2008年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2008年考研英语真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。

“selected”意为“挑选”; “prepared”意为“准备”；“obliged”意为“迫使，责成”；“pleased”意为“高兴地，满足地”，前一句“人们不敢说”，本句中由“but ”一词可推出意思与上句相反，即“Cochran 准备说”，所以选B.2、答案：D解析：本题测试词义辨析。

“unique”意为“唯一的，独特的”；“particular”意为“特殊的，独特的”；“special”意为“特别的，特殊的”；“rare”意为“稀罕的，珍贵的”，rare bird 意为“稀有的人”，空格相关意思是“只有Cochra准备说”，而且“rare bird”是固定搭配,所以选D3、答案：A解析：本题测试介词的语意搭配, independently of 意为“不依赖于，独立”，所以选A4、答案：C解析：本题测试词义辨析。

由“actually”推出本句是对现在和以前对疾病看法的对比，所以选C5、答案：C解析：本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。

Even 做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为“即使他自己也…”.所以选C6、答案：A解析：本题测试词义搭配。

空格相关意思是“一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也….”“At thought of ”意为“一看到…”；at sight of意为年“一看见”；at cost of 意为“以…的代价”；at risk of意为“冒着….的危险”，所以选A7、答案：B解析：本题测试动词辨析。

advice意为“建议”；suggest意为“建议，提出’”；protest “主张，断言”；object“反对”，此句指“在论文中，他建议…”，所以选B8、答案：D解析：本题测试词组搭配，in progress 意为“进行中”；in fact 意为“事实上”；in need 意为“在危难中”；in question 意为“正在被讨论的”，前一句正在谈论“group群体”,本句衔接上一句表达“正在被讨论的这个群体”，所以选D9. 答案：B解析：本题考查动词辨析。

2004年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension（30%）Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C., and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic—as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then thetypist’s fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. T o overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.1. According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving ______.A. increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB. causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC. demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD. is based on the ability to recite the time2. The author believes that ______.A. the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closedby proper reasoningD. the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will bereduced3. When a typist gets tired, ______.A. she has to try hard to raise her automaticB. she can type only automaticallyC. she cannot think about what she is doingD. she can seldom type automatically4. Examining bottles of wine is hard work because ______.A. the bottles must be held upside downB. it is difficult to see the particles of dirtC. it requires high level of automaticD. most bottles are all right5. According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is ______.A. the subject’s knowledge of grammarB. the amount of sleep the subject has hadC. the level of arousal of the subjectD. the extent to which the subject has been taught to reason【答案与解析】1.B 第二段中解决问题会使脑部血液的分布produces much larger changes，B项符合文意。

2008年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．Until the constitution is ______, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president.A．correctedB．amendedC．remediedD．revised正确答案：B解析：句子大意为：任命部长的权利将一直属于总统，除非宪法修改。

本题考查近义词辨析。

在给出的选项中：correct“改正”；amend“修正”，可与表示法案的词搭配；remedy “纠正”；revise“修改”。

所以，正确答案是B。

2．Several experts have been called in to______plan for boating, tennis, refreshments and children’s game in the projected town park.A．equipmentB．instrumentsC．implementD．facilities正确答案：D解析：句子大意为：已经召集了一些专家设计拟建的城市公园的划船、网球、休息和儿童游乐设施。

本题考查近义词辨析。

在给出的选项中：equipment“设备”；instrument“仪器”；implement：“工具”；facilty“设施”。

所以，正确答案是D。

3．You can try ______ with the landlord for more time to play the money.A．pleadingB．requestingC．demandingD．dealing正确答案：D解析：句子大意为：你可以试着和房东多玩一会儿。

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. The boy stood on the bridge, _______ down into the river.A. to lookB. lookC. to be lookingD. looked2. When Peter was asked why he stayed rather than move to a bigger company, he simply said he _______ comfortable there.A. is feelingB. was feelingC. has been feelingD. had been feeling3. English is widely spoken, and _______ as the international language of business and diplomacy.A. usedB. has usedC. is usedD. use...（文章持续叙述完试题答案）Part V: Writing (25 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic "The Importance of Time Management". You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline below:1. 时间管理的重要性a. 时间是有限的资源b. 时间管理对个人和职业发展的影响2. 时间管理的方法a. 制定明确的目标b. 分配时间优先级c. 避免时间的浪费和延迟3. 时间管理给人生带来的好处a. 提高工作效率b. 减少压力和焦虑c. 促进个人成长和提升Time management plays a crucial role in our lives and is often the differentiating factor between success and failure. With only 24 hours in a day, it is essential to make the most out of the limited time we have.First and foremost, time management is vital because time is a finite resource. No matter who we are or what we do, we are all limited by the same amount of time each day. Therefore, managing our time effectively becomes imperative for personal and professional development.There are several methods to practice time management. Firstly, it is crucial to set clear and specific goals. By setting achievable goals, we canallocate our time and resources accordingly. Additionally, prioritizing tasks and activities helps in managing time effectively. By identifying what requires immediate attention and what can be done later, we can ensure that important tasks are not neglected or delayed. Moreover, avoiding time wastage and procrastination is a critical aspect of time management. It is essential to use our time wisely, avoiding distractions and unnecessary activities that do not contribute to our personal or professional growth.The benefits of time management are numerous. Firstly, it improves work efficiency by allowing individuals to focus on essential tasks and eliminate time-consuming activities that do not contribute to the overall goal. Secondly, effective time management helps reduce stress and anxiety. When time is managed well, there is less pressure to meet deadlines, and individuals can complete tasks in a more organized manner. Lastly, time management promotes personal growth and development. By using time efficiently, individuals can allocate time for learning new skills, pursuing hobbies, or engaging in self-improvement activities.In conclusion, time management is of utmost importance for individuals to make the most out of their limited time. By setting goals, prioritizing tasks, and avoiding time wastage, individuals can improve work efficiency, reduce stress, and promote personal growth. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective time management skills in order to achieve personal and professional success.。

Ph. D Entrance Examination in English(注意：答案务必写在答题纸上，写在试题上一律无效！！)2008年4月15日Part IV ocabulary (0.5 point each)Section A （7.5 points, 0.5 point each）Directions: There are 15 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined, below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1. Last night we had a dinner in Nanjing restaurant and the food was superbA、exoticB、wonderfulC、superstitiousD、enormous2. His picture had been incorporated without his permission into an advertisement for a new brand of soap.A、introducedB、includedC、jumpedD、merged3. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue a slave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange4. Training colleges for men and women respectively are to be built at Leeds and Hull.A、respectfullyB、respectablyC、separatelyD、jointly5. Supported by mordentevidence, his argument seems to have a great deal of validity.A、vividnessB、truthC、valueD、opinion6. He was a man of great strength who faced many great problems with courage, The threat of war and the intolerable heat in Africa couldn’t prevent him.A、extremeB、burningC、unbearableD、humble7. Joseph is black but his color isn’t relevant to whether ho is a good lawyer.A、suitableB、appropriateC、per tinedD、associated8. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue aslave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange9. The mouse is barely big enough for his family, and furthermore, it is very far from the city.A、in additionB、howeverC、besideD、much further10. In calculating the daily time of leaping for an marital, variation in age, occupation and health condition should be taken into considerationA、controlledB、numberedC、consideredD、stabilized11. In his cheerful and easy-going nature, Jim takes after his father rather than his mother.A、reservesB、retainsC、resemblesD、resume12. It’s contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election.A、contractionB、conventionC、paradoxD、parody13. The blow knocked him unconscious and it was several minutes before be regained consciousness.A、come onB、came downC、came toD、came with14. The American Medical Association has called for the sport of boxing to be bannedA、forbiddenB、regulatedC、studiedD、reorganized15. He had only the vaguest notion of what it was all about.A、assumptionB、conceptC、expectationD、proposalSection B (7.5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences, Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence, Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, orD and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.16. The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax__________.A、efficiencyB、revenuesC、privilegesD、validity17. There is no doubt that the _________ of these good to the others is easy to see.A、prestigeB、superiorityC、priorityD、publicity18. It look us only a few hours to ___________ the paper off all four walls.A、shearB、serapeC、strokeD、chip19. The magician made us think he out the girl into pieces but it was merely an________A、illusionB、impressionC、imageD、illumination20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people__________ and ask them questions.A、at lengthB、at randomC、in essenceD、in bulk21. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house__________ the terms of the contract.A、in the vicinity ofB、in quest ofC、in accordance withD、in collaboration with22. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olyrnpic Games had a unique Australian flavor. ______ of them multicultural communities.A、noticeableB、indicativeC、conspicuousD、implicit23. The sign set up by the road ________ drivers to a sharp turn.A、alertsB、refreshesC、pleadsD、diverts24. A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should _______ new operating procedures.A、result inB、match withC、subject toD、proceed with25. The girl was a shop assistant; she is now a manager in a large department store.A、preliminarilyB、presumablyC、formallyD、formerly26. You should ________ to one or more weekiy magazines such Time, or Newsweek.A、ascribeB、orderC、reclaimD、subscribe27. No one imagined that the apparently __________ businessman was really a criminal.A、respectiveB、respectableC、respectfulD、realistic28. when they can finessedswaying they chairmen were made to _______ all the coys they hadA、put offB、ourC、pat upD、pat away29. The changing image of the family on televisionprovides _____ into changing altitudes toward the family in society.A、insightsB、presentationsC、revelationsD、specifications30. The autocratic doors in supermarkets _______ the entry and exit of custom with shopping carts.A、furnishB、induceC、facilitateD、allocatePart II. Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered bland in the following passage there are four choices marked A、B、C and D, Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Education for development is education that is suited to a society that wants to develop. It is education that carefully 31 the materials used to teach the new 32 . Abilities and skills it helps each student to learn.In a developing society, education should be 33 people of all ages. 34 of teaching students what 35 people already know and accept, it teaches new knowledge, new skills and new ways 36 doing things. If only young people 37 this kind of education, a stroggle will develop 38 them and the older members of the society, The new ways being learned by the 39 will oppose the accepted and 40 ways of older people. There is another reason 41 education for development must be for people 42 . In a rapidly developingsociety, the 43 knowledge needed by a man who is 30 or 40 years old 44 very different from the knowledge be received 45 he was young. It is often said that progress 46 agricultural development is 47 by technicians and other workers who are 35 to 60 years old. It is not their fault that their 48 did not prepare them sufficiently for third future responsibilities. 49 of accelerating agriculturaldevelopment is to 50 such people with proper modem education during the period that they remain in active service.1. A、takes B、draws C、makes D、selects2. A、knowledge B、generation C、development D、phase3. A、on B、by C、for D、at4. A、Instead B、`Inspire C、In case D、Bacons5. A、other B、younger C、older D、any6. A、toward B、of C、in D、for7. A、gives B、are given C、are giving D、have given8. A、upon B、towards C、between D、among9. A、old B、young C、knowledge D、society10. A、respected B、interested C、holy D、contemporary11. A、how B、what C、which D、why12. A、by all means B、of all ages C、in some cases D、to a great extent13. A、old B、technical C、poor D、personal14. A、seem B、are C、is D、appear15. A、but B、even C、although D、when16. A、in B、of C、towards D、with17. A、promised B、promoted C、prevented D、preceded18. A、age B、growth C、presence D、education19. A、An important part B、A b titer resultC、A promising futureD、A delightful agentive20. A、give B、prepare C、radish D、rewindPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A、B、C or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAbout the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular.Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it.However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit(诉讼) in Californiachaining that the state’s ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test. (They heaved, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his originalbenison.And so the argument goes on and on Does it benefit or harm children from minoritygrapes to have their intelligence rested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause.What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level.Untreatably, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do vanes from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so age, for instance, white families were encouraged to abopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so.And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular. And social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed.As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child’s intellectual level, the better for the child in question.1. Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades?A、Its validity was challenged by many communities.B、Its was considered discriminative against minority childrenC、It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents.D、It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education.2. The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to _______A、draw public attention to IQ testingB、put an end to special educationC、remove the state’s ban on intelligence tests.D、have their children enter white schools3. The author believes that intelligence testing __________A、may ease racial confrontation in the United States.B、can encourage black children to keep up with white childrenC、may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United States.D、can help black parents make decisions about their children’s education4.The author’s opinion of child adoption seems to be that__________A、no rules whatsoever can be prescribesB、white famishes should adoptblackcondemnC、adoption should be hazed on IQ rest résumés.D、cross-racial adoption is to be advocated.5. Child cooption is menaced in the passage to show that_________A、good will may sometimes complicate racial probersB、social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of childrenC、intelligence testing also applies to noon-academic areasD、American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issuesPassage TwoUnlike most other people, businessmen love not only to give advice, but to take in too, There are more and more people witting and lecturing on management, Consultantsearn handsome fees. A flood of new books on management appear every year. Yet the one group of people to whom businessmen rarely trun for advice are economists. Big firms ask economists to predict the ups and downs of national economies, but when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many tanagers would sooner consult an astrologer(占星术家).In the past this was understandable. Most economists assumed all firms responded in much the same way to incentives and obstacle to any practicing manager, however, it is not the similarities between firms that matter, but the differences—specifically those that explain why some firms succeed and others fail, even though all are seeking to survive and prosper.Nevertheless, the gap between economists and managers should be closing. Over the past two decades a growing number of economists have studied precisely the kind of “microeconomic”issues the behavior at firms, employee’sconsorters and particularmarkets that most concern mangers. Some of their work has reached managers through business school classes and the publications of management writers, but much of it centimes to be ignored In a new book, Foundations of Corporate Success, John Kay a professor of economies at the London Business School, tries to correct this situation, drawing on recent economic thinking and research in order to say something useful to businessmen about why companiesthrive or die.Though Mr. Kay’s attempt is bold one, he fails, and the reason for his failure is revealing. He explains many difficult ideas with great clarity, but much at what he recommends is already known to every competent manager, or is of little use to anyone ranting a company. The fundamental problem is that Mr. Kay’s entire approach to advising business readers is flawed. year the and of the book be commerce the study on meat businessmen toearlybe from it by replanting the postmen of clacks with termersbased on verifiableexperiments. Though a doctor’s experience and fundament are still very important. Few people today would purr themselves in the hands of one without scientific training Management argues Mr. Kay. Is still in the age or quackery, The objective of his book is to make management more like modern medicine in its methods and generaltenability.A more helpful amatory to explain the proper role of the management thinker is to compare him to the coach of a sports team. Coaches acquire a large body of knowledge about the base skills needed to compete. The strategies that have succeeded in the past the strengths of opposingtents and the physical abilities of their own players Some of this knowledge employs the sciences of biology and medicine, but most of it such as the “plays” (strategies) that are cunningly most successful. And the means of countering them, will change quickly as rival teams loam to outwit each other Managers themselves know that any competitive adventure is temporary and to are constantly looking for the next bright idea. Good managers know the basic principles of management-what they sack is advice on any new measures that will help them to do barer than other managers in other firms over the next 5-15 years So long as economists like Mr. Kay concentrate on enduring principlesfarther than on innovation, they will have little to say that managers will wish to hear.6. A cording to this author, ________________A、most people like to give advice, but businessmen do notB、most people are reluctant to follow advice, and so are businessmenC、most people are reluctant to follow advice, but businessmen actually lied toD、most people are glad to give and follow advice, but businessmen are not7. At the end of paragraph 1, why dose the anther say “when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many managers would sooner consult an astrologer”?A、to show how readily businessmen believe false claimsB、to show that businessmen must adopt more scientific attitudes in their workC、to show how superstitious and simple-minded businessmen tend to beD、to show unhelpful businessmen usually find advice from economists8. This writer indicates that since the early 1970s more and more economists___A、have investigated subjects of great interest to managersB、have rejected management as a proper field of studyC、have investigated at interest to managers the managementD、have decided fearer interest to managers9. A cording to this author, practicing managers want to find out_________A、how firms resemble one anotherB、how more successful firms are different from less successful onesC、how unsuccessful firms are different from one anotherD、how relatively successful firms differ from one another.10. Coaches are mentioned in this article_________A、to show how useful sports can be in the development of business skillsB、as examples of people who learn a lot about business management in the course of their work.C、as experts who know more about strategy than so called management thundersD、as experts whose approach to knowledge and experience is similar to what good management thinkers should use.Passage ThreeReruns of situation comedies from the fifties and early sixties dramatize the kinds of problems that parents used to have with then children. The Cleavers scold Beaver for not washing his bands before dinner, the Andersons punish Bud for not doing his homework, the Nelsons dock little Ricky’s allowance because he keeps forgetting to clean his room. But times have changed dramatically. Being a parent today is much mort difficult than it was a generation ago.Today’s parents must try, first of all, to control all the new distractions that tempt children away from schoolwork. At home , a child may have a room famished with a stereo and television. Not many young people can resist the urge to listen to an album or watch MTV-especially if it is time to do schoolwork. Outside the home , the distractions are even more alluring. Children no logger “hang out ”on a neighborhood comer within earshot of Mom or Dad’s reminder to come in and do homework. Instead, they congregate in vast shopping malls, buzzing video arcades, and gleaming fast-food restaurants. Parents and school assignments have obvious difficulty competing with such enticing alternatives.Besides dealing with these distractions. Parents also have to shield their children from a flood (二行看不清楚)Traditional values when films show teachers seducing students and young peoplecasual sport. An even more difficult matter for parents is the heavily sexual content of organs on television.Most disturbing to parents today however is the increase in life-threatening dangers that face young people. When children are small, parents fear that their youngsters may be victims of violence. Every news program seems to carry a report about a mass murderer who preys on young girls a deviant who has buried six boys in his cellar, or an organized child pornography ring that molests preschoolers. When children are older, parents begin to worry about their dies use of drugs. Peer pressure to experiment with drugs is often stronger than parent’s warnings. This pressure to experiment can be fatal if the drugs have been mixed with dangerous chemicals.Within one generation, the world as a place to raise children has changed dramatically. One wonders, bow yesterday’s parents would have dealt with today’s problems. Could the Andersons have kept Bud. Away from MTV? Could the Nelsons have shielded little Ricky from sexually explicit material? Could the Cleavers have protected Beaver from drugs? Parents must be aware of all these distractions and dangers, yet be willing to give their children the freedom they need to become responsible adults it is not an easy task.11. Parents today must protect their children from all of the following EXCEPTA、drug abuseB、life-threatening situationsC、drinking too much beverageD、sexually explicit materials12. Traditional values become more difficult for younger generation to accept because________A、teachers set bad examples for studentsB、bad side effects on children from TV and films outweigh the traditional educationC、parents failed in educating their childrenD、the younger generation can not resist the temptation from all sorts of distractions13. It can be inferred from the passage that parents today_______A、must pay much more attention to their children’s behaviorB、（看不清楚）C、D、must preventtheirchildren from all kinds of14.The author develops her main idea by__________A、complaining about some social influences on childrenB、comparing denotation of yesterday with that of todayC、explaining parents’ worries todayD、stating her own points with vivid examples15. The best title for the passages ___________A、parents’ Worries TodayB、Challenges for Today’s ParentsC、Parents’ResponsibilitiesD、Confusions of parents TodayPassage FourNavigation computers, now sold by sold by most car-makers, cost $ 2,000 and up. No surprise, then that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But in is a developing. Technology-meaning prices should eventually drop-and the market does seem to be growing. Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions-spoken by a clear human-sounding voice and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antenna(天线)that takes signals from no fewer than three ofthe 24 global positioning system(GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the car’s location can be pinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the car’s position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database, Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical, The differences come in hardware the way the computer accepts the driver’s request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or dies. But the Lexis screen goes a step further. You can point to any sopt on the map screen and get directions to it.BMW’s system offers a set of cross hairs (瞄准器上的十字纹)that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale )to pick a point you’d like to get to. Audi’s screen can.Even the voices that the defend with system offers BMW’s Lexus’s having a wider vocabulary, The instructional are email in fire ion German spaniel Dutch and Italian, as well as English, The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways(高速公路),for example.16. We learn from the passage that navigation computers________A、will greatly promote sales of automobiles.B、Nary help solve potential traffic problemsC、are likely to be accepted by more driversD、will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury17. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his definition_______________A、by inputting the exact addressB、by indicating the location of his carC、by checking his computer databaseD、by giving vocal orders to the computes18 Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars_________A、are more or less the same priceB、provide directions in much the same wayC、work on more or less the same principlesD、receive instructions from the same satellites.19. The navigation computer functions___________A、by means of a direction finder and a speed detectorB、basically on satellite signals and a map databaseC、mainly through the reception turn-by-ruin directionsD、by using a screen to display satellite signals20. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Saudi are mentioned to show__________A、the immaturity of the new technologyB、the superiority of the global positioning systemC、the cause of price fluctuations in car equipmentD、the different ways of providing guidance to the driverSection B (10 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow.(1) The close link between social norms and Sophia principles is no accident it is not ever clear which set comes firm. It could be agued that the philosophical principles are primary and than momssum up the social practices that have manuallydeveloped as scientist have tried to apply these primacies in their research. But a sociologist might say that the institutional setting of academic science generates certain practices and that these practices determine the principles tabulating the type of knowledge that is produced. (2) The norms and principles are clearly complementary aspects of an ethos whose social and psychological parts are inseparable.It does not follow, however, that all truth is relative or that scientific knowledge is constructed entirely to suit certain social “interests”. (3) All it means is that the progressiveunveiling of nature is nor a very systematic process. How far we have got in thatprocess-that is . what counts as scientific knowledge of any given moment-is obviously influenced by the way in which research is organized.This comes out clearly when we consider how academic science is organized. Whatever the formal management structure, academic science is divided math disciplines. That disciplines are usually loosely organized does not make them ineffective (4) An academic discipline is a global invisible college whose members share a practicum research tradition This is where scientists acquire the theoretical frameworks. Codes of fiancéand technical methods considered to be good science.Specialization does not stop there. The subdivision of disciplines into anewresearch specialties seem to be an unavoidable feature of academic science. In practice most academic scientists can satisfy the norms of originality and skepticism only by concentrating for years on wait is known, what is hypothesized and what might be erasable in limited problem area’.(5) As unbounded by interdisciplinary oceans of ignorance. In other words, the philosophical idea unified serene is thwarted by institutional and psychological realities.Part IV Translation ( 20 points)Section A ( 10 points)Directions: Translate the following paragraph into ChineseThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution fromAncestors to its present status is the acquisition and accentuation ofAbout itself the world incite universe. The potshots of this knowledge are all some on the aggregate we had tensionroughagessolacehearten are all the physical intimae’s and structures we use the physical infrastructures on which society reels. Most of as assumes that on modern societyknowledge of all kinds is communallytenderizing and egg negation of nestinformation into the doors of our social or collective knowledge is steadilyreducing the were of ignorance about the world. The universe, and ourselves But continuingremainders on the numerous are of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumed.Section B (10 points)Directions: Translator the following paragraph into English.作为教育工作者我们希望培养学生独立思考问题的能力，希望他们不要盲从。

2008年全国职称英语等级考试（卫生类B级）真题及详解第1部分：词汇选项（第1－15题,每题1分,共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1.She found me very dull.A.dirtyB.sleepyC.boringzy【答案】C【解析】句意：她发现我非常无趣。

dull无趣的。

boring无聊的。

二者意思相近，可相互替换。

dirty脏的。

sleepy瞌睡的。

lazy懒惰的。

2.The President made a brief visit to Beijing.A.workingB.shortC.formalD.secret【答案】B【解析】句意：总统对北京进行了短暂的访问。

brief短暂的。

short短的。

二者意思相近，可相互替换。

working可行的。

formal正式的。

secret秘密的。

3.He was persuaded to give up the idea.A.mentionB.acceptC.dropD.consider【答案】C【解析】句意：他被劝说放弃这个想法。

give up放弃。

drop放弃。

二者意思相近，可相互替换。

mention提及。

accept接受。

consider考虑。

4.Jack consumes a pound of cheese a day.A.drinksB.eatsC.buysD.produces【答案】B【解析】句意：杰克一天吃一磅的奶酪。

consume消费，消耗。

eat吃。

二者意思相近，可相互替换。

drink喝。

buy购买。

produce生产。

5Mary just told US a very fascinating story.A.strangeB.frighteningC.interestingD.difficult【答案】C【解析】句意：玛丽刚刚给我们讲了一个很吸引人的故事。

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and havecontributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including severalworld-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former hasbeen 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experien ce demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expens es[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far,made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches t aller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the geneti c architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, aut hor of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necess ary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one longargument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in an y higher degree.” (49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, ho wever, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

Part I V ocabulary (20%)Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have suppliesof petroleum.A. sufficientB. efficient C potential D. proficient2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. reserveC. sustainD. retain3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile ofroad.A. popularityB. prosperityC. intensityD. density4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. restored to5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. conveyedD. delivered6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the silkfrom damage.A. sensitiveB. sensible C tender D. delicate7. To our , Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.A. jigsawB. jotC. impulseD. reconcile9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ♦A. disincentiveB. redundantC. diverseD. discontent10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.A. destinedB. chordedC. repelledD. commenced11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite q ualified sources of informationand examples.A. unbiasedB. manipulatedC. distortedD. conveyed12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is of one's intelligence in the field ofphysics.A. parallelismB. alliterationC. testimonyD. rhythm13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.A. impressionsB. alliterationsC. clausesD. assertions14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.A. staleB. slackC. ferrousD. abundant5. According to the Geneva no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. RoutinesBefore the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading ofnuclear arms.A. contractB. petitionC. supplicationD. potential7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to plantlife.A. adaptB. personalizeC. sustain D, describeI can’t remember e xactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .A. estimatingB. devastatingC. reprocessingD. preferringThe industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making itless and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.A. potentialB. substantialC. massiveD. traditional20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.A. contributeB. detractC. convertD. entail21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.A. flightB. plight C delight D. twilight23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.A. miserableB. minusC. minuteD. moist24. The girl her tablemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.A. pinchedB. punchedC. pitchedD. preached25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.A. smuggledB. prosecutedC. salutedD. thrived26. I can respect someone who is for their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is always pointing the finger.A. millenniumB. dominantC. accountableD. commercial27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.A. complianceB. prosperityC. merchandise D‘ intersection28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff all over the world.A. fraudB. respondentC. misconductD. prestige29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no further details about the accident.A. comprisedB. formulatedC. releasedD. incorporated30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign investors.A. incentivesB. abundancesC. warriorsD. outnumbers31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. sentimental D, sensational32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.A. MutilationB. InnovationC. EmpireD. Strength33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the area.A. commissionB. commitmentC. conventionD. campaign34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working under a deadline.A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.A. stemB. stimulate C cause D. compensate36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .A. conditionsB. combinations C, peers D. granaries37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.A. systemsB. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.A. propelledB. commencedC. plaguedD. modulated40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the humanbrain.A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakagePart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they havebetter graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suidde. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic toinsist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that help people use computer language.D. Those that teach computer technology.42. According to the investigators, .A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent actsB. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life resultsD. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners43. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that•A. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force*During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）• The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mis sion.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is comingon its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago，when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.45. According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has•A, misguided many a man and animalB. begun to change in the opposite direction C caused the changes on the polaritiesD. been weakening in strength for a long time46. During the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field*A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused in directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger47. The author says '. the public has no reason to panic” because•A. the transition is still thousands of years from nowB. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD. the new transition will come 780,000 years from now48. The cause of the transition of tiKe Earth、magnetic field comes from .A. the movement deep inside the EarthB. the periodical reverses of the Earth C the force coming from outer space D. the mechanical movement of the EarthPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in Lond on Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in today’s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV.Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close ox far away from home tihe event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threat，’，says Middle Eastern historian Richard Buliiet of Columbia University. uEvery time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”‘There are various ways to have your impact. You can hav e your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target，or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person，，，Buliiet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but ifs how it，s covered that determines the effect” For example, Buliiet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Buliiet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual cmninal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group p ower, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized，” says Buliiet. ‘The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities•，’Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan，says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s tihe only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16S. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have，and they only have access to things like kidnapping，，，says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare，even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy，” Haroun tells WebMD. ‘"You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization,”49. Which of the following statement is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of psychological warfare?A. Break the morale of their opponent.B. Advances in technology.C. The popularity of the Internet,D. Prosperity of media.50. According to Richard Bulliet, why does “publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself’？A. Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B. Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C. Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat. D‘ Because publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat.51. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that .A. the impact of psychological terror relies largely on how the acts are publicizedB. there are various ways to have the impact of psychological terrorC. the American media is effectiveD. the ways determines the effect52. The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impressionthat •A. the terrorists are exerting total power over their captivesB. the threat is a collective demonstration of the group’s powerC. the terrorists are powerful and pervasiveD. the force becomes generalized rather than personalizedPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall’s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard won’t release numbers’ but spokeswoman Maureen Lar kins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year’s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mails, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot wi th larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year’s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It，s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to avert the ma jority of the hurricane season，” Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other tihings, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants, “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city (are) saying, ‘I want to be a part of (the action)，，，，says Stieffel, noting that Loyola’s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are mor e likely to come，，，he says.53. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB. most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make theirchoices by May 1 this yearD. in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to theirinstitutions54. The following statements are false other than ♦A* Tulane University also saw drops in application this yearB. Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC. Xavier University dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmenD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer applications of students55. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are ,A. reducing the tuition respectivelyB. hosting meetingsC. increasing the scholarships respectivelyD. extending the application deadline56. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of .A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admission officialsC. the usual rules of college admissionsD. the effects of the hurricanesPassage FiveThe difference between avian flu and human flu that should be commanding our rapt attention today is that avian influenza, specifically the H5N1 strain known as bird flu, threatens to become the young people's plague. And it is a growing contender to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few years.We are too used to thinking of flu as an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly. But that just isn't the case for H5N1. With a mortality rate of over 50 percent, this bird flu has killed over 110 people, striking the young and able-bodied the hardest. Its victims cluster predominantly among 5-to-30-year-old, a pattern that has held up in the 34 known to have died from bird flu so far this year.This vulnerability may stem from the robust and fast-responding immune systems of the young. The victims overreact to the alien virus, triggering a massive immune response called a cytokine storm, turning healthy lungs into a sodden mass of dying tissues congested with blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells. As air spaces choke off, the body loses oxygen and other organs fail.Scientists have recently shown that H5N1 has ominous parallels with the devastating 1918 flu pandemic, which also jumped directly to humans from birds and disproportionately attacked the young and the strong. With a pattern highly suggestive of a cytokine storm, death sometimes camewithin just hours，turning many World War I troop ships into death ships.Now imagine hundreds of thousands of young people laboring on respirators, or lying alone in corridors and makeshift hospital rooms, too sick to be helped when the supply of beds, equipment, and trained staff run out. Seem like hype? Not to the medical experts who discussed these scenarios during last week’s US. News Health Summit on emergency preparedness.This picture puts a face on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ projections that, if H5N1 mutates into a readily human-transmissible from 209,000 to 1.9 million Americans could die. Part of our readiness thinking should be to heed the blunt words of HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt at the summit: Any family or community that fails to prepare for the worst, with the expectation that the federal or state government will come to the rescue，will be “tragically wrong/5 In a pandemic, the govemmenfs medical resources will be stretched thin, and it w on’t be able to guarantee first-line help to any hometown, local hospital, or college campus. Even the national stockpile of Tamiflu，the antiviral that is the best we have to prevent or lessen the impact of the illness, has its limits. If a college student is hospitalized with a possible H5N1 infection, the feds will provide drugs. But they will not make it available to fend off the virus in the many others who may have come in dose contact with the infected student. In the existing federal guidance on H5N1, the young and healthy fall into the lowest-priority group for antiviral drugs and vaccines. Student health centers or other providers had better scrounge up their own stockpiles. Containing possible outbreaks on college campuses may be all but impossible. Social distancing—avoiding close contact with other people with air kisses instead of smooches, or even by donning masks and gloves—will be tough to enforce.The threat poses a uniquely difficult challenge. In the best of all scenarios, the virus will lose its fury and leave in its wake a new culture of individual and community preparedness. But we need to get ready now, and not for the best scenario but for the worst.57. The difference between avian flu and human flu is that .A. the avian flu should be commanding our rapt attentionB. the avian flu mainly threatens the young peopleC. the avian flu is to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few yearsD. the avian flu is an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly58. The reason that bird flu strikes the young and able-bodied the hardest may be .A. the body loses oxygen and other organs failB. a sodden mass of dying tissuesC. the enthusiastic immune systems of the youngD. the overreaction of blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells59. According to the author, which is the best source that college students can rely upon if there are outbreaks of bird flu on college campuses?A. The national stockpile of Tamifu,B. The govemmenfs medical resources.C. Drugs provided by the feds.D. The stockpile of the students health centers.60. We can learn from the passage that ,A. it is impossible that bird flu outbreaks on college campusesB. the reason that bird flu may impossibly outbreak on college campuses is that social distancing will be tough to enforce there。

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration of the condition.A. account forB. call forC. look forD. make for32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous ___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. afflictionB. alternativeC. allocationD. alliance33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionallyC. exhaustivelyD. exclusively34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potentB. conditionalC. inseparableD. cardinal35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesiveB. cognitiveC. collectiveD. comic36. Mortgage ___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A. defectsB. deficitsC. defaultsD. deceptions37. The symptoms may be __________ by certain drugs.A. exaggeratedB. exacerbatedC. exceededD. exhibited38. Her story was a complete __________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A. facilityB. fascinationC. fabricationD. faculty39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out _________.A. salvageB. safeguardC. sabotageD. sacrifice40. The government always _________ on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A. takes upB. checks upC. works outD. looks intoSection B41. The 19th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.A. boostedB. governedC. clarifiedD. pioneered42. Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.A. realisticB. sensitiveC. reasonableD. sensational43. The Chinese people hold the ancestors in great veneration.A. recognitionB. sincerityC. heritageD. honour44. I worked to develop the requisite skill for managerial.A. perfectB. exquisiteC. uniqueD. necessary45. If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.A. instanceB. indicatorC. appearanceD. option46. The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.A. arduousB. demandingC. potentD. continuous47. The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.A. practicableB. reliableC. flexibleD. responsible48. Greenpeace has been invite to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.A. esteemB. appreciateC. evaluateD. approve49. The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak.A. chillyB. dismalC. promisingD. fanatic50. These were vital decisions that bored upon the happiness of everybody.A. ensuredB. minedC. achievedD. influencedPart III Cloze (10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely ___51___, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius ___52____ a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the ___53___ of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___. This view, not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent ___55___ we are born with. The closer the bloodrelationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people ___56___, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have ___57___ intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___ now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment ___59___ birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___ that people who live in close contact with each other. But who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.51. A. quiet B. enough C. sure D. so52. A. out of B. into C. from within D. off53. A. amounts B. qualities C. limits D. scores54. A. disposition B. perception C. endowment D. environment55. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything56. A. in advance B. for effect C. at random D. under way57. A. similar B. various C. appropriate D. inborn58. A. Look B. Believe C. Suggest D. Imagine59. A. and B. or rather C. as well as D. but for60. A. fact B. event C. condition D. environmentPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage OneFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Sean’s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants by the year 2008.That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activities. They protest that that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthily, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.61. What is the problem the passage begins with?A. High mortality rate of immune rejection.B. A malpractice in heart transplantation.C. An unusual case of organ transplant.D. A shortage of human organs.62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it _________________________.A. introduces an issue of inhumanityB. raises the issue of justice in medicineC. presents a significant threat to human natureD. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ___________________.A. are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB. switch to the development of artificial organsC. come up with alternatives to the current problemD. set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease64. It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB. the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65. The information the passage carries is __________________________.A. enlighteningB. unbelievableC. imaginativeD. factualPassage TwoThere is a great irony of 21st century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television set, and computers that promote sedentary behaviour. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly business because everyone eats.Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones, have far more than they need - another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories – are overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, large portions. And campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage government from doing anything to inhibit overeating.66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to _____________.A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB. the inefficient and superfluous consumption of foodC. the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD. the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is _______.A. to improve political and economic managementB. to cope with the energy imbalance issueC. to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD. to increase investment in global health68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to _____________.A. affluence and obesityB. food energy and nutritional valueC. food business and economic prosperityD. diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity69. As a result of the third irony, people _____________________.A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB. complain about food overproductionC. have to raise their food expensesD. are driven towards weight gain70. Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?A. The economic dimension.B. The political dimensionC. The humane dimension.D. The dietary dimensionPassage ThreeWomen find a masculine face with a large jaw and a prominent brow more attractive when they are more likely to conceive, according to a study published in the June 24 Nature. Before, during, and just after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more “feminine”male faces, the researchers report.“Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle,”says leading author Ian Penton-V oak of the University of St. Andrews on Scotland. “we thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also.The research showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine Dr feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more muscular features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-V oak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says.Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as “kinder’men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.71. The researchers made a study on _____________________.A. women’s menstrual cycleB. men’s preferred female imagesC. women’s visual preferences of menD. men’s masculine and feminine features72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ___________.A. grow to be feminineB. are on oral contraceptivesC. are ready for conceptionD. are on menstruation73. It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by ___________.A. their family planningB. the years of marriage they hadC. the length of their menstrual cycleD. the term or relationship they seek74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voakimplies, does not mean that __________________.A. visual preferences do existB. a woman acts this way is realityC. a man will buy into the phenomenonD. men and women prefer the same image75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C. Are women more emotional than men?D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage FourWell-do they or don’t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer, especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights.One team from Bristol announced that it has evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (Electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about what is going on.Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interesting. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon- a gas normally associated with lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world’s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link.Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were nearby.Which is not to say the research is perfect. Critics argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week’s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields connot penetrate the body significantly, for example.A more serious concern whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子) would conclude that it doesn’t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76. Both the question “Well-do they or don’t they?”and the question “what is going on?”suggest _______________.A. the high incidence of LeukemiaB. the advent of bewildermentC. the warning of the worsening air pollutionD. the tense relation between Bristol and London77. What would the author say of the result of the first study?A. EnlighteningB. InsignificantC. ReassuringD. Apparent78. What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A. There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B. There is much to be improved in terms of design.C. There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D. There is no link between the first and second study.79. It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes ____________.A. are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB. were found to have left much room for doubtC. could have implications in such countries as the USD. will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future80. To conclude, the author _____________.A. reassures us of the responsibility of the latest research in BritainB. asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC. points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD. urges further investigations on the issuePassage FiveSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body’s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking age skin prematurely.Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs. They chop up the fibers that form collagen (胶原质) – the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin.Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body’s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen.After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent.He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. “This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing,”he says, “It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation.”Morita doesn’t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. “So far we’ve only done this in the lab.”He says. “We don’t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time.”Other dermatologists are impressed by the work. “This is fascinating,” says Lawrence Parish, director of the centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. “This confirms scientifically what we’ve long expected,” he says, “Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin.”81. Healthy skin lies in ______________________.A. a well-kept balance between two working processesB. the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC. a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD. the two steps of forming collagen82. For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is _________.A. to verify the aging of human beingsB. to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC. to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD. to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise83. The Japanese scientists tested their idea using ___________.A. MMPs to for fresh collagenB. cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC. human fiber blasts to produce fresh collagenD. non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke84. As inferred from Morita’s results, smoking __________________.A. could stimulate the production of fresh collagenB. is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC. tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD. may cause collagen to die by 60%85. Morita implies that his findings ____________________.A. took less time than expectedB. were hard to accept in dermatologyC. were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyPassage SixToday I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called “Harold” (his first name: Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with “Harold”- it was what he was called in the army - but Dad never – has been “Harold” except to those who really don’t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for “Harold” were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson.Dad doesn’t correct his physicians or the office receptionists – he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal “Jack,” strong athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments, his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced this life-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as “Harold”.86. The author relates the story _____________________.A. from a consumer’s point of viewB. with a view to punctuating patient rightsC. according to his own standards of healthD. based on his own unpleasant medical treatment87. Apparently the author’s father _______________________.A. did not like to be called by the first nameB. was not well taken care of as expectedC. was mistaken for somebody elseD. was treated like a businessman88. As the author implies his father_________________________.。