2008年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解
Part I Cloze (0. 5 ×20 = 10%)
Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
He peered over at the writhing blackness that jerked convulsively with the jerking nerves. It grew quieter. There were small twitches from the mass that still looked vaguely 1 the shape of a small animal.
It came 2 his mind that he could shoot it and end its pain; and he raised the gun. Then he lowered 3 again. The buck could no longer feel; its fighting was a mechanical protest of the nerves. But it was not that which made him 4 the gun. It was a swelling feeling of rage and misery and protest that 5 itself in the thought: if I had not come it 6 like this, so why should I interfere? All over the bush things like this happen; they happen all the time; this is how life goes on, by living things dying in anguish. I can’t stop it. There is nothing I can do.
He was glad that the buck was unconscious and had gone past suffering 7 he did not have to make a decision to kill it. At his feet, now, 8 ants trickling back with pink fragments in their mouths, and there was fresh acid smell in his nose. He sternly controlled the 9 convulsing muscles of his empty stomach, and reminded himself: the ants must eat too.
The shape had grown small. Now it looked like nothing recognizable. He did
not know how long it was 10 he saw the blackness thin, and bits of white showed through, shining in the sun-yes, there was the sun just up, glowing over the rocks. Why, the whole thing could not have taken longer 11 a few minutes.
He strode forward, crushing ants with each step, and brushing them 12 his clothes till he stood above the skeleton. It was clean-picked. It might have been lying there for years, 13 on the white bone there were pink fragments of flesh. About the bones ants were ebbing away, their pincers 14 meat.
The boy looked at them, big black ugly insects. 15 were standing and gazing up at him with small glittering eyes.
“Go away!” he said to the ants very coldly. “I am not 16 you—not just yet, at any rate. Go away.” And he fancied that the ants turned and went away.
He bent over the bones and touched the sockets in the skull: that was where the eyes were, he thought incredulously, 17 the liquid dark eyes of a buck.
That morning, perhaps an hour ago, this small creature had been stepping 18 through the bush, feeling the chill on its skin even as he himself had done, exhilarated by it. Proudly stepping the earth, 19 a pretty white tail, it had sniffed the cold morning air. Walking like kings and conquerors it had moved freely through this bush, where each blade of grass grew for it 20 and where the river ran pure sparkling water for it to drink.
1. A. as B. through C. like D. at
2. A. through B. into C. on D.
over
3. A. which B. this C. it D. one
4. A. put down B. putting down C. to put down D. having put down
5. A. expressing B. to express C. expressed D. was expressed
6. A. would die B. would be dying C. had died D. would have died
7. A. such as B. so as C. so that D. such that
8. A. was B. is C. are D. were
9. A. usefulness B. uselessness C. uselessly D. usely
10. A. when B. before C. after D. ago
11. A. like B. within C. than D. as
12. A. away B. onto C. of D. off
13. A. except B. except for C. except that D. except as
14. A. fill with B. full with C. fill of D. full of
15. A. A little B. Little C. A few D. Few
16. A. on B. for C. with D. as
17. A. remembered B. had remembered C. remembering D. remember
18. A. proud and free B. proudly and freely C. proudly and free D. proud and freely
19. A. frisk B. frisked C. frisking D. had frisked
20. A. alonely B. lone C. lonely D. alone
Part II Reading comprehension (20 ×2 =40% )
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write
your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage One
From the perspective of the poor, it seems obvious that the benefits would outweigh the costs. The benefits to poor people of no longer being poor would be enormous. Their intake of protein and other nutrition would increase their
choice of housing and the quality of the housing they select would improve. Crimes related to poverty (that the poor generally commit against each other)—murder, rape, robbery, burglary, child abuse, spouse abuse, and drug-related crimes—would probably decrease. Apart from these specific improvements, the poor would benefit by an increase in the control over their own lives. Increased purchasing power represents a part of this. More money to spend not only permits the purchase of additional goods and services but greatly widens the choice of goods and services that potentially could be purchased. The poor, if no longer poor, would also gain greater control of various non-fiscal aspects of their lives. As their economic stake in society increases, their political stake is likely to increase as well. They will note more, and thus exercise a greater influence in municipal, local, state, and federal elections. As a result, elected officials will respond to them more effectively. Agencies of government—police, fire, sanitation, streets, parks, and so forth—will also respond more promptly and effectively. Public school systems in particular will be more responsive. The former poor who dislike the education their children are getting in public schools will have an increased ability to “vote with the dollars” by enrolling their children in previously unaffordable private schools or moving to living quarters in previously unaffordable communities. Responding to the former poor will become a matter of survival for the teachers and administrators who depend for their livelihood on the public schools.
While the benefits to the poor of enjoying a right not to be poor may for the
most part be obvious, some potential disadvantages—to them—should also be considered. First, will not the creation of a right not to be poor reduce the motivation of the poor to exert themselves to get out of poverty? It is arguable that to the extent that self-help is rendered unnecessary to achieve a minimum living standard, many of the poor will refrain from enrolling in the schools, undertaking the enterprises, and in general taking the risks that today elevate many of them not only above the poverty line but into the middle class and beyond. The establishment of a right not to be poor could result, arguably, in the poor as a whole—or at least a substantial percentage of them—ending up economically worse off in the long run. Second, to the extent that a guarantee of non-poverty reduces the poor’s incentive to exert themselves, will there not be a parallel reduction in their innovative contributions to the economic well-being of our entire society—including the well-being of the former poor along with the well-being of the rest of us? In other words, a guarantee of nonpoverty may arguably induce the poor child—whose deprivation would otherwise have spurred the child to graduate from high school, finish college, get a Ph. D. in physics, and win the Nobel Prize for devising a way to produce cheaper energy—to refrain, because of the security offered by the guarantee, from embarking on a course that would greatly benefit all former poor people as well as society as a whole.
21. Which one of the following is usually viewed as a crime related to poverty?
A. A rich businessman humiliates his poor fellow for not working hard.
B. A worker beats a gentleman for his staring at his beautiful wife.
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need
根据教育部《华中科技大学关于选拔普通高校优秀考生进入博士阶段学习的通知》文件精神，结合学校实际，对普通高校毕业生进入博士阶段学习提出如下要求。 一、报考事项通知 1.每年报考我校的考生很多，要早复习，早准备。按照考试范围复习。 2.我校考生，到学校考试中心，办理内部试卷。 3.每年有很多考生，不知道考试重点范围，不知道考试大纲要求，盲目复习，浪费时间和精力，复习效果很差，影响考试。 4.每年有很多考生，选择错误的复习资料，解题思路及讲解答案都是错误的，具有误导性，不利于复习。 5.学校为考生正确复习，印刷内部试卷。 6.内部试卷：包含考试范围、历年真题、考试题库、内部复习资料。 7.专业课，学校出题。一定要按照内部试卷复习，每年都有原题出现。 8.内部试卷联系QQ363.916.816张老师。学校安排邮寄，具体事项联系张老师。 二、选拔对象条件 1.普通高校硕士毕业生，主干课程成绩合格，在校学习期间未受到任何纪律处分。 2.身体健康状况符合国家和学校规定的体检要求。 三、招生专业计划 1.招生要求和专业，详见《教育部选拔普通高等学校毕业生进入博士阶段学习招生及专业总表》。 2.学校计划招收全日制博士研究生和非全日制博士研究生，《博士学位研究生招生专业目录》公布的拟招生人数（含推免生），实际招生人数将根据国家下达我校招生计划、各专业生源情况进行适当调整。我校部分专业将再行计划用于接收调剂生，具体事项及拟招生人数将在初试成绩公布后另行通知。 四、报名资格审核 1.报考考生按照《教育部选拔普通高等学校优秀毕业生进入博士阶段学习专业对照及考试课程一览表》以下简称《专业对照及考试课程一览表》选择报考专业，并填写《教育部普通高等学校毕业生进入博士阶段学习
浙大考博英语真题部分考试
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2016年浙江大学博士生英语 听力 PART A Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at T aylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent. Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.----- 文章来源托福听力 听力是托福内容，完型填空是大学英语教程第四册里面的内容~~~
华中科技大学同济医学院考博分子生物学（专业基础）简答题历年试题汇总 1.顺式作用元件有哪些，并加以解释。2015，2012考 2.人类基因组计划的4张图，各自的意义是什么？ 3.癌基因激活的主要途径？ 问答：1.什么是基因治疗，基因治疗的主要策略是什么？基因治疗的技术及主要内容，2015，2014，2013考 问答2.蛋白质组学的主要技术有哪些并解释？2015，2012考 2014简问答题 1.PCR原理，步骤，写出6种PCR衍生技术 2013，2014，2009考 2.何谓基因克隆？简述其基本过程。09年 3.重组DNA技术，问答题20分，14年考 4.举例说明基因表达的调控机制。题目太大，原核调控，真核调控？13年 问答5.人类基因定位的常用方法及原理。12年，09年考 简问6.简述反式作用因子的结构特点及作用方式 09年 简问7.简述逆转录病毒的结构特点 09年考 问答：真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么？根据他们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型？它们和DNA相互识别的原理是什么？2013年考 问答：试述大肠杆菌中表达蛋白质产物的步骤。 2013年考 试比较克隆载体、原核载体和真核载体的特点 2012年考 2016年真题 英译中名词解释（20分） 反义RNA；操纵子；限制性核酸内切酶；选择性剪切；抑癌基因；基因诊断； RNA干扰；质粒； gene maping；管家基因 简答题。 真核基因组的结构和功能特点20分 分15人类基因组的结构特征． 原癌基因的特点15分 蛋白质组研究常用技术有那些，简介其作用。15分 当前基因治疗技术面临的技术问题有哪些？15分 以下为2001-2004年试题及网上答案 一、若要获得IL-2的基因工程产品，你应该怎么做？ 基因工程是在分子水平上对基因进行操作的复杂技术，是将外源基因通过体外重组后导入受体细胞内，使这个基因能在受体细胞内复制、转录、翻译表达的操作，又叫分子克隆，DNA重组技术。 1. 在GENBANK中检索IL-2的mRNA序列；在genecard里检索IL-2高表达的组织；同时检索一下有关文献； 2. 如果考虑使用原核表达系统（通常是大肠杆菌表达系统），将IL-2的成熟肽的基因序列找出（呵呵，我没有检索，不清楚是否有信号肽）进行分析；
Test One（听力播放） Section A Directions: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil. 1. A. He’s worried. B. It’s getting late. C. He heard a noise outside. D. He can’t see out of the window. 2. A. Soon B. In 20 minutes. C. They don’t care. D. They don’t know. 3. A. Here. B. A pass. C. An official. D.A letter of introduction. 4. A. Home. B. To town. C. To his friends. D. To a restaurant. 5. A. She uses coffee. B. She hates coffee. C. She never liked coffee. D. She liked coffee before. 6. A. The pay isn’t important. B. They don’t need the money. C. He wants to save the money. D. He doesn’t like waiting in line for his pay. 7. A. He wants to go to sleep. B. Doctors always tell him lies. C. He doesn’t believe in medicine. D. He needs a rest without being bothered. 8. A. He eats too much. B. He kills chickens. C. He only eats chickens. D. He married a greedy person. 9. A. Buying trees. B. Who owns the tree. C. Their family trees. D. How old the tree is. 10. A. A stranger. B. A ticket seller. C. A train attendant. D. Another passenger. Section B Directions: In this section of the test you will hear three brief talks. You will hear them only once. After each one you will hear some questions. You will hear each question only once. After you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter with a pencil.
江南大学食品化学考博历年题收集资料收集食品化学 2004前有1套 2004年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2005年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2006年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2007年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2008年春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(有) 2009年 春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(停) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题 2010年春季博士学位研究生入学考试题(停) 秋季博士学位研究生入学考试题(要 考;2010,3,21) 2004年前春季考博入学考试 1 如何采用食品化学原理解决一个食品加工和储藏中的实际问题。 2 蛋白质的水合作用取决于哪些因素。 3 举出一个食品中重要的含硫糖苷的例子，它具有什么重要的意义。 4 写出一种还原性的二糖和一种非还原性二糖的结构。 5 简述食品化学的定义。 6 简述疏水相互作用。
7 用乳糖酶水解牛乳中的乳糖，如果酶制剂中含有蛋白酶活力，那么肉眼可以观察到被处理的牛乳法生了什么变化，为什么, 8 测定米氏常数方程中的米氏常数有什么实际意义。 9 用反应式表示过氧化物酶催化的反应，并用化学结构式表示两种底物(各举 一例) 10 写出5个影响食品脂类氧化的因素。 11 为什么在面包改良剂中加入大豆粉(含脂类氧化酶) 12写出果胶物质的结构。 13 在矿物质强化方面哪一种元素受到关注，目前普遍使用的是哪一种化合物 以达到强化此元素的目的，还存在哪些问题, 14 在叶绿素酶作用下叶绿素发生什么变化,然而导致植物丧失绿色的原因肯可能是其它的因素，请简述。 15 动物被宰后，体内ATP转化成呈味核苷酸，请描述这个过程(不必写出每种物质的结构式) 16 写出5种食品防腐剂的结构。 17 小麦面粉中最重要的蛋白质是哪四类，哪两类蛋白质的变化影响面筋的结 构和性质。 18 写出甲基纤维素、羧丙基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素的结构(一个构成单元) 19 写出3种抗抗氧化剂(针对脂类氧化)的结构和两种助氧化剂的名称。 20 写出分子流动性(Nm)决定的5种食品性质。 2004年春季博士学位研究生入学考试题 考试科目:食品化学(共1页) 注意事项:共20题，每题5分。答题务必简明扼要，并注意书写整洁。 1 写 出纤维素(MC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPMC)和羧甲基纤维素分子片段的结构式。 2 写出β,环糊精的结构式，并简述它在食品中的应用。 3 指出5种有分子流动性(Mm)决定的食品性质。 4 写出食品水分活度的定义，并描述一种测定小试样水分活度的方法。 5 写 出四种影响商品脂肪稠度的因素。
华中科技大学2018年博士研究生 入学考试试题 完型较难，阅读题库只看到两篇，翻译较简单。 一、完型选择（0.5分*20=10分） 关于对川普的评价，较难，没怎么看懂 二、阅读理解（四篇阅读、每篇5道题，2分*20=40分） 前两篇是题库里GRE的，后两篇没印象，感觉难度与GRE差不多，看过的同学请补充。 第一篇 The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others. The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the
2011年浙江大学考博英语真题听力原文，仅供参考 第一篇 Among my experiences as a college president is the all‐too‐frequent phone call in the night that begins: "One of your students is in the emergency room with alcohol poisoning." The whole country got a similar wake‐up call in Ju ne when it was reported that alcohol abuse on college campuses is on the rise, especially for women, and that college students drink far more than nonstudents. One statistic showed that college students spend more money on alcohol while in college than on books. Alcohol abuse, although tragic, is but one symptom of a larger campus crisis. A generation has come to college quite fragile, not very secure about who it is, fearful of its lack of identity and without confidence in its future. Many students are ashamed of themselves and afraid of relationships. Students use alcohol as an escape. It's used as an excuse for bad behavior: the insanity defense writ large on campus. This diminished sense of self has caused a growth in racism, sexism, attempted suicide, theft, property‐damage and cheating on most campuses. This is not the stuff of most presidents' public conversations. Nor can it be explained away as an "underclass" problem; it is found on our most privileged campuses. It is happening because the generation now entering college has experienced few authentic connections with adults in its lifetime. I call this the "Culture of Neglect," and we — parents, teachers, professors and administrators — are the primary architects. It begins at home, where social and economic factors — such as declining incomes requiring longer work hours — result in less family time. Young people have been allowed to or must take part‐time jobs rather than spending time in school, on homework or with their families. More children and youths are being reared in a vacuum, with television as their only supervisor, and there is little expectation that they learn personal responsibility. Immersed in themselves, they are left to their peers. 31. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ( ) . ×正确答案为C [A] it is easy to be a college president [B] a college president has to sit up till midnight [C] alcohol abuse is quite common on campus [D] it is harmful for college students to drink alcohol 32. According to the author, college students turn to alcohol as a(n) ( ). ×正确答案为C [A] inspiration [B] stimulation [C] escape [D] relaxation 33. The word "architects" in Para. 2 can be best replaced by ( ). ×正确答案为D [A] artists [B] experts [C] discoverers [D] designers 34. How do parents react to the "Culture of Neglect"?( ) ×正确答案为B [A] Parents have lowered their expectations on children. [B] Parents take little care of the growth of their children. [C] Parents spend too much time watching television.
1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 你是否同意或不同意以下声明？家长是最好的老师。使用具体原因和例子来支持你的答案。 Obviously, the earliest teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents, and they are generally the most involved in the development and education of their children. Yet neither are all parents good teachers nor are those good parents the best teachers. 显然，我们最早的老师，在大多数情况下，我们的生活是我们的父母，他们是最普遍的发展和子女教育工作。然而，也不是所有家长好老师，也不是那些好父母最好的老师。 First of all, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, some parents more or less have bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents. Another deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, if their children did not follow the instructions, the children would be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. 首先，并非所有家长都好老师。作为正常人，一些家长或多或少有坏习惯。尽管父母几乎本能地致力于培养他们的后代，其结果可能会变成失望而归，往往所有儿童都能自觉或不自觉从他们的父母复制每一件事。另一个家长缺乏的是，大部分家长对教育的共同感觉，缺乏教师。我们常常看到一些父母往往追求，迫使其子女在预先安排的发展方向，他们所珍惜的，但未能梦想。具有讽刺意味的，如果子女没有遵循指示，孩子就被视为不听话或据称反叛。事实上，这是家长，而不是他们的孩子， Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than ever before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possibility outside the family. 此外，一些家长有资格好老师，但不是所有这些都是最好的。当他们在初步学校的，这并不奇怪，父母是孩子的教学，几乎每一个问题甚至比在学校专业教师做得更好。但情况不会持续太久。我们在那里知识的增多，同时积累了生活的世界变得越来越专业化。因此，是在某一领域的专业今日需时较长的时间比以往任何时候。家长们能在所有领域的专业，虽然他们可能在一个或多个领域的专家。明智的家长往往释放，而不是他们的孩子负责尽早。他们都明白了家庭以外的可能性。 Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers' reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parents' love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Albert Einstein's mother and Forest Gump's mother are both good examples. On the other hand, parents might do their children harm more than do bad teachers as well. The natures of those children whose parents have divorced are often severely distorted. In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers. 家长仍可以帮助他们的孩子更比好老师。大部分地区的儿童教育几乎超出教师达到。这是家长的补充。心理学研究告诉我们，父母的爱，有时有惊人的神奇力量给子女。爱因斯坦的母亲和阿甘正传的母亲都是很好的例子。另一方面，家长可以做他们的孩子受到伤害比也差的教师。那些其父母已离婚儿童的性质往往严重扭曲。总之，这是十分肤浅的简单地说，家长是最好的老师。 [404 words] 2. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? 有人说，“并不是所有的教训是在书本中。”比较和对比中取得的经验与知识，从书本上获得的经验。在您看来，这是更重要的来源？为什么？ Both experiences and books are very essential resources, and both of them have relevant merits. 双方的经验和书籍是非常重要的资源，他们都有相关的优点。