1、选择题10题20% 前三章概念
2、填空题5题15% 前三章
3、搭配题10% 前四章
4、名词解释题5题10% 如loan words prefix
5、简答题课后问题How why what 15%
6、分析题提供一个单词对此词做出分析15%
评论题用例子评论观点是否正确15%
题型例如
一、选择题：
1. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT( ) . A. –ful
2.Both English and ( ) belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. B. Danish
3.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate Grammatik relationships are known as ( )morphemes. C. in flectional
4.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as ( ) affixes. B .derivational
二、.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions 填空题
1. affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases.
2. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independent words.
三、配对
四、Define the following terms. 名词解释题
五、Answer the following questions，简答题
Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family?
The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.
六、1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes. 1Destructive de+struct+tive 2antibiotic anti+bio+tic
3composition com+po+si+tion 4unbearable un+bear+able
5international inter+nation+nal 6ex-prisoner ex+prison+er
2. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, but now it refers to a specific animal.
What kind of word-meaning change has the word experienced?
What accounts for the change of word-meaning?
1) The word “deer” has experienced narrowing or specialization of meaning.
2) The narrowing of word-meaning is caused by the influx of borrowings, one of the major linguistic factors leading to the change of word-meaning. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, and l ater the word “animal” from Latin and the word “beast” from French found their way into English. As the three terms were synonymous, “animal” retained the original meaning, the meaning of “deer” was narrowed and “beast” changed in colour.
Chapter 1
1.word : a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
A word is
(1) a minimal free form of a language;
(2) a sound unity;
(3) a unity of meaning;
(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.
A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function
A word is a smallest unit of a language.
2.Slang is the language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words used in some social sense.
3.Jargon are the terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession.
4.Cant means the vocabulary peculiar to the underworld.
5.Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria
By origin：native words ，borrowed words
By usage：common words，literary words，colloquial words，slang words，technical words By notion：function words，content words
native words features:
1. All-national character Every English person uses the words of the native element.
2. Great stability The native element lives for centuries providing the English with a basis for the
formation of new words.
3. Monosyllabic The native element in Modem English is mostly monosyllabic.
4. Word-forming ability The great stability and semantic peculiarities of Anglo-Saxon words account for
the great word building power.
5. Wide collocability Many native words enter quite a number of set expressions, idioms, phrases and
proverbial sayings.
6. Plurality of meanings Most of the native words have undergone striking transformations in semantic
structure, and are nowadays highly polysemantic
7. High frequency value The native element (words of Anglo-Saxon origin) forms the bulk of the most
frequent elements used in any style of speech
8. Stylistically neutral Most native words are stylistically neutral.
Classification of the borrowed words:
Aliens: are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling.
From French: elite, coupé
Denizens: are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, spelling and even in adoption of an English affix, or words made up of two parts both from foreign soil.get(a
Scandinavian borrowing)
theater (a French loan) sociology (socio- from French and -logy from Greek)
Translation-Loans: are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in English, but according to patterns taken from another language, by way of literal
morpheme-for-morpheme translation. black humour (from French humor noir)
found object (from French object trouve)
Semantic Loan words: are words of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another
language, or words which acquired new meanings under the influence of
language or languages other than the source tongue.(gift meant “the price
of a wife” in Old English and after the semantic borrowing of the meaning of
gift or present of the Scandinavian term gipt, it meant and still means “gift” in
the modern sense of it. )
Classification of English Words by usage
Common words are connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. In English, most of the literary words are of French, Latin or Greek origin. For example,cast (throw), edifice(building), endeavor(try), purchase(buy), etc. More examples: recognition, distinction, inclination, dubious, amelioration…
colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues. They can also be use in informal writings, but are inappropriate in formal speeches or writings. They are marked colloq. or informal in dictionaries. Such as: kid, guy, fellow, gay…
区别literary word and colloquial word and common word
a.Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early. (literary)
b.Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early. (colloquial)
c.John was dismissed for petty thieving. (common)
d.John was fired for petty thieving. (colloquial)
a.Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced. (literary)
b.You have got to pay fines for overdue books. (colloquial)
c.They approved of the plan. (literary)
d.They agreed to the plan.(common)
Slang word is defined as language, words or phrases of a colorful, humorous, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. The chief reason for the formation and use of slang expressions is to secure freshness and novelty. Technical words refer to those words used in particular disciplines and academic areas. = terminologies or technical terms. symphony, sonata, orchestra, concerto，audiovisual, microteaching，algebra, geometry, calculus，clone, embryo, cell , organism, DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid), gene Function words(or grammatical words or autosemantic words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class words.
Content words: Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class words or lexical words). Include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why).
a. sub-standard words often used on informal occasions ( slang )
b. specialized vocabulary common in certain professions ( jargon )
c. words used by sup-cultural groups especially by underground society (argot )
d. words that have rich notions ( content words )
e. words of Anglo-Saxon origin( native words )
f. words borrowed by way of translation ( translation loans )
g. old words with new meanings( neologisms )
h. foreign words which have become assimilated ( denizens )
i. words whose meanings are borrowed (semantic loans)
j. words essential to native speakers daily communication(dialectal words 本地语)
配对tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl
Chapter 2
Modern English Words : Borrowing& Neologism
Borrowing: From French: attach, café
From Italian: concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, in
the fields of music, art, architecture
From Spanish: armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
From Portuguese: caste, pagoda
From German: bismuth, cobalt, nickel, zinc
From Dutch: dock, freight, keel
From Russian: vodka, troika, ruble, tsar
From Australian: boomerang, kangaroo, dingo
From Arabic: sugar, sultan,alcohol
From Indian: coolie, cashmere,khaki
From Chinese: tea, typhoon,yamen
From Japanese: kimono, tycoon
From African: gorilla, zebra
Neologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. Neologisms: moonfall登月, space suit太空服, black hole黑洞,environmentalist环保人士,software 软件visual pollution视觉污染,data base 数据库green revolution 绿色革命clone克隆nanotechnology纳米技术income gap收入差距Euro欧元Watergate水门事件
netspeak 网络词汇distance education 远程教育TV dinner 电视便餐/速冻食品
feminism 女权主义teach-in 讨论会/时事宣讲会, hippies嬉皮士soul music 黑人音乐
the lost generation迷惘的一代talk shows 脱口秀Karaoke (Japanese),
black humor (French), paper tiger, Red Guards, Kungfu, tofu, wok, typhoon (Chinese).
chapter 3
One morpheme: nation
Two morphemes: nation-al
Three morphemes: nation-al-ize
Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize
decentralization de-, center, -al, -ize, -ation
specialize species, -al, -ize
individualistic in-, divide, -al, -ist, -ic
half-hearted half, heart, -ed
undeveloped -un, develop, -ed
supernatural -super, nature, -al
inequality -in, equal, -ity
In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.
root 词根：所有曲折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的部分
stem 词干：所有的曲折词缀被去掉后所剩余的部分morpheme
base 词基：任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式
inflectional affix 曲折词缀
affix 词缀
derivational affix 派生词缀
词根与词基的区别：词基可派生词缀，词根不可以进一步分析
词基可加派生词缀与曲折词缀，词根只可加曲折词缀
desire(v.) 是词干（可以加曲折词缀，如过去时ed）
是词基（可加词缀，又能再分解，able是派生后缀）
desirable(adj.) 不是词根（它可再分解）
不是词干（不可加曲折词缀）
不是词根（可再分解—）
undesirable (n.) 是词干，可加曲折词缀，如-s,
是词基
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.
e.g. work, workable, worker, worked,working
Free roots（free morphemes）自由词素，可以独立成词
are forms that can stand alone as words such as boy, moon, walk, black. Bound root(bond morpheme) ：粘着词素，即必须依附于另一个词素
For example. -tain ，contain，detain ，sustain ，retain Affixes词缀are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Inflectional affixes曲折词素，放在单词后一般表示语法行为attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes.
cats, walked, walking , John’s book
Derivational affixes派生词素，形成新词并可能改变词性are added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.
Prefix 前缀are affixes that come before the word，such as pre+war，sub+sea
Suffix后缀: Affix comes after the word.
Allomorph : 词素变体An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. e.g. the morpheme of plurality {-s}: /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/
/z/ after /d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, …/
A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile). Its allomorphs are
ir- before r (irregular, irresponsible);il- before l (illogical, illegal);
in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).
Native affixes are those that existed in the OE period or were formed from OE words, such as un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-, -ness, -dom, -hood, -ly, –er. undemocratic ,
Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin, Greek, French, or other languages. Examples: ab-(L), bi-(L), dis-(L), re-(L), kilo-(Gk), poly-(Gk), mal-(F), -ic(Gk), -ism(Gk), -ist(Gk), -able (F), -ize(F).
1) a minimum meaningful unit of a language (morpheme)
2) one of the variants that realize a morpheme (allomorph)
3) a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme
(bound morpheme)
4) a morpheme that can stand alone (free morpheme )
5) a morpheme attached to a stem or a root (affix )
6) an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( informational affix)
7) an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or a root (derivational affix )
8) what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes (root )
9) a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( base)
10)that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes（stem）
chapter4
negative prefixes ：apolitical，destabilize，declassify，disenfranchise ，disinvest，illegal，
irresponsible，imperceptible，non-economic ，non-party，unacceptable，non-negative prefixes ：hyperlink，hypertext，overestimate ，overcompensate，semi-annual，
supermarket，superintendant，ultra-secret，ultra-conservative，
embark ，enclose，external，ex-wife ，inter-American ，
inter-government，postgraduate，preliminary，autonomy，
miscalculation
1. Noun-forming suffixes
-age: passage, marriage, mileage -dom: freedom, kingdom
-ance/-ence: assistance, predominance, correspondence
-ee: employee, referee, absentee -eer/er: engineer, profiteer, manager
-ess: manageress, heiress-ist: economist
-hood: adulthood, singlehood -ing: building, meaning, packing
-ion/-sion/-tion/-ition/-ation: production, conclusion, realization
-ism: consumerism, perfectionism -ment: agreement, investment
-ness: effectiveness, kindness -ship: ownership, friendship
-ty/-ity: productivity, prosperity -ure/-ture: procedure, expenditure
2. Adjective-forming suffixes
-able/-ible: manageable, permissible -al/-tal/-ial/-tial: economical, statistical
-ant/-ent: redundant, dependent -ary: monetary, inflationary
-ate/-ete: accurate, complete -ful: dutiful, powerful
-ish: snobbish, reddish, bookish -ive: effective, extensive
-less: effortless, powerless -like: businesslike, lifelike
-ly: costly, orderly -ous/-ious: ambiguous, nutritious
-some: troublesome, worrisome -y: sexy, worthy, daddy
3. Verb-forming suffixes
-en: brighten, moisten -ify/-fy: intensify, qualify, liquefy, glorify
-ize/-ise: rationalize, advertise, stabilize
*‘ize’ is often used in American English (e.g. maximize) as an alternative spelling of ‘ise’ in British English (e.g. maximise).
4. Adverb forming suffixes
-ly: frequently, perfectly -ward/-wards: windward, backward, homewards -wise: vote-wise, percentage-wise, housingwise
*Words formed with ‘ward’ can usually be used as either adverbs or adjectives. Words formed with ‘wards’ are mainly used as adverbs (e.g. westward, westwards).
Modern suffixes:
1. mega- (very large) : negacity megadestruction megagame megastructure megarich
megaversity
2.cyber- (automatic/computerized): cyberculture cyberbrain cyberart cyber-security
cyber-space cyber-privacy
3.hyper- (super/too much): hypermedia hyperlinks hyperfriction hyperslow hyberverbal
4. info- (information): infotech infocenter infotainment infomercial
5. nano- (one billionth): nanotech nanofabrication nanocomputer
6.techno- (technology): technomania technophobia techno-centric
7. tele- (long-distance transfer/television): telead telrbanking telebus telecenter tele-education
8. e- (electronic) : e-mail e-text e-zine e-cash
9. -bot (robot): knowbot mobot microbot
10. -size (measurements) : downsize upsize rightsize life-size
11. -ware (articles of the same kind): glassware soft/hardware middleware silverware
warehouse
12.-centric (of the center/taking…as the center): user-centric male-centric net-centric war
IBM compatible-centric
chapter1 简答题
1. What is a word?
2. What is the relationship between words and vocabulary?
3. What are the characteristics of the basic vocabulary?
4. What is the fundamental difference between content words and functional words?
5. How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loan words?
chapter2 简答题
1.Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European
Language Family?
The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.
2.What are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the three
periods of development?
Do you think we can divide the historical development in other ways?
Defend your argument.
The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one another.
Old English has (1) a small vocabulary (50,000—60,000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings.
Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled.
Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.
Yes, we can divide the development in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066 the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of the three phases of the original division is lost.
3. What characteristics of English make the English language heterogeneous?
It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.
chapter3简答题
1.What is the difference between morph形素, morpheme词素, allomorphs词素变体? Morph: A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.
Morpheme :A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）
An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. e.g. the morpheme of plurality {-s}:
2.What are the ways of creating new morphemes?
4.What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes? Give examples to illustrate their relationships.
Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as -s (-es), -ed, -ing and -est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.
Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including reflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes.
哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷 装 题 订 线 内 不 答 要 一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 2.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 3. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 6. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language,_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 7. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 8. The five Romance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 9. The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 10. By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. A. 10th B.11th C.12th D. 13th 11. The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12. The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 14. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes
学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会 外语系：张颖
词汇学学习之初，有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。词语 word 是一个难以捉摸的概念，需要在开始就认真关注。发音和意义之间的关系，声音和形式之间的关系，词语和词汇之间的关系。词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。争议较大。尽管已经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。在这个角度，一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。当根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合，是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单位。语法学家，则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式。等等。总结起来，词语的定义包含以下几点： （1）一个最小的自由形态 （2）一个发音的集合体 （3）一个意义单位 （4）能独自影响句子的形式 因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。” 所有一种语言中的词构成了它的词汇。术语“词汇”使用在不同的地方。他不仅用来代表一种语言中的单词总数，他还能代表所有特定历史时期的单词，例如古代英语词汇，中古词汇和现代英语词汇。我们也用他来代表所有特定方言的词汇，一本书的词汇，一种学术的词汇和一个人的词汇。英语是高度发展的世界语言之一。自然词汇是最大最丰富的之一。今天的英语笼统估计词汇量超过 100万。许多学者认为写作的许多困难实际上是缺乏表达词汇造成的(Raimes 1985 ,Zamel 1983) 。内容贫乏、词不达意、上下文不联贯、句型单调等都与词汇贫乏有直接的联系词汇在语言能力中至关重要。词汇量的大小直接影响听说读写各项能力的发展。语言能力在本文中指运用语言进行交际的能力 ,主要表现在听、说、读和写四个方面。文秋芳(1993)的研究表明词汇学习可以促进英语水平的提高。学生只有具备了充足的词汇量 ,才能读懂和听懂 ,从而也有可能为写作提供“可理解的输入”。学生的词汇量越大 ,阅读和听力的水平就越高。 词汇是构成语言的基本要素之一，词汇对于英语学习者来说，其作用极其重要，可以说是建立每一个学习者英语王国的基石。因此作为英语专业的专业必修
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
词汇学论文
英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究 摘要 词汇是语言的载体，是沟通和交流的基础，是文化的组成部分，同时也具有文化内涵。文化，是语言发展的成果，是社会意识形态的集中反映，影响着社会生活，也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵，集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因，旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异，更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识，从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。 关键词：词汇，对比，文化内涵，文化差异 1. 引言 人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化，在语言的各个组成成分中，最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇，词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异，通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵，不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性，有重要的学术价值，也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略，更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料，为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。 2. 文化内涵 2.1 文化内涵的定义 英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。文化具有传承性，动态性，民族性和多样性，文化作为一种历史现象，不同民族拥有不同文化，不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。语言作为文化的载体，语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。 2.2 文化与词汇的联系
3.3 谚语 谚语是心理，语言与文化的综合产物。英汉中存在具有共同比喻的谚语，如：火上浇油——pour oil in the flame 半斤八两——sin and half dozen 破釜沉舟——burn one's boats 以牙还牙——a tooth for a tooth 但由于两个民族有各自独特的文化背景和各自独特的风俗习惯，思维方式，因此谚语联想，引申和比喻上有很大的不同。例如汉语“拍马屁”取自古人讨好某人时，用手拍主人的马的屁股，说，“好马，好马”，而英语对应的意思是lick one's boots，舔靴子之意，再如：害群之马——black sheep；一箭之遥——at a stone’s throw; 掌上明珠——the apple of one’s eye; 棋逢对手——diamond cuts diamond.这些谚语后都蕴含着各自的文化信息。英语有时从字面上表达一个意思，实际上整体意义完全不同，如pull one’s leg——拉后腿，前者是“戏弄人”的意思，后者是“阻挠或牵制别人的行为”。再如，move heaven and earth 不是天翻地覆的意思，而是竭尽全力的意思。类似的谚语还有很多。 4. 英汉词汇文化内涵差异产生的原因 4.1 构词方法不同 英汉语在构词法上既有共性，又存在一定的差异，具有各自的特殊性。汉英语属于两种差异较大的语言类型,从来源来看,汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语系；从类型上讲,汉语属于分析语,英语属于综合分析语；汉语是象形表意文字，英语是表音文字，汉语重意合，而英语重形合,这些都取决于汉英两种民族不同的思维方式和民族心理素质,不同的思维方式和民族心理素质就会产生不同的语言形式,这些自然也会在构词上有所体现。 4.2 思维方式和认知方式不同 总体而言，汉族人的认知方法倾向于感性和具体，而西方人认知方法比较理想和抽象。汉语数词的使用频率远高于英语的数词就可以说明这个问题，如，“五体投地”，“八面埋伏”，“九死一生”，“十全十美”，“三思而行”等等。西方文化是一种重分析性，实证性和逻辑性的认识文化，要求周密，精确和明细
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ?-t‘ and ?-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ?telephone communication‘.. (4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of ―looking‖. 5. (a) ?blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ?blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ?greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ?White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ?board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ?bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ?hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ?white ?house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ?bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ?Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ?(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly.
《英语词汇学》期末考试试卷附答案 I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket．(45％) 1．There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．They are_____. A．primary and secondary B．Central and peripheral C．diachronic and synchronic D．Formal and functional 2．Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms? A．Colloquial B．Slang C．Negative D．Literary 3．Synonyms can be classified into two major groups，that is：_____. A．absolute and relative B．Absolute and complete C．relative and near D．Complete and identical 4．In the early period of Middle English，English，____existed side by side， A．Celtic and Danish B．Danish and French C．Latin and Celtic D．French and Latin 5． A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_______morpheme． A．formal B．Concrete C．free D．bound 6．Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated? A，croak，drum B．squeak，bleat C．buzz，neigh D．bang，trumpet 7．LDCE is distinctive for its____. A．Clear grammar codes B．usage notes C．language notes D．all of the above 8．From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to A．German B．French C．Scotttish D．Irish 9．Which of the following is NOT an acronym? A．TOEFL B．ODYSSEY C．BASIC D．CCTV 10. In the course book，the author lists____types of context clues for inferring word meaning． A．eight B．Six C．seven D．five 11．Sources of homonyms include____. A．changes in sound and spelling B．borrowing C．shortening D．all of the above
英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法
在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us
《词汇学》课程教学大纲 适用专业：对外汉语、汉语言文学专业 学时：36 先修课程：古代汉语现代汉语 一、本课程的地位和作用 汉语词汇学，与文字学、音韵学、训诂学、语法学都是汉语言专业的一门专业课，是有关汉语的重要内容之一。通过汉语词汇学这门课程的学习，使学生初步了解并掌握古代汉语词汇方面的初步知识及古代汉语词汇的一般特点，了解古今汉语词汇方面的内在联系，为今后从事汉语教学和进一步研究汉语词汇打下扎实的基础。 二、本课程的教学目标 本课程的开设，主要是为培养学生了解古今汉语词汇的语音特点、意义和一般用法，从汉语词汇知识中吸取营养，充实自己，在现实生活的语言交流和交际之中正确运用汉语的词汇。同时，也为进一步研究汉语词汇打基础。 三、课程内容和基本要求 汉语词汇学的主要内容和基础知识，主要是研究汉语词汇的类别、词的语音特征、词的语音形式、演变及其规律，词汇的构成和构
成方式、词义及词义特点、词义的演变、古今词义的异同、词的同义反义现象、同类词、同源词、同音词，词汇研究的方式、手段、词汇学史等方面的内容，要求对这些知识有个一般的了解和基本的掌握，最好能够运用这些知识去研究汉语中所出现的具体的语言现象。 第一章序论 一、词汇学的对象和分科 1、任何语言都有自己的语音系统、词汇和语法构造，语言的这三个组成部分在语言学上都有相应的学科来进行研究。词汇学就是其中以词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。所谓词汇就是语言里的词和词的等价物(如固定词组)的总和。词汇中包括实词和虚词，词汇学的研究重点是实词。因为有的虚词词汇意义已经弱化，有的甚至完全失去了词汇意义，只剩下语法意义，所以它们主要是语法学研究的对象。 2、在中国语言学史上，词汇的研究比语音和语法的研究都开始得早，这就是所谓训诂”。最古的一部训诂书《尔雅》写成于西汉时代。到了清朝乾嘉时代。训诂学更有了高度的发展，段玉裁(1735--1815)、王念孙(1744--1832)，王引之(1766--1834)等人把这门学问推进到了一个崭新的历史阶段。此外，我国的词典编纂工作开创之早与规模之大也是举世闻名的。 3、欧洲语言学发展的情况与此不同，开始得最早的是语法的研究。语音和词汇的研究在长时期内只是语法学的附庸。到了十九世纪，语音学和词汇学才逐渐成为独立的语言学学科。但是跟语音学和语法学比较起来，词汇学直到今天还是比较落后的。
名词解释（10选5，一个4分） 词=The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词根=The basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word. 词缀=Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 一词多义=Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 同形异义=Homonyms are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation) 完全同形异义=Perfect homonyms are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning. 同音异形异义=Homophones are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 同形异音异义=Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in sound or meaning. 同义关系=Synonymy is a relationship of “sameness of meaning” that may hold between two words. 反义关系=Antonymy is a relationship of “meaning opposition” that may hold between two words.
1.What is polysemy? Having multiple meanings that are related. 2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them 1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they developed. 2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in order of popularity. 3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them 1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are derived directly from the primary meaning. 2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning to another. 4.What is homonymy? Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph 1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣 2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat 3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.) 6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫） 7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an example to illustrate the difference 1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The second meaning is related to the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when reserving a room. 2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no connection. 8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries (binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why 1)Good/bad, contraries 2)odd/even, complementaries 3)above/below, converses 4)clean/dirty, contraries 5)remember/forget, complementaries? 6)old/young, contraries 7)before/after, converses 9.What is hyponymy? Give an example The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.
Test 1 I. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar