Chapter 1
1.Earliest settlers---Celts
2.55 B.C. TO 407 A.D. ---Roman Empire(London was founded)
3.演变Celts- Romans – Anglo-Saxon – English
4.Julius Caesar , the first general came to British
5.500A.D. THE founder of the kingdom wessex, the Celts King Arthur.
His followers , who were know as the knights of the round table, fight for their kingdom against the AS invaders.
6.9th century, King Alfred , the great of Wessex lead the AS kings to defeat the invaders
by uniting their forces.
7.the Norman Conquest
1066, Duck of Normandy came from Normandy to attack England to gets the land promise to be given to him for protecting from the Danes invasion by Edward Ⅱ. And Normandy beat the Harold at the Hesting.
8.Two highlight in the development of AS literature
A. Northumrian School
○1the first AS poet ---Caedmon
The earliest English poet. According to Bede, he was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.
○2Vernerable Bede, A monk write in Lain
B. the reign of Alfred Contribution
○1translate a number of Latin books into West Saxon dialect
○2
○3created a style of Anglo-Saxon Prose
9. A long epic poetry 长篇叙事诗
A.the earliest heroic poetry
B.the most significant poetry
C.existed in oral form as early as the 6th century
D.Beowulf is a mixture of paganism and Christian elements
10.Difference between Old Eng poetry , later poetry is technical structure
11.There are two poetic features of Old English poetry: alliteration and kenning. Chapter 2
1.流行Romance 主要写Knights
2.Duke William of Normandy. The Norman Conquest in 1066 accelerated the development
of feudalism 封建主义in ENG
3.Categories of Romances: The matter of Erance ,the matter of Rome , the matter of
Britain
4.Middle ENG:
A.words that are related with enjoyment and pleasure are usually of the French origin
B.many inflectional form of words were dropped
C.formal grammar simplified
5. Medieval Romance (Subject Matters)
A. matter of French (Charlemagne the Great, Roland,
B. matter of Rome (Alexander the Great, The siege of Troy)
C. Britain the Arthurian Legend
By Sir Gawain, Launce lot, Marlin, the quest for Holy Grail, the Death of King Arthur. Chapter 3 Age of Chaucer
1.The Hundreds’ Years War is an awakening of national Consciousness in ENG,the French
heroine Joan of Arc贞德
2.Geoffrey Chaucer (Buried in the Poets’ Conner in Westminster Abbey)
A.Father of Eng poetry
B.The work of Geoffrey Chaucer
○1influenced by French literature
○2influenced by Boccaccio
○3
The general prologue 总序is the best part of it.
3.the significances of
A.Gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time
B.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended 高度赞赏by critics
C.Geoffrey Chaucer’s humor
D.Chaucer’s contribution to ENG language
E.Perhaps the greatest work in Middle English
4.John Wycliff
A.father of ENG prose
B.one of the first figures who demanded to reform church
C.the one translate Bible into standard ENG
5.William Langland
1.main events
A.The war of the Rose ,the thirty Years War(the house of Lancaster/Red, the house of York)
B.The discovery of American and the new sea routes
C.Reformation of church. HenryⅧfound the Anglican Church, break away from the
church of Rome.
2.Ballad: a narrative poem that tells a story
3.Characters of Ballads
A.the beginning is often abrupt
B.have strong dramatic elements
C.the story is told through dialogue and action
D.the theme is often tragic
E.the meter格律is used (contains four-line stanzas, the odd numbered line奇数four feet,
the even numbered line偶数three feet. Rhymes fall on the even numbered lines.)
4.Ballads
A.
雀花王朝
B.
5.Early ENG Plays(the 14th )developed into(mystery Plays神秘剧，miracle plays 奇迹剧)
6.The flourishing of drama
the reason: no other entertainment ,both rich and poor can go to there
Chapter 5
英国文学史上三次高潮15th ENG Renaissance—19th上Romantic —19th下Victoria
1.The Background
Queen Elizabeth , defeat the Spanish Armada 无敌舰队, mighty naval power强有力的海军.
2.Humanism 人文主义Rebirth(文艺复兴的时代精神)
Humanism Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth ” in ENG
3.人文主义的解释及价值观
According to the Humanist scholars it was against human nature to ○1sacrifice the happiness of the life for an after life. They argued that ○2man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church, In art and literati on, instead of happiness in his life. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman catholic church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.
4.Edmund Spenser
5.The University Wits
A.Robert Greene
B.Thomas Kyd
C.Christopher Marlowe
Unrhymed iambic pentameter
6.William Shakespeare
A.发展
○1Early years of his apprenticeship学徒期
○2Growth and development
○3gloom and depression
○4restored serenity
B.achievement
○1represented the trend of history in giving write to the desires and aspiration of people
○2S’ humanism: He had firm belief in the mobility of human nature and in the power of love ○3S’ characterization, S’ characters are round 丰满的而非flatter 扁平
○4originality
○5as a great poet in sonnets
○6master of the Eng language
7.Four Tragedy : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, The Tragedy of Macbeth
8.Sonnets (Italy/Petrarch’s —the first one, S’s)
A.definition A short song in the original meaning of the word become a poet of 14 lines.
Usually in iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步with various rhyming schemes.
B.Sonnet, 3 quatrains, 1 couplet (Shakespeare’s
9.S’s sonnets are different from Petrach’s.
Petrach’s sonnets is divided into an octave(八音) which typically rhymes abba abba , and a sestet, which may have varying rhyme schemes.
Shakespeare’s sonnets (English sonnets)consists of 3 quatrains and 1 couplet ,which typically rhyme abab cdcd efef gg .ends with a surprised conclusion or a shift of ideas.
Petrach abba abba / cde cde
Shakespeare abab cdcd efef / gg
10.Hamlet —Humanist (melancholy忧郁procrastination优柔寡断)
Chapter 6
From Age of Elizabeth to Glorious Revolution
1.Background(the ENG bourgeois revolution 资产阶级革命，农民与贵族阶级，Anglican
church 与Puritanical Church)
2.Glorious Revolution 1688
In 1688, William signed
3.The King James Bible of 1611
Old Testament in Hebrews
New Testament in Greek
The earliest English translations of the Bible date back to Caedmon, Bade and King Alfred.
4.Francis Bacon. Praised by Marx as “the pioneer of Eng Materialism唯心主义”
5.
目的：Studies serve for delight, for ornament, for ability.
功效：History make man wise; poetry witly; mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep;
moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
方法：Books are able to be tasked, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
6.玄学派特点（Metaphysical Poets）John Donne
Metaphysical Poets describe a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by hold and ingenious conceits （奇思妙喻）incongruous imagery. Complexity of thought, frequent use of Paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.
7.Main theme of Metaphysical Poets: love, death and religion
Main theme of Cavalier(骑士派)：Carpe Diem及时行乐
8.Cavalier: Carpe diem<ＡValediction：forbidding mourning >
A breach, but an expansion
Like gold to airy thinness beat
If they be two, they are two so.
As stiff twin compasses are two.
THEME, 他人物质化的爱情与我柏拉图式的真爱。
9.John Milton(Puritan Writer)
10.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f114350248.html,ton ’s master piece and one of the greatest poems in world literate.
B.Satan, the most impressive character Better to reign in Hell than Serve in Heaven
C.Meaning:
○1rebellion spirits叛逆精神
○2defiance of authority对权威的藐视
○3excessive pride极端自负
11.John Bunyan(Puritan)
medieval form of allegory and drama.
Chapter 7
1.Glorious Revolution
2.Two Parliaments: The Tory & The Whig
3.The characters of neo-classicism
Official
A.People emphasized reason理智rather than emotion, form rather than content
B.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic 说教性and
satirical讽刺
C.As elegance 优雅性correctness正确性appropriateness 恰当性and restraint 节制性
were preferred , the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.
D.It’s almost exclusively a “town” poetry catering to the interests of the “society” in great
cities.
E.It is entirely wanting in all these elements that are related with the “romantic”
Civilian
A.Emphasized reason rather than emotion , form rather than Content
B.Didactic and satirical
C.The poet found closed couplet the only for serious
D.Town poetry show no love of nature, landscape or country things
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f114350248.html,ck of all Romantic Elements
4．Geoffrey Chaucer, first use couplet—Pope
5. Classicisms , a drama, 3 unities: action, place, time
6. Daniel Defoe, know as a pioneer novelist of ENG
7.Jonathan Swift
8.Joseph Addison & Richard Steele, periodical essays期刊写作. 2 periodical 期刊（the tattler,
the spectator）
9.Alexander Pope 新古代表/英雄双韵顶峰
11.Henry Fielding (playwright, novelist)
12.Robert Burns 抒情诗人From Scotland, write in Scottish and in traditional of Scottish folk
songs. Besides, love lyrics, most of his poems and songs are about patriotic and political Themes. Burns had a profound love for the common Scottish people and their literature. And
his poems or songs are permeated with the Scottish natural spirit.
13.William Blake (神秘主义者)同Burns 为前期浪漫主义代表
Chapter 8 Romanticism
1.From Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir
Walter Scott in 1832.
2.Characters: The glorification of instinct and emotion a deep veneration 崇拜of nature,
and a flaming zeal to remark the world.
3.Rousseau 卢梭French Philosopher . The Father of Romanticism/ The Nobel Savage
4.Characteristic features of the romantic movement
A.Subjectivism主观主义
B.Spontaneity 自发性
C.Singularity 奇特性
D.Worship of nature
E.Simplicity
F.There is a dominating note of melancholy / in the poems of Romantic poets人道主义理
想、忧郁气质
G.An age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feeling and emotion free verse form
5.William Wordsworth —Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
6.WW
A.Sing of harmony between things in nature and between the nature and the poet himself
B.Personification, Simile, Metaphor
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f114350248.html,ke poets (William Wordsworth, Robert Southey，Taylor Coleridge )
8.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
9.George Gordon Byron
10.
Byron’s fiery passion for the liberation of Greek people, and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relation of his time.
11.Percy Bysshe Shelley
希望英国人认识到自己的悲惨地位起来奋斗
12.John Keats (Last poet)
13.Charles Lamb 剧作家With his sister 写了
Familiar Essay
14.Thomas de Quincy
15.Walter Scott—Historic Novel . 1832 die , the end of Romanticism Contribution
Chapter 9 Queen Victoria
1.Two Queens:
A.both were on a throne for a long period of time. Elizabeth 40s, Victoria 60s.
B.Developed rapidly in both politically , economically
C.Literature flourished(E’ - SB, drama. V’-novel)
2.The reason why novel rise quickly in V’s Age
A.the growth of urban population bring a new reading in publich
B.the development of printing and making papers and the price of books dropped
C.people can make a living by writing
D. a large part class who need recreation and entertainment
E.the novel provided a marvelous mechanism for all sort of things——explorisy the
conditions of poor and the manners of society, satirizing individuals or institution , advocating social reform and providing diversion for people at all levels
F.the feminist movement
3.Characterized by the common features
A.plot is unfolded against a social background
B.the cause-effect sequence much more striking than in previous novels
C.published in serial form连载
D.the spirit of Puritanism 清教主义
E.characterized by their moral purpose (hypocrisy 伪善V’时期的共同特点)
F.critical realism 批判现实主义/ critical realistic novelist批判现实主义小说
4.Charles Dickens
artistic technique
○1a tendency to describe ugly characters or events
○2loves to instill life into inanimate things
○3description of pathetic scenes
5.William Makepeace Thackeray
6.Difference between Thackeray and Dickens
A.Thackeray descript a different world from Dickens (T, descript people of upper and
middle classes; D, descript the underdogs and the unprivileged )
B.T is a cynic , D is a sentimentalist 感伤主义者
C.T against affectation. D is a Romanist
7.The title Vanity Fair is taken from John Bunyan’s
8.Lord Alfred Tennyson (Laureate Poet)
9.Robert Browning (the dramatic monologue戏剧独白诗)
10.The Bront? Sister
A.Charlotte Bront?—
B.Emily Bront?—
C.Anne Bront?—
11.Some critics said that the Bront? inherited their strong emotion from their parents.
A.The Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and their audacity in the search for
spiritual integrity.
B.Another factor was the moorland which was not yet corrupted by the evils of society.
C.The Third factor their writing career was the fact that they were greatly influenced by
Romantic Poets.
12.The works of Charlotte and Emily Bront? and different from those of other Victorian
writers in the aspects below:
A.their works are marked by strong romantic elements
B.the role of nature is very significant in their work
C.marked by a new conception of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate
feelings.
13.
women’s position in society.
14.Emily Bront?
conflict between the privileged and the hire hand.
15.Thomas Hardy, the last important novelist of the Victorian age Wessex novels.
16.George Bernard Shaw (Irish )
17.Oscar Wilde—
名词解释
1.Alliteration头韵
is the repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.
例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved
To his kin the kindest , keenest for praise
代表作：Sir Gawain &Green Knight
2.Kenning隐喻
A kenning is a metaphor usually composed two words, which becomes the formula 准则for a special object.
3.Renaissance
A French word, means “Rebirth”.The art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being rediscovered after long years of neglect. English Re had two impulses —humanist reverence for the classics and English pride and sense of national identity. Emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and the worth of life in this world.
4.Romance
R is a type of literature that is very popular in the Middle age. The great age of medieval romance is the 12th and early 13the centuries and its chief breeding ground起源地is the aristocratic贵族的society in France.
5.Allegory 寓言
An allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underling meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.
6.Heroic Couplet英雄对偶句
HC is a pare of rhyming 押韵的iambic pentameter五步抑扬格lines.
AA BB CC DD EE
7.Ballad 民谣
B is a narrative poem that tells story.
8.The blank Verse无韵诗
Unrhymed iambic pentameter, used in his dramas , was the chief verse for, used by SB.
16世纪的英国戏剧主要表现形式
9.An ode 颂诗
It’s a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.
10.Dramatic monologue戏剧独白诗
It’s a poem in which there is one imaginary speaker, addressing an imaginary audience.
11.Allegory:
A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. 12.Anapest抑抑扬:
Its made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.
常用资料
修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration 头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步
第4章15世纪(1400～1550) 4.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争） The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne. 百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。 (2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争） The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war. 玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。 (3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现） In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with the
Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还
多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景） (1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who migrated to the British Isles about 600 B.C. 不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。 (2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire. 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。 (3) About 450 A.D., waves of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They settled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. 公元450年左右，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛。他们在英格兰定居，将凯尔特人驱逐到威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰。 (4) It was around 500 A.D., in the struggle against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame. 大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞迪奇的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。 (5) Beginning from the later part of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings, came to invade England, at first, along the eastern coast, but later they threatened
Hamlet is the first work of literature to look squarely at the stupidity, falsity and sham of everyday life, without laughing and without easy answers. In a world where things are not as they seem, Hamlet…s genuineness, thoughtfulness, and sincerity make him special. Hamlet is no saint. But unlike most of the other characters (and most people today), Hamlet chooses not to compromise with evil. Dying, Hamlet reaffirms the tragic dignity of a basically decent person in a bad world Hamlet is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the futility and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today. Unlike so much of popular culture today, "Hamlet" leaves us with the message that life is indeed worth living, even by imperfect people in an imperfect world. 犹豫scholars have debated for centuries about Hamlet's hesitation in killing his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires (Freud concludes that Hamlet has an "Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt [is] preventing him from murdering the man [Claudius] who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do". Robinson Crusoe is a grand hero in westerners? eyes. He survived in the deserted island and lived a meaningful life. He almost has everything needed for becoming a successful man, such as his excellent creativity, great working capacity, courage, and persistence in overcoming obstacles. But he has shortcomings, too. Sometimes he was irresolute; he was not confident; he was fetishistic, although his belief had done him much good. He serves somehow as a lighthouse for the ambitious people. It?s also instructive for average people. Robinson was the representative of the bourgeois of the 18th C. It was the time when bourgeois grew stronger and stronger. The author Defoe paid a tribute to bourgeois by creating such a rational, powerful, clever, and successful man. 【Themes of Robinson Crusoe】 1. The ambivalence of mastery In short, while Crusoe seems praiseworthy in mastering his fate by overcoming his obstacles, and controlling his environment, the praiseworthiness of his mastery over his fellow human Friday is more doubtful. Defoe explores the link between the two in his depiction of the colonial mind. 2. The necessity of Repentance Crusoe?s experiences constitute not simply an adventure story in which thrilling things happen, but also a moral tale illustrating the right and wrong ways to live one?s life. Crusoe?s story instruct s others in God?s wisdom, and one vital part of this wisdom is the importance of repenting one?s sins. 3. The Importance of Self-Awareness Crusoe?s arrival on the island does not make him revert to a brute existence and he remains conscious of himself at all times. His island existence actually deepens his self-awareness as he withdraws from the external society and turns inward. The idea that the individual must keep a careful reckoning of the state of his own soul is a key point in the Presbyterian doctrine that the aothor took seriously all his life. ·Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte The protagonist and title character, orphaned as a baby. She is a plain-featured, small and reserved but talented, sympathetic, hard-working, honest and passionate girl. Skilled at studying, drawing, and teaching, she works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her wealthy employer, Edward Rochester. But her strong sense of conscience does not permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance. 【Themes of Jane Eyre】 1. Gender relations A particularly important theme in the novel is patriarchalism and Jane…s efforts to assert her own identity within male-dominated society. Among the three of the main male characters,
第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901) 9.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) 1832～1848 The first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers. 凭借第一部改革议案，工业资产阶级在议会中赢得了权利。这个议案使工业资产阶级和中下层阶级获得了选举权，但是工人却并没有获得选举权。 (2) In the fifties and sixties（五十年代和六十年代） England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker. It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism. 英国成为“世界工厂”和“世界银行”。这个时期的社会稳定发展，人们对未来信心百倍。 (3) In the 1890s（十九世纪九十年代） The 1890s is a period of serenity and security. By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. The British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth. 九十年代是一个安稳而宁静的年代，这个时期，英国的实力持续增长，英国占据了世界四分之一的领土。
《英国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲 一、课程说明 1. 课程中文名称：英国文学史及作品选读 2 课程英文名称：History and Selected Readings of English Literature 3. 课程总学时数：32 4. 课程学分数： 2 5. 授课对象：英语专业本科学生 6. 本课程的性质、地位和作用 本课程为面向英语专业高年级（三年级）学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。要求学生以先修英语阅读、综合英语、英美文化和英美概况等课程为基础。通过教学，使学生对英国文学有一个概观了解，同时初步培养学生对英国文学作品的鉴赏能力，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。该课程有助于增强学生的语言基本功，丰富学生的人文知识、充实学生的文化修养，提高学生的精神素质。 二、教学基本要求 1. 本课程的目的、任务 英国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。本课程旨在介绍英国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对英国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。要求学生在阅读和分析英国文学作品的基础上了解英国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养学生对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。 2. 本课程的教学要求 了解英国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言
2018年自学《英国文学选读》试题及答案 1. What are Shakespeare ’s achievements? a. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to de desires and aspirations of the people. b. Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age. c. Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters. d. Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audienc e. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays. e. Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry. f. Shakespeare as master of the English language. 2. What are the basic characteristics of ballads? a. The beginning is often abrupt. b. There are strong dramatic elements. c. The story is often told through dialogue and action. d. The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) 乔叟He was born in 1343 in London. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”.The father of English Poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.“The Canterbury Tales” (1387-1400) It is Chaucer?s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature. Chaucer’s Contribution to English Literature Chaucer is regarded as the founder of English poetry and has been called “the founder of English realism.” He is the firs t great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the “heroic couplet” (英雄双韵体) to English poetry.His masterpiece “The Canterbury T ales” is one of the monumental works in English literature 公爵夫人之书，百鸟议会，声誉之堂，特罗勒思和克里西德 Structure of a poem: A poem can be broken down into three parts: (1) Stanza (节) : a group of lines set off from the other lines in a poem. It is the poetic equivalent of a paragraph in prose. In traditional poems, the stanza usually contains a unit of thought.(2) The line (行) : a single line of poetry (3) The foot (音步) : a syllable or a group of 2 or 3 syllables. T o scan a line of poetry one counts the number of feet in a line. For a beginner, the easiest thing to do is to count the number of stresses. Typically a foot will contain a stressed and an unstressed syllable. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)playwright, poet, actor.Shakespeare and Aeschylus are the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.—Carl Marks.The Great Tragedies: 《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,1601 ) 《奥赛罗》(Othello, 1604) 《李尔王》(King Lear, 1605) 《麦克白》(Macbeth, 1606) The Great Comedies威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice, 1596) 《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream,1596) 《第十二夜》(Twelfth Night, 1600) 《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It, 1601) Shakespeare’s car eer as a dramatist may be divided into four major phases.: The First Period(1590-1594) This period is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing. Works: Henry VI The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》/《连环错》Love?s Labor?s Lost 《迷失的爱》/《空爱一场》/《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet, etc. The Second Period (1595-1600) This period is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. It includes 6 comedies, 5 historical plays and 1 Roman tragedy. His sonnets are also thought to be written in this period. The Third Period (1601-1607) The third period of Shakespeare?s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. It includes 5 tragedies, 3 comedies and 2 Roman tragedies.Major works written in this period:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra The Fourth Period (1608-1612) The fourth period of Shakespeare?s work is the period of romantic drama. It includes 4 romances or “reconciliation（和解，复合）plays”. Shakespeare’s Literary Position:Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers in world literature. Hamlet:Hamle t is considered the summit of Shakespeare?s art. It is one of Shakespeare?s canon, and it is universally included in the list of the world?s greatest works.It?s written in the form of blank verse.blank verse : poetry in rhymeless iambic pentameter.（素体诗剧）The story, coming from an old Danish legend, is a tragedy of the “revenge” genre. Shakespeare incorporates into the medieval story other major humanistic themes, including love, justice, good and evil, and most notably, madness, and the spirit of the time Injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society。1. first blow: father?s murder and mother?s re-marriage2.second blow: betrayal of his two former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern3. third blow: betrayal of his girl friend OpheliaThe greatness o f the play: in praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.
英国文学选读 Of Studies P18 1.We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s< of studies> in our access to information? Our planet is developing forward. The fast-moving development of science and technology makes it more convenient for students to get sufficient and effective information by countless ways. That is the external condition for our study, which we can appropriately make full use of. But what we have to keep in mind is that the eternal master of study is no one but ourselves in the process of studying. 2.In what sense does reading make a full man? Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Reading histories makes people learn lessons from the ancient time, avoid making the same mistakes and predict the development of things. People who read histories will be wiser than these who just act according to their own preferences without learning from histories. Reading poem s makes people learn the beauty of language, the beautiful classical style of art and live a poetic life. People who read poems will be wittier than these who haven’t feel the beautiful mood and pure life. Reading mathematics makes people focus on the accurate calculation, develop a scientific attitude, and form a pragmatic spirit. People who read mathematics will be more subtle to consider things from all aspects and do things from the drop carefully than these who don’t read. Reading natural philosophy makes people pursue truth, explore the unknown mystery, and practice actively. People who read natural philosophy will be deeper than these who don’t learn the theory of reflecting the truth. Readingmoral makes peopl e learn the way of harmony living, form the principle of ethical behaviors and develop correct outlooks on values. People who read moral will be graver than these who behave without correct principles and can’t deal with different relationships.Reading log ic makes people master the rules of thinking, dealing with different things and exploring objective reality. People who read logic will be more contend to have clear ideas, mater the principles of objective truth than these who don’t act according to rules. Different kinds of reading materials play different roles in making a full man. People should get into different reading fields and train themselves to become a comprehensive talent. Reading will do good to one’s physical health according to some reading materials of physical training. What’s more important, reading promotes the development of logic thinking and morality. People can be called a full man on condition that they have fine quality, delicate self-cultivation and strict morality. Try to read extensively and become a full man . Poems: Hamlet P8 1.Why is sleep so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. Death means the end of life, you may go to or unknown world and you can’t comeback,. If he dies, Hamlet 's can't realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind.