root. 如English plural复数–s and past tense –ed are inflectional suffixes.
16. A derivational affix派生词缀is an affix by means of which a new word can be formed, derivational affixes may be prefixes or suffixes. 如in English –ness and pre-belongs to the derivational affixes.
17. Derivation派生法：is the morphological形态学的process whereby a derivational morpheme is attached to a root or stem.
18. the word results from derivation is called a derivative.派生词
19. Prefixation前缀法：is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.
20. Suffixation后缀法：is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.
21. Conversion转化法：refers to the morphological process, whereby a new word is created without adding any affixes to the root or stem, just change the word class of the original word.
22. Compounding复合法：is concerned with the combination of two or more words to form a new word.
23. abbreviation缩略法：is lexically regarded as one of the minor means in English word-formation.
24. clipping截短法: is one way in which we shorten a relatively long word and thereby create a new one without changing its meaning. 如we change the word dormitory by clipping and form the new word dorm which is called a clipped word.
25. initialism首字母缩略法: is a reduction process in which initialization in word is used.有两种形式，如LA—Los Angeles; IOU—I owe you.
26. acronym首字母拼音法: is a word composed of the initial letters of the words of a phrase and is pronounced as a word. 如LAN—local area network.
区别：initialism is pronounced letter by letter；acronym is pronounced whole word.
27. blending拼缀法: the process in which some words are formed by joining part of one word with part of another, is a minor, although fashionable, technique for forming new words.如smoke+fog=smog; spoon+fork=spork.缩略词blends
28. back-formation逆生法：is a formation of shortening in which the omitted material is or is perceived to be a formative, typically an affix.如housekeeper—housekeep; typewriter—typewrite..
29. onomatopoeia拟声法：is one of the minor devices used to form echo/ echoic words related to the imitation of sounds made by human beings, animals and some other things.如ha- ha represent the sound of laugh; boohoo show that someone is crying; bees—buzz.
30. reduplication 复制法: is a minor morphological process by which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, is repeated, through which a new compound word is formed either by doubling an entire word of part of a word .如bow-wow; Bye-bye; ding-dong.
31. denotation指称：is the set of potential references of a word in a particular meaning.
32. reference所指: is the actual subset referred to in a utterance. is often used in a more restricted sense, as a name for the particular ―things‖ that a word refers to in a particular utterance.
33. sense语义: is a relationship which is internal to the language system. It is what can be simply called the meaning of ―meaning‖.
34. the different between sense and reference is that every word has meaning has sense but not every word has reference.
35. denotational meaning指称意义：refers to the relationship between a linguistic sign and its referent.
36. non- denotational meaning非指称意义：
37. connotative meaning 内涵意义：of a word is the meaning over and above its denotitional meaning.
38. affective meaning情感意义：express the speak er’s attitude or emotion.
39. stylistic meaning文体意义：refers to varying degrees of formality and status of words in the language.
40. collocative meaning搭配意义: consists of the association a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment, part of the word meaning is closely related to the words it co-occurs with.
Meaning development词义的发展：when the new meaning developed does not change the category the original meaning belongs to.
Meaning shift词义的转换：the new meaning of a word is obtained by rhetorical devices and the meaning shifts from the literal to the figurative.
41. generalization词义的扩大：which is also known as the enlarging, widening, extension, expansion, or broadening of meaning.如butcher，old meaning is one who killed goats，extended meaning is one who killed animals.
42. specification词义的缩小：known as the opposite of generalization，is the narrowing or restriction of meaning.如room，old meaning is space，narrowed meaning is a part of the inside of
a building.
43. amelioration词义的升格：is the process by which a word’s meaning improves or becomes elevated, coming to represent something more favorable than it originally referred to.如minister, old meaning is servant, elevated meaning is head if the government department.
44. pejoration词义的降格：is the process by which a word’s meaning worsens or degenerates, coming to represent something less favorable than it originally did. 如villain, old meaning is person who worked in a villa, degenerated meaning is evil or wicked person or scoundrel.
45. old meanings: we mean some meanings which either totally disappeared from the word or are no longer active in use. The lost meanings are called the obsolete meanings, and the old-fashioned meanings are archaic meanings. 如point, obsolete meaning is physical condition. Remember, archaic meaning is to remind.
47. radiation放射性：is a process of meaning change in which there is a multiplication in the senses of a word. That is, all the new meanings developed are depended of each other.
48. concatenation连锁性：is a process in which the second meaning of the word develops from the primary meaning, while the third meaning does not start from the primary meaning but from the second meaning, thus the third meaning has little to do with the primary meaning.
Sense relations are the relations held between words within the vocabulary.
49.synonymy同义关系：is the relationship of lexical units which involves the similarity of meaning如tube—subway.同义词是synonyms.
50.antonymy反义关系：is the relationship of words which involves the oppositeness meaning. Types of antonyms: complementary antonyms互补反义词(are those in an either/ or relation of oppositeness.如male and female)；gradable antonyms等级反义词(represent a more/ less relation.如short and long.); converse antonyms逆向反义词(are considered to be a kind of directional opposite.如above and below)；multiple incompatibilities antonyms多项不相容词(如东南西北).
51.polysemy多义关系:is a relationship that holds between different senses of the same word. The meanings are related to each other. 多义词polysements.
52.homonymy同音异义关系：are the relationship which refers to a situation where we have two or more words with the same linguistic form.
homonyms are words which are identical in pronunciation and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in meaning.
Homonyms with the same sounds and spellings are termed homonyms proper同音同形异议词.
E.g. Bear ―a large strong animal‖ and bear ―to bravely accept or deal with a painful or unpleasant situation‖.
Homonyms which are the same in sound but different in spelling are homophones同音异形词. E.g. sew ―to use a needle and thread to joined pieces of cloth together‖ and sow ―to plant or scatter seeds on a piece of ground‖.
Homonyms with the same spellings but different sounds are homographs同形异音词.
E.g. minute ―one of the 60 parts into which an hour is divided‖ and minute ―extremely small‖.
of the same category，but different spellings，e.g. the verbs ring and wring.
Of different categories, but with the same spelling, e.g. the verb keep and the noun keep.
Of different categories, and with the same spellings, e.g. not, kont.
53.hierarchical relations等级关系：
54.hyponymy上下以关系：is a relation of inclusion. Daffodil is a hyponym of flower. If something is a daffodil, it must be a flower because the meaning of flower is embedded in daffodil. So we say that daffodil is a hyponym of flower, and conversely, that flower is the superordinate of daffodil.
A is hyponymy of B
C is hyponymy of A
C is also hyponymy of B
55.taxonymy分类关系: is often regarded as a sub-type of hyponymy.
An X is a kind of Y.
X is the taxonomy and Y is the superordinate. So if X is a taxonomy of Y, the result is normal:
A rose is a type of flower.
A pear is a kind of fruit.
哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷 装 题 订 线 内 不 答 要 一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 2.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 3. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 6. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language,_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 7. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 8. The five Romance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 9. The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 10. By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. A. 10th B.11th C.12th D. 13th 11. The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12. The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 14. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes
词汇学考试题型 Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（2×15=30%） 1.In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.（） A. more B. little C. less D. gradual 2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______.（） A. general dictionaries B. monolingual dictionaries C. both A and B D. neither A and B 3.The word "MINISKIRT" is _______.（） A. morphologically motivated B. etymologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. none of the above 4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.（） A. borrowing B. semantic change C. creation of new words D. all the above 5.Beneralization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.（） A. generalized B. expanded C. elevated D. degraded 6.Some morphemes have _______ as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word.（） A. alternative morphs B. single morphs C. abstract units D. discrete units 7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.（） A. Italic B. Germanic C. Celtic D. Hellenic https://www.doczj.com/doc/6816482701.html,pounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______.（）
词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同 义、反义等）。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是 词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可 以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固 定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。 一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从） 两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、） 两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜） 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。 综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷 (一) I. Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%) 1. The minimal meaningful units in English are known as ______. A. roots B. morphs C. stems D. morphemes ( ) 2. The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______. A. stability . B. productivity C. polysemy . D. all national character ( ) 3. Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. A. Celtic . B. Hellenic C. Italic . D. Germanic . ( ) 4. In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. A. borrowing B. backformation C. creation D. semantic change ( ) 5. The words “motel”and “comsat”are called ______. A. blends B. compounds C. acronyms D. initialisms . ( ) 6. The word “teachers”contains three morphemes, but the word “shortenings”has ______ morphemes. A. two B. three C. four D. five ( ) 7. Reference is the relationship between language and the ______. A. concept B. world C. context . D. sense ( ) 8. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______. A. dorm for “dormitory” B. fond for “affectionate” C. dish for “food” D. TV for “television”( ) 9. The word “mouth”in the phrase “the mouth of a river”is regarded as a ______ motivated word. A. morphologically B. etymologically C. onomatopoeically D. semantically
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
词汇学与小学语文词语教学 第一讲词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学的一个分支（语法、语音、词汇）。词汇学的主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同义、反义等）。我们把词义放在第二讲集中讨论。一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立使用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立使用”来说，很多虚词和量词是不能独立使用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立使用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般能够用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是词（意义不能变）。比如： 钢笔——钢的笔# 吃饭——吃了饭 鸡蛋——鸡的蛋 睡觉——睡不睡觉# “钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”能够插入且意思不变，能够做为短语。“吃饭”能够插入，“鸡蛋”能够插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，能够把它做为词。睡觉能够插入，但两个语素的组合是固定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。 一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立使用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从） 两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、） 两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜） 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词——离合词。 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。 综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的理解形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词能够对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词能够从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语能够包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛使用。它来源于古代的典故，有的选择原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。 三、词的结构 由一个语素构成的词就是单纯词。（语素是最小的音义结合体：人、额、由、蟋蟀、巧克力）有人统计《现代汉语词典》单纯词约占15% ——16% 。 单纯词有四类：单音节词、连绵词（双声叠韵）、叠音词（刚刚、蛐蛐）、外来词中的译音词（坦克、迪斯科）。 两个以上语素构成的词是合成词。合成词的结构和短语的结构关系基本是一致的（这是汉语的一个特点）。合成词有两类： 1. 复合词：由两个以上有实在意义的语素（实语素）组合的合成词。主要有以下几种：
参考答案 2000年4月份高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试题参考答案 Ⅰ.1.A 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.D 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.D Ⅱ.(10%) 16.transfer 17.OLD English 18.monolingual 19.semantically 20.extralinguistic/non-linguistic Ⅲ.21.D 22.F 23.A 24.J 25.B 26.C 27.I 28.E 29.G 30.H Ⅳ. 31.bound root 32.（head+tail）blinding 33.inflectional affix/morpheme 34.a+n 35.full conversion 36.suffix 37.reversativ 38.prefix of degree 39.prefix 40.number prefix Ⅴ.41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. 42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. 43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context. 45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language. Ⅵ.46.There are four types of motivation: 1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc. 2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc. 3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc. 4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc. 47.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions. 48.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure. Ⅶ.49. 1）Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection （re+collect+ion）,nationalist（nation+al+ist）,unearthly（un+earth+ly）. 2）Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves. 3）All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words. 50. 1）the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine（3分） 2）proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking（1分） 3）using an old saying is more persuasive（2分） 4）the short form saves time, more colloquial（2分） 5）indicates intimacy or close relationship（1分）
《英语词汇学》期末考试试卷附答案 I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket．(45％) 1．There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．They are_____. A．primary and secondary B．Central and peripheral C．diachronic and synchronic D．Formal and functional 2．Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms? A．Colloquial B．Slang C．Negative D．Literary 3．Synonyms can be classified into two major groups，that is：_____. A．absolute and relative B．Absolute and complete C．relative and near D．Complete and identical 4．In the early period of Middle English，English，____existed side by side， A．Celtic and Danish B．Danish and French C．Latin and Celtic D．French and Latin 5． A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_______morpheme． A．formal B．Concrete C．free D．bound 6．Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated? A，croak，drum B．squeak，bleat C．buzz，neigh D．bang，trumpet 7．LDCE is distinctive for its____. A．Clear grammar codes B．usage notes C．language notes D．all of the above 8．From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to A．German B．French C．Scotttish D．Irish 9．Which of the following is NOT an acronym? A．TOEFL B．ODYSSEY C．BASIC D．CCTV 10. In the course book，the author lists____types of context clues for inferring word meaning． A．eight B．Six C．seven D．five 11．Sources of homonyms include____. A．changes in sound and spelling B．borrowing C．shortening D．all of the above
语义学在中学教育中的应用 李可欣 2012303010421 英本1204班 摘要：英语在当今社会的交流中占据了主要地位，因此英语教学也变得尤为重要。 而词汇教学在中学英语教学中占据了很重要的地位，在这片文章中我将就语言学中的语义学分别从语义成分（semantic components）；词的外延 (denotation of words)和词之间的意义关系这三个方面来分析词汇学，并讨论其在现实中学教育中的应用。 关键词：语义学，语义成分分析，词的外延，词与词之间的意义，词汇教学
1.语义学 语义学研究的是语言中语义是如何编码的。它涉及到的不仅仅是作为词汇单位词语的意义，还有语言中词之上和词之下成分的意义，例如语素意义与句子的意义。语义学的关键为语义成分、词的外延、词之间的意义关系，还有句子之间的意义关系。 1.1语素 就发音与意义之间的关系来看，语素是语言的最小单位。语素不能再作进一步的分析。例如，dog不能再被分为d和og。 1.2词 词是一个典型的语法单位，它位于语素和词组的中间，例如，baby，water，face和high。词具有（1）稳定性：在所有语言单位中，就内部结构来说，词是最稳定的。（2）相对连续性：连续性是指即使一个单词有几个部分组成，中间 也不能插入任何新的成分。如disappointment这个词由三个部分组成dis、appoint、ment，但这三个部分之间不能插入任何部分也不允许有任何的停顿。（3）最小自由形式：这种说法最开始由布龙菲尔德提出。他提倡“把句子看作 ‘最大自由形式’，把词看作‘最小自由形式’”，词是能够单独构成句子的最小单位。如以下例子： --Is John coming this party with you? --Possibly. 2．意义 虽然“语义学这一词仅仅只有100多年的历史，但意义一直是人类研究的话题；早在公元前五世纪，古希腊哲学家柏拉图的著作中就有关于意义的讨论。在中国，老子甚至更早的提到了意义的相关问题。这么多年以来，大量的词典的出版也为意义研究的历史留下的不可磨灭的铁证。 2.1语义成分 语义是个涵义较为广泛的概念，它可以指词语的意义，也可以指话语的内容。在谈及语义成分之前我们先来说说语义成分分析。丹麦语言学家叶尔姆斯列夫（L. Hjelmslev）在1943年提出了词义可分的想法，即一个词项可以分解为一组更小的成分，例如woman这个词的语义可以分解为[human] 、[adult] 、 [female] 这几个成分。这一设想得到了很多语言学家的支持，美国的语言学家布龙菲尔德还提出了“语义特征”（semantic feature）的术语，即语义成分（semantic component），来为这最小的意义单位命名。随着结构主义语言学的发展，语义 成分分析法（Componential Analysis）应运而生，并成为研究语义成分的核心 方法。这一方法是1956年，人类学家古迪纳夫在《成分分析以及意义研究》一 文中提出的，最初只是人类学家用来分析不同语言中的亲属词语的。随后，很多语言学家，如鲍狄埃、卡茨（J. Kats）、福多(J. A. Fodor)等人都相继提出了相关理论，引起了语法学和语义学界的高度重视。 简单说就是：语义成分分析就是从一组意义相关的词语中抽取其共同特征的 做法，这些共同成分就是语义成分（sense components）或称义素（semes）。2.1.1语义成分分析在中学教学的应用 语义成分分析是对词语的形式化的描写，揭示了语义的微观层次，提供了语 义结构，从而说明了词义的构成以及词与词之间的语义关系，以此能够让学生更
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
名词解释（10选5，一个4分） 词=The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词根=The basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word. 词缀=Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 一词多义=Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 同形异义=Homonyms are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation) 完全同形异义=Perfect homonyms are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning. 同音异形异义=Homophones are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 同形异音异义=Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in sound or meaning. 同义关系=Synonymy is a relationship of “sameness of meaning” that may hold between two words. 反义关系=Antonymy is a relationship of “meaning opposition” that may hold between two words.
众所周知，词汇是构成语言材料的基础，是学 好英语这门语言的基础之一。而词汇的学习又不像语音和语法，可以在一个相对较短的时间里突击掌握，词汇的学习是一个长期而又艰巨的任务。学生常抱怨不能灵活运用学过的词汇，究其原因，是他们对所学词汇的意义缺乏全面深入的了解。和语音、语法相比，词汇的意义更复杂，它不仅涉及到词自身的含义，还涉及到词与词之间的关系，也涉及到词与外部世界的关系。词汇意义的复杂性增强了其掌握的难度，因此词汇教学中应该强调词汇意义的教学，这是由词汇意义自身的特点所决定的。本文将从词汇意义的不同侧面来探讨词汇意义的特点，以及对词汇教学的启示。 一 、英语词汇意义的特点 1．英语词汇意义的多样性 国内外的语言学家们对词汇意义的研究较 多，大多数的语言学、词汇学、语义学书籍一般有专门的章节来讲述词汇意义。只是不同的学者对词汇意义的分类和命名有所不同。我国语言学家程雨民教授指出，“理解词汇意义不仅要注意语 言系统赋予它的特定含义，而且还须随时考虑到词汇在结构中的地位，也就是说词汇不仅有其字面意义，还有其语境意义。” 里查德(Richards，1976)认为，词汇意义包括：(1)指称意义；(2)内涵意义；(3)文化意义。指称意义是指词与客观和虚构世界中的现象相联系的那一部分意义；而内涵意义表示人们对该词所指的事物所怀的感情或所抱的态度；文化意义则是指特定的社会文化背景赋予词汇的附加意义。 对词汇意义分类最为详尽，最为大家所接受 的当数著名语言学家Leech的理论。Leech认为，词汇意义的类型大致可分为概念意义、联想意义和主题意义。概念意义又称明指意义或词本义，也往往是一般词典所列出的第一义，它用来界
Test 1 I. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar