英语词汇学教程期末总结

英语词汇学第五版各单元总结通过这一阶段的学习及交流，对英语词汇教学有了极大的认识，尤其是听了许多名师的讲课，受益匪浅，下面谈谈此次学习的个人感受：初中英语词汇教学，是一项学习英语基本的要素，只要我们掌握一些词汇教学的方法，如听说要领方法；加强读音规则教学；帮助学生摆脱在记忆单词时，对汉语意义的过分依赖等，就能在词汇教学中取得很好的效果。

在初中英语教学中，词汇的自学就是一个关键的组成部分。

由于汉语和英语在许多方面存有差异，自学中增添了不少困难。

整体表现如下：第一，学生在读音方面存有困难，难以读准单词，存有相当一部分学生往往还用汉语为英语单词注音。

第二，在拼法方面，学生没意识到字母在单词中的读音与单词的拼法存有联系。

在记忆单词的时候，常常就是死记硬背。

第三，在记忆单词的意义的时候，过分特别注意该单词所对应的汉语意义的记忆，有利于长久记忆，时间短了难导致纷乱。

在初中一年级时，由于内容较太少，词汇直观，学生尚能够应付，但随着年级的升高，英语内容的深化，词汇量的减少，学生越来越感觉到词汇的记忆已沦为自学英语的最小障碍。

逐渐对英语自学兴趣，久而久之就退出了英语自学。

如何进行词汇教学呢？我认为，首先，词汇教学也一定要贯彻“听说领先”的原则，按照英语教学大纲的要求，在初中年级，特别是一年级，一定要贯彻“听说领先”的教学原则。

因此，词汇教学也一定要首先是“听”。

即教师在教单词时，先让学生听，让学生去“辨音”，教师所展示的`不是课本里的文字，而是每个词是由几个音素、几个音节构成，重音在什么地方，这样才能从听的意义上掌握词汇。

同时，又能为学生学好语音、语调打好基础，真正地培养学生的听能，为以后更好地接收英语的输入做准备。

其次，在听到的基础上强化读音规则的教学，以培育学生的标音能力。

虽然字母的名称音和字母在单词中的读音相同，但是，字母在单词中的读音还是有规律可寻的。

我们在词汇教学中，先使学生通过听到英语单词辨别出来单词的读音之后，再展开读音规则的教学，并使学生能根据字母在单词中的读音规律把单词拼法出。

Chapter 1Word-Structure1. The definition of morpheme1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morphemeWhat are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning.1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents对应词of morpheme? 语素词素-形位2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound.Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes).Task:(1) Read the following words and find the root in each word.heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness,sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly.(2) What is your definition of root?A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed.(3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why?2.2.1 Two types of roots- Free rootIn English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith.- Bound rootHowever, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc.these roots cannot be used to form new words.2.2.2 Two types of affixesAffix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme.- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to expressthe following meanings:(1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes;en in oxen.(2) the genitive case: e.g. ’s in boy’s, children’s.(3) the verbal endings: for example,a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third personsingular present tense.b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the presentparticiple or gerund.c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or pastparticiple.(4) the comparative and superlative degrees:e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest,hardest.- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes)can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.•(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite.As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.task: list some prefixes that can modify the parts of speech.- en-(em-) as in words like embody, enrich- be- as in words like befriend, belittle- a- as in words like asleep, aside • (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root, e.g.: darkness, worker. By the addition of the suffix,the word is usually changed from one part ofspeech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.2.3 Relationship between the two classifications of morphemesMorphemeIt is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.a) Bound morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words .What is an allomorph?An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。

英语期末总结（通用6篇）英语期末总结（通用6篇）总结是把一定阶段内的有关情况分析研究，做出有指导性的经验方法以及结论的书面材料，它可以明确下一步的工作方向，少走弯路，少犯错误，提高工作效益，不妨坐下来好好写写总结吧。

那么如何把总结写出新花样呢？下面是小编精心整理的英语期末总结（通用6篇），希望对大家有所帮助。

英语期末总结1算起来，我学习英语也有七、八年啦，然而自从上大学以来我渐渐发现大学的英语与中学英语有很大的区别，对于大学英语的学习与我们中学的学习有了很大的区别，自己也渐渐发现我需要改变以往的学习方式，寻求新的突破。

上大学以来，这是我第一次去总结自己英语学习中的一些经验和缺点。

说实话，对于英语我从来都是十分自信的，也从来没有觉得英语的学习会有多困难。

然而，这次期末考试英语成绩很不理想，使得我开始反思自己在英语学习中的缺点。

总结自己这次英语考试，说实话上大学以来对于英语学习并没总结出来一些新的学习方法。

面对考试，我的复习方式也十分的简单，一般就是简单背诵一些可能在考试中出现的知识，如填单词，熟悉英语听力课本知识，读课本上的英语文章等，这些只能简单的应付试题中出现的课本知识，不能真正的应对考试。

对于阅读理解等非课本知识，却没有恰当的方法。

同时，在这次考试中，我对于做题时间的安排不是十分的恰当，以至于整个做题时间都十分的紧张，最后写作文的时间十分紧张，这也直接影响到了我的作文质量和考试成绩。

总而言之，是由于考试准备的不充分导致了考试成绩的不好，是由于考试安排的不恰当导致了考试成绩的不理想。

此次考试，给我敲了一个警钟，是我开始反思自己的英语学习，寻找自己英语学习中的缺点。

我想在下个学期的学习中我需要改正的还有很多。

除了要认真的上好每一节课外，还要认真的做好每一道练习题。

同时要多进行练习，多做一些阅读理解，提高做题的质量。

自己也要多做一些小的作文练习。

考试成绩的提高归根结底在于平时知识的积累和综合能力的提升。

英语单词教学总结英语单词教学总结初中英语词汇教学总结【1】初中英语词汇教学策略只要我们掌握一些词汇教学的方法，如听说要领方法;加强读音规则教学;帮助学生摆脱在记忆单词时，对汉语意义的过分依赖等，就能在词汇教学中取得很好的效果。

在初中英语教学中，词汇的学习是一个重要的组成部分。

由于汉语和英语在许多方面存在差异，学习中带来了不少困难。

表现如下：第一，学生在读音方面存在困难，难以读准单词，有相当一部分学生往往还用汉语为英语单词注音。

第二，在拼写方面，学生没有意识到字母在单词中的读音与单词的拼写有联系。

在记忆单词的时候，常常是死记硬背。

第三，在记忆单词的意义的时候，过分注意该单词所对应的汉语意义的记忆，不利于长久记忆，时间长了容易造成混乱。

在初中一年级时，由于内容较少，词汇简单，学生尚能应付，但随着年级的增高，英语内容的深化，词汇量的增加，学生越来越感觉到词汇的记忆已成为学习英语的最大障碍。

逐渐对英语学习兴趣，久而久之就放弃了英语学习。

如何进行词汇教学呢?首先，词汇教学也一定要贯彻“听说领先”的原则，按照英语教学大纲的要求，在初中年级，特别是一年级，一定要贯彻“听说领先”的教学原则。

因此，词汇教学也一定要首先是“听”。

即教师在教单词时，先让学生听，让学生去“辨音”，教师所展示的不是课本里的文字，而是每个词是由几个音素、几个音节构成，重音在什么地方，这样才能从听的意义上掌握词汇。

同时，又能为学生学好语音、语调打好基础，真正地培养学生的听能，为以后更好地接收英语的输入做准备。

其次，在听的基础上加强读音规则的教学，以培养学生的拼读能力。

虽然字母的名称音和字母在单词中的读音不同，但是，字母在单词中的读音还是有规律可循的。

我们在词汇教学中，先让学生通过听英语单词分辨出单词的读音之后，再进行读音规则的教学，使学生能够根据字母在单词中的读音规律把单词拼写出来。

培养学生的阅读能力奠定基础。

培养学生的拼读能力应该从最简单的拼读抓起，采取循序渐进的原则，通过归类和比较，使学生掌握单词中字母及组合的读音规律。

第一章一个词可以被定义为一个基本单位的言论和作为一个最低的自由形式。

它是一个统一的声音和意义，帽子能够执行一个给定的句法功能，所有的话在一个语言的共同组成的词汇。

英语的历史发展表明，英语是一个沉重的借用者，它采用了几乎所有已知语言的词汇，尤其是拉丁语、法语和希腊语。

第一次世界大战的英语词汇¬拉里扩大的速度比以前快后渣土。

对了一天英语词汇快速增长的根本原因是科学技术进步的标志，社会经济、政治和文化的变化¬宝在英语母语国家的发生，和其他国家的语言和文化的强烈影响，由于在历史发展过程中出现大规模借贷，英语词汇极其丰富和异质。

词汇量从旧英语的50000个增加到了60000个，增加到了世界上最大的一百万个单词。

尽管外来词在本土词汇上占优势，但后者却是英语词汇中最熟悉、最有用的部分。

前者增加了灵活性和语言资源¬丰满。

英语词汇包含不同种类的词汇。

可根据不同的¬租金标准分类。

词汇可以根据其来源分类为母语反借词。

通过使用水平，词可以分为普通（或流行〉词文学的话口语词、俚语和术语。

一个词的状态不是固定不变的，而是不断变化的。

技术术语可能会很流行，而流行词可以用作专门术语。

一些俚语也成为常用词或俗语词可以分为实词和虚词前有独立的词汇意义，后者，在大多数情况下，没有词汇本身的含义，作为语法信号显示内容之间的连接词。

虚词比内容词少得多，但使用频率更高。

第二章词是由语素构成的，语素是英语最有意义的单位，既有音也有义。

一位是任何一个рЬешеMOR的变体形式。

语素111ay被归类为自由或束缚，自由语素是一个可以成为一个独立的COM¬完整的话语，而粘着语素不能单独存在；它必须出现至少一个其他语素自由或束缚。

语素可以分为根和根进行affixies，在аіягогсІ意义的重要组成部分，根可以免费或黏着语素自由根可以独立成为单词，并为语言的形成提供基础。

在现代英语中，词根虽然不能用词来表示，也不能用词来构成新词。

英语词汇学总结复习资料-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一章 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因 The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the wordstock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words andfunctional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words byorigin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action， size， domain， state numerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – past electricity， machine， car，plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology – technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra，trigonometry， calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch， holler，Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuader cant， jargon ， argot are associated with，or most available to， specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame， lough， bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word）– do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， pork cup from cuppa （L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar， rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky第二章 The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、 Hellenic、 GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we havePersian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four NorthernEuropean language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the endof 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence onEnglish was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点： fewer inflections leveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)， Latin and Greek were recognized as thel anguages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of theglobe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptionsEnglish has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%第三章 Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes.E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s） has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， e.g. in cats/s/， in bags/z/， in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， e.g. cat， walk. They areidentical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes—— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， e.g. recollection（re+collect+ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form andhas to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example： it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。

英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词，是能独立存在并具有词义的词类；虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词，是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。

2.词根与词缀：英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀，词根是词的核心部分，词缀是附加在词根上的，可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。

3.词义：英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。

词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。

4.词汇建构：英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。

合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词，派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词，转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词，缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。

5.词汇变化：英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。

词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。

6.外借词：英语词汇中存在大量的外借词，这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。

外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。

7.同源词：英语词汇中存在一些同源词，这些词源于同一词根或词源，并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。

了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。

8.词汇扩展：英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展，即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。

词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。

这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点，通过对这些知识点的学习和理解，可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。

英语期末单词总结Introduction:Vocabulary is an essential component of language learning and communication. It plays a crucial role in understanding and expressing ideas, as well as in reading and listening comprehension. This vocabulary summary aims to provide a comprehensive review of the key words and phrases learned throughout the English course. The words will be grouped into different categories to facilitate better understanding and retention.1. Nouns:Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They can be concrete or abstract. Here are some common nouns encountered in the course:- Classroom items: desk, chair, whiteboard, textbook.- Animals: dog, cat, bird, lion.- Occupations: doctor, teacher, engineer.- Food: apple, banana, rice, pasta.- Transportation: car, bus, train, bicycle.- Places: city, park, restaurant, hospital.2. Verbs:Verbs are action words that describe what someone is doing. They are an essential part of sentence structure. Here are some verbs covered in the course:- Actions: run, eat, sleep, talk.- Daily activities: study, cook, clean, work.- Communication: speak, listen, write, read.- Emotions: love, hate, feel, think.- Travel: fly, drive, walk, swim.3. Adjectives:Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns. They provide additional information about the noun. Some adjectives encountered in the English course include:- Descriptive adjectives: big, small, tall, short.- Colors: red, blue, green, yellow.- Feelings: happy, sad, excited, tired.- Sizes: large, small, big, tiny.- Quantities: many, few, several, some.4. Adverbs:Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent something is done. The following adverbs have been covered in the course:- Manner adverbs: quickly, slowly, carefully, loudly.- Time adverbs: yesterday, tomorrow, often, rarely.- Frequency adverbs: always, sometimes, seldom, never.- Place adverbs: here, there, everywhere, nowhere.5. Prepositions:Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, manner, or purpose. Here are some prepositions studied in the course:- Location prepositions: in, on, under, above.- Direction prepositions: to, from, towards, through.- Time prepositions: at, in, on, during.- Manner prepositions: with, without, by, through.- Purpose prepositions: for, to, because of, due to.6. Conjunctions:Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. They coordinate or subordinate ideas. Conjunctions encountered in the English course include: - Coordinating conjunctions: and, or, but, so.- Subordinating conjunctions: because, while, although, if.- Correlative conjunctions: both...and, either...or, neither...nor.7. Phrasal Verbs:Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions formed by combining a verb with one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs). They have unique meanings separate from the original verb. Some phrasal verbs learned in the course include:- Look up: to search for information.- Give up: to stop trying.- Take off: to remove clothing or depart.- Put off: to postpone or delay.8. Idioms:Idioms are expressions that have figurative meanings. They cannot be understood by the literal definition of the words. Here are some idioms encountered in the English course:- Break a leg: to wish someone good luck.- Piece of cake: something easy to do.- Hit the books: to study intensively.- It's raining cats and dogs: heavy rainfall.Conclusion:Expanding one's vocabulary is an ongoing process that requires regular practice and exposure to different contexts. This vocabulary summary serves as a foundation for further growth and development. By mastering the words and phrases presented in this summary, learners will be better equipped to communicate effectively in English.。

第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。

词汇学知识点总结词汇学是研究词汇的学科，它是语言学的一个重要分支，涉及了语言的构成、变化和使用等方面。

词汇学对于语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义，它不仅可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言知识，还可以帮助我们提高语言运用能力。

在这篇文章中，我们将对词汇学的知识点进行总结，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一学科。

一、词的定义和分类词是语言中的最小意义单位，是构成句子和表达意思的基本单位。

按照在句子中的功能和语法特征，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等，它们能够表示具体的事物或抽象的概念；虚词包括代词、连词、介词、助词等，它们通常用来连接或修饰实词，没有明确的词义。

二、词汇的构成词汇的构成是指词的组成方式和形态特征。

在词汇的构成中，我们可以看到一些常见的构词法，如前缀、后缀、派生、合成、转化等。

通过这些构词法，我们可以对词汇进行灵活组合和创造，丰富语言的表达能力。

1.前缀前缀是指加在词根前面的一个字，可以改变词的词义或语法特征。

比如，“un-”表示否定，“re-”表示再次，“pre-”表示在前面等。

2.后缀后缀是指加在词根后面的一个字，同样可以改变词的词义或语法特征。

比如，“-ing”表示进行时，“-ful”表示充满的意思，“-ment”表示名词化等。

3.派生派生是指通过词根和词缀的组合来创造和衍生新的词。

比如，“happy”是一个形容词，通过加上“-ness”后缀就可以派生出名词“happiness”。

4.合成合成是指两个或多个词汇组合在一起，形成一个新的词。

比如，“blackboard”由“black”和“board”两个实词组合而成。

5.转化转化是指一个词汇的词类发生改变，但词形不变。

比如，“work”可以作为动词，也可以作为名词，它的词形都不发生变化。

词汇的构成方式是多种多样的，通过学习这些构词法，我们可以更好地理解和掌握词汇的形态特征，有助于提高我们的语言表达能力。

三、词汇的语义特征语义是指词汇所携带的意义，它是语言交流和理解的基础。