华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试大纲
总则
本大纲的各项规定作为华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试英语(第一外语)考试考题编写参考以及质量检查的依据.
考生对象
本大纲的考生对象是参加华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试并把英语作为第一外语的全国考生.
考试时间及记分
本考试采取百分制记分,满分为100分;考试时间为180分钟.
考试目的
博士研究生入学英语考试是为了考察考生的实际英语应用能力是否达到非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中《硕士研究生英语教学与考试》规定的要求.考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔.
考试设计
本考试共分为四部分:完形填空(10%),阅读理解(40%),英汉互译(30%)和英语写作(20%).
完形填空(10%)
本部分测试考生的语言知识及综合运用能力.测试内容包括词汇的认知能力,搭配知识的掌握,句法结构的理解和篇章阅读,分析能力.本部分给出一篇约200单词的短文,文中留出10处空白,每空为一题,设4个备选答案.要求考生在理解全文的基础上,从中挑选一个最佳选项,使短文的内容和结构完整合理.
阅读理解(40%)
本部分测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取信息的能力,即对阅读材料的细节,事实,要点,作者观点和态度的理解能力.题材包括社会,文化,史地,科普及人物传记等内容,体裁涉及叙事,议论,描述,说明和应用文等.该部分给出4篇约500单词的文章,每篇文章后面附5个问题,每个问题设四个备选答案.要求考生根据文章内容从每题选出一个最佳选项.
英汉互译(30%)
本部分测试考生的英汉互译能力.考试形式为翻译段落划线部分,原文内容涉及社会,文化,史地和科普知识.要求考生将200-250汉字长度的中文段落划线部分准确地翻译成通顺的英文,以及将相当长度的英文段落划线部分准确翻译成通顺的中文.
英语写作(20%)
本部分测试考生的英语书面表达能力.要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲,或者根据情景或图表自拟题目,用英语写出一篇约200单词的短文.要求作文切题,意义连贯,文字通顺,并符合英文表达习惯.
华中科技大学外国语学院
2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题
Cloze (1x10=10%)
Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
Some kids have a hard time 1 to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college. Here you are able to choose 2 or not you want to go to class. However, this responsibility comes with
a great price. If you do not go to class, you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade. With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more 3 . 4 hating every minute of school, I value it 5 a time for me to prepare for the big test. This new schedule has also changed me in that now I 6 school is worth my time. I do not dread going to class. Yes, it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week, it is not as 7__ as high school. Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and 8 simple questions, college courses call 9 _ analysis and thought. Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books. These to this routine, I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more 10 and it has helped me in my thought process.
1. A) content B) to adopt C) finding D) adjusting
2. A) where B) when C) whether D) if
3. A) effective B) efficiently C) effort D) affect
4. A) Instead of B) Rather than C) Instead D) Other than
5. A) for B) upon C) as D) with
6. A) should like B) feel like C) look like D) would like
7. A) unpleasant B) pleasant C) enjoyable D) misfortune
8. A) answered B) answer C) answering D) to answer
9. A) in B) for C) up D) about
10. A) likely B) prepared C) ready D) readily
II. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage 1
Extremely refined behaviour, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.
Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a
wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.
Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living ______.
has been typical of rich and leisured societies
advocates that women are the same as men
began in nineteenth-century Provence
looks down on extremely refined behaviour
The ideals of chivalry demanded that ______.
a knight should never have physical relationships with women
a knight should inspire his lady to valiant deeds
a knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a woman
romantic people should influence literature
The rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy ______.
were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one's sword or handkerchief were practiced by the majority of society
did not apply to a large section of society
were fairly simple to follow
The average working man in fifteenth-century Italy ______.
spent all his life outdoors
spent all his life in his own poor hut
had better social manners than workers today
was unlikely to have possessed a sword
Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are ______.
the essential basis of all systems of good manners
not a universal feature of etiquette
taught to the lower classes by the upper classes
often neglected by polite society
Passage 2
One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London, killing time, when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house. It represented a human figure covered with long, dark hair,
with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression. On coming nearer, he heard a man call out "Walk in, ladies and gentlemen, the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited --only five pence the wild man from Africa -- he eats raw food, and many other pleasing and surprising performances." Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything, for the place was full to suffocation (窒息), and the noise awful. At last, Mr Kerry obtained, by means of squeezing and pushing, a place in the front, when to his horror, he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.
It was a man, nearly naked, covered with long, shaggy hair, that grew even over his nose and cheekbones. He sprang about, sometimes on his feet, sometimes on all-fours, but always uttering the most fearful yells, and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous. Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding, and began heartily to wish himself outside. Suddenly, the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork. This he tore to pieces eagerly, and ate in the most voracious (贪婪的) manner, among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience. "I'll go now," thought Mr Kerry, "for who knows whether, in his hungry moods, he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me." Just at this instant, some sounds struck his ear that surprised him. He listened more attentively and, to his amazement, found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells, the savage was talking Irish. Now, Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely, and by degrees, not only the words were known to him, but the very voice was familiar, so turning to the savage, he addressed him in Irish, at the same time fixing him with a severe look. "Who are you " said Mr Kerry.
"Billy McCabe, sir."
"And what do you mean by playing your tricks here, instead of earning your living like an honest man "
"Well," said Billy, "I'm earning the rent to pay you. One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."
Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because ______.
he had nothing else to do
he was late for an appointment
he was looking for something to do
he was reluctant to go home
Inside the house, at first, Mr Kerry ______.
was nearly suffocated
could see nothing
was pushed about
couldn't hear anything
The wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by ______.
the way he moved
the way he dressed
the looks he gave
the cries he made
Mr Kerry decided to leave the house because ______.
he flt extremely frightened
he was worried what might happen
he didn't wish to eat with the savage
he feared he might have a heart attack
The wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since ______.
he was on show in London
he was a primitive savage
he previously spoke gibberish
he was thought to be African
Passage 3
Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn't find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.
Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles the river entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.
Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.
Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to ______.
A. track animals to the river
B. put away the maps they had been using
C. approach the river from different direction
D. get down to the river without much difficulty
22.The travelers wanted to get to the river because ______.
A. it would lead them to the waterfall
B. it would show them which way to go
C. it was the only possible route out of the mountains
D. it was a quicker route than going over the mountains
23. One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that ______.
A. it was too hot to move quickly
B. there was no proper path
C. they all tried to go in different ways
D. they could not follow the animal tracks
24. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because ______.
A. they had a sense of achievement
B. the going was much easier then
C. they were eager to see the waterfall
D. they knew they were near their destination
25. To get past the waterfall the guide had to ______.
A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridge
B. cross the river above the waterfall
C. slide down a steep river bank
D. swing across the river from a high branch
Passage 4
Will you be watching 'Horizon' on Monday evening, or is that when you're down at the local HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.
This week's Horizon: How Much Can You Drink Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the "serious drinking problem" that troubles an estimated 700 000 people in this country. Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health: in the next 12 months 10 000 people may die prematurely from the effects of drink. Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial. Guinness is not now projected as "good for you". Nevertheless, social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.
Well, perhaps it is. Darts (a game) players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks. Though it must be added that next day's hand shaking was greater than normal. Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood, may give some protection against heart disease.
But people's bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol. The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis (a kind of disease) of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.
So how much can you drink The answer, if you are a woman, is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that
women, unfair though it may be, are more at risk from alcohol. Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man, four units for a woman. That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers, formed 18 months ago, which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers. After an initial screening to ensure that they aren't physically damaged by alcohol, Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks. "The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything," says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson. "We replace the pub life with a different social life."
Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit: "Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst. Alternate alcohol with mineral water. Put the glass on the table between sips. Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last 40 minutes. Most important, plan how much to drink in an evening, count the drinks and then stop."
26. Based on what do you think this article is written
A. A magazine
B. A newspaper
C. A medical journal.
D. A TV program.
27. Can alcohol ever be good for you
A. Yes, in moderate amount.
B. No, even in moderate amount.
C. Maybe, in moderate amount.
D. Never, even in moderate amount.
28. How can Drink Watchers help you
A. By checking your health.
B. By providing social base.
C. By helping you cut down on your drinking.
D. All the above.
29. What do you think the word "soft" in the third line of paragraph 7 means
A. gentle
B. non-alcoholic
C. mild
D. calm
30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the text
A. 700 000 people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.
B. 10 000 people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.
C. Six units of beer for men and 4 units for women everyday is 'safe'.
D. Different people react almost the same to alcohol.
Translation
Section A From English into Chinese (15%)
Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.
People could land on Mars in the next 20 to 30 years provided scientists can find water on the red planet, the head of NASA's (美国国家宇航局) surface exploration mission said on September 16.
Two partially solar-powered "robot geologists" -- Mars Exploration Rovers, or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者) have been trundling across 3 miles of the planet and into craters since January, beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.
1. Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars, Arthur
Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said, "My best guess is 20 to 30 years, if that becomes our primary priority."
The two MER robots, dubbed Spirit and Opportunity, have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful -- important for scientists hoping to know if there was once -- or could still be -- life on Mars. Without water, the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet, which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue, couldn't unravel.
"If we cannot find water,it really makes it difficult to send humans. Water is the key," said Thompson, who was attending a mining engineers' conference.
2. Such a mission would take 11 to 12 months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts, plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey, to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.
Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars "that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon," where water could still be present. "There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates. We believe it's an ongoing process," he said.
3. Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information, and Thompson said, "If there is water, we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."
Section B From Chinese into English (15%)
Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.
自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷,销售以来,公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分.
1. 德高望众的亚伯拉罕·林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是第一位发现圣诞贺卡中蕴
藏着政治效力的美国总统,在此过程中,圣诞老人的形象永远留在了人们心中.
美国内战期间,奴隶们控制的南方政权与北方的联邦政府相抗衡,当时林肯总统
要求政治漫画家托马斯·纳斯特在圣诞老人的画像上配上联邦军队,旨在鼓舞士兵的士气.
托马斯·纳斯特是第一个让胖胖的圣诞老人穿上现在看来传统的红色外套和宽
大皮带的人.
2. 据说看到这个活泼可爱的家伙站在北方联邦军队一边,南方军队的士气大大
的受挫.没过多久,他们就战败了.
二战期间,同盟国政府同样用圣诞祝词来鼓舞占领区的战士们,幽默的贺卡给战
士们带来了充满希望的援助.
3. 事实上,正是从这个阶段开始,圣诞节寄贺卡的传统在美国总统中流传起来——至今他们都是世界上最认真的寄卡人之一.
Writing(20%)
Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic "Learning is a life-long profession". You are required to write in three
paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.
2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题
I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)
Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist (1) ___ and attracts over three million visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England (2) ____ the time of James I who (3) ____ from 1603 to 1625, but is (4) ____ known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors (5) ____, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to (6) ____ her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, (7) ____ the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were (8) ____ over specially from France and with one (9) ____ the executioner cut off her head.
The Tower was also the (10) ____ of one of London's most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1843. His elder son, Edward, became king (11) ____ his father's death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, (12) ____ protector, persuaded Edward's brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke (13) ____ that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, (14) ____ himself Richard III.
After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared.
(15) ____ said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being (16) ____ their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, (17) ____ it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two (18) ____ which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The (19) ____ were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, (20) ____ the age of the Princes.
1. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights
2. B. until B. by C. to D. at
3. A. reined B. reigned C. powered D. controlled
4. A. hardly B. little C. best D. well
5. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded
6. A. get the worst of B. get rid of C. get the best of D. get done with
7. A. apart from B. besides C. together with D. rather than
8. A. brought B. taken C. got D. won
9. A. knock B. hit C. shot D. stroke
10. A. spot B. scent C. place D. view
11. A. on B. at C. with D. by
12. A. their B. the C. his D. a
13. A. announced B. published C. advertised D. revealed
14. A. naming B. calling C. declaring D. giving
15. A. That is B. This is C. They are D. It is
16. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on
17. A. so that B. since C. as D. although
18. A. skeletons B. boys C. remains D. dead bodies
19. A. ashes B. bones C. corpses D. sketches
20. A. definitely B. certainly C. roughly D. possibly
II. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage One
We all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord's fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.
Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.
These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children's choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing 'Silent Night', 'Jingle Bells' and so on.
This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.
The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.
21. Why does the author describe the customers as a 'captive audience' They usually like the music thrown at them.
Because they can't escape the music.
He wants to show how easy they are to please.
Because they've paid a special charge called a 'music toll'.
22. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ____.
it's usually very tasteful
it's chosen very carefully by the owner
it tries to create a soothing atmosphere
it doesn't aim to increase profits
23. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoid Happy songs.
Certain instruments.
Children's choirs.
Any extremes.
24. From what the writer says, it's reasonably clear that he or she ____. loves pop music
likes music in public places
enjoys classical music
is keen on Christmas carols
25. The writer of the passage would probably like to ____.
join an 'air pollution action group'
get rid of music just in restaurants
start a movement against 'canned music'
make people listen to the piped music in public places
Passage Two
The teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to determine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context. The Unesco report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context.
The problems facing developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is 'inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development (and) national development as a whole is bound up with the world context'. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development - it is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.
Literacy progammes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as adequate 'literacy environment'.
Who are the 'illiterates' and how do we define them At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, 'may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position.' Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: 'Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development.'
An educational definition - i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered - is shown to be inadequate in that educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act with responsible participation.
Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a 'reading-level
type'; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.
26. Part of the teacher of reading's involvement in the development of
a literate society is through ____.
ascertaining their society's literacy standard
determining a level of literacy for their society
deciding on a world standard of literacy
achieving a desired role for teaching literacy
27. What problems are facing both developing and industrial nations How to achieve literacy in their own countries.
How the environment can be changed to suit the people.
What methods of producing social and economical development can be found. Which ways of encouraging literacy as part of national development are possible.
28. What importance do the voluntary non-government organizations have in literacy programmes
They demonstrate how literacy changes society.
They show that literacy is often imposed on people.
They present conditions in which people can become literate.
They enable people to take part in international literacy schemes. 29. 'Illiterates' according to Hiollerich, are best defined as people who ____.
cannot read or write at all
only have a primary education
read and write inadequately for their needs
have no education at all
30. Why is a 'reading-level type' of assessment inadequate to define literacy
It ignores other social factors in society.
Educational needs are not taken into account.
Individual involvement in society is not considered.
No account is taken of the importance of language in society. Passage Three
"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat."
This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished. If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of
defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.
There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel. Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behavior: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.
Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.
31. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph suggests that they ____.
are confident in their ability to charm women
take the initiative in courtship
have a clear idea of what is considered "manly"
tend to be more immoral than women are
32. The third paragraph does NOT claim that men ______.
prevent women from taking up certain professions
secretly admire women's intellect and resolution
doubt whether women really mean to succeed in business
forbid women to join certain clubs and societies
33. At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in order to ____.
show that men are stronger than women
carry further the ideas of the earlier paragraphs
support the first sentence of the same paragraph
disown the ideas he is expressing
34. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph ____.
is based on the study of archaeology
illustrates how people expect men to behave
is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke
proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer
35. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author ______.
A. approves of
B. argues is natural
C. completely rejects
D. expects to go on changing
Passage Four
I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren't for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream
Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in the massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or other blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervous - cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even say hello to each other.
Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small village together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There's little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet. What, then, it the answer The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the center of things, and that life doesn't come to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two: they have expressed their preference for the "quiet life" by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind - they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.
When then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring "morning" to the locals as they pass by. I'm keen on the idea, but you see there's my cat, Toby, I'm not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.
36. We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author ____. used to live in the country
used to work in the city
works in the city
lives in the country
37. In the author's opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappy EXCEPT ____.
a strong sense of fear
lack of communication
housing conditions
a sense of isolation
38. The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT ____.
daily necessities
fresh fruits
designer clothes
fresh vegetables
39. According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in the villages A. Original. B. Quiet.
C. Arrogant.
D. Insensitive.
40. Do you think the author will move to the country
Yes, he will do so.
No, he will not do so.
It is difficult to tell.
He is in two minds.
Translation
Section A From Chinese into English (15%)
Directions: Translate the following five underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.
去年12月份的海啸掀开了印度一个古代港口城市的面纱,目前印度潜水员们发
现了更多实证.
1考古学家们(archaeologists)表示,在印度南部海岸附近海底发现的石头建筑"明显是人工建造的".
它们可能是传说中的马哈巴利普兰古城的一部分,2 神话中说这座城市太美丽了,以至于诸神唤来洪水,淹没了城内七座寺庙中的六座.
当强大的海浪袭击泰米尔纳德邦省的海岸,冲走了海滩上的沙子后,神庙遗迹露
出了海面.
3 就在海啸(tsunami)发生前,有居民报告退潮时看到一座寺庙和其他建筑物,印度考古学调查组随后派出了潜水探察队.
这些新发现位于马哈巴利普兰寺庙附近,马哈巴利普兰寺庙建于公元7世纪,有人说这些建筑侥幸逃过了诸神的惩罚.
"我们发现了一些显然是人工修建的石头结构的建筑物."探察队领队阿洛克·特里帕蒂对记者说.
"它们是用完美的长方形石块按一定样式搭建而成的."
4 海啸带来的这件古代"礼物"将于下个月在印度德里市(Delhi)举行的海上考古学国际研讨会上露面.
二月份早些时候,在马哈巴利普兰还有其他一些发现,包括和这座寺庙年代相仿的一只花岗岩石狮,专家认为在海啸冲走浮沙之前,它已经在海底埋藏了数个世纪了.
5 在过去的三年中,考古学家们一直在这片遗址工作.在另一次潜水探测中,他们发现了一座沉没水中的城市,里面至少有一座寺庙.
有关马哈巴利普兰的种种传说最早是由英国旅行家戈丁汉姆记载的.1798年他
访问印度时,听到了"七座宝塔"的神话传说.
Section B From English into Chinese (15%)
Directions: Translate the following five underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.
1 The original stage production of The Sound of Music is to be performed for the first time in the Austrian(奥地利)capital, 40 years after the film was released.
The first full-scale theatrical production of the musical will make its debut in Vienna on Saturday.
Julie Andrews starred in the 1965 film version of the Rogers and Hammerstein classic set.
2 But despite being one of the most successful musicals of all time, it is barely known inside Austria.
3 The film was never shown in any cinema in Austria and was not broadcast on television until the early 1990s.
4 The musical is based on the true story of the von Trapp (冯·特拉普) family who formed a singing troupe and escaped from Nazi-occupied Austria in 1938.
Sensitivities about Nazism during wartime Austria and issues towards the von Trapp family themselves could explain Austria's reluctance to embrace the musical.
Another source of irritation for Austrians is the song Edelweiss, which is considered a traditional folk song by many filmgoers. The song was actually an invention by Rodgers and Hammerstein.
5 The production is being staged at the Viennese(维也纳) opera house beginning on Saturday.
Writing(20%)
Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic "What will happen when one's mother tongue is lost" You are required to
write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.
2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(1)
I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)
Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Although most people return from package holidays reasonably satisfied, this is not always the (1)___. Take, for instance, the nightmare experience of a Frenchman who went on a (2) ___ to Colombia. The hotel in the small Caribbean port was overbooked. The holidaymaker was (3) ___ round the streets, looking for a (4) ___ and breakfast place, when he was arrested for vagrancy. He was (5) ___, where he told the magistrate that it was the hotel's (6) ___. The magistrate was the hotel-owner's brother, and he charged the tourist (7) ___ making false accusations and sent him to prison for eight had left. He had insufficient funds to buy a return ticket, (9) ___ he went to the Post Office to send a telegram to his home in Montpellier, asking for money. He was (10) ___ before he could send it. This time he was charged with legal (11) ___. It was explained that, having missed his return (12) ___, he could no longer be classified as a tourist. He now needed a work (13) ___, he didn't have one. He was fined $500 for this (14) ___, and a further $500 when he again blamed the hotel for overbooking. His (15) ___ was confiscated because he couldn't pay the fines. He hitch-hiked to Bogota (16) the consulate finally arranged to send him home.
All things (17) ___, I would prefer to plan my holiday independently. (18) ___ my view, it's safer to "do it yourself!" And the advantages of planning your holiday yourself are (19) ___. If it is well-planned, an independent holiday can usually be good (20) ___ for money.
1. A. occurrence B. situation C. state D. case
2. A. package B. holiday C. festival D. celebration
3. A. strolling B. sauntering C. wandering D. patrolling
4. A. accommodation B. hotel C. bed D. lodging
5. A. taken to court B. brought to the police station
C. taken to the reform school
D. sent to prison
6. A. fault B. blame C. duty D. responsibility
7. A. of B. with C. for D. to
8. A. freedom B. discharge C. release D. liberty
9. A. and B. though C. but D. so
10. A. fined B. re-arrested C. arrested D. punished
11. A. citizenship B. naturalization C. migration D. immigration
12. A. trip B. ticket C. flight D. journey
13. A. license B. allowance C. permission D. permit
14. A. crime B. offence C. fault D. error
15. A. luggage B. belonging C. thing D. luggages
16. A. when B. after C. where D. while
17. A. considered B. being considered C. were considered D. considering
18. A. To B. In C. By D. With
19. A. considerable B. thinkable C. considerate D. imaginable
20. A. bargain B. buy C. sale D. value
II. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage one
An anesthetic is anything that produces a temporary loss of feeling in all or part of the body. Anesthetics are given to those about to undergo surgery or other painful medical procedures so that they will feel no pain. This also helps the doctors do their job. The patient remains still during the operation.
Imagine the horror of having to go through an operation wide awake, with nothing to stop the pain! This is what faced people before the discovery of modern anesthetics in the nineteenth century. Until then doctors and others had tried to anesthetize patients by every means from drugging them or making them drunk to hitting them on the head. Then in the 1940s two American doctors, Crawford Long and William Morton, proved that patients who breathed a certain amount of a gas called ether would remain unconscious, unmoving, and unfeeling for the length of an operation. They would not be subject to agony.
Today medical specialists called anesthesiologists employ gases such as nitrous oxide ("laughing gas"), or injected drugs. Sometimes both are administered. These anesthetics keep patients unconscious for the many hours some complex operations require. For major operations, a general anesthetic is usual. The patient is given a gas or drug that is absorbed by the blood, which then circulates it to the nervous system. As the anesthetic numbs the central nervous system, the body of the person undergoing surgery relaxes and ceases to feel.
Some operations, however, require only a local anesthetic. This consists of a drug injected into the area to be operated on, to deaden the local nerves. Only that particular part of the body is affected. If your dentist has ever given you novocaine before pulling or filling a tooth, you have experienced local anesthesia.
A third type of anesthetic is the spinal. An injection of a drug into the spinal cord, which runs along the backbone, completely desensitizes nerves and relaxes muscles in all parts of the body below the point of injection. The patient doesn't feel anything. He or she is spared severe pain.
21. The main purpose of anesthetics is to ___.
A. help people stop thinking during an operation
B. produce a loss of feeling in all or part of the body
C. undergo surgery or other painful medical procedures
D. remain still during the operation
22. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A. people in the past did nothing to stop the pain during the operation
B. drunken people didn't feel pain at all
C. patients who breathed ether almost died
D. before the discovery of modern anesthetics, doctors also tried hard to reduce the pain
23. The word "numbs" (par.3) probably means ____.
A. deadens
B. moves
C. loses
D. feels
24. Some operations require only a local anesthetic in which____.
A. you have your teeth pulled or filled
B. a drug is injected only into the area to be operated on
C. you will receive novocaine
D. both gases and drugs are to be used
25. When a person is given the third type of anesthetic, ____.
A. he will completely lose consciousness
B. he will remain still for a longer time
C. all parts of the body below the point of inject will cease to feel
D. all parts of the body will not feel anything
Passage two
Naturally the young are more inclined to novelty than their elders and it is in their speech, as it always was, that most of the verbal changes originate. But listening critically to their talk I hear hardly any new words. It is all a matter of using old words in a new way and then copying each other, for much as they wish to speak differently from their parents, they want even more to speak like people of their own age. A new usage once took time to spread, but now a pop star can falsify it across the world in hours.
Of course it is not only the young who like to use the latest in-word. While they are describing their idols as smashing, great, fab or cosmic, their parents and the more discriminating of the younger set are also groping for words of praise that are at once apt and fashionable. However, their choice of splendid, brilliant, fantastic and so on will in turn be slightly dimmed by over-use and need replacement.
Magic is a theme that has regularly supplied words of praise (and the choice must betray something in our nature). Charming, entrancing and enchanting are all based on it. So also is marvelous, which has been used so much that some of its magic has faded while among teenagers wizard had a great run. Another of this group, though you might not think it, is glamorous, which was all the rage in the great days of Hollywood. Glamour was a Scottish dialect form of 'grammar' or 'grammarye', which itself was an old word for enchantment. (Grammar means the study of words have always been at the heart of magic.) The change from 'r' to 'l' may have come about