英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰

试题一第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1.In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.A. moreB. littleC. lessD. gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______.A. general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD. neither A and B3.The word "MINISKIRT" is _______.A. morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.A. borrowingB. semantic changeC. creation of new wordsD. all the above5.Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.A. generalizedB. expandedC. elevatedD. degraded6.Some morphemes have _______ as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word.A. alternative morphsB. single morphsC. abstract unitsD. discrete units7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Hellenicpounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______.A. semanticsB. grammarC. phoneticsD. lexicology9.If two main constituents of an idiom share the same initial sound, it is called _______.A. repetitionB. alliterationC. rhymeD. none of the above10.Which of the following words is a functional word?A. OftenB. NeverC. AlthoughD. Desk11.Rhetorical features are shown in such respects of phonetic and lexical manipulation as well as _______.A. semantic unityB. structural stabilityC. idiomatic variationD. figure of speech12.The advantage of classifying idioms according to grammatical functions is to _______.A. use idioms correctly and appropriatelyB. understand idioms correctlyC. remember idioms quicklyD. try a new method of classification13.Borrowing as a source of homonymy in English can be illustrated by _______.A. long（not short）B. ball（a dancing party）C. rock（rock'n'roll）D. ad（advertisement）14.The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT _______.A. the influx of borrowingB. repetitionC. analogyD. shortening15.Which of the following is NOT a component of linguistic context?A. Words and phrases.B. SentencesC. Text or passageD. Time and place第二部分非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to thecourse book.（10%）16.Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and ___________________.17.The language used in England between 450 and 1150is called _________________.ELD is a ________________ dictionary.19.In the phrase "the mouth of the river",the word "mouth" is _________________ motivated.20.Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is ________________ context.Ⅲ. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to1)types of meaning changes;2)types of meaning;3)language branches and 4)meaning and context.（10%）A B21.Scandinavian（） l（place where things are made）22.Germanic（） B.grammatical23.extension（） C.double meaning24.narrowing（） D.Swedish25.linguistic（） prehend/understand26.ambiguity（） F.Dutch27.participants（）G.degermined28.difference in denotation（）H.pigheaded29.appreciative（）I.non-linguistic30.pejorative（）J.iron（a device for smoothing clothes）Ⅳ. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1）types of bound morphemes underlined, and 2）types of word formation or prefixes.（10%）31.predict（）32.motel（）33.potatoes（）34.blueprint（）35.preliminaries（）36.Southward（）37.demilitarize（）38.hypersensityve（）39.retell（）40.multi-purposes（）Ⅴ.Define the following terms.（10%）41.acronymy42.native words43.elevation44.stylistic meaning45.monolingral dictionaryⅥ.Answer the following questions. Y our answers should the clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（12%）46.How many types of motivation are there in English? Give ONE example for each type.47.What are the major sources of English synonyms? Illustrate your points.48.What are the clues generally provided in verbal context?Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（18%）49.analyze the morphological structures of following words and point out the types of the morphemes.Recollection, nationalist, unearthly50.Pick out the idioms in the following extract and explain its origin and the effect of using this form."Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time," he said.参考答案Ⅰ.(3%)1.A2.C3.A4.C5.A6.A7.B8.D9.B10.C11.D12.A13.B14.B15.DⅡ.(10%)16.transfer17.OLD English18.monolingual19.semantically20.extralinguistic/non-linguisticⅢ.(10%)21.D22.F23.A24.J25.B26.C27.I28.E29.G30.HⅣ.(10%)31.bound root32.（head+tail）blinding33.inflectional affix/morpheme34.a+n35.full conversion36.suffix37.reversative prefix38.prefix of degree39.prefix40.number prefixⅤ.(10%)41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes.43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context.45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language.Ⅵ.(12%)46.There are four types of motivation:1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc.2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc.3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc.4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.47.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence withidiomatic expressions.48.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure.Ⅶ.(18)49.1）Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection（re+collect+ion）,nationalist（nation+al+ist）,unearthly（un+earth+ly）.2）Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3）All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words. 50.1）the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine（3分）2）proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking（1分）3）using an old saying is more persuasive（2分）4）the short form saves time, more colloquial（2分）5）indicates intimacy or close relationship（1分）。

《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲课程编码：30615008 学分： 2 总学时：36说明【课程性质】《英语词汇学》为英语专业的专业任意选修课程。

【教学目的】本课程是英语专业高年级阶段的一门专业任意选修课。

本课程的教学目的在于要求学生掌握英语词汇学的基本知识和基本理论，从而更科学地学习英语词汇，运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇，正确地使用英语词汇。

【教学任务】《英语词汇学》以帮助学生扩大词汇量，有效运用英语词汇；更深入的理解词义，更有效的组织划分和贮存词汇；增强学生对词义和用法的了解，使学生准确使用词汇；使学生掌握使用参考书的技能，增加解决问题的能力和学习英语的有效性；提高学生的语言接受能力和语言使用能力为教学任务。

【教学内容】词的基本知识、英语的亲属关系与英语词汇的形成和发展、词的形态结构和构成方法、词的意义、语义关系、词义的演变、英语习语、英语词典【教学原则和方法】教学原则：本课程采用张维友编写的《英语词汇学教程》（华中师范大学出版社）为主要教材，在教学过程中坚持以学生为主体，教师为指导的原则，以教材为中心，并适时地向学生介绍英语词汇学的研究动态和最新方向，让学生对词汇学有一个全面系统的了解。

教学方法：在教学过程中，采用论述式、概述式和指引式讲解相结合对教学内容的新信息点、重点、难点进行论述式讲解，深入浅出地详述理论原理，用恰当的例证加以说明，以此帮助学生充分理解理论知识。

对容易懂的内容则进行简明扼要地讲解。

教学中以学习指定的教材为主，适当穿插一些相关的信息材料。

通过对英语词汇学中相关的概念即理论知识的学习和理解，要求学生尽量独立完成教材各部分后面所附的练习，必要时教师可给予适当的指导。

教学手段主要是抽取各部分中的精华部分进行讲解，并适时地采用专题讨论的方式进行学习。

【先修课程要求】要求学生具备英语语音、英语语法、基础英语、英语阅读、英语写作以及翻译等课程知识。

教材：张维友《英语词汇学教程》华中师范大学出版社，2004年。

1、This story is a _________ to divert the public attention away from the issue.1. blue moon2. black horse3. red herring4. green hand2、Come on! Cheer up! Don’t just sit here as stiff as a ________.1. poker2. patient3. queen4. king3、Overjoyed to see his long-lost friend, Jimmy ________ a toast to the health of them all.1. suggested2. spoke3. proposed4. raised4、You were not seriously injured. Don’t make a _________ out of a _________.1. mountain, molehill2. mount, molehill3. hill, molehill4. molehill, mountain5、The figure of speech employed in “The past is a bucket of ashes” is _________.1. euphemism2. litotes3. irony4. metaphor6、Our work calls for mutual support. We shouldn’t _________ each other's efforts.1. active2. interact3. counteract4. activate7、They all thought that she and her boyfriend were ________.1. birds of a kind2. birds of a type3. birds of a breed4. birds of a feather8、After a meal in a restaurant, you ask the waiter for the _________.1. note2. receipt3. bill4. menu9、Exercise seems to benefit the brain power of the healthy and the sick, the young and the old ________.1. alike2. included3. alive4. through10、Words with such clusters as “ch”, “ph”, “pn”, “rh” as in chasm, phone, pneumatic and rhetoric are most prob1. German2. Chinese3. Greek4. Latin11、I waited for Tom for ages, but he didn’t _________.1. turn in2. turn up3. turn on4. turn out12、He was ________ of having asked such a silly question.1. miserable2. guilty3. sorry4. ashamed13、I took only a _________ of beans with me and left.1. hand2. handful3. handy4. handed14、1. According to the divine-source theory, language ________.1. the result of our ancestors imitating natural sounds around them2. originated from human physiological adaptation3. originated from the link between physical gestures and orally produced sounds4. is given by God15、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.1. archenemy2. main enemy3. major enemy4. primary enemy16、Flying in an airplane was once thought to be an impossible ________.1. task2. problem3. promise4. profession17、No new ideas _______ from the meeting.1. merged2. submerged3. emerged4. immerged18、The scientists realized it would be too ________ to ship all people in one boat because it was fragile.1. dangerous2. risky3. daring4. bold19、I took the children to the zoo to ________ for the party they missed yesterday.1. make away2. make up3. make it4. make of20、The Old English word stān means ________ in modern English.1. stalig2. stole3. stain4. stone21、In “Elizabeth could hear voices through the open door”, the word door means ________.1. the moveable barrier in the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, car, etc.2. the channel to a certain place3. None of the above4. the panel board22、Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1. transforming2. transmitting3. switching4. submitting23、Which of the following usually appears in poems？_________1. nag2. steed3. horse4. gee-gee24、According to ________, human language is the result of evolution.1. the divine-source theory2. the oral-gestural theory3. the glossogenetic theory4. the natural-sound theory25、Among the four prefixes in the following, ________ is NOT a quantity prefix.1. an-2. di-3. multi-4. mono-判断题26、In the Middle English period, English lost most of its inflections.1. A.√2. B.×27、Human languages are derived from the natural sounds around and are thus onomatopoeic in nature.1. A.√2. B.×28、There exists a natural relation between the sound and meaning of a word.1. A.√2. B.×29、Words can be moved around without destroying the grammaticality of the sentence.1. A.√2. B.×30、Farewell is shortened from Fare thee well.1. A.√2. B.×31、With the aid of jargons, people of certain field can communicate effectively and economically.1. A.√2. B.×32、There is no principled clear-cut between the lexicon of a language and its grammar.1. A.√2. B.×33、The synchronic approach to word meaning focuses on the semantic changes over time.1. A.√2. B.×34、In the sentence, “I presume that you are Dr. Livingstone”,presume can be replaced by “suppose”.1. A.√2. B.×35、The meaning of words can be equated with what they refer to in the real world.1. A.√2. B.×36、Words loved, cherished, fainted and swirled all share the same grammatical meaning, i.e., “past tense”.1. A.√2. B.×37、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.1. A.√2. B.×38、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language.1. A.√2. B.×39、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etc.1. A.√2. B.×40、Lexicology is focused exclusively on lexical words or contents words.1. A.√2. B.×41、Man is a word, a root, a stem and a free morpheme as well.1. A.√2. B.×42、There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.1. A.√2. B.×43、webinar is formed by blending web and seminar, meaning “an online seminar or conference”.1. A.√2. B.×44、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.1. A.√2. B.×45、The prototype of a category is independent from context.1. A.√2. B.×主观题46、grammatical meaning参考答案：Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships of functions, such as tense mea plural meanings of words, etc.47、melioration参考答案：Melioration refers to the process whereby words with humble origins are gradually used in positive, or at least neutral conte xts woman”, but now it is used to refer to the female ruler of a state.48、semantic loan参考答案：A semantic loan is a word or expression that has developed a new meaning or new meanings due to the influence of a related w English word “dream”, for instance, which originally meant joy, music, has taken its moder n meaning from the Norse.49、jargon参考答案：Jargon are languages peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group. For example, RAM, ROM, Hard Disk, CPU, etc. are all ja50、free phrase参考答案：Free phrases refer to any group of words or expressions carrying meaning. For example, “three British experts” is a free phras needed, can be altered, such as “two Chinese students”, “100 African men”, “20 read apples”, etc., each of which carries a me51、morpheme参考答案：Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function that cannot be further analyzed, e.g. -ly, dog, hand, etc.52、root参考答案：A root is the morpheme in a word functioning as the core of the meaning. For example, in “disliked”, “like” is the part left wi but “like”carries the meaning common to both “dislike”, and “liked”.53、subjectification参考答案：Subjectification refers to the process by which the meaning of a given word changes from relatively objective to increasingly s meant “true”or “real”, which are objective descriptive, such a s , very knight meant “true knight”. Presently, “very” is mainly a When I say “It is very hot”, the degree of “hotness” is out of my own personal evaluation.54、What is lexical meaning and what are its different types?参考答案：Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is regarded as being identical can be divided into five different types, i.e. conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning and c illustrated in the following:1) Conceptual meaning, also known as denotative meaning or logical meaning, is assumed to be the most basic and central fac the core of semantic study. The conceptual meaning of a word indicates the concept, and is thus relatively stable. See the followbachelor: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, –MARRIED]spinster: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE,–MARRIED]wife: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE, +MARRIED]2) Connotative meaning or connotation is the additional meaning that a word possesses beyond its central or conceptual meani associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of the word. See the following examples:boy conceptual meaning [+HUMAN, +MALE, –ADULT]connotative meaning lovable, naughty, noisy, irritating, etc.Connotative meanings or connotations often tend to be variable according to society, time, culture, and even the experience of e.g. “西风” vs. “west wind”: share the same denotation, the wind blowing from the west“西风”: sadness, bitterness, coldness, departure, etc.“west wind” in Britain: agreeable figure associated with spring and flowers3) Social meaning of words refers to the information about the potential social circumstances where the words are appropriate the following factors:DIALECT (e.g. the language of geographical region or of a social class)TIME (e.g. the language of the eighteenth century, etc.)PROVINCE (e.g. language of law, of science, of advertising, etc.)STATUS (e.g. polite, colloquial, slang, etc.)SINGULARITY (e.g. the style of Dickens, of Hemingway, etc.)4) Affective meaning conveys the personal emotions and attitudes of a language user, including his attitude to the listener, or h about. In the following, words in Column A are affective positive while those in Column B are negative in meaning.A Bslim skinnynew unproveninexpensive cheap5) Collocative meaning is part of the word meaning suggested by its relations with the words it can co-occur. It refers to the gr words can be used together.e.g. pretty vs. handsome.Although these two words share common ground in expressing the meaning of “good-looking”, they may be distinguished by t linguists’ term) collocate with.55、What is a compound and what is a free phrase? How can compound and free phrases be distinguished?参考答案：Compounds refer to words formed by compounding or combining two or more stems. Free phrase is similar to “expression”. It idiomatic meaning. Compounds are similar to free phrases in structure, but compounds and free phrases are essentially differen features, semantic features and grammatical features.1) Phonetic difference: Stress in compounds tends to fall on the initial element while that of free phrases is apt to fall on the fin Compounds Free phrases'green house green 'house'blackboard black 'board'White House white 'houseThis rule of distinction is not always reliable.e.g. scholar 'activist, Mansion 'Avenue, May 'Flowers, silk 'tie.2) Semantic differences: A compound is a semantic gestalt/gəˈʃtɑ:lt/ that expresses a single idea just like a word.e.g. green house : a building with glass walls and roof for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions o the free phrase green house means a house in green color.The meanings of the constituents in compounds form an inseparable semantic whole. The change of any element will result in considerable amount of compounds are transparent in meaning, that is, their meaning is the combination of the meanings of the scarlet fever, etc.3) Grammatical difference: A compound is supposed to perform a single grammatical role in a sentence like a noun, a verb or a compounds, blackboard and White House cannot be modified by the adverb very, but it is acceptable in phrases a very black b56、He was brainwashed into believing money made defines the means.参考答案：他被洗脑了，相信为了钱可以使用一切手段。

Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words We have discussed the historical， cultural and social factors that facilitate (使……容易；推动）the development of the English vocabulary. Borrowing， as we see, has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary。

In modern times，however, vocabulary is mainly enlarged on an internal basis. That is, we use word—building material available in English to create new words。

But before we discuss the actual ways and means to make new words, we need to have a clear picture of the structure of English words and their components (成分）—word-forming elements. This chapter will discuss morphemes（语素；词素）, their classification(分类）and identification（辨别）， the relationship between morphemes and word—formation（构词法）。

3。

1 MorphemesTraditionally，words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences，which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules（句法规则). Structurally，however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Take decontextualization for example。

1、“lose face” is a(n) _________.1. semantic loan2. denizen3. alien4. translation loan2、The United Nations has appealed for help from the ________ community.1. A. within-national2. intra-national3. international4. in-national3、Come on! Cheer up! Don’t just sit here as stiff as a ________.1. poker2. patient3. queen4. king4、You were not seriously injured. Don’t make a _________ out of a _________.1. mountain, molehill2. mount, molehill3. hill, molehill4. molehill, mountain5、After a meal in a restaurant, you ask the waiter for the _________.1. note2. receipt3. bill4. menu6、W ords with such clusters as “ch”, “ph”, “pn”, “rh” as in chasm, phone, pneumatic and rhetoric are most proba1. German2. Chinese3. Greek4. Latin7、In “Tom’s family keep a good table”, the word table means ________.1. food and drinks served at meals2. none of the above3. people assembled around a table, as at meals4. the piece of furniture with a flat horizontal surface supported by one or more vertical legs8、We eventually ran out of patience with his ________ behaviour.1. childish2. childlike3. child4. childy9、He was ________ of having asked such a silly question.1. miserable2. guilty3. sorry4. ashamed10、I took only a _________ of beans with me and left.1. hand2. handful3. handy4. handed11、The missiles missed their _________, so the research group did not reach its _________.1. target, target2. goal, goal3. goal, target4. target, goal12、No new ideas _______ from the meeting.1. merged2. submerged3. emerged4. immerged13、Which of the following words has gone through the semantic change of subjectification?1. corn2. gossip3. maid4. very14、Having lost the match, the team went home in ________ spirits.1. D. dark2. deep3. low4. empty15、The Old English word stān means ________ in modern English.1. stalig2. stole3. stain4. stone16、After his recovery from illness, he ________ his former position.1. C. presumed2. resumed3. assumed4. consumed17、In “Elizabeth could hear voices through the open door”, the word door means ________.1. the moveable barrier in the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, car, etc.2. the channel to a certain place3. None of the above4. the panel board18、Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, ________ would most probably u1. B. male parent2. father3. old man4. dad19、Which of the following usually appears in poems?1. nag2. steed3. horse4. gee-gee20、The main characters in the novel seem so true to life, but actually, they are entirely ________.1. imaginative2. imagined3. imaginable4. imaginary判断题21、Old English is a non-inflectional language.1. A.√2. B.×22、Many words in English vocabulary are compositional.1. A.√2. B.×23、In “I haven’t seen you for ages”, hyperbole is employed.1. A.√2. B.×24、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalization”.1. A.√2. B.×25、In the Middle English period, English lost most of its inflections.1. A.√2. B.×26、Latin element was first brought into English by Germanic tribes.1. A.√2. B.×27、Connotative meaning of a word is relatively stable and insensitive to the change of context.1. A.√2. B.×28、London dialect began to spread as Standard English in the Middle English period.1. A.√2. B.×29、Farewell is shortened from Fare thee well.1. A.√2. B.×30、AmE and BrE shares all grammatical rules.1. A.√2. B.×31、Comparatively speaking, ask is more formal than interrogate.1. A.√2. B.×32、“Just a second!” is a case of litotes (understatement).1. A.√2. B.×33、Answering the question “Will you marry me?”with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is using su bstitution.1. A.√2. B.×34、The vocabulary of any language never remains stable; it is constantly changing.1. A.√2. B.×35、In the sentence, “I presume that you are Dr. Livingstone”,presume can be replaced by “suppose”.1. A.√2. B.×36、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding –er to air-condition.1. A.√2. B.×37、A word, car for example, may mean differently to different people.1. A.√2. B.×38、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meanings.1. A.√2. B.×39、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.1. A.√2. B.×40、For an English word, the shift of stress may indicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect example.1. A.√2. B.×主观题41、grammatical meaning参考答案：Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships of functions, such as tense mea plural meanings of words, etc.42、translation loan参考答案：A translation loan is a word or an expression formed from the material already existing in the English language but according t way of literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. Examples are “land-reform”, “mutual-aid” team, “national bourgeoisi43、blending参考答案：Blending refers to process of making a new word by combining parts of two or more words. For example, the word “brunch”“lunch”.44、jargon参考答案：Jargon are languages peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group. For example, RAM, ROM, Hard Disk, CPU, etc. are all ja45、free phrase参考答案：Free phra ses refer to any group of words or expressions carrying meaning. For example, “three British experts” is a free phras needed, can be altered, such as “two Chinese students”, “100 African men”, “20 read apples”, etc., each of which carries a me46、Stylistics参考答案：The systematic study of styles of words, expressions and text.47、meronymy参考答案：Meronymy refers to the part-whole sense relationship. For example, the word “body”and “head”, “arm”, “leg”, etc. have a pa relationship is called “meronymy”.48、affix参考答案：An affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole. According to its position, an a word, or suffix, because it appears following the word. For example, in “enlarge”, the affix “en”is a prefix, because it is adde because of the ad dition of “en”that the new verb “enlarge” is made with causative meaning.49、What is lexical meaning and what are its different types?参考答案：Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is regarded as being identical can be divided into five different types, i.e. conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning and c illustrated in the following:1) Conceptual meaning, also known as denotative meaning or logical meaning, is assumed to be the most basic and central fact the core of semantic study. The conceptual meaning of a word indicates the concept, and is thus relatively stable. See the followbachelor: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, –MARRIED]spinster: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE,–MARRIED]wife: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE, +MARRIED]2) Connotative meaning or connotation is the additional meaning that a word possesses beyond its central or conceptual meani associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of the word. See the following examples:boy conceptual meaning [+HUMAN, +MALE, –ADULT]connotative meaning lovable, naughty, noisy, irritating, etc.Connotative meanings or connotations often tend to be variable according to society, time, culture, and even the experience of e.g. “西风” vs. “west wind”: share the same denotation, the win d blowing from the west“西风”: sadness, bitterness, coldness, departure, etc.“west wind” in Britain: agreeable figure associated with spring and flowers3) Social meaning of words refers to the information about the potential social circumstances where the words are appropriate the following factors:DIALECT (e.g. the language of geographical region or of a social class)TIME (e.g. the language of the eighteenth century, etc.)PROVINCE (e.g. language of law, of science, of advertising, etc.)STATUS (e.g. polite, colloquial, slang, etc.)SINGULARITY (e.g. the style of Dickens, of Hemingway, etc.)4) Affective meaning conveys the personal emotions and attitudes of a language user, including his attitude to the listener, or h about. In the following, words in Column A are affective positive while those in Column B are negative in meaning.A Bslim skinnynew unproveninexpensive cheap5) Collocative meaning is part of the word meaning suggested by its relations with the words it can co-occur. It refers to the gr words can be used together.e.g. pretty vs. handsome.Although these two words s hare common ground in expressing the meaning of “good-looking”, they may be distinguished by t linguists’ term) collocate with.50、What is a word?参考答案：A word can be simple defined as the minimal meaningful free unit of language. This definition is to be understood in the from1) A word is the sound unit of language.(1) A word is a sound unit (or unit of speech) for the purpose of communication. In this sense, a word sound in nature and eac purpose(s). Even the first word uttered by a baby is for communication.(2) A word is a sound cluster conventionally sequenced. In this sense, the order of sound elements in a word is fixed and abid example, for the word /ɡəu/, the sequence /ɡ/must precede /əu /, otherwise, it is not the word “go” at all.(3) A word is a combination of sound and meaning according to the conventions of specific languages. For example, the soun “enough (够)” in Chinese.2) A word is the smallest free form of language.(1) Words are free forms of a language, i.e., forms that can be moved without destroying the grammaticality of the sentence. I “saw”and “Bill” can all move freely and each sentence is grammatically correct.(2) In contrast, the letters that form a word are fixed with rigid sequential order. A word is the smallest free form of language its meaning or even its status as a word. For example, only “John”is a boy’s name, but not “Jonh”, “Jhon”, “Jhno”or “Joan”.3) A word is the building block for phrase and sentence.When separate d from the phrase, sentence or passage, a word will be difficult to understand since it is no more than a “dead” d sentences and passages are contexts for the interpretation of words. In sum, words are the building blocks out of which phrases51、Once in the office, President Obama embarked right away on de-Clintonization.参考答案：就职以后，奥巴马总统立即着手去克林顿化。

英语词汇学夏洋版课后答案1、--What are you going to be in the future?--I want to be _______ actor. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. /2、--What would you like to say to your _______ before leaving school?--I’d like to say"Thank you very much!" [单选题] *A. workersB. nursesC. waitersD. teachers(正确答案)3、More than one student_____absent from the class yesterday due to the flu. [单选题] *A.areB.hasC.isD.was(正确答案)4、( ) What _____ fine weather we have these days! [单选题] *A. aB. theC. /(正确答案)D. an5、Alice is a ______ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.（）[单选题] *A. shyB. strictC. healthyD. friendly(正确答案)6、—Why is Mary asking Bob about the school trip? —Because she wants to know ______.（）[单选题] *A. how does he think of the tripB. what does he think of the tripC. what he likes the tripD. how he likes the trip(正确答案)7、I’m so tired after _______ walk. [单选题] *A. three hour’sB. three hours’(正确答案)C. three hoursD. three hour8、—Could you take out the rubbish, Jim?—______. I have too much homework to do. You can ask Sally to do it. （）[单选题] *A. Sorry, I can’t(正确答案)B. No problemC. I disagreeD. No, thanks9、We are very hungry now. Can you _______ us something to eat? [单选题] *A. carryB. takeC. borrowD. bring(正确答案)10、The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her（）attitude towards customers. [单选题] *A. impartialB. mildC. hostile(正确答案)D. opposing11、I walked too much yesterday and （）are still aching now. [单选题] *A. my leg's musclesB. my leg muscles(正确答案)C. my muscles' of legD. my legs' muscles12、A small village cuts across the river. [单选题] *A. 切B. 穿过(正确答案)C. 划船D. 踢13、Is there going to ______ a football match in the stadium next month?（）[单选题] *A. beingB. haveC. be(正确答案)D. having14、John suggest _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. [单选题] *A not to sayB. not sayC to say notD not saying(正确答案)15、—Where ______ you ______ for your last winter holiday?—Paris. We had a great time. （）[单选题] *A. did; go(正确答案)B. do; goC. are; goingD. can; go16、Every means _____ but it's not so effective. [单选题] *A. have been triedB. has been tried(正确答案)C. have triedD. has tried17、If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him to leave a _____. [单选题] *A. message(正确答案)B. letterC. sentenceD. notice18、My sister gave me a _______ at my birthday party. [单选题] *A. parentB. peaceC. patientD. present(正确答案)19、Let us put the matter to the vote,（）? [单选题] *A. will youB. can weC. may ID. shall we(正确答案)20、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *A.in allB. after allC. above all(正确答案)D. over all21、______ my great joy, I met an old friend I haven' t seen for years ______ my way ______ town. [单选题] *A. To, in, forB. To, on, to(正确答案)C. With, in, toD. For, in, for22、( ) They have_____ useful dictionary. They want to lend it___ us. [单选题] *A. an; forB. a; fromC. an; toD. a; to(正确答案)23、Was（）that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself24、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought25、?I am good at schoolwork. I often help my classmates _______ English. [单选题] *A. atB. toC. inD. with(正确答案)26、My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast. [单选题] *A. goesB. makesC. keeps(正确答案)D. gains27、______ visitors came to take photos of Hongyandong during the holiday. [单选题] *A. ThousandB. Thousand ofC. ThousandsD. Thousands of(正确答案)28、John and Jack had looked for the key, but _____ of them found it. [单选题] *A. noneB. neither(正确答案)C. bothD. either29、Don’t _______ to close the door when you leave the classroom. [单选题] *A. missB. loseC. forget(正确答案)D. remember30、I used to take ____ long way to take the bus that went by ____ tunnel under the water. [单选题] *A. a, aB. a. theC. a, /(正确答案)D. the, a。

词汇学练习参考答案I. Some of the following statements are true, and others are false. Mark your answer by writing T or F in the bracket at the end of each sentences.1. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. F7. T8. T9. F 10. F 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. F15. T 16. T 17. T 18. T 19. F 20. F 21. F 22. F 23. T 24. F 25. F 26. T27. T 28. F 29. F 30. F 31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35.T 36. F 37. F 38. F 39. F40. T 41. F 42. T 43. F 44. T 45. F 46. F 47. T 48. T 49. F 50. T 51. T 52. F53. F 54. T 55. F 56. T 57. T 58. F 59. F 60. T 61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T 65. T66. F 67. T 68. F 69. T 70. T 71. F 72. F 73. T 74. T 75. F 76. T 77. T 78. F79. T 80. F 81. T 82. T 83. T 84. F 85. T 86. T 87. T 88. F 89. T 90. F 91. T92. F 93. F 94. T 95. F 96. T 97. T 98. T 99. F 100. F 101. T 102. T 103. T104. T 105. F 106. T 107. T 108. T 109. F 110. F 111. F 112. T 113. T 114. T115. F 116. F 117. T 118. T 119. F 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. F 125. T126. F 127. FII. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by circling A, B, C, or D which best completes the sentence.1. C2. B3. A4. B5. D6. B7. D8. B9. B 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. A15. B 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. D 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. A27. A 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. C 36. B 37. A 38. B39. B 40. B 41. B 42. C 43. B 44. C 45. C 46. B 47. C 48. C 49. B 50. D51. D 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. B 57. B 58. C 59. A 60. D 61. D 62. A63. D 64. C 65. B 66. A 67. A 68. D 69. C 70. D 71. D 72. D 73. A 74. D75. D 76. A 77. C 78. A 79. D 80. D 81. B 82. D 83. D 84. D 85. B 86. A87. B 88. C 89. C 90. A 91. B 92. C 93. B 94. A 95. C 96. D 97. D 98. B199. B 110. C 101. A 102. A 103. B 104. B 105. C 106. C 107. DIII. 连线题Section A1. J2. A3. B4. H5. E6. D7. F8. I9. G 10. CSection B1. G2. E3. H4. F5. I6. C7. B8. J9. A 10. DSection C1. D2. B3. E4. G5. A6. C7. F8. I9. J 10. HIV. 填空题Section A1. aliens2. intrinsic3. Denizens4. common5. stable6. Conversion7. polysemy8. compounding9. pejorative 10. Reference 11. arbitrary12. imperfect 13. reversative 14. French 15. lexical 16. extension/generalization 17. 1500Section B18. mositure 19. rigid 20. deserted 21. innocent 22. old-fshioned 23. loosen 24. completely 25. similarity 26. indifferent 27. fruitful 28. special 29. essential 30. depressed/sadV. Complete the following sentences by choosing phrases from the list and using them intheir proper forms.Section A31. stood out against 32. approve of 33. get over with 34. looking into35. come up with 36. comply with 37. cashed in on 38. go without39. will profit by/from 40. put down toSection B41. close 42. cold 43. narrow 44. cardinal 45. burning 46. capital47. circumstantial 48. cool 49. double-minded 50. fair 51. green-eyed52. happy 53. hollow 54. open-ended 55. random 56. roundVI.1. b2. i3. c4. f5. a6. h7. e8. d9. g 10. j 11. r 12. p 13.s 14. k 15. o 16. m 17. l 18. n 19. qIX分析题（问题）1. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule. Consider the following conversation that takes place between a waitress and a customer in a restaurant: “You are not eating the fish,”the waitress said to him, “Anything wrong with it?”“Long time no sea,”the man replied.：Long time no see is usually said as a form of greeting between two friends when they meet 答案after a long time of separation. Here the customer cleverly employed the structure of the idiom to2his advantage to criticize in a humorous way the bad quality of the food served at the restaurant.Long time no sea implies that the “sea food kept for a long time is not fit for eating.”（问题）2. Collocation can affect the meaning of words答案：Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation. Words with the same conceptual meaning may have different meanings due to the range of words they may collocate with. In other words, collocation can affect the meanings of words. For example, “pretty”and “handsome”share the conceptual meaning of “good looking”, but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty girl (boy/woman/flower) and handsome man (car/airline, etc.).（问题）3. The “pen”is mightier than the “sword”.Explain what “pen”and “sword”mean respectively using the theory of motivation.答案：(1). Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. (2). Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. (3). In this sentence, “pen”reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; “sword”reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.（问题）4. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.答案：(1).Connotative meaning, known as connotation, refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. (2). Connotative meanings are not given in the dictionary,but associated with the word in actual context to particular readers or speakers. Thus they are unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period and the experience of the individual. (3). For example, the word “home”may remind one child of warmth, safety or love, while to another child who is often scolded or beaten at home, it may mean indifference, hatred, or even hell.（问题）5. Grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, connotative meaning, collocative meaning, conceptual meaning, associative meaning, denotative meaning, formal, neutral, informal, appreciative, pejorative答案：Meaning—grammatical meaning—lexical meaning—conceptual meaning(denotative meaning)—associative meaning—connotative meaning—collocative meaning—stylistic meaning(formal, neutral, informal)—affective meaning(appreciative, pejorative)（问题）6. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.recollection, nationalist, unearthly3答案：(1). Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection (re+collection), nationalist (nation+al+ist), unearthly (un+earth+ly).(2). Of the nine morphemes, only “collect”, “nation”and “earth”are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.(3) All the rest re-, -ion, -al, -ist, un- and-ly are bound as none of them can stand alone aswords.（问题）7. Analyze and comment on the following.He has been sick since this fall.Tell what “sick”and “fall”mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.答案：(1). ”sick”means “ill”and “fall”means “autumn”in present American English;(2). These words no longer have such meanings in presnet British English;(3). American English has revived the old meaning of “sick”and that of “fall”. This is the revival of archaic or obsolete words.（问题）8. Find blends from the following sentence and give the explanation of which types of blendings they belong to respectively.“There is a set of hi-fi in the motel. ”答案：(1). Blends: hi+fi=high+fidelity, motel=motor+hotel;(2). hi+fi: head+head, motel: head+tail.（问题）9. Explain the rhetoric use of homonyms in B's speech. Give the two possible Chinese translations.A. “What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”B. “The sun rose and the wind blue.”答案：(1). Rose can be defined in two ways: color of rose and the past form of the verb rise.(2). Blue in two ways too: the color blue and the past form of the verb blow (in pronunciation).a). 粉红的太阳，蓝色的风。

Unit 11. The Labor Party’s electoral strategy, which was based on a tactical alliance with other minor parties, has proved successful.劳动党的选择策略已经证明是成功地，这个策略主张和其他的小党派组成一个策略联盟。

2. The government troops recaptured the city from the rebels at the cost of two thousand casualties政府部队以二万人的伤亡为代价，从版乱者手中重新占领了这所城市。

3. By a stroke of good luck, Genelle, who had been buried in the rubble for more than 26 hours, came our alive. 。

非常侥幸地是，Genelle在瓦砾里埋了26个小时，竟然活着。

4. My brother wasn’t badly hurt, but he injured his leg and had to limp around for a few weeks.我的兄弟伤得不重，但他伤了腿，不得不跛行好几周。

5. The aircraft was subjected to a test of temperatures of minus65 degrees and plus 120 degrees.飞行物要能承受零下65度和120多度温度的考验。

6. Tax incentives combined with cheap labor will attract companies to the western regions of our country away from the east coast.有廉价劳动力的税收刺激将吸引更多的公司到我国远离东海岸的西部地区。

英语词汇学教程课后练习题含答案1. 填空题单选题1.My sister is flirting with a man _______ her father.–☐ like–☐ resembling–☒ unlike–☐ beyond2.She always tells me that she is proud of her _______ family.–☐ physical–☐ biological–☐ imaginary–☒ adopted3.The actor’s performance in the movie is _______ incredible.–☒ absolutely–☐ barely–☐ partly–☐ relatively多选题1.The following words can all mean ‘people’, which one(s)is/are the most formal?–☐ folks–☒ populace–☐ crowd–☒ citizens2.Which of the following words can mean both ‘friendly’ and‘creepy’ depending on the context?–☒ charming–☐ mundane–☐ thrifty–☐ clueless3.Which word shows ‘seclusion’, ‘retreat’, ‘privacy’,and ‘withdrawal’ at the same time?–☐ sacrifice–☐ obedience–☒ seclusion–☒ retreat2. 辨析题选择合适的单词或者词组填写下列空格1.He couldn’t _______ the time he had wasted in his youth. Hetried to make it up by working harder.2.The candidate promised to _______ healthcare, education, andsecurity for the citizens if he were elected.3.Don’t _______ the importance of speaking a foreign languagefluently, it can bring you many benefits.答案1.retrieve2.provide3.underestimate3. 翻译题将下列句子翻译成英语 1. 那个女士是一位伟大的母亲，她时刻为孩子们着想。

新编英语词汇学教程课后答案蔡增亮1、John is fond of playing _____ basketball and Jack is keen on playing _____ piano. [单选题] *A．/…the(正确答案)B．the…/C．/…/D．the…the2、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A．WhoB．WhatC．WhenD．Where (正确答案)3、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *A. pizzaB. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles4、64．Would you like to drink ________？[单选题] *A．something else(正确答案)B．anything elseC．else somethingD．else anything5、The yellow bag _______ me. [单选题] *A. belong toB. belongs to(正确答案)C. belongD. belongs6、—How do you find（）birthday party of the Blairs? —I should say it was __________ complete failure．[单选题] *A．a; aB. the ; a(正确答案)C．a; /D．the; /7、80．Thousands of ________ from other countries visit the village every year. [单选题] *A．robotsB．postcardsC．tourists(正确答案)D．bridges8、My friends will _______ me at the airport when I arrive in London. [单选题] *A. takeB. meet(正确答案)C. receiveD. have9、—Can you play tennis? —______, but I’m good at football.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I can(正确答案)B. Yes, I doC. No, I can’tD. No, I don’t10、38．These workers ___________ this bridge since one year ago. [单选题] * A．buildB．are buildingC．have built (正确答案)D．built11、48．—________ is your new skirt, Lingling?—Black. [单选题] * A．HowB．What colour(正确答案)C．WhichD．Why12、_______ your help, I can’t finish my job. [单选题] *A. withB. without(正确答案)C. inD. into13、_____ the plan carefully,he rejected it. [单选题] *A. To have consideredB.To considerC. Having considered(正确答案)D. Considering14、25．—I ______ Beijing for a holiday.—________. [单选题] * A．will go；GoodbyeB．will go；Have a good time(正确答案)C．will go to；Have a good timeD．am going to；Have a fun15、Ships can carry more goods than _____ means of transport. [单选题] *A. the otherB. anotherC. any other(正确答案)D. any16、It’s one of _______ means of transportation. [单选题] *A. cheapB. convenientC. second-handD. the most convenient(正确答案)17、_______ a busy afternoon! [单选题] *A. HowB. What(正确答案)C. WhichD. Wish18、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom19、I could ______ control my feelings and cried loudly when I heard the bad news. [单选题] *A. hardly(正确答案)B. ?reallyC. clearlyD. nearly20、There ______ a football match and a concert this weekend.（）[单选题] *A. isB. haveC. will be(正确答案)D. will have21、—Look at those purple gloves! Are they ______, Mary?—No, they aren’t. ______ are pink. （）[单选题] *A. you; IB. your; MyC. yours; Mine(正确答案)D. you; Me22、When you have trouble, you can _______ the police. They will help you. [单选题] *A. turn offB. turn to(正确答案)C. turn onD. turn over23、The more he tried to please her, _____she seemed to appreciate it. [单选题] *A.lessB.lesserC.the less(正确答案)D.the lesser24、--What’s the _______ like today?--Cloudy. [单选题] *A. skyB. airC. landD. weather(正确答案)25、( ) No matter _____ hard it may be, I will carry it out. [单选题] *A whatB whateverC how(正确答案)D however26、4．—Let's fly a kite when you are ________ at the weekend.—Good idea. [单选题] * A．warmB．kindC．smallD．free(正确答案)27、_____ of the teachers in this district are women teachers. [单选题] *A. Four fifthB. Four fifths(正确答案)C. Fourth fifthsD. Four five28、—It’s too noisy outside. I can’t fall asleep.—I can’t, either. We have to ______ new ways to solve the problem.（）[单选题] *A. come up with(正确答案)B. get on withC. make up withD. catch up with29、_______ hard, _______ you’ll fail in the exam. [单选题] *A. Studying; forB. Study; or(正确答案)C. To study; andD. Study; and30、He has two sisters but I have not _____. [单选题] *A. noneB. someC. onesD. any(正确答案)。