英语词汇学教程参考答
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《英语词汇学教程》参考答案
Chapter 1
1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.
2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.
(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock.
(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.
3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id];
(2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];
(3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].
4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.
(2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning.
(3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”.
(4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception.
Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”.
5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black);
'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black);
'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black);
'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black).
(b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);
'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);
'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress);
'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).
6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.
7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.
(b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’ is an idiom, meaning
(having the courage to) deal with someone or something
directly.
(c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’ is an idiom, meaning
doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset
someone.
(d) A ‘bull market’ is one where prices rise fast because
there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of
profits.
8. drinking vessels: cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass
They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by
the drinks the vessel is used for.
Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl
Beer: beer glass, tankard
Wine: wineglass, goblet
Spirits: sherry glass
Chapter 2
1.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants,
for example, sing as against sang, sung.
Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the
smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes:
moral+lize+er+s.
Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.
Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same
morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of
the past tense morpheme in English.
2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,
world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude
3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,
reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert
4. (a) [?]
(b) [-ai]
5. (1) -’s, -s
(2) -est, -s
(3) -ing
(4) -ed
6. The connotations are as follows:
(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance,
(2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of
light-heartedness.
7. { -?m; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}
8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy
fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy
pad: homonymy steep: homonymy
stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy
watch: polysemy
9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)
10. (1) unpractical
(2) break
(3) impractical
(4) rout
(5) pedals
(6) Route
(7) raze
Chapter 3
1.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the
Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods.
In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‘kennings’, which refers to vivid figurative
descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a
wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements.
The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‘loan translations’.
Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.
In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary
changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly
inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary
English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.
In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-
formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic
changes, as old words acquire new meanings.
Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New
Englishes’.
2.“appeareth” in (a) becomes “appeared” in (b), and
“dreame” becomes “dream”. The passive “were departed”
becomes the active “had gone”. With the change of word
forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.
3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton:
French
cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin
ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono:
Japanese
whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African
4.t rain: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a
wide range of extended meanings.
deer: meaning narrowed from ‘beast’ or ‘animal’ to ‘a particular kind of animal’
knight: meaning ameliorated from ‘boy, manservant’ to ‘a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood’
meat: meaning narrowed down from ‘food’ to ‘the edible
flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit’.
hose: meaning extended from ‘leg covering’ to ‘a long tube for carrying water’.
5.sell: specialized hound: specialized
starve: specialized wife: specialized
loaf: specialized
6.
Chapter 4
1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed
un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed
2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked
forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten
short: shortter, shortest
snap: snaps, snapping, snapped
take: takes, taking, took, taken
goose: geese
heavy: heavier, heaviest
3.-ish: meaning ‘having the nature of , like’
de-: meaning ‘the opposite of’
-ify: meaning ‘make, become’
-dom: means ‘the state of ’
il-(im-/in-): meaning ‘the opposite of, not’
-able: meaning ‘that can or must be’
mis-: meaning ‘wrongly or badly’
-sion(-tion):meaning ‘the state/process of’
pre-: meaning ‘prior to’
-ment: meaning ‘the action of’
re-: meaning ‘again’
under-: meaning ‘not enough’
-al: meaning ‘the process or state of’
4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N”
structure, in which adjectives are used to modify nouns
‘line, line, neck, room’. Hotline means ‘a telephone
number that people can call for information’. Mainline means ‘an important railway line between two cities’. Redneck
means ‘a person from the southern US’. Darkroom means ‘a room with very little in it, used for developing
photographs’.
b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’
structure. Bookshelf means ‘a shelf for keeping books’.
Breadbasket means ‘a container for serving bread’. Mailbox means ‘a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house’. Wineglass means ‘a glass for drinking wine’.
c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’
structure. Letterhead means ‘the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)’. Roadside means ‘the area at the side of a road’.
Keyhole means ‘the hole in a lock for putting the key in’.
Hilltop means ‘the top of a hill’.
d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‘a person
who leaves school before they have finished their studies.
Go-between means ‘a person who takes messages between
people’. Turnout means ‘the number of people who come to an event’. Standby means ‘a person or thing that can always be used if needed’.
e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-
ed” structure, in which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed.
f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj”
structure, meaning As Adj As N.
5.in-: not, the opposite of
en-: to put into the condition of
dis-: not, the opposite of
un-: not, the opposite of
inter-: between, among
mis-: wrongly or badly
over-: too much
re-: again
post-: after
6. a. a young dog; piglet
b. a female editor; hostess
c. a place for booking tickets; refinery
d. one who is kicked; trainee
e. the state of being put up; output
7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)
inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)
multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)
teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)
8. a. initialism
b. blending
c. compounding
d. conversion
9. a. compounding, affixation
b. compounding, affixation
c. compounding, shortening
d. compounding, affixation
10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible
b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant
c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer
d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery
Chapter 5
1. (a) connotation (b) formality
(c) dialect (d) connotation
2. water
rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water,
purified water, aerated water, ……..
3. (a) keeping
(b) feeling of admiration or respect
4. (a) hyponymy
(b) meronymy
5. (a) light beer, strong beer
(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee
6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,
small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent
7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‘an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine’. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc.
Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine
etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.
8. (a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable
(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable
9. (a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym
(d) synonymy (e) meronymy
Chapter 6
1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom
3) literal expression 4) idiom
5) idiom 6) literal expression
2. 1) die
2) something that makes a place less attractive
3) suddenly realize or understand something
4) make one’s friends disappoint
5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important
6) react quickly so as to get an advantage
3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.
2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game,
competition, etc
3) give something to the person it belongs to
4) annoy
5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect
6) try to find out the facts about something
7) live under the rule of someone
8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas,
feelings etc.
9) give someone a warning or secret information about
something
Chapter 7
1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon,
including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are
restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.
2.They are different in that different media are used. Print
dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .
3.Open to discussion.
4.Open to discussion.
5.(a) symbolise
(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that
represents a more general quality or situation; symbol for
sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music
(a)/sim’b?lik/ and /sim’ba:lik/
(b)represent
(c)2
(d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8
1.vertically challenged—short
sanitation engineer—garbage collector
ethnic cleansing--genocide
ladies’ cloak room—women’s toilet
2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies
disapproval while statesman implies approval.
(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.
(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval,
while praise implies approval.
(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval,
scholar is neutral.
3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense —
bullshit
(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke
4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.
(b) Would you please turn off the lights
5. Answers vary from person to person.
6. (1) on a formal occasion.
(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off
(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to
leave
(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.
7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login
8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.
Chapter 9
1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things
clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;
building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors
2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.
He withdrew his offensive remarks.
I hit back at his criticism.
She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.
I braced myself for the onslaught.
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
[0057]《英语词汇学》 第一次作业 [论述题] Exercise 1 Definitions Define the following terms with illustrative examples. 1. aliens 2. denizens 3. homophones 4. metonymy 5. dialect 6. backformation 7. acronym 8. semantic loan 9. bilingual dictionary 10. polysemy 参考答案： Exercise 1 Definitions 1. aliens Aliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, "coup d'état”, "résumé”, "régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings. 2. denizens Denizens are easily associated with already existing native words. They are successfully assimilated. They are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, form (spelling) and even in adoption of an English affix. E.g. uncertain (the English prefix un- + certain, French by origin). 3. homophones Homophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son; piece and peace; etc. 4. metonymy Metonymy is one way of meaning transference whereby the name of one thing is changed for that of another, to which it is related by association of ideas. For example, when I say "I am reading Shakespeare (meaning Shakespeare's works), I am using metonymy. 5. dialect Dialect refers to a variety of a language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. For example, Shanghai dialect is spoken peculiarly in Shanghai but there's no literary work peculiarly written in Shanghai dialect. 6. back formation
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.
1、American women were________the right to vote until1920after many years of hard struggle. 1.A.ignored 2.B.neglected 3.C.denied 4.D.refused 2、The antonym of soft is in“a________voice”and in“a________cushion”. 1.A.rough,hard 2.B.rough,rough 3.C.hard,rough 4.D.hard,hard 3、The figure of speech employed in“My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________. 1.A.hyperbole 2.B.euphemism 3.C.litotes 4.D.metonymy 4、Mrs.Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see_________on New Year Resolutions. 1.A.face to face 2.B.eye to eye 3.C.back to back
4.D.heart to heart 5、Among the synonymous group,old man,daddy,dad,father and male parent,_______ would most probably used by a lawyer in the court. 1.A.dad 2.B.old man 3.C.father 4.D.male parent 6、Our teacher is now not with us.Aha!When the________is away,the________ will play. 1.A.tiger,monkeys 2.B.cat,mice 3.C.hawk,birds 4.D.old,young 7、I could give an opinion________,but I would rather think about it. 1.A.off the sleeve 2.B.off the cuffs 3.C.off the cuff 4.D.off the sleeves 8、Choked traffic has been a(n)________to urban transportation system. 1.A.archenemy 2.B.primary enemy
试题二 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example A. lewd → ignoran t B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated
西南大学网络与继续教育学院 课程代码： 0057 学年学季：20191 单项选择题 1、The earliest known native language of England is ________. .Celtic .Scottish .Saxon .Anglian 2、In the 19th century, gold was first ________ in California. .incovered .recovered .uncovered .discovered 3、Which of the following word is NOT a compound?（） .darkroom .wet day .small talk .hot dog 4、“ex-” in ex-husband reads ________ and means ________. ./Iks/, “former” ./eks/, “former” ./Iks/, “out”
./eks/, “out” 5、My sister lives 1000 miles away from us, so I only got to see her ________. .once in a blue moon .one time in a blue moon .one time in a moon .once in a moon 6、In the Early Modern English Period, ________ exerted the greatest influence(s) on English. .Chinese .Latin and Greek .German .French 7、— Does Tom smoke? — No. He is a _______. .unsmoker .nonsmoker .dissmoker .insmoker 8、Words such as priest, bishop, monk, nun, candle, etc. are of ________ origin. .Russian .Indian .Latin .Greek
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟. 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效。试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3.第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4.合理安排答题空间。超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%) 1.“Woman”becomes “Frau”in German, “femme”in French and “fùnǔ”in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______． A. sounds B．forms C. unities D．meanings 2.The following words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us EXCEPT ______． A. fire B．hot C. photoscanning D．sister 3.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese? A. Bazaar. B．Kowtow. C. Rajah. D．Blitzkrieg. 4.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPT ______． A. Europe B．the Far East C. India D．the Near East 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary? A. The rapid development of modern science and technology. B．Social, economic and political changes. C. The invasion of foreign countries. D．The influence of other cultures and languages. 6. Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______. A. creation B．borrowing
Unit 8 Check Your Understanding State whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F) b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T) c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F) d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T) e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T) In-Class Activities 1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face. A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness). b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice). B. a. Look at that lovely little girl. b. Look at that tiny girl. ASK: (1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not, why? (2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones? KEY: Answer: (1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ?attractiveness‘ and ?pleasantness‘ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory. (2) Slim and skinny Famous and notorious Proud and arrogant Confident and conceited 2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with the corpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow. ASK: (1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody? (2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own? Answer: (1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.