2009年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解
Part I Cloze (0. 5 ×20 = 10 %)
Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
The teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, 1 , needs to determine what level of literacy is 2 by society, what role he or she should take in 3 the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.
The Unesco report presents a world 4 of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the 5 small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international 6 .
The problems 7 developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is “inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development... (and) ... national development as a whole is bound 8 with the world context”. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development—it is a 9 of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing 10 and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.
Literacy programmes 11 in different countries have taken and are taking different 12 to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-
governmental organizations, which 13 the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation
14 society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as
15 “literacy environment”.
Who are the “illiterates” and how do we define them? At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins? Robert Hillerich 16 these questions. An illiterate, he finds, “may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to 17 successfully in his social position. “Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: “Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all 18 of development.”
An educational definition—i, e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered—is shown to be inadequate in 19 educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological/economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act 20 responsible participation.
Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a “reading-level type”; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population. 1. A. therefore B. in addition C. however D. nevertheless
obtained
3. A. achieving B. getting C. fulfilling D. accomplishing
4. A. opinion B. idea C. point D. view
5. A. relatively B. particularly C. possibly D. definitely
6. A. situation B. context C. environment D. atmosphere
7. A. facing B. confronting C. encountering D. meeting
8. A. to B. in C. up D. across
9. A. component B. element C. ingredient D. factor
10. A. tendency B. environment C. inclination D. development
11. A. instituted B. rooted C. deprived D. revealed
12. A. ways B. methods C. approaches D. means
understates
14. A. into B. within C. in D. inside
15. A. adequate B. abundant C. over D. plenty
16. A. demands B. addresses C. remains D. maintains
17. A. perform B. do C. participate D. anticipate
18. A. extents B. forms C. degrees D. standards
19. A. that B. what C. which D. such
20. A. in B. for C. against D. with
Part II Reading comprehension (20 ×2 =40%)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write
your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage One
In the competitive model—the economy of many sellers each with a small share of the total market—the restraint on the private exercise of economic power was provided by other firms on the same side of the market. It was the eagerness of competitors to sell, not the complaints of buyers, that saved the latter from spoliation. It was assumed, no doubt accurately, that the nineteenth-century textile manufacturer who overcharged for his product would promptly lose his market to another manufacturer who did not. If all manufacturers found themselves in a position where they could exploit a strong demand, and mark up their prices accordingly, there would soon be an inflow of new competitors. The resulting increase in supply would bring prices and profits back to normal.
As with the seller who was tempted to use his economic power against the customer, so with the buyer who was tempted to use it against his labor or suppliers, the man who paid less than the prevailing wage would lose his lab or force to those who paid the worker his full (marginal) contribution to the earnings of the firm. In all cases the incentive to socially desirable behavior was provided by the competitor. It was to the same side of the market—the restraint of sellers by other sellers and of buyers by other buyers, in other words to competition—that economists came to look for the self-regulatory mechanisms of the economy.
They also came to look to competition exclusively and in formal; theory still do. The notion that there might be another regulatory mechanism in the economy had been almost completely excluded from economic thought. Thus, with the widespread disappearance of competition in its classical form and its replacement
by the small group of firms if not in overt, at least in conventional or tacit, collusion, it was easy to suppose that since competition had disappeared, all effective restraint on private power had disappeared. Indeed, this conclusion was all but inevitable if no search was made for other restraints, and so complete was the preoccupation with competition that none was made.
In fact, new restraints on private power did appear to replace competition. They were nurtured by the same process of concentration which impaired or destroyed competition. But they appeared not on the same side of the market but on the opposite side, not with competitors but with customers or suppliers. It will be convenient to have a name for this counterpart of competition and I shall call it countervailing power.
To begin with a broad and somewhat too dogmatically stated proposition, private economic power is held in check by the countervailing power of those who are subject to it. The first begets the second. The long trend toward concentration of industrial enterprise in the hands of a relatively few firms has brought into existence not only strong sellers, as economists have supposed, but also strong buyers, a fact they have failed to see. The two develop together, not in precise step, but in such manner that there can be no doubt that the one is in response to the other.
21. The word “spoliation” in the first paragraph probably means ______.
A. loot
B. spoil
根据教育部《华中科技大学关于选拔普通高校优秀考生进入博士阶段学习的通知》文件精神，结合学校实际，对普通高校毕业生进入博士阶段学习提出如下要求。 一、报考事项通知 1.每年报考我校的考生很多，要早复习，早准备。按照考试范围复习。 2.我校考生，到学校考试中心，办理内部试卷。 3.每年有很多考生，不知道考试重点范围，不知道考试大纲要求，盲目复习，浪费时间和精力，复习效果很差，影响考试。 4.每年有很多考生，选择错误的复习资料，解题思路及讲解答案都是错误的，具有误导性，不利于复习。 5.学校为考生正确复习，印刷内部试卷。 6.内部试卷：包含考试范围、历年真题、考试题库、内部复习资料。 7.专业课，学校出题。一定要按照内部试卷复习，每年都有原题出现。 8.内部试卷联系QQ363.916.816张老师。学校安排邮寄，具体事项联系张老师。 二、选拔对象条件 1.普通高校硕士毕业生，主干课程成绩合格，在校学习期间未受到任何纪律处分。 2.身体健康状况符合国家和学校规定的体检要求。 三、招生专业计划 1.招生要求和专业，详见《教育部选拔普通高等学校毕业生进入博士阶段学习招生及专业总表》。 2.学校计划招收全日制博士研究生和非全日制博士研究生，《博士学位研究生招生专业目录》公布的拟招生人数（含推免生），实际招生人数将根据国家下达我校招生计划、各专业生源情况进行适当调整。我校部分专业将再行计划用于接收调剂生，具体事项及拟招生人数将在初试成绩公布后另行通知。 四、报名资格审核 1.报考考生按照《教育部选拔普通高等学校优秀毕业生进入博士阶段学习专业对照及考试课程一览表》以下简称《专业对照及考试课程一览表》选择报考专业，并填写《教育部普通高等学校毕业生进入博士阶段学习
兰州大学考博英语真题及其精解 1.This rock has to be_______in order to build a road. A.blasted B.explored C.hired D.maintained 2.He did not go to the party last night,which_______her feelings deeply. A.wounded B.injured C.hurt D.injury 3.When they returned to the river,they found that the boat had _______away. A.framed B.frosted C.frowned D.floated 4.If you need further information,please_______our office. A.constant B.construct C.contact D.contain 5.During the war,many soldiers were killed not by_______,but by disease. A.bulledts B.devil C.bible D.depth 6.We watched the ship until it became only a_______in the distance. A.point B.jar C.stove D.dot 7.The English proverb‘_______the rod and spoil the child’means that if you deep from punishing the child,you will spoil its character.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. A.rule B.rug C.clap D.spare
复旦大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题（秋季） PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 略 PartⅡV ocabulary and Structure (10%) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in the part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 21. She her vacation so much that she didn?t want it to end. A. missed B. budgeted C. loathed D. relished 22. They tried to keep it quiet but eventually everyone learned about the meeting. A. intangible B. sedate C. impudent D. clandestine 23. Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting laws to protect the consumers. A. rigorous B. equivocal C. stringent D. furtive 24. People who like to were red clothes are more likely to be talkative and . A. lucrative B. introverted C. vivacious D. perilous 25. This is but a of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. A. faction B. friction C. fraction D. fracture 26. They were tired, but not less enthusiastic that account. A. on B. by C. for D. with 27. I think it is high time we the fact that environment pollution in this area is getting more serious than before. A. woke up to B. must wake up to C. wake up to D. are waking up to 28. So was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was soon reached. A. resentful
华中科技大学同济医学院考博分子生物学（专业基础）简答题历年试题汇总 1.顺式作用元件有哪些，并加以解释。2015，2012考 2.人类基因组计划的4张图，各自的意义是什么？ 3.癌基因激活的主要途径？ 问答：1.什么是基因治疗，基因治疗的主要策略是什么？基因治疗的技术及主要内容，2015，2014，2013考 问答2.蛋白质组学的主要技术有哪些并解释？2015，2012考 2014简问答题 1.PCR原理，步骤，写出6种PCR衍生技术 2013，2014，2009考 2.何谓基因克隆？简述其基本过程。09年 3.重组DNA技术，问答题20分，14年考 4.举例说明基因表达的调控机制。题目太大，原核调控，真核调控？13年 问答5.人类基因定位的常用方法及原理。12年，09年考 简问6.简述反式作用因子的结构特点及作用方式 09年 简问7.简述逆转录病毒的结构特点 09年考 问答：真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么？根据他们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型？它们和DNA相互识别的原理是什么？2013年考 问答：试述大肠杆菌中表达蛋白质产物的步骤。 2013年考 试比较克隆载体、原核载体和真核载体的特点 2012年考 2016年真题 英译中名词解释（20分） 反义RNA；操纵子；限制性核酸内切酶；选择性剪切；抑癌基因；基因诊断； RNA干扰；质粒； gene maping；管家基因 简答题。 真核基因组的结构和功能特点20分 分15人类基因组的结构特征． 原癌基因的特点15分 蛋白质组研究常用技术有那些，简介其作用。15分 当前基因治疗技术面临的技术问题有哪些？15分 以下为2001-2004年试题及网上答案 一、若要获得IL-2的基因工程产品，你应该怎么做？ 基因工程是在分子水平上对基因进行操作的复杂技术，是将外源基因通过体外重组后导入受体细胞内，使这个基因能在受体细胞内复制、转录、翻译表达的操作，又叫分子克隆，DNA重组技术。 1. 在GENBANK中检索IL-2的mRNA序列；在genecard里检索IL-2高表达的组织；同时检索一下有关文献； 2. 如果考虑使用原核表达系统（通常是大肠杆菌表达系统），将IL-2的成熟肽的基因序列找出（呵呵，我没有检索，不清楚是否有信号肽）进行分析；
经济学全（共67题）经济学：（2003） 简答题： 1.需求弹性的种类与特征 2.从理论上阐述菲利普曲线的形状 3.劳动供给曲线向后弯曲的原因 4.交易费用假说关于企业成因的解释 论述题： 1.从收益成本角度分析厂商盈亏平衡点与停止生产点的决定 2.哈罗德多马模型的基础、内容、主要贡献以及不足 3.公平与效率之间的关系以及如何看待我国的实际情况 经济学：（2004） 简答题： 1.影响长期成本曲线的因素 理论 3.理性预期学派的理论价值 4.评论博弈论中的合作博弈和非合作博弈 论述题： 1.外部性的产生与对策 种消费理论的述评 3.用新贸易理论解释产业内贸易问题 经济学：（2005） 简答题： 1.用拐折的需求曲线分析价格刚性 2.举例说明公共物品的特征 3.什么是企业的收支相抵点和停止营业点 4.成本推动型通货膨胀与需求拉动型通货膨胀有何区别 论述题： 1.论述AS-AD模型的内容及其政策含义
2.完全垄断、完全竞争与垄断竞争市场的长期均衡有哪些异同点，为什么说完全竞争市场能实现资源的有效配置，而完全垄断造成资源的损失 3.论述新制度经济学的贡献及其对当代中国的政策含义 2006年 简答 1.试述马克思失业理论的主要内容 2.作图说明垄断企业的产品价格和产量决定 3.实际利率变动如何影响消费者决策 4.外部性为什么会导致竞争市场上的资源配置效率偏离帕累托最优状态 论述 1.试用AD-AS分析说明人民币升值对我国宏观经济影响 2.厂商最佳要素组合及其条件 3.论马歇尔新古典经济学主要内容 2007年 简答： 1．按照凯恩斯主义的观点，经济能否自动实现均衡请说出理由。 2．简述国际收支的吸收分析法。 3．图形分析垄断造成的效率损失。 4．图形分析商品价格变化的收入效应和替代效应。 论述： 1．图形说明财政政策“挤出效应”，并分析其政策含义。 2．有哪些原因导致市场在实现帕累托最优上的缺陷。 3．论述制度与经济增长的关系。 经济学：2008年考博试题： 一、简答题 1．序数效用论和基数效用论的区别； 2．最佳排污点，用图形说明； 3．流动性陷阱及其理论意义； 4．经济剩余包括哪些内容； 5．简述替代效应和收入效应。
兰州大学 2003 年招收攻读博士学位研究生 英语考试试题 Section Ⅰ(20%) 1.To control intelligence in the attempt to insure only benevolent consequences would sentence the human race to ignorance, stagnation and decadence, and probably would be impossible. A. deception B. decline C. revelation D. disclosure 2. During the 1800s and early 1900s the academic disciplines such as chemistry and physics made great headway. A. sacrifice B. progress C. forefront D. preconceptions 3. The purpose of the law is to prevent discrimination on the grounds of. Sex A. nationality B. race C. gender D. profession 4. The governor`s helicopter hovered over the field for a long time before landing. A. stayed B. adjusted C. confronted D. subdued 5.The noise was so faint that it was impossible to be sure what it was or even where it came from. A. loud B. frightening C. general D. indistinct 6.An understanding of the quantum theory is vital in the study of solid-state physics. A. helpful B. alive C. acquired D. essential
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
华中科技大学2018年博士研究生 入学考试试题 完型较难，阅读题库只看到两篇，翻译较简单。 一、完型选择（0.5分*20=10分） 关于对川普的评价，较难，没怎么看懂 二、阅读理解（四篇阅读、每篇5道题，2分*20=40分） 前两篇是题库里GRE的，后两篇没印象，感觉难度与GRE差不多，看过的同学请补充。 第一篇 The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others. The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the
华科同济考博常见疑问解答 发布日期：2013-07-08 又到一年考博时。最近很多师弟师妹们向我咨询一些考博的问题，想想 干脆在旺旺考博网开个贴，解答一下大家对于华科同济考博的疑问。所 有解答根据个人经验，仅供参考。有问题的战友可以跟帖，我尽量每天 回复一下。 本人华科同济2008年七年制毕业，一共参加过三次华科同济考博，两所附院都报过，应该比较有资格开这个帖子了。第一次，2008年毕业时报考协和医院普外科研博，因为当年已经找到了比较理想的工作，就暂时放弃了读博（要结婚买房急需money，没法），基本上裸考，最后分数216。第二次，2011年工作三年后，因为工作需要打算提高一下科研能力，所以决定考博，报考了同济医院普外科研博，因为前一次考博感觉很简单，所以复习没下很大功夫，也没搜集相关信息，信心满满的去考，结果最后英语差了几分（坑爹的gala，我记住你了）。2012年再次报考同济医院科研博，这次总结去年经验，分数233，最终录取。华科近年分数线比较稳定，单科60，总分210左右。 总体感觉：1、英语很难，阅读理解GRE、GMAT难度，甚至有原题。那本华科出的复习题的难度远低于实际难度。复习时注意：单词量是基础，但是只有单词量绝对不够，需要找些GRE、GMAT的题目练习，适应难度和出题逻辑风格。完形填空一般问题不大，作文只要不是碰上2011年gala那种坑爹的题目，应该也还好。翻译有些难度，但是好像扣分到不是很严格。所以，阅读理解绝对是决定英语成绩的关键，而英语过了基本也就过了。2、病理很简单，只要看华科同济编写的那本小册子，结合课本把答案扩充一下就行，复习时间两周，8、90分不难。3、外科学由两所附院轮流出题，偶数年协和、奇数年同济。协和出的题目基本中规中矩，大多是考常见病、多发病，只是可能考得比较深入。同济出题比较偏，很多少见病、进展之类的题目，复习起来难度大些。本人三次都是报考的外科科研博，都是考的英语、病理、外科（普外），所以对于其他科目了解的不多，尽量给予解答。 1、关于录取问题。这几年博士缩招，录取名额非常紧张，两所附院的博导数量大概一百四十多，但是每个医院录取博士大概只有120多个。也就是说，平均每个博导招不到一个博士。而且每个医院还有一些大牛导师，会招不止一个博士，那这个名额就是占用了其他导师的。因此，除了一些大牛导师，绝大多数导师或者没有名额，或者只有一个名额。在每年录取的博士中，大概有40-50%是硕士直接转博，还有20-30%是本校应届硕士没有转成博的，只要上线了，他们录取机会肯定很大，剩下的20-30%是外校考的，这其中还有一些是对口单位委培的、一些导师的往届学生、或者武汉市其他医院相对熟悉一些的人员，这些也都会比
暨南大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析SectionⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production capital.The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring1profits,as well as economic and political power.Some recent theorists,2,have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of3that they call“post Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi industrial” society.One important change in such a society is that the ownership of4amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 5of profits and influence;knowledge as well as6capital brings profits and influence. There are many7with the thesis above,not the least of8is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they needed to keep their profits and influence.But this does not9the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society,as the10of some new industrial indicates.11,genetic engineering and the new computer technology have12many new firms and made some scientists quite rich. In13with criticism of the post industrial society thesis,however,
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
复旦大学考博英语词汇真题模拟 根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定，除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词，形容词与介词，形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生产的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 一、根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定，每年词汇题共30小题，每小题0.5分，共15分。 预计测试时间(25分钟) 1. Language， culture and personality may be considered of each other in thought， but they are inseparable in fact. [ A ] indistinctly [ B ] separately [ C ] irrelevantly [ D ] independently 2. Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city‘s green space. [ A ] inefficient [ B ] inaccurate [ C ] inadequate [ D ] indispensable 3. It is well known that knowledge is the __ condition for expansion of mind. [ A ] incompatible [ B ] incredible [ C ] indefinite [ D ] indispensable 4. Although sports __ the household， Joe drew the line when they interfered with family tradi-tions and routine. [ A ] overwhelmed [ B ] affected [ C ] dominated [ D ] influenced 5. Once you have made your point clear at the __ of the essay， you must then proceed to con-vince readers about the position you have taken. [ A ] departure [ B ] outset [ C ] concentration [ D ] initiation 6. These excursions will give you an even deeper __ into our language and culture. [ A ] inquiry [ B ] investigation [ C ] input [ D ] insight 7. The novel contains some marvelously revealing __ of factory life. [ A ] glimpses [ B ] glances [ C ] shots [ D ] insights 8. Changing from solid to liquid， water takes in heat from all substances near it， and this produces artificial cold surrounding it. [ A ] absorption [ B ] transition [ C ] consumption [ D ] interaction （ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八） 9. One way for writers to support a point is through ， that is， by means of several examples to back up an idea. [ A ] illustration [ B ] demonstration
宏观经济学部分 国民收入核算 1. 国民经济核算，流量、存量。（2011 简） 答：（一）核算GDP可用生产法、支出法和收入法。常用的是后两种方法。 （1）支出法核算GDP 用支出法核算GDP就是通过核算在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品的总支出即最终产品的总卖价来计量GDP谁是最终产品的购买者呢，只要看谁是产品和劳务的最后使用者。在现实生活中，产品和劳务的最后使用，除了居民消费，还有企业投资、政府购买及出口。因此，用支出法核算GDP就是核算经 济社会（指一个国家或一个地区）在一定时期内消费、投资、政府购买以及出口这几方面支出的总和。 消费（指居民个人消费）支出包括购买耐用消费品、非耐用消费品和劳务的支出。建造住宅的支出不 包括在内。 投资指增加或更换资本资产（包括厂房、住宅、机械设备及存货）的支出。投资包括固定资产投资和 存货投资两大类。固定资产投资指新厂房、新设备、新商业用房以及新住宅的增加。存货投资是企业掌握 的存货价值的增加。 政府对物品和劳务的购买指各级政府购买物品和劳务的支出。政府购买只是政府支出的一部分，政府支出的另一些部分如转移支付、公债利息等都不计入GDP理由是转移支付只是简单地把收入从一些人或 一些组织转移到另一些人或另一些组织，没有响应的物品或劳务的交换发生。 净出口指进出口的差异，即出口-进口。表示老外对中国产品的购买。 把上述四个项目加总，用支出法计算GDP的公式可写成：GDP=C+I+G+（X-M） （2）收入法核算GDP 收入法即用要素收入即企业生产成本核算国内生产总值。严格来说，最终产品市场价值除了生产要素 收入构成的成本，还有间接税、折旧、公司未分配利润等内容，因此用收入法核算的GDP应包括以下一些项目：①工资、利息和租金等这些生产要素的报酬。工资包括所有对工作的酬金、津贴和福利费，也包括工资收入者必须缴纳的所得税及社会保险税。利息在这里指人们给企业所提供的货币资金所得的利息收入如银行存款利息、企业债券利息等，但政府公债利息及消费信贷利息不包括在内。租金包括出租土地、房屋等租赁收入及专利、版权等收入。（2）非公司企业主收入，如医生、律师、农民和小店铺主的收入。他们使用自己的资金，自我雇佣，其工资、利息、利润、租金常混在一起作为非公司企业主收入。（3）公司 税前利润，包括公司所得税、社会保险税、股东红利及公司未分配利润等。（4）企业转移支付及企业间接税。这些虽不是生产要素创造的收入，但要通过产品价格转嫁给购买者，故也应视为成本。企业转移支付包括对非营利组织的社会慈善捐款和消费者呆账，企业间接税包括货物税或销售税、周转税。（5）资本折旧。它虽不是要素收入，但包括在应回收的投资成本中，故也应计入GDP。 这样，按收入法计得的国民总收入=工资+利息+租金+利润+折旧+间接税+企业转移支付。 （3）生产法是从生产过程中创造的货物和服务价值入手，剔除生产过程中投入的中间货物和服务价值，得到增加价值的一种方法。国民经济各产业部门增加值计算公式：增加值=总产出-中间投入。将国民经济各产业部 门按生产法计算的增加值相加，得到国内生产总值。 生产法用公司表示为：GDP艺各产业部门的总产出-工各产业部门的中间消耗。 （二）流量与存量流量指变量在一个时间段内积累的数量；存量是指变量在一个时间点上测量出来的数量。给出一个流量必须指出相应的时段，给出一个存量必须指出相应的时点。流量与存量有着密切的关系。两个不同时点上的存量之差就是相应时段内的流量。 某国的总财富是一个存量，在年初这个时点上度量则为年初总财富，在年末这个时点上度量则为年末 总财富。这个量是不能在时段上度量的，因为它在任一时段内的每一时点上通常都有不同的值。新生产的财富是一个