分类法
分类就是按照事物的不同特点将它们划成多个类别。事物可以按照不同的标准进行分类，标准则取决于分类的成因。例如，在分析某系学生的构成情况时，如果想了解他们的学习情况，可以将他们根据考试成绩划分为若干组；如果想研究是否有可能组织一场足球比赛或是篮球比赛，可以根据对足球和篮球的爱好程度把学生划分成若干组。
不管分类的目的是什么，分类的标准必须具有普适性和排他性，也就是说分类标准必须覆盖分类样本集中的所有样本元素，而且样本集中的任一元素只能隶属于分类标准项次中的唯一一项。例如，把学生分成男生、女生和运动员是不合适的，这一标准违反了排他性原则，因为某个学生可能是男生的同时又是运动员，他占据了两个分类项次。再如，把学生分成中学生和大学生在有些情况下也不一定合适，该标准违反了普适性原则，即有些学生既不是中学生也不是大学生（如小学生）。
表示分类的名词：
种：kind, sort, type
类：group, classification, category
组成成员：member
分部/分支：division/branch
纲：class 目：order 科：family 属：genus 种：species
表示分类的动词和动词短语：
将……按……分类（排序）：class, classify, divide, categorize, group, place, arrange 属于某一类：belong to, fall into, be classed with
包括若干类：there be, contain, consist of, comprise, include, be composed of, be comprised of
组成……类：make up, constitute, compose
E x e r c i s e s
1. Read the following passages and discuss whether they follow the classification criterion of exclusiveness and inclusiveness.
Passage 1:
generation of electricity to meet the power and light needs of cities and industries. The other covers the application of small amounts of power for communication and various other purposes.
Passage 2:
We usually think of bees as being sociable insects which live in communities, but this is not always true. One way of classifying bees is by “social” and “solitary” species, and there are many of the latter. Bumble bees（野蜂）and honey bees are social species. Among solitary bees there are primitive wasplike bees, medium-sized solitary mining bees, so-called sweat bees, \carpenter bees and cuckoo bees.
2. Read the following passage, and fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
In Britain, state schools can be classified according to the age range of the pupils and the type of education provided. Basically, there are two types of schools: primary and secondary. Primary schools cater to（满足需要）children age 5-11 and secondary schools ages 11-16 (and up to 19). Primary schools can be sub-divided into infant schools (for age 5-7) and junior schools (for age 7-11). Secondary schools may be one type for all abilities, viz.（即）comprehensive schools; most secondary schools are of this kind. Alternatively, pupils may be grouped according to their ability and selected by means of an examination at age 11 (known as the“11-plus exam”). Thus, grammar schools cater to those with academic ability; modern schools for those with less academic ability; and technical schools for those with more practical skills.
1) Schools _________________________________________ the pupils’ages and the
types of education.
2) There are ________________________________________ schools: primary and
secondary.
3) Primary schools ___________________________________________ into infant and
junior schools.
4) Secondary schools pupils ______________________________ their ability.
5) The criterion（标准）for classifying secondary schools is whether or not there is
______________________________.
2. There are thousands of languages in the world. Languages are classified into
different families according to their common attributes. Do you know which family English belongs to? Below is a language tree proposed by German linguistic August Schleicher (1821-1868). Please describe it using the classification method:
Proto-Indo-European
Western Branch Eastern Branch
Celtic-Italic Germanic
Old High German Old Saxon Old Low Fraconian Anglo-Frisian
High German Low German Dutch Old English Old Frisian
English Frisian
描述法（二）
过程的描述
既然有过程就必然有次序，关键在于搞清楚全过程的每一个步骤，再利用表示列举的衔接短语，按照过程的前后次序描述每一个步骤。过程的描述往往按照时间顺序或过程的发展顺序进行描述。
1. 按照过程的发展顺序描述
如果某个描述涉及到多个步骤，应该按照过程的发展顺序把这些步骤交代清楚。既然完整的过程分为多个步骤，那么这些步骤的顺序则显得至关重要。成功地按过程描述实际上告诉了读者如何去完成具体任务。
描述过程的常用衔接词和短语：
1) Firstly … Secondly … Thirdly … Finally …
2) First, Then, Next, After this, Lastly
3) Afterward, Furthermore, Moreover, In addition to …
2. 按照时间顺序描述
在讲述故事或描述事件的时候，最简单同时也最清楚的方法是按照时间的顺序描述，也就是按照事情发生先后顺序，较早发生的事情在前面描述，较晚发生的事情在后面描述。时间作为一个主线条可以为读者提供非常清楚的思路。
常用衔接词和短语：
首环节：first, firstly, at first, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, one
中间环节：second, secondly, in the second place, next, afterwards, after that, then, later, another, third, thirdly, still another, in addition, besides, furthermore 末环节：lastly, at last, finally, eventually, in the end
E x e r c i s e s
How a New Road is Built
__ (a) Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent a sleepless night, I didn’t feel tired at all, and I believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies. __ (b) Like other passengers, I began to collect my things, and put my mug, towel, atlas（地图册）, apples, and other things into my bag.
__ (c) I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall.
__ (d) My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination --- Beijing.
__ (e) As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled（眩目）by the bright autumn skies of Beijing.
__ (f) To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform.
1. Please organize the following instructions into a coherent paragraph, and discuss the questions in the brackets.
How to Deal with Snakebites in the Field
1) Tie a handkerchief, necktie, or belt on your victim above the bite to prevent the blood
from flowing to the heart
2) Decide whether to take the victim to the doctor or call for a doctor (How will you make a
decision?)
3) Remove the venom
a. make cuts in a crisscross（十字）fashion on the bitten area, cutting about one fourth
inch deep;
b. suck out the blood and spit it out [Will you die if you swallow the blood?]
4) Don’t give whiskey [Do you know why?]; you can give coffee or some other beverage to
the victim.
5) Reassure the victim
举例法
一般来讲，概括性太宽泛的句子不具有太强的说服力，往往需要一点具体内容加以支持。这个时候我们就要求助于例子了。本单元课文反复使用举例法，使原先抽象的概念（如“space”, “privacy”）变得具体，如果没有这些例子，读者很难理解什么是空间，什么是隐私。
对处于英文写作基础阶段的学习者来讲，一般要借助衔接词来引导例子，举例法中常用的衔接词有：
1) 介词短语：for example, for instance, in illustration of, by way of examples
2) 形容词短语：such as, such .. as …
3) 副词：as
4) 动词短语：be an example of , be a case in point, take an example, provide an
example, use an example, bring forward a case, draw an example
E x e r c i s e s
1. Read the following two paragraphs, and find the examples cited and cohesion words used.
1) Mexico has long been a popular country for tourists from all over the world. It offers
many unique educational and entertainment opportunities. The Museum of Anthropology （人类学）in Mexico City is world famous. Other smaller museums can be found in the capital, in provincial cities and on university campuses. A further attraction is provided by the many pre-Colombian archeological sites（哥伦布之前的考古场所）. Additional insights into the country’s culture, past and present, can be found in the many splendid murals（壁画）that adorn（装点）theaters, universities and other public buildings.
2) Some people will do the strangest things to gain fame. For example, there are those
who go in for various kinds of marathons, dancing or blowing bubbles gum for days at a time, to get their names in the paper or in record books of some kind. Then there are people who sit on flagpoles for a week or more, apparently enjoying the attention they receive from the crowd below. There are people who hope to impress others because they ate the most cream pies or because they collected the most bottle tops.
And there are even people who seek public notice by way of setting a record for the number of articles of clothing they can put on at one time or the number they can take off. Of course, there are a few mentally twisted individuals who seek fame at the expense of other people’s property or even lives, but fortunately the great majority of people satisfy their urge to be remembered in ways that produce little more damage than a bad case of indigestion.
2. Read the following passage, and fill in the blanks with a word or phrase from the table.
What Is Language?
A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic（符号化）vocal sounds
（嗓音）, and which is used by a group of people for purposes of communication.
Let us look at this definition in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, that distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world.
Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by means of cries. For example, many birds utter warning calls at the approach of danger; apes（猿）utter different cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. But these various means of communication differ in important ways from human language. For instance, animals’ cries are not articulate（发音清晰的）. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They
lack, for example, the kind of structure given by the contrast between vowels（元音）and consonants（辅音）. They also lack the kind of structure that enables us to divide a human utterance（发音）into words.
We can change an utterance by replacing one word by another: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g. “tanks approaching from the north”, or he can change one word and say “aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, which means “danger!”
This is why the number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the famous gorilla, the Great Tit is a case in point; it has about twenty different calls, whereas in human language the number of possible utterances is infinite. It also explains why animal cries are very general in meaning.
1) At the approach of danger many birds utter warning calls: this is ________________ of
animals’ communication with each other.
2) Cries, _________________ those of danger, fear and pleasure, are uttered by apes.
3) There are important differences between human language and animal communication:
________________ , animals’ cries are not articulate.
4) Animals’ cries lack, _______________ , the kind of structure that enables us to divide
a human utterance into words.
5) A good ______________ of changing an utterance by substituting one word for another
is a soldier who can say “tanks approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west.”
6) The number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the Great Tit is
_____________.
比较对比法
通常，当我们要侧重说明两个事物的相同点时，我们给运用比较法(Comparison)；而当我们要侧重说明两个事物的不同点时，我们就运用对比法(Contrast)。在进行比较对比的时候，我们往往可以使用下面这两种方式：
1) First A then B
先集中说明一个事物，再集中说明另一个事物，这样读者就可以清晰地发现两者间的异同。
2) Item by Item
按照比较对比特征的顺序，先讨论两个事物的某一特征的异同，再讨论两个事物另一特征的异同，依此类推。
Example 1：
The domestic hen has short wings which it rarely uses because it has a very heavy body and lives on the ground. It is clumsy in flight and can cover only short distances. Its feet are designed for scratching the ground to find seeds and worms. It has a short beak adapted for eating this kind of food although it will also eat almost any other kind of food. Hens nest on the ground. They have been bred for egg production and can lay up to 300 eggs a year.
A duck has webbed feet so that it can swim easily and walk on soft ground. It has a long, flat beak which it uses to search for food in river and pond mud. It has powerful wings which enable it to fly long distances. A duck lays 5 to 12 eggs at a time and may lay twice a year.
Example 2:
Different Roommates
I am amazed at how little trouble it is living with and liking two such different roommates. Their physical appearances differ greatly. With small brown eyes and straight black hair to her shoulders, Julie is tall and lean. Pat, on the other hand, is tiny. Under five feet tall, she keeps her hair short and fluffy（蓬松）. These two girls also have different kinds of interests. Julie likes reading or relaxing quietly in front of the television set. But for Pat the outdoor life holds more interest than books or screens. The most interesting difference between them is their approach to schoolwork. Julie grows tense before an exam. Pat, on the contrary, takes everything easy, and exams are no exception. Since I can live in harmony with my two roommates in spite of their differences, I am confident that I will be able to get along with most people anywhere.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Try to analyze which method the following paragraph adopts, and fill in the
blank with appropriate words.
In college and university courses, the objective test and the essay exam are two ______ methods of evaluation commonly used to measure a student’s grasp of subject matters. The objective exam usually consists of a large number of unrelated questions; _________ , the essay exam requires the student to organize his response in the essay form and to demonstrate analytical and compositional skill. Although the objective test and the essay exam have _________ goals –the assessment of a student’s academic achievement – the techniques of the two types of examination ________ significantly.
2. Below are two examples of Chinese students’ attempt at the exercise.
1) Make improvements on the samples.
2) Compare the two samples, and try to find their differences in language use and
structure.
3) Decide which sample you like best, and state your reasons.
Sample 1:
Living in the dormitory and at home are two very different ways.
Firstly, you are taken care of at home by your families, but should take care of yourself in the dormitory. For example, when you living at home, your mother will wake you up, cook for you, wash clothes of yours and so on. But in the dormitory, you must do all of this by yourself, you use a clock to wake you up, you went to the canteen to have your meals, and you wash you clothes. Then, at home you can do whatever you want to do, for your parents will stand you, however, if you want to be a welcomed member of the dormitory, you have to be polite and tolerant. In the dormitory, everyone is equal, and you must treat others just like the way you want others to treat you. Finally, living in the dormitory is more free than at home. If you living at home, your parents will pay careful attention to you in every minute, they don’t allow you do many things that they thought bad for you, while in the dormitory no one will forbid you any more, so you must learn to restrain yourself when you are enjoying you freedom.
Sample 2:
Which is better, in the dormitory or at home?
If you ask some persons this question, maybe most of them will choose “at home”
with no thinking. Sure, it is more satisfied to live at home. You can get a big room of your own, in which you can do anything you like to. There’s no people but yourself. No one will disturb you or make you stop. And all the people in your family would give you their love and help. They will do anything to make you free. You needn’t do washing or cooking, but often have nothing to do, just watching TV or sleeping.
However, if you have lived in the dormitory for a long time, you will find the advantage. Of course, you can’t get a big room but share it with some other ones.
Sometimes, there is lots of noise when you want to do something important. And you must wash your clothes by yourself. It seems much worse that living at home. But everyone will be away from your family. You must learn to live alone. And in the dormitory, you can learn how to communicate with others. You can do many things by yourself to get more ability. Then you’ll be better after graduation.
比较对比中常用的句型：
1) A and B are similar (or alike) in … aspects
2) A is similar to B in that …
3) A and B both have the characteristic of …
4) A is the same as B in that …
5) A bears some similarities to B in that …
6) There is a similarity of A to B in …
7) A is dissimilar to B in that …
8) The differences between A and B are that …
比较对比中常用的衔接词：
however, while, whereas, but, nevertheless, (on the one hand, …) on the other hand, in (sharp) contrast to
定义法
定义法即通过给出定义使被说明的事物有明确的界定。常用的定义法有两种，简单定义和扩展定义。
1. 简单定义
简单定义（Simple Definitions）即通过一句话，给出被说明事物的定义，如果定义在文中不需要着重强调，就通常使用简单定义法。第一单元和本单元的课文都采用了这种方法，例如：
1) The environment is everything that surrounds us: plants, animals, buildings, country, air,
water -- literally everything that can affect us in any way.
2) Ecology is the science of how living creatures and plants exist together and depend on each
other and on the local environment.
3) A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where
they happen to live.
通过上述例子我们可以看出，简单定义有着非常规范的框架结构，你能总结出来吗？
2. 扩展定义
顾名思义，扩展定义（Extended Definition）即在简单定义基础上的扩展。扩展定义的落脚点不再是某个东西是什么，而是某个东西怎么样，在简单定义的基础上增加了补充信息。请见下面的例子：
1) A door is a movable structure contained within a framework which separates two areas
by covering an opening and whose principle purpose is to facilitate entrances and exits. There are all kinds of doors. There are hanging doors, swinging doors, overhead doors, trap doors, and sliding doors. Doors come in all sizes and shapes and are customarily made of wood, steel, aluminum, or glass. Without doors, our living would not be nearly as comfortable or secure as it is.
2) Induction is the kind of reasoning by which we examine a number of specific instances
and, on the basis of them, arrive at a conclusion. Every cat we encounter has claws;
we conclude all cats have claws. Every rose we smell is fragrant; we conclude all roses are fragrant. Every Saturday morning for six weeks the newspaper boy is late delivering the paper; we conclude that he sleeps in on Saturday mornings, and we no longer lo ok for the paper before nine o’clock. In each case we have reasoned inductively from a number of instances; we have moved from an observation of some things to a generalization about all things in the same category.
E x e r c i s e
1. Try to summarize the basic structure of simple definition, and write a simple definition for the following words:
1) Hospital (institution, doctor, medical services)
A hospital is ______________________________________________________________.
2) Boomerang (飞去来器) (a curved piece of wood, return to, thrower)
A boomerang is ___________________________________________________________.
3) Journalism（新闻业）(profession, inform, events)
Journalism is ____________________________________________________________.
4) Book (pages, bind, edge, open)
A book is ________________________________________________________________.
2. Please write extended definitions of the following words or phrases with reference to the information provided in the brackets.
1) Protein: [one of the main classes of food, essential to animals, obtain from what they eat, be high in protein contents, cheese, eggs, meat, fish, milk, make up a large part of, build, maintain, repair, tissue, bone, muscles]
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) Telescope: [an instrument, magnify, see, study, photograph, consists of, a long tube, at one end, at the other end, eyepiece, two lenses, a large and convex lens, objective lens]
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
因果法
我们日常对话中，经常会听到别人问为什么，自己也经常问同样的问题，所以我们对于因果推理并不陌生。
实际上，任何一个因果推理都有可能是以下三个模板中的一种或多种。
模板1：一种原因导致一种结果
模板2：一种原因导致多种结果
模板3：多种原因导致一种结果
模板1是一种理想化的因果模板，原因和结果一一对应，在解决一些简单问题的时候还是可能的，但在日常生活中的因果对应往往很复杂，所以我们经常使用的因果模板是模板2或模板3。
模板的确定和推理模式的确定有密切的联系。在因果法的应用中，我们或者把原因放在前面，把结果放在后面，或者反之。模式的选择主要取决于我们要回答的问题是“WHY”还是“HOW”。如果是前者，结果一般放在前面，原因放后面；如果是后者，原因一般放前面，结果放后面。
在模板2和3的使用中，我们还必须注意多个原因或多个结果的排列次序，原则上我们应该把最重要的原因或结果放在最后面，起到强调的作用。那么下面这篇文章使用了哪个模板呢？
As a successful person, a celebrity（名人）understands that being in the public eye can be very awful. For one thing, celebrities don’t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed all over the front pages of newspapers and magazines. In addition, celebrities are under constant pressure. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous people are always under pressure to act calm under any circumstance. Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly hugs（拥抱）and kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity’s hair, clothes, and car.
因果法常用的动词和动词短语：
cause, lead to, give rise to, result in, bring about, be due to, be caused by, result from, be the result of , be the effect of
E x e r c i s e s
1. The following paragraph which is organized by cause and effect is incomplete. Please find 3 or 4 causes of student failure.
Notice: The causes lie in the students themselves, that is, students cause their own failure.
Causes of Student Failure
Thirty-six percent of the freshmen entering a large New York university are dismissed during or at the end of the first year. Studies indicate that this alarming rate of failure is due to a variety of causes, some of which are beyond the control of the student. Among these are inadequate academic and personal counseling services, inferior quality of instruction in very large freshman classes, and the computerized anonymity（匿名）of most administrative procedures. But many of the causes of early student failure can be traced to non-adaptive behavior of the part of the student himself.
________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Please rearrange the following sentences into a meaningful and complete paragraph:
__ (a) At campus dorms, there are no parking spaces for students cars.
__ (b) For these reasons, Susan likes to live off-campus.
__ (c) Finally, she can keep her car at a house.
__ (d) For example, she paid $ 120 a month to live in a dorm, but it costs her only $ 90 to live in a private home.
__ (e) Second, she has more privacy in a home.
__ (f) Susan likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. __ (g) Third, it is easier to study in a private home.
__ (h) First, it costs less.
__ (i) In a dorm, she shared a room with another girl, but in a home, she has a room all to herself.
__ (j) A dorm is often too noisy, but a home rarely is.
3. Which quality do you think is the most important to personal success? Please explain your reasons in a paragraph of about 100 words, and support your opinion with detailed examples.
说明文所有说明方法 说明文所有说明方法有哪些？说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等能有科学的认识，从而获得有关的知识。以下是XX为您整理的说明文所有说明方法相关资料，欢迎阅读！说明文所有说明方法 一常见的说明方法 常见的说明方法有举例子、作引用、分类别、列数字、作比较、画图表、下定义、作诠释、打比方、摹状貌、作假设这11种。写说明文要根据说明对象的特点及写作目的，选用最佳方法。下面分别加以说明。 1举例子 举出实际事例来说明事物，使所要说明的事物具体化，以便读者理解，这种说明方法叫举例法。 例如:《向沙漠进军》一文中，就举出了新疆和内蒙古沙荒区治沙成功的事例，说明“沙漠是可以征服的”。 运用举事例的说明方法说明事物或事理，一要注意例子的代表性，二要注意例子的适量性。 作用：使文章表达的意思更明确，读者更明白，增强说服力。
2列数字 为了使所要说明的事物具体化，还可以采用列数据的方法，以便读者理解。需要注意的是，引用的数字，一定要准确无误，不准确的数字绝对不能用，即使是估计的数字，也要有可靠的根据，并力求近似。 例如《死海不死》一文中说明死海的长、宽、深的文字。《雄伟的人民大会堂》一文中，也用一系列数字来说明庄严的人民大会堂是首都最宏伟的建筑之一。 作用：数字是从数量上说明事物特征或事理的最精确、最科学、最有说服力的依据。 5下定义 用简明的语言对某一概念的本质特征作规定性的说明叫下定义。下定义能准确揭示事物的本质，是科技说明文常用的方法。 有时为了突出事物的主要内容和主要问题，往往用简明扼要的话给事物下定义，使读者对被说明对象有个明确的概念。 例如《统筹方法》一文中，作者运用了下定义的说明方法，给统筹方法下定义：“统筹方法，是一种安排工作进程的数学方法。”语言简明、扼要、准确。 下定义的时候，可以根据说明的目的需要，从不同的角度考虑。有的着重说明特性，如关于“人”的定义；有的着重说明作用，如关于“肥料”的定义；有的既说明特性又说明作用，如关于“统筹方法”和“应用科学”的定义。
温馨提醒： 对于英语基础较差的同学，作文可采用背模板的方法应对。 以下模板仅适用于英语书面表达较差，到目前为止看到题目仍然无从下笔的同学。实属考前临时抱佛脚的无奈之举。 基础较好的同学，请按照题目要求与提示正常完成写作。 写作注意事项： 1、无论如何要写够字数80词 2、如果实在无法写出完整的符合语法的句子，可以按题目提示的中文顺序罗列你所知道的 英文单词 3、一时想不起如何拼写的英文单词，可以到阅读理解等题目中查找。 万能模板1：（适用所有作文类型） The topic of 此处抄写作文题目is becoming more and more popular recently. It is my thinking about this topic below. This First point is very important. 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） This Second point is important, too. 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） So I believe that we should pay more and more attention to this topic from now on. 万能模板2：（适用所有作文类型） I think it is very important to understand 此处抄写作文题目. Why? That’s because many people don’t understand it well enough nowadays. For one thing, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） For another, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） It is my point of view about此处抄写作文题目above. Let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板3：（适用所有作文类型） I think此处抄写作文题目is an interesting topic. Many people around me are talking about this. In my opinion, we should understand 此处抄写作文题目like this. First, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） Second, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） In conclusion, let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板4：（适用信件类作文） Dear **,
写作指导(7) 说明文 1．说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁明了的语言来解说事物、阐明事理，从而给读者提供知识的一种文体。 2．在高考书面表达中，其主要命题形式为图表式作文，有时也以图画式和提纲式作文来呈现写作材料。 3．它要求语言要简明扼要，通俗易懂，说明过程讲究层次性和条理性。 4．这种文体通常用第三人称，时态以一般现在时为主。 根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。
注意：1.词数：100左右； 2．参考词汇：通讯communicate (with sb.)vi.，communication n．；互联网the Internet n．。 案例分析⊙ 从材料的呈现方式(两幅图对比)及材料所提出的要求“描述变化及影响”可知，本文应该用说明文体来写作。时态的把握是本文的一大难点，一般情况下，说明文应用一般现在时，但本文描述的是今昔通讯方式的变化，所以在描写过去通讯方式的时候要用一般过去时，例如：In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone及 It used__to__take several days to hear from each other.在描写过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响时，谓语动词要用现在完成时，例如本文的起始句可用“Great changes have__taken__place in the
way of communication in people’s life in recent years”及讲述影响的过渡句“With these changes，people’s pace of life has__been__quickened__and people’s work has__been__made more efficient ”。相对来说，本文用第三人称容易把握。 Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people’s life in recent years. In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone.But now almost everyone has his own mobile phone.People can communicate with each other almost at any place and at any time.What’s more，people have easy access to the Internet，which enables them to send and receive emails whenever they like.With these changes，people’s pace of life has been quickened and people’s work has been made more efficient.It used to take several days to hear from each other，but now it takes only
英语说明文的写作方法 英语说明文的写作方法 说明文是介绍、说明客观事物的一种文体，它以“说明”为主要表达方式，用来说明情况。它通过介绍情况、说明事物的特征，给 人以正确思想或科学知识。说明文主要说明或解释某种事物的形态、性状、本质、特征、成因、用途、结构、工作原理等，或提供背景 知识和指导。它只是客观地介绍、解释事物，使读者获得知识和信息，并不需要发表主张、作出证明。因此写作的态度应是客观的、 冷静的，不能带有主观随意性。一般说来，知识简介、商品介绍、 游览手册、科技读物、工作总结、试验报告、教材辅导等，都属于 说明文之列。 说明文的`段落往往以一个主题句开头，提出文章想要阐述、说 明的主要内容，接下来就是对文章的主题进行展开说明。在英语说 明文的写作中，展开文章主题的常见方法有以下几种： (1)罗列法 在文章一开始就提出需要说明的东西和观点之后，常用first，second，third，…andfinally这些表示顺序的词对需说明的事物 或观点加以罗列说明和阐述。罗列法广泛应用于各类指导性的说明 文中。 (2)分类法 这是将写作对象分门别类后进行说明的方法。分类必须遵守分类规则，使分类对象具有统一属性，依据同一分类标准，使分类的子 项相互排斥，而不相互包藏。 (3)举例法
这是用具体的例子说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子必须具有代表性、典型性，能体现人或事物的本质特征。通常在主题句后用forexample，forinstance等引出具体例子。 (4)定义法 这是英语说明文常用的一种写作手法。这种手法主要用于对具体事物的概念进行说明或对某一物体的功能下定义。它既能揭示人或事物的本质特征，同时也能确定说明的范围和界限。 (5)过程分析法 过程分析就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤，然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。 (6)比较法 有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或某一事物的两个方面放在一起，用比较的方法加以描述或说明，指出其相同点或不同点。
作文范文 请以“How should parents help their children to be independent?”为题，按照以下要点写作： 1. 目前很多父母为子女包办一切 2. 其实父母应该。。。。。。 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to …… And most children …… According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% ……and more than 85% ….. However, kids cannot depend on their parents forever because …… Besides, being independent …… Therefore, parents need to realize the importance of helping their children to be independent. Parents should encourage their children to …… By doing so, parents …… In addition, parents should urge their kids to …… For example, …… 范文 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to make arrangements and decisions for their children. And most children take such excessive attention for granted and depend on their parents for almost everything. According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% still accompany their children to schools, even to examinations, and more than 85% do housework for their kids including cooking
英语作文说明文 说明文类 写作指导 说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表，文体有报道、投稿、书信等。写作步骤如下： 第一步：审题，确定主题句、主体时态(一般以现在时态为主)和中心人称； 第二步：在主题句后按提示顺序将各要点以完整的句子表达出来； 第三步：用过渡词将上下文的逻辑关系体现出来。 常用词有： ①表示时间：now, then, afterwards, soon, five minutes later,before long, shortly after that, soon after supper, to this day, just now, just then ②表示顺序、动作过程：first, firstly, first of all, second, secondly, at first, at last, next ③表示转折：but, yet, and yet, however, although, otherwise, in spite of ④表示结果：thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately ⑤表示强调：above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most ⑥表示并列：and, also, as well as, and then ⑦表示递进：besides, what's more, in addition, even, once more, what was worse ⑧表示解释和说明：that is to say, namely, for example, actually, and so on, such as, believe it or not,to tell you the truth,according this, for this reason ⑨表示比较、对比：just like, just as, in the same way, more or less, sooner or later, on the contrary, on the other hand ⑩表示总结：finally, in conclusion, in a word, in general, generally speaking, in short, as you know, in the end 需要注意的是：使用上述过渡性词必须根据上下文需要的原则，力求自然，决不可牵强附会，让人感觉别扭。 精选范文 以“早起是好习惯”为题写篇议论文。请围绕以下几点来写： ①早起与健康； ②早起与学习； ③早起与一天的活动。 (字数80～120，要求自拟标题) Getting Up Early Is a Good Habit Getting up early is a good habit. It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on. First, getting up early helps to keep us strong. We can do morning exercises in the open air in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies. Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning. Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work of the day. If we stick to getting up early every day, it will do us a lot of good. 练习 ①某国际性英语刊物有一个介绍各国风俗习惯的专栏，请为该专栏写一篇短文，简单介绍中国的农历新年(春节)。请包括以下要点： a．春节是中国人的重要节日；
大学英语作文万能模板 （一）段首句 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
英语说明文的写作方法 1.罗列法（listing） 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。 罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习 There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，…Secondly，…And finally，… We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，…Secondly，…And finally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first，second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 2.举例法（examples） 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is…等词语引出 举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 3.比较法（comparison and contrast） 比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法 在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 4.定义法（definition） 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语比如 A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird. 5.顺序法（sequence of time，space and process） 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 6.分类法（classification）分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法 Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested， that is，some books are to be read only in parts，others to be read，but not curiously，and some f ew to be read wholly，and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others；but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…
教育学科辅导讲义 辅导年级： 授课老师： 授课时数： 课时 辅导科目： 辅导学员： 授课时间： 年 月 日 授课类型 T 《中国石拱桥》课文回顾 C(专题) T(能力) 授课内容 说明文的说明方法 教学过程 一、 课文回顾 桥是大地上最真实、最亲切的形象，它总是那样的平凡又像是没人关心似的，从溪流的这一边跨搭到那一边，经受千人踩踏，暴洪冲刷，坚贞的挺立是它不变的形象。以上是文人骚客笔下的桥。而桥梁专家茅以升笔下的桥又该是怎样的呢？ 《中国石拱桥》一文主要讲了什么呢？用一句话来概括。 第一部分（第1—2段）：石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，而且历史悠久，结构坚固，形式优美。 第二部分（第3—8段）：中国石拱桥历史悠久，大小不一，形式多样。（本部分可分为三层） 第三部分（第9段）：中国石拱桥有这样光辉成就的原因，我国桥梁事业的飞跃发展。 第四部分（第10段）：我国解放后桥梁事业的发展，并表明了我国社会主义制度无比优越。 二、 同步典例分析 《中国石拱桥》一文中主要使用了哪些说明方法？ 三、 学法初步提炼 思考一下什么是“说明”，文中出现的主要说明方法有哪些作用？ 中国石拱桥
一、专题精讲 一、桥之美（节选） …… 茅盾故乡乌镇的小河两岸都是密密的芦苇。那拱桥的强劲的大弧线，或方桥的单纯的直线，都恰好与芦苇丛构成鲜明的对照。早春天气，江南乡间石桥头细柳飘丝，那纤细的游丝拂着桥身坚硬的石块，即使碰不见晓风残月，也令画家销魂。人们珍视长桥之美。颐和园里仿造的卢沟桥只17孔，苏州的宝带桥53孔之多，如果坐小船沿桥缓缓看一遍，你会感到像读了一篇史诗似的满足。广西、云南、贵州等省山区往往碰到风雨桥，桥面上盖成遮雨的廊和亭，那是古代山水画中点缀人物的理想位置。因桥下多半是急流，人们到此总要驻足欣赏飞瀑流泉，画家和摄影师们必然要在此展开一番搏斗。 …… 【问题】画出节选文中的举例子的句子并分析其作用： 二、大自然语言（节选） 竺可桢 …… 物候观测使用的是“活的仪器”，是活生生的生物。它比气象仪器复杂得多，灵敏得多。物候观测的数据①反映气温、湿度等气候条件的综合，也反映气候条件对于生物的影响。应用在农事活动里，比较简便，容易掌握。物候对于农业的重要性就在这里。下面是一个例子。 北京的物候记录，1962年的山桃、杏花、苹果、榆叶梅②、西府海棠、丁香、刺槐的花期比1961年迟十天左右，比1960年迟五六天。根据这些物候观测资料，可以判断北京地区1962年农业季节来得较晚。而那年春初种的花生等作物仍然是按照往年日期播种的，结果受到低温的损害。如果能注意到物候延迟，选择适宜的播种日期，这种损失就可能避免。 物候现象的来临决定于哪些因素呢？ 首先是纬度③。越往北桃花开得越迟，候鸟也来得越晚。值得指出的是物候现象南北差异的日数因季节的差别而不同。中国大陆性气候显著，冬冷夏热。冬季南北温度悬殊，夏季却相差不大。在春天，早春跟晚春也不相同。如在早春三四月间，南京桃花要比北京早开20天，但是到晚春五月初，南京刺槐开花只比北京早10天。所以在华北常感觉到春季短促，冬天结束，夏天就到了。 经度①的差异是影响物候的第二个因素。凡是近海的地方，比同纬度的内陆，冬天温和，春天反而寒冷。所以沿海地区的春天的来临比内陆要迟若干天。如大连纬度在北京以南约1°，但是在大连，连翘③和榆叶梅的盛开都比北京要迟一个星期。又如济南苹果开花在四月中或谷雨节，烟台要到立夏。两地纬度相差无几，但烟台靠海，春天便
1. 成功的四个步骤 Four Steps to a Successful Four Steps to a Successful The first time in life? Then grasp your chance with your perfect performance on the dating night, by learning the following principle in heart. Dress properly. While everyone wants to give an impressive debut on the first date, you should avoid wearing something too bizarre to be accepted. If you are still in school, a sportswear can fulfill your purpose. For businessman or grownups, casual clothes are recommended. Never put up your working uniforms,no matter how well you like that Armani suit. It is no work. A few accessories such as a pair of sunglasses or silver loops on the wrist can add up to the romance sphere. Take a bath before dating. And if you like, spray a little perfume, but unless you're sure that he or she likes the smell,don't use ones that are too strong. Watch your manner. You're no prince of the Scotland nor Cinderella in the legend. Proper manners will ensure a lasting relationship while bad ones scare away your sweetheart. And do make sure you do not boast about your fortune, for, not everyone are green addicts. And your way of smiling, or your greatestoath, should neither be "coy" nor "by St. Loy!" after the nun in Chaucer. Be a little sensitive than merely innocent. Do make sure you do not intrude his or her privacy on the first date. For there maybe something deeply concealed within the inner core of every heart, of which the owner doesn't share often with anyone but his intimacy. Finally, wish you good luck. May you get your hearts combined and start a new journey in the miracle of life and love. Stay tuned till a borderline is reached, and keep on through out the whole way. 简评 看来第一次约会真是令人兴奋并紧张期待的。为第一次约会所提出的建议也是仁者见仁、智者见智。王永同学用词简单、结构精炼，读起来节奏快，例如：“Dress Properly....If you are still in school，a sportswear can fulfill your purpose.For businessman Orgrowmups，casual clothes are recommended.”这样的文章结构像是在提醒我们时不我待，要抓住机会，抓紧时间。 2. 我的宿舍生活My Dormitory Life
说明文阅读理解技巧点拨 科普说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁，包括自然科学类和社会科学类，反映和总结处于世界前沿的自然科学和技术工程（如太空探索、环境保护、生物进化、人体生理、物质微观探索、植物转基因研究等）及社会科学方面的发展状况、科研动向和最新科研成果。 一、文体特点 科普说明文是阅读理解考查的主要体裁之一，地位举足轻重。2017年高考科普说明文的占比继续提升（见下表），全国7套试卷中，除了天津卷以外的6份高考卷均有科普说明文的考查，江苏卷延续2016年的风格，考查了两篇科普说明文。了解此类试题的命题特点及解题策略，对于考生提升高考阅读理解的分数十分重要。 2017年高考英语科普说明文考查情况统计表 目录试卷位置主要内容 全国新课标I 卷阅读D篇介绍了一种可以自己亲手制作的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。 全国新课标II 卷阅读C篇介绍了新型交通工具陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。 全国新课标III 卷阅读D篇介绍了老年人开车会面临的问题及相应的解决办法。 北京卷阅读D篇随着科技的发展，人工智能(AI)可能会超出人类的控制。 浙江卷阅读B篇介绍了当今美国青少年晚睡的坏习惯，以及产生的原因和应对措施等。 江苏卷阅读B、D篇 B：介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。 D：世界各地适应如今全球变暖的气候的方法。
1. 阅读材料的选择 由上表可见，科普说明文的取材具有如下特点：（1）说明性。科普说明文的写作目的在于介绍科学知识，如全国新课标Ⅰ卷D篇。（2）单一性。一篇科普说明文，一般只说明一个科学现象，介绍一种科学知识，2017年各地的试卷中的科普说明文都具备这一特点。（3）通俗性。科普说明文介绍的知识多是普及性的，所以要求用通俗有趣的语言，深入浅出地进行说明，如浙江卷B篇。值得关注的是，最近几年的科普说明文的取材有新的趋势；（4）专业性。少数选题表现为篇幅长、生词多、逻辑性强、长难句多、话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化的特点，如江苏卷B篇。 2. 语篇结构/文体特点 科普说明文强调知识性，以说明为主要表达方式，无论是自然科学类和社会科学类，篇章结构都具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点，因此识别和理解科普说明文的语篇结构往往是读懂文章的关键因素之一。科普说明文在结构上常用的写作方法有：（1）总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落（层次）之间常为由总到分、由分到总。（2）承接式。各层次之间按照时间、因果、条件、发展过程等关系安排，前后之间相互承接。（3）递进式。说明的事物以发展进程为序，由简单到复杂、由低层到高层、或由开始到终结，各层次之间的关系由浅入深，后面的内容为前面内容基础上的进一步说明。 3. 语言特点 科普说明文的词汇具有单一性、准确性和学术性的特点，一般不带有感情色彩；句式结构复杂、长难句多；语法分析较为困难，常使用被动语态、虚拟语气等；修辞手段丰富，容易造成理解的障碍。其中，常见的修辞手段有：（1）下定义。为说明的对象给出一个明确的概念或界定。（2）举例子。举出有代表性的恰当的例子来真切地说明事物的特征。（3）做比较。对事物外部或内部关系的比较增加说明事物的效果。（4）打比方。适当运用比喻以增强说明对象的形象性和生动性。 4. 设题特点 科普说明文的设题方式很多，可以考查学生多种阅读技能，加之素材和话题陌生的因素，科普说明文往往是学生阅读理解的重灾区。从阅读微技能的角度，科普说明文的题目设置常为： （1）细节理解 48. Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by ______.（2016年天津卷第48题）
分类法 分类就是按照事物的不同特点将它们划成多个类别。事物可以按照不同的标准进行分类，标准则取决于分类的成因。例如，在分析某系学生的构成情况时，如果想了解他们的学习情况，可以将他们根据考试成绩划分为若干组；如果想研究是否有可能组织一场足球比赛或是篮球比赛，可以根据对足球和篮球的爱好程度把学生划分成若干组。 不管分类的目的是什么，分类的标准必须具有普适性和排他性，也就是说分类标准必须覆盖分类样本集中的所有样本元素，而且样本集中的任一元素只能隶属于分类标准项次中的唯一一项。例如，把学生分成男生、女生和运动员是不合适的，这一标准违反了排他性原则，因为某个学生可能是男生的同时又是运动员，他占据了两个分类项次。再如，把学生分成中学生和大学生在有些情况下也不一定合适，该标准违反了普适性原则，即有些学生既不是中学生也不是大学生（如小学生）。 表示分类的名词： 种：kind, sort, type 类：group, classification, category 组成成员：member 分部/分支：division/branch 纲：class 目：order 科：family 属：genus 种：species 表示分类的动词和动词短语： 将……按……分类（排序）：class, classify, divide, categorize, group, place, arrange 属于某一类：belong to, fall into, be classed with 包括若干类：there be, contain, consist of, comprise, include, be composed of, be comprised of 组成……类：make up, constitute, compose E x e r c i s e s 1. Read the following passages and discuss whether they follow the classification criterion of exclusiveness and inclusiveness. Passage 1:
说明文中的说明方法 导读：说明方法： 常见的说明方法有举例子、分类别、列数字、作比较、画图表、下定义、作诠释、打比方、摹状貌、引用等10种。写说明文要根据说明对象的特点及写作目的，选用最佳方法。 1、分类别： 将被说明的对象，按照一定的标准划分成不同的类别，一类一类地加以说明，这种说明方法，叫分类别。分类别是将复杂的事物说清楚的重要方法。如图书馆的藏书，按国别分，有中国的、外国的;按时代分，有古典的、现代的;按性质分，有科技的、文学的以及政治经济方面的等。 2、举例子： 举出实际事例来说明事物，使所要说明的事物具体化，以便读者理解，这种说明方法叫举例法。如：一般人总以为，年龄稍大，记忆能力就一定要差，其实不然，请看实验结果：国际语言学会曾对9至18岁的青年与35岁以上的成年人学习世界语作过一个比较，发现前者就不如后者的记忆力好。 3、下定义： 用简明的语言对某一概念的本质特征作规定性的说明叫下定义。下定义能准确揭示事物的本质，是科技说明文常用的方法。下定义的时候，可以根据说明的目的需要，从不同的角度考虑。有的着重说明
特性，如关于“人”的定义;有的着重说明作用，如关于“肥料”的定义;有的既说明特性又说明作用，如关于“统筹方法”和“应用科学”的定义。 ①人是能制造工具并使用工具进行劳动的高级动物。 ②肥料是能供给养分使植物生长的物质。 ③统筹方法，是一种安排工作进程的数学方法。 ④工程技术的科学叫做应用科学，它是应用自然科学的基础理论来解决生产实践中出现的问题的学问。 无论从什么角度考虑，无论采用什么方式，只要是下定义，就必须揭示事物的本质，只有这样的定义才是科学的。比如，有人说：“人是两足直立的动物。”这个定义就是不科学的`，因为它没能揭示事物的本质。“人是能制造工具并使用工具进行劳动的高级动物。”这才是科学的定义，因为它揭示了人的本质。 4、作诠释： 从一个侧面，就事物的某一个特点做些解释。下定义和作诠释常采用“某某是什么”的语言形式。形式相同，如何区分呢?一般来说，“是”字两边的话能够互换，就是定义;如果不能互换，就是诠释。 5、打比方： 利用两种不同事物之间的相似之处作比较，以突出事物的性状特点，增强说明的形象性和生动性的说明方法叫做打比方。说明文中的打比方的说明方法，同修辞格上的比喻是一致的。不同的是，比喻修
初中英语作文写作方法和文，模板 英语作文经典开头方式 Type1引述他人观点(为提出自己观点铺垫) [1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT [2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THAT/NP [3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO [4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT) [5] People(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT ) [6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ [7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO Type2提出异议 [1] However (But),… [2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration. ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable, etc; ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc [3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2]) [4] However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case. ( [5] This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion) Type3论述的展开:说明原因和理由,层进,举例,转折 [1] The reason lies in several aspects, ( [2] The reason why+clause+[1, underlined] (