第8章浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)
8.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景）
(1) The American and French Revolutions（美国革命和法国革命）
Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, national liberation movements and democratic movements swept across many European countries. England was no exception.
在美国革命和法国革命的影响下，民族解放运动和民主运动席卷整个欧洲。英国也不例外。
(2) The Industrial Revolution（工业革命）
It brought great wealth to the rich and worsened working and living conditions of the poor. With the invention of new machines, many skilled workers were replaced by women and children and working hours for young children lasted fourteen to sixteen hours a day.
工业革命使富人更富，穷人更穷。随着新的生产机器的发明，妇女和儿童渐渐取代了熟练的工人，为了生存，他们每天必须工作十四到十六个小时。
Ⅱ. Intellectual Background（学术背景）
(1)Rousseau (1712～1778)（卢梭）
He is generally regarded as the father of romanticism, and he rejects the
worship of reason. He believes that in the really vital problems of life it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preaches that civilized men sho uld “return to nature”, to a primitive state of life.
卢梭是浪漫主义之父，他反对崇拜理性，他认为对待生活中很多至关重要的问题最好是靠感觉、直觉、情感，。他倡导文明人“回归自然”，回到生命最原始的状态中去。(2) Edmund Burke (1729～1797)（埃德蒙·伯克）
As a political philosopher he is known for his Reflection on the Revolution in France (1790), in which he repudiates the revolution, claiming that no one has the right to destroy the institutions and traditions that have been passed down to him through generations and to destroy them is to destroy civilization itself.
伯克是一位著名的政治哲学家，1790年他因著作《关于法国革命的思考》一书而闻名。在此书中，他否定了法国革命，并宣称，体制与传统都是世代相传的，没有人有权利去毁坏他们，毁坏体制与传统就是毁坏文明本身。
(3) Thomas Paine (1737～1809)（托马斯·潘恩）
He believes that it is the right of the people to overthrow a government that opposes humanity. This assertion of individual rights is in direct opposition to Neo-classicist’s thinking of binding oneself to traditions and conventions.
潘恩认为，推翻一个镇压、剥削人的政府是人民的权利。他对个人权利给予了充分的肯定，他的思想与新古典主义将个人融入传统与规约中的思想截然不同。
Ⅲ. Characteristic Features of the Romantic Movement（浪漫主义运动的特征）(1) Subjectivism
主观性
(2) Spontaneity
自然性
(3) Singularity
独特性
(4) Worship of nature
崇拜自然
(5) Simplicity
简洁性
(6) Melancholy
忧郁性
(7) Free Verse
自由诗体
Ⅳ. Major Poets（主要诗人）
1. William Wordsworth (1770～1850)（威廉·华兹华斯）
(1) His Life（生平）
Wordsworth was born and grew up near the Lake District, a beautiful scenic spot in northwestern England. From his very early years, he had a profound love for nature, which characterizes all his works. In 1843 after the death of Southey he was made poet laureate.
华兹华斯出生并生长在湖区，湖区是英格兰西北部一个非常风景秀丽的景区，在华兹华
斯很小的时候，他就非常喜爱大自然、崇尚大自然，这种思想贯穿了他之后的所有的作品之中。1843年罗伯特·骚塞逝世，华兹华斯成为继骚塞之后的又一位桂冠诗人。
(2) Major Works（主要作品）
Lyrical Ballads
《抒情歌谣集》
Composed Upon Westerminster Bridge
《写于威斯敏斯特桥上》
The Solitary Reaper
《孤独的割麦女》
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
《我好似一片孤独的流云》
(3) Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
◆Lyrical Ballads（《抒情歌谣集》）
Points in the preface:（序言中的观点：）
a. the humble life of rustic people
描写普通人卑微的生活
b. trace the essence of humanity
追溯人性的本质
c. language in normal conversation
语言口语化
d. moral purpose
道德观穿插其中
◆The Solitary Reaper（《孤独的割麦女》）
The poet saw a young girl reaping in the land, singing a melancholy strain and he compared the girl with the nightingale and the cuckoo bird. The poetry shows the deep sympathy of the author to the rural people.
诗人看到在苏格兰高地上收割麦子的年轻女子一边收割麦子，一边唱着忧伤的曲调，将她与夜莺和布谷鸟作比较。这首诗表达作者对农村人民的深切同情。
◆I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud（《我好似一片孤独的流云》）
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is one of Wordsworth’s masterpieces. In this poem Wordsworth sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself. The poet compared the golden daffodils to stars shining in the sky. They flash upon the inward eye/Which is the bliss of solitude: When alone, Wordsworth recalls the beautiful scene, which gives him great happiness.
《我好似一片孤独的流云》是华兹华斯的代表诗作之一，这首诗歌颂了大自然间万物的和谐、诗人自己与大自然的和谐。诗人将黄水仙比作是天上闪闪发亮的星星，它们闪烁着，就像是心灵的眼睛，能感受到孤独生活的妙处。独处时，对美丽景色的回味总能使华兹华斯倍感欣慰。
2. Samuel T aylor Coleridge (1772～1834)（塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治）
(1) His Life（生平）
Samuel Taylor Coleridge is one of the lake poets, together with William Wordsworth and Robert Southey. He had a lifelong friendship with Wordsworth,
and they completed the Lyrical Ballads in joint cooperation in 1798.
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是湖畔派诗人之一，他与华兹华斯和骚塞建立了毕生的友谊，1798年，两人合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。《抒情歌歌谣集》是浪漫主义诗歌开始的标志。
(2) Major Works（主要作品）
Kubla Khan
《忽必烈汗》
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
《古舟子咏》
(3) Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
◆Kubla Khan（《忽必烈汗》）
The poem is written in lines of irregular meters and rhyme scheme. Kubla Khan(1216～1294) was the grandson of Genghis Khan and was the founder of the Mongol dynasty in China. Coleridge might have read about him in Marco Polo’s Travels. “Khan” was the supreme ruler of Turkish, Tartar, and Mongol tribes, and emperors of China in the Mongol dynasty.
这首诗是用不规则额的格律和韵律写成的。忽必烈（1216～1294）是成吉思汗的孙子，是中国元朝的创世人。柯勒律治可能在《马克·波罗游记》中读到过他。“可汗”是土耳其、鞑靼和蒙古族的最高统治者，也是中国元朝的皇帝。
◆The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（《古舟子咏》）
“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and
第4章15世纪(1400～1550) 4.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争） The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne. 百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。 (2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争） The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war. 玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。 (3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现） In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with the
古文英译：郑人买履 大家好，本期我们将给大家带来寓言故事：《郑人买履》的英文翻译。同时，在译文注释部分，我们将对翻译中的难点进行解释，希望对大家有所帮助。 原文： 郑人有欲买履者，先自度其足，而置之其坐。至之市而忘操之。已得履，乃曰：“吾忘持度！”反归取之。及反，市罢，遂不得履。 人曰：“何不试之以足? ” 曰：“宁信度，无自信也。” 汉语译文： 有一个郑国人想买鞋，他先量好自己的脚，然后把量好的尺码放在座位上。到了集市上，却忘了带上尺码。他挑好了鞋，对卖鞋的人说：“我忘了带尺码。”于是就回家去取。等他返回时，集市已经散了，他最终没有买到鞋子。 有人问：“你为什么不用自己的脚去试鞋呢？” 他说：“我宁可相信量好的尺码，也不相信自己的脚。” 英语译文： A Man from the State of Zheng Bought Shoes A man from the State of Zheng wanted to buy himself a pair of shoes. He measured his feet and put the measurement on the seat. Then he went to the market. When he selected a pair of shoes that was to his liking, he found that he had left the measurement at home. “Sorry, I forget to bring the measurement here,” he said to the salesperson, and hurried back home for the measurement. But when he returned to the market, it had closed. Someone asked him, “Why don’t you try the shoes on to see if they fit well?” He replied, “I trust the measurement of my feet rather than my feet.’’ 英语译文注释：
中国传统文化Traditional Chinese Culture 1 书法艺术The Art of Calligraphy 2 中国画的含意The Significance of Chinese Paintings 3 重新发现孔子Rediscover Confucius 4中医和西医的差异Differences between Chinese and Western Medicines 5 戏曲的作用The Role of Operas 6中国人崇尚的颜色:黄和红China’s Favorite Colo r: Yellow & Red： 7筷子的重要性The Importance of Chopsticks 8 茶的格调The Elegance of Tea Drinking 1. 书法艺术The Art of Calligraphy 有批评家指出，不同的书法风格有不同的政治寓意。拿王羲之的书体来说。他的书法在他有生之年被批评为非正统的书体，然而在他去世几十年之后又被认为是正统的书体。 Some critics suggest that different genres of Chinese calligraphy have different political implications. Take Wang Xizhi for an example. His calligraphy was repudiated as unorthodox during his lifetime but, only a few decades after his death, was established as an orthodox genre. 从历史上看，中国书法和政治紧密相连。2000多年前，秦始皇建立了官方的汉字体系。新的简化文字使得书法不那么复杂了。它允许人们使用带有更多直笔的文字，因此用毛笔写起来更加容易。这种书体被称为隶书。逐渐地，其他书体也出现了，最终形成中国书法的五大书体：篆书、隶书、楷书、行书、草书。 Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined. Over 2,000 years ago, Emperor Qin Shihuang, established the official Chinese writing characters(汉字). The new, simplified characters made writing calligraphy less complicated. It allowed people to use characters with more straight strokes(笔划), thus making it easier to write with brushes(毛笔). This created the Li genre. Over time, other variations were also developed, which eventually lead to the formation of the five genres in Chinese calligraphy. These were the Zhuan, Li, Kai, Xing and Cao genres(五种书体). 中国老百姓很喜欢书法。很多人把它作为提高文化修养的一种方式。老人用书法来健身。他们觉得当聚精会神写字的时候，精气上升，身体康健。 Ordinary Chinese people like calligraphy a lot. Many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their cultural accomplishment. Older people use calligraphic writing as a method to keep fit. They believe that when a person concentrates on writing calligraphy, his inner well-being is stimulated. 2. 中国画的含意The Significance of Chinese Paintings 中国画虽然大都有相似的主题，但是可以现场表演，非常有趣。牡丹、梅花、山川、屋舍都是中国画常见的主题。在很多重大的庆祝和纪念活动中总能看到画家的身影。 It`s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot, even though most of them have
船用导航产品技术发展趋势 1概述 船用导航技术很多，主要由磁导航、卫星导航、无线电导航、雷达导航、惯性导航和天体导航。我公司主要涉及磁导航和惯性导航，磁导航发展较早，主要产品为磁罗经，惯性导航产品同样有着辉煌的历史，是国内最早一批开始惯性导航产品的企业。 磁罗经因其连续工作时间长、自主性强、可靠性强和经济性好等显著地优点，始终是为各类舰艇与传播提供航向和观测物标方位等数据所必备的导航仪器。尽管近年来陀螺罗经、GPS定位设备、船用雷达的技术与精度有了飞跃式发展，但依然不可以取代磁罗经在舰艇上的使用地位。惯性导航设备可以为载体提供航向、位置、姿态、速度等基本物理信息，是信息化装备中最核心的传感设备之一。惯性导航设备仅需要敏感地球自转而不需要借助外界任何的光、电、磁信息的机理决定了它的完全自主的特点，是复杂战场环境中保底的导航手段。惯性导航技术是最重要的军用技术之一，可以毫不夸张的说，惯性导航的发展水平直接影响了一个国家的武器装备的先进性。惯性导航产业起步于军用，目前仍主要应用于军用领域。不过随着随着成本的降低和需求的增长，其范围已由原来的舰艇、飞机、航天宇航、制导武器、战车等军用或军民两用领域，扩展到大地测量、资源勘测、地球物理测量、海洋探测、铁路、隧道等民用领域，甚至在机器人、摄像机、儿童玩具中也被广泛应用。 2国外发展现状 2.1磁罗经 磁罗经是利用地磁场对磁针具有吸引力的现象而制成的一种航海指向仪器，地磁场是一种天然的矢量场，由地球自身的物理特性所产生，其方向和强度几乎不随时间、天气等的影响。因此，与其它导航方式相比，地磁导航是一种极为稳定，误差不累加（陀螺），不依赖于外界数据交互（GPS）的自主导航方式。虽然历史悠久，直到今日仍然被广泛的用于各类导航领域。并且是IMO（国际海事组织）强制装船的设备。过去，由于弱磁测量技术的限制，一直采用机械式磁罗经，与其他导航技术相比，地磁导航技术并未有真正的突破和发展。Sperry Marine 作为国外老牌导航产品厂商，生产的磁罗经目前依然在销售，其航向精度标称值优于0.5°。
第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901) 9.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) 1832～1848 The first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers. 凭借第一部改革议案，工业资产阶级在议会中赢得了权利。这个议案使工业资产阶级和中下层阶级获得了选举权，但是工人却并没有获得选举权。 (2) In the fifties and sixties（五十年代和六十年代） England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker. It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism. 英国成为“世界工厂”和“世界银行”。这个时期的社会稳定发展，人们对未来信心百倍。 (3) In the 1890s（十九世纪九十年代） The 1890s is a period of serenity and security. By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. The British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth. 九十年代是一个安稳而宁静的年代，这个时期，英国的实力持续增长，英国占据了世界四分之一的领土。
经典古文英文翻译 经典古文英文翻译-----extremely useful and helpful 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美，不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影，独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水，小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
导航罗经校准及精度分析 摘要：本文介绍了电罗径测定方位角的基本原理，阐述了海洋工程中电罗径校 准的步骤以及一些注意事项，并给出计算公式。另外分析了直接法和天文法对电 罗径校准产生的误差和消除误差的一些建议。 关键词：罗经；误差；校准；全站仪 一、前言 罗经即测定方向基准的一种仪器。船舶用罗经以确定航向和观测目标方位。目前在海洋 工程测量中主要采用电罗经来确定船舶的方位，但是由于船舶上的陀螺罗经会因船舶运动而 产生很多误差，如速度差、冲击误差、摇摆误差、纬度误差等；而且安装时又有基线误差等，定位测量用电罗经的精度要求比对航海用电罗经的精度要求更高，所以在定位测量采用电罗 经来确定方位的时候必须在定位测量工作开始前进行校准，使它的精度满足作业的需求。本 文主要介绍利用全站仪校准电罗经的误差以及误差对测量结果会产生的影响进行探讨。 二、电罗经测量校准的方法 电罗经校准的基本原理就是通过测量坐标方位角计算船舶的中轴线的真方位角来校准电 罗经测量的天文方位角，即当电罗经基准线零刻度线与船舶中轴线平行时，电罗经测量值与 船舶中轴线真方位角差值即为电罗经改正值。 （1）在平行于中轴线或者在船的中心线上选择观测点A和B，分别架设棱镜； （2）在观测开始前开始设置电罗经的采样时间，采样时间不得大于2S并记录。记录内 容主要包括时间和罗经的读数； （3）电罗经采样时间和观测时间（如电子表）要进行校准，使它们的时间与GPS时间都达到同步； （4）将全站仪架设在一个已知的坐标点STATION（x0，y0）中设站，后视另外一个已知 的坐标点OP（x1，y1）； （5）在观测点STATION上观测A（Bow）、B（Stern）两点，记录相应的时间、两点的 水平角αA、αB和它们的水平距离Sa、Sb。记录表格如下 图1：校准示意图 公式一 （7）观测水平角αA和αB，距离SA和SB，然后计算出A和B的坐标EA，NA，再根据这两 个坐标进行反算得到船体中心线的坐标方位角，最后将坐标方位角换算为真方位角。 公式二 式中：β是船舶的真方位角，γ是本地区的子午线收敛角，C-O是罗经的校准值，Oβ是罗经 的读数。 三、全站仪在罗经校准中的设置和使用 3.1、全站仪的介绍 全站仪是一种集光、机、电为一体的高技术测量仪器，是集水平角、垂直角、距离（斜距、平距）、高差测量功能于一体的测绘仪器系统。广泛用于地上大型建筑和地下隧道施工 等精密工程测量或变形监测领域。 3.2、全站仪误差分析 利用全站仪进行电罗经校准容易产生人为误差、整平误差、对中误差以及仪器误差、外 界环境带来的误差、大气折光所带来的误差、其它环境因素的影响等 根据公式二，由误差传播公式，可以得到罗经校准值中的误差表达式： 公式三 式中mc-o2 是代表罗经校准值得误差，mγ2为本地区子午线收敛角误差，可以准确计算，
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景） (1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who migrated to the British Isles about 600 B.C. 不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。 (2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire. 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。 (3) About 450 A.D., waves of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They settled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. 公元450年左右，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛。他们在英格兰定居，将凯尔特人驱逐到威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰。 (4) It was around 500 A.D., in the struggle against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame. 大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞迪奇的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。 (5) Beginning from the later part of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings, came to invade England, at first, along the eastern coast, but later they threatened
经典古文英文翻译CLASSIC LITERATURE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION -- EXTREMELY USEFUL AND HELPFUL 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美，不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影，独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水，小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken. 老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。 Expend the respect of the aged in one’s family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one’s fa mily to that of other families. 礼尚往来。往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也。 Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.
英语六级翻译必备词汇——中国文化 来源：文都图书 自从四六级改革以后，翻译就由之前的部分句子汉译英变成了整段的汉译英，这对于考生来说难度确实加大不少。新翻译涉及到社会、经济、历史、文化等等，这就要求大家在这些方面多加注意并积累。文都在这里给大家总结了一些有关中国文化的必备词。 火药gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术paper-making 指南针the compass 《三字经》The Three-Word Chant 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游记》Journey to the West; 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 中国画traditional Chinese painting 书法calligraphy 水墨画Chinese brush painting; 中国结Chinese knot 旗袍Cheongsam 京剧人物脸谱Peking Opera Mask 相声comic crosstalk
皮影戏shadow play; 说书story-telling 武术martial art 阳历solarcalendar 阴历lunarcalendar 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 太极拳：Tai Chi 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 孟子：Mencius 敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves 北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck 火锅：Hot Pot 关于六级翻译，内容还是比较广泛的，对于日常生活中比较常见的词语最好都要弄清它的英文翻译。平时也要多注意进行练习，因为是新题型，所以真题比较少，大家可以配套文都出版的《大学英语六级考试真题精析与标准预测》，里面附赠20片短文翻译，让大家有题可做。
作为一部优秀的语录体散文集，《论语》以言简意赅、含蓄隽永的语言，记述了孔子的言论。《论语》中所记孔子循循善诱的教诲之言，或简单应答，点到即止;或启发论辩，侃侃而谈；富于变化，娓娓动人。 以下是《论语十则》的翻译。 子曰：「学而时习之，不亦说乎。有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎。」 Confucius said: "Isn’t it a pleasure to study and practice what you have learned? Isn’t it also great when friends visit from distant places? If people do not recognize me and it doesn’t bother me, am I not a Superior Man?" 子曰：「不患人之不己知，患不知人也。」 Confucius said: "I am not bothered by the fact that I am unknown. I am bothered when I do not know others." 子曰：「道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻；道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格。」Confucius said: "If you govern the people legalistically and control them by punishment, they will avoid crime, but have no personal sense of shame. If you govern them by means of virtue and control them with propriety, they will gain their own sense of shame, and thus correct themselves." 子曰：「吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。」 Confucius said: "At fifteen my heart was set on learning; at thirty I stood firm; at forty I had no more doubts; at fifty I knew the mandate of heaven; at sixty my ear was obedient; at seventy I could follow my heart’s desire without transgressing the norm." 子曰：「温故而知新，可以为师矣。」 Confucius said: "Reviewing what you have learned and learning anew, you are fit to be a teacher." 子曰：「君子不器。」 Confucius said: "The Superior Man is no utensil." 子贡问君子。子曰：「先行其言而后从之。」 Tzu Kung asked about the character of the Superior Man. Confucius said, "First he practices what he preaches and then he follows it." 子曰：「学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。」 Confucius said: "To study and not think is a waste. To think and not study is dangerous."
第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400) 3.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords. 在乔叟生活的年代，发生过两件大事，它们的影响力可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。第一件大事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。它是英国国王和法国国王为了争夺法国王权而展开的一系列战争。第二件大事是1381理查德二世统治时期的农民起义。这次农民起义是封建领主对农民剥削和压迫的直接产物。 Ⅱ. John Wycliff (1324?～1384)（约翰·威克利夫） John Wycliff was important because he was one of the first figures who